ٰ َ ْ   ْ

‫ِﺑﺴ ِـﻢ ﺍﻠﻟ ِـﻪ ﺍﻠﺮﺣﻣـ ِﻦ ﺍﻠﺮ ِﺣ ِﻴﻢ‬

Summary for Heat Transfer Course
  Prof.AbdulRahimA.Khaled

Quatity Definition Symbol Units Modes of Heat Transfer
Energy associated with
Thermal Energy microscopic behavior of matter U or u J or J/kg Conduction:
Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to the random
motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or electrons.
A means of indirectly assessing
Temperature the amount of thermal energy T K
stored in matter

Thermal energy transport due to A

Heat Transfer
temperature gradients
Amount of thermal energy
Heat transferred over a time interval Q J
Ut!0
dT T1  T2
Heat Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit
q W
qx kA kA
time dx S .S .
Eg 0
L
A cnt .
Thermal energy transfer per unit k cnt .
Heat Flux q'' W/m2
time and surface area
Radiation: Convection:
1st law of T.D. Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the Heat transfer due to the combined influence of bulk and random motion for
electron configurations of its atoms or molecules and is fluid flow over a surface.
transported as electromagnetic waves (or photons).

q rad ,1 HVA Ts4  Tsur

4
; q rad ,2 HVA Tsur
4
 Ts4
q1 hA Ts  Tf
V 5.67 u 10 8 W m 2 K 4 q2 hA Tf  Ts
 Prof.AbdulRahimA.Khaled

Fourier's Law of Conduction
& wT & wT & wT &
q cc k i k j k k & wT wT wT &
wx wy wz q cc k er  k eI  k k
wr rwI wz

dT dT dT
One-dimensional conduction: q x kA ; qr k 2SrL ; qr k 4Sr 2
dx dr dr
w 2T w 2T w 2T q Uc wT k
Heat Equation: wx 2  wy 2  wz 2  k Thermal diffusivity (D): D
k wt , Uc

Volumetric thermal energy generation q : E g ³ qdV
V
q cnt .
qV

Boundary Conditions:

E in E out
E in E out E in E out E in E out
wT
wT 0 k
T x 0, t Ts wx wT wT
qcsc k x 0, t h>Tf  T x 0,t @ k k h>T x L ,t  Tf @
wx wx wx
x 0,t
wT x 0,t x L, t
0
wx x 0, t
 Prof.AbdulRahimA.Khaled

Thermal Resistances: q 'T Rtot



Assumptions: [1] No thermal energy generation, [2] Steady state, [3] One-dimensional heat transfer T(x) or T(r)
Series thermal resistances:
Rtot Rt ,1  Rt ,2  Rt ,3
'T T1  T4

L ln r2 r1 1 §1 1 ·
Rt ,cond Rt ,cond Rt ,cond ¨  ¸¸ Parallel thermal resistances:
kA 2SkL 4Sk ¨© r1 r2 ¹ 1 Rtot 1 Rt ,1  1 Rt ,2 ; 'T T1  T2
'T Ts ,1  Ts ,2 'T Ts ,1  Ts ,2 'T Ts ,1  Ts ,2

1
Rt ,conv
hA
'T Ts  Tf

Energy Generation in
Symmetrical wall of
thickness 2L:
qL2
Tmax To  Ts
2k
E g qA 2 L
 Prof. AbdulRahim A. Khaled
Two Dimensional Steady State Conduction – Approximate Solution
Finite-Difference Approximation:
2. Use the energy balance method to obtain 3. Solve the resulting set of algebraic
1. Represent the physical system by a nodal
a finite-difference equation for each node equations for the unknown nodal
network;
of unknown temperature (See Exs. 1 & 2). temperatures.
Example 1: 4
Conduction to Interior node
¦q
i 1
i o m ,n  q 'x ˜ 'y ˜ l 0

Tm1,n  Tm ,n
q m1,n o m ,n k 'y ˜ l ;
'x
T T
q m ,n1 o m ,n k 'x ˜ l m ,n1 m ,n ;
'y
T  Tm ,n
q m1,n o m ,n k 'y ˜ l m1,n ;
'x
T  Tm ,n
q m ,n1 o m ,n k 'x ˜ l m ,n1
'y

Example 2:
External Corner with Convection Heat Transfer 3
§ 'x 'y ·
¦q
i 1
i o m ,n  q ¨ ˜ ˜ l ¸ 0
© 2 2 ¹
§ 'y · T T § 'x · T T
q m1,n o m ,n k ¨ ˜ l ¸ m1,n m ,n ; q m ,n1 o m ,n k ¨ ˜ l ¸ m ,n1 m ,n ;
© 2 ¹ 'x © 2 ¹ 'y
§ ª 'x 'y º ·
q f o m ,n h¨¨ «  » ˜ l ¸¸ Tf  Tm ,n
©¬ 2 2¼ ¹
 Prof.AbdulRahimA.Khaled
Transient Conduction: The Lumped Capacitance Method 

Transient Conduction: A heat transfer process for which the temperature varies with time, as well as location within a solid.
The Lumped Capacitance Method:
x It is based on the assumption of a spatially uniform temperature
Solution Techniques: distribution throughout the transient process
1. The Lumped Capacitance Method T x , y , z ,t # T t .
2. Exact Solutions x First Law of T.D.
3. The Finite-Difference Method
dT
E in  E gen  E out UVc
dt
Example on Lumped Capacitance Method:

dT
 hAs ,c T  Tf UVc
dt
Validity of Lumped
T  Tf § hAs ,c ·
exp¨¨  t ¸¸ Capacitance Method:
Ti  Tf © UVc ¹
Bi : Biot number
§ t ·
exp¨¨  ¸¸ hLc
© Wt ¹ Bi  1.0
k
As,c: Surface area exposed to convection heat transfer UVc
Wt V
V: Volume of body that is storing thermal energy Lc
h: Convection heat transfer coefficient hAs ,c As ,c
k: Thermal conductivity of the solid body portion storing t
³ hAs ,c Tf  T dt c
The constraint can be
thermal energy
Q taken as:
0
Ti: Initial temperature of the body hLc
ª § hA ·º Bi  0.1
Tf: fluid free stream temperature Q UVc Ti  Tf «1  exp¨¨  s ,c t ¸¸» k
U: density of the solid body portion storing thermal ¬ © UVc ¹¼
energy Qmax Qo UVc Ti  Tf
c: specific heat of the solid body portion storing thermal
energy
 Prof. AbdulRahim A. Khaled
Velocity Boundary Layer:
x A region of the flow characterized by shear stresses and velocity gradients.
x A region between the surface and the free stream whose thickness G increases
in the flow direction.
u y G wu
0.99; W s P
uf wy y 0

Temperature Boundary Layer:

x A region of the flow characterized by temperature gradients and heat fluxes.
x A region between the surface and the free stream whose thickness Gt increases
in the flow direction.
Ts  T y G t wT  k f wT wy y
0.99; qcsc k f
0
, h
Ts  Tf wy y 0
Ts  Tf
Local Heat Transfer Coefficient (h):
qcc h Ts  Tf
Convection Heat Transfer Rate (q) and Average Coefficient h for
a Uniform Surface Temperature:
1
q h As Ts  Tf Ts  Tf ³ hdAs o h
As
As ³ hdA
As
s

h For a flat plate in parallel flow:

Average Coefficient
L 1 L
Ts  Tf W ³ hdx o h
L ³0
q h WL Ts  Tf hdx
0
 Prof.AbdulRahimA.Khaled

Mathematical Definitions:
Uuf L uf L
ReL {
P Q
Uu x u f xo
Rex { f o
o
P Q
hL
Nu L {
k Transition criterion for a smooth
Pc p flat plate in parallel flow:
Pr { Uuf xc
k Rexc { # 5 u 105
U , P , cp and k are of the P
fluid
Average Nusselt number Correlations for Flow Parallel to Flat Plate (Ts=constant)
Heat rate from the surface: q h LW T sTf
ReL  5 u 105 ; Smooth when 0 d x d xo ;
x La min ar flow : smooth surface, ReL  5 u 10 5
x
12 13
Very rough when xo  x d L
Nu L 0.664 Re L Pr
(and)
x Smooth surface; ReL ! 5 u 10 5
ReL ! 5 u 105 ; Smooth when 0 d x d xo ;
(and) x Very rough when xo  x d L; xo  xc
ReL ! 5 u 10 ; Smooth when 0 d x d xo ;
5

x Nu L 0.037 ReL4 5  Z Pr 1 3 ;
Very rough when xo  x d L; xo ! xc
Z 45
0.037 Rexo  0.664 Re1xo2
Nu L 0.037 Re  871 Pr
45
L
13

x Very rough surface when 0 d x d xo

x Very rough surface : Nu L 0.037 ReL4 5 Pr1 3
Nu L 0.037 ReL4 5 Pr 1 3
 Prof.AbdulRahimA.Khaled
Average Nusselt number for Flow Across Cylinders 

Mathematical Definitions:
UVD VD hD Pc p
ReD { ; Nu D { ; Pr {
P Q k k
U , P , cp and k are of the fluid
Churchill & Bernstein Correlation for circular cylinders:
45
0.62 Re1D2 Pr 1 3 ª § ReD · º
58

0.3  «1  ¨ ¸ »
> @
Nu D 23 1 4
«¬ © ¹ »¼ 
1  0.4 Pr 282 ,000
Correlations for non-circular cylinders:
Nu D C ReDm Pr1 3
Heat Rate:  q h As Ts  Tf 

Average Nusselt number for Flow Across Bank of Tubes

Mathematical Definitions:
UVmax D Vmax D hD
ReD ,max { ; Nu D { ; SD S L2  S T2 4
P Q k
ª S T V S T  D , Aligned
« MAX V
Vmax
SD  D
, Staggered
¬ max, Aligned , 0.5S T V

U , P and k are of the fluid

Correlation:
14
Nu D C 2 C1 Re Dm ,max Pr 0.36 Pr Prs
0.7 d Pr d 500; 10 d Re D ,max d 2 u 10 6

C2

 Prof. AbdulRahim A. Khaled
Heat Transfer to Fluid Flow Across Bank of Tubes

Fluid Outlet Temperature To:

Ts  To § SDN L h ·
exp¨  ¸
Ts  Ti ¨ UVS c ¸
© T p ¹
U , P , cp and k are of the fluid
Total Heat Rate:
Ts  To  Ts  Ti
q h SDLN L NT
§T T ·
ln¨¨ s o ¸¸
© Ts  Ti ¹
All properties are evaluated at Ti  To 2
except for Prs evaluated at T s

Fluid Flow Over a Rigid Sphere

Mathematical Definitions:
UVD VD hD
Re D { ; Nu D {
P Q k
U , P and k are of the fluid, All properties are evaluated at Tf except P s evaluated at
Ts
Correlation:
2  0.4 Re1D2  0.06 ReD2 3 Pr 0.4 P P s
0.14
Nu D
0.71 d Pr d 380; 3.5 d ReD d 7.6 u 10 4 ; 1.0 d P P s d 3.2
Heat Rate: q h SD 2 Ts  Tf
 Prof.AbdulRahimA.Khaled

Internal Flow

Mass flow rate and mean velocity: m Uum AC  Hdrodyamically fully developed flow:
wu dW w
Reynolds number: 0
wx fd ,h wx
Uu m D 4m fd ,h

ReD
P Circular
tube
SDP
Mean bulk temperature:
§ ·
Tm ¨ ³ Uuc pTdAC ¸ m c p
¨A ¸
© C ¹

Newton's Law of Cooling: qcsc h Ts  Tm Thermally fully developed flow:
Uniform heat flux q csc const . : Tm ,o Tm ,i  q cscPL m c p w § Ts x  T r , x · dh
¨ ¸¸ 0
Uniform surface temperature T const . :  wx ¨© Ts x  Tm x ¹ fd ,t dx x ! x fd ,t
s

Ts  Tm ,o § h PL · 1
L
exp¨  ¸; h
L ³0
hdx
Ts  Tm ,i ¨ m c ¸
© p ¹

Uniform outer free stream temperature Tf const . :

1 Tf  Tm ,o  Tf  Tm ,i
qconv m c p Tm ,o  Tm ,i
Rtot § T  Tm ,o ·
ln¨¨ f ¸
¸
T
© f  Tm ,i ¹

Laminar fully developed flow in a circular tube Laminar developing flow in a circular tube Turbulent flow
Thermal Entry region (Hausen correlation):
ReD  2300 : 0.0668 D L Re D Pr
Dittus.Boelter Correlation:
hD Nu D 3.66  Nu D 0.023 Re D0.8 Pr n
{ 1.0  0.04> D L Re D Pr @
23
cc
Uniform surface heat flux q s : Nu 4.36
D
k Combined Entry region (Sieder & Tate Correlation):
Re D t 10000 , L D ! 60
{
hD 13
§ Pb ·
0.14 n 0.3, Ts  Tm
Uniform surface temperature Ts : Nu 3.66 § Re Pr D ·
D
k Nu D 1.86¨ D ¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ n 0.4 , Ts ! Tm
© L ¹ © Ps ¹
 Prof.AbdulRahimA.Khaled

Free Convection from/to Vertical, Inclined and Horizontal Plates
Natural Convection from/to Vertical Plate: Natural Convection from/to Inclined Plate:

gE Ts  Tf L3 P k 2 hL Ra L { gE Ts  Tf cos T L3 QD , T  60
Ra L { , Q , D , E , Nu L {
QD U Uc p Ideal gas T  T
s f k Top cold surface or Bottom hot surface
14
0.68 
0.670 Ra L
, Ra L d 10 9 0.670 Ra 1L 4
Churchill and Chu Correlation: Nu L 0 .68  , Ra L d 10 9

>1  0.492 Pr @ 9 16 4 9
Nu L
>1  0 .492 Pr
9 16 4
@9

2
­° ½°
2
0.387 Ra 1L 6 ­° 0 .387 Ra 1L 6 ½°
Nu L ®0.825  8 27 ¾ ® 0 .825  ¾
> @
Nu L
Churchill and Chu Correlation:
 °̄ 1  0.492 Pr
9 16
°¿ °̄ >
1  0 .492 Pr
9 16
@
8 27
°¿
q h WL Ts  Tf q h WL Ts  Tf
A. Natural Convection from/to Lloyd and Moran B. Natural Convection from/to Horizontal Radziemska and
Horizontal Plate: Correlations: Plate: Lewandowski
hL Correlation:
Nu L { 0.54 Ra 1L 4
k
hL
10  Ra L  10 7 , Pr t 0.7
4
Nu L {
k
hL
Nu L { 0.15 Ra 1L 3 Nu L 0.52 Ra 1L 5
k
q h As Ts  Tf ; L { As P q h As Ts  Tf ; L { As P 10 4  Ra L  10 9
10  Ra L  1011
7

Ra L { gE Ts  Tf L3 QD

Ra L { gE Ts  Tf L3 QD Pr t 0.7
 Prof.AbdulRahimA.Khaled
Natural Convection from/to Long Horizontal Cylinder: Natural Convection from/to Sphere: 

q h SDL Ts  Tf
q h SD 2 Ts  Tf
Ra D { gE Ts  Tf D 3
QD  Ra D { gE Ts  Tf D 3 QD
Churchill and Chu Correlation: 
2 Churchill Correlation:
hD ­° 0.387 Ra 1D6 ½°
Nu D { h D 0.589 Ra 1D4
®0.6  8 27 ¾ Nu D { 2 .0 
k °̄ >
1  0.559 Pr
9 16
@ °¿ k >
1  0.469 Pr
9 16
@
49

Ra D  1012 
Ra D  1011 , Pr t 0.7 
 Prof. AbdulRahim A. Khaled
Radiation: Processes and Properties - Basic Principles and Definitions
• Emission is due to oscillations and transitions of the many electrons that comprise matter, which are, in
turn, sustained by the thermal energy of the matter.
• Emission corresponds to heat transfer from the matter and hence to a reduction in its thermal energy.
• Radiation may also be intercepted and absorbed by matter, resulting in its increase in thermal energy.
• In some cases, the physical manifestations of radiation may be explained by viewing it as particles (aka
photons or quanta).
• Emission from a gas or a semitransparent solid or liquid is a volumetric phenomenon. Emission from
an opaque solid or liquid is treated as a surface phenomenon.
• In other cases, radiation behaves as an electromagnetic wave.
• In all cases, radiation can be characterized by a wavelength and frequency which are related through the
c
speed at which radiation propagates in the medium of interest: O , c co 2.998 u10 8 m s
X

x Thermal radiation is confined to the infrared, visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum: 0.1  O  100 m .
x The amount of radiation emitted by an opaque surface varies with wavelength, and we may speak of the spectral distribution over all
wavelengths or of monochromatic/spectral components associated with particular wavelengths
 Prof. AbdulRahim A. Khaled
Radiation Heat Fluxes and Material Properties

f f f
G ³ GO dO ;
0
J ³ J O dO ;
0
E ³ EO dO
0
f

H
³ H O E O dO ;
0
b,
Eb VTs4
VT s
4

D , U ,W
³0
D O , U O ,W O GO dO
G

Blackbody (e.g. Isothermal cavity):

x For a prescribed temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more radiation
than a blackbody: the ideal emitter.
x A blackbody is a diffuse emitter.
x A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation: the ideal absorber.
Gray surface: DO=constant, HO=constant (D
D=H)
 Prof. AbdulRahim A. Khaled
Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces: Enclosures with Nonparticipating Media
• Enclosures consist of two or more surfaces that envelop a region of space (typically gas-filled)
and between which there is radiation transfer. Virtual as well as real, surfaces may be
introduced to form an enclosure.
• A nonparticipating medium within the enclosure neither emits, absorbs, nor scatters radiation
and hence has no effect on radiation exchange between the surfaces.
• Each surface of the enclosure is assumed to be isothermal, opaque, diffuse and gray, and to be
characterized by uniform radiosity and irradiation.
• View Factor Fij: fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that is intercepted by surface j:
qio j
Fij
Ai J i
N

• Reciprocity Relation: Ai Fij A j F ji ; Summation Rule for Enclosures: ¦F

j 1
ij 1

• Fij for Two-Dimensional Geometries (see Table 13.1)

General Radiation Analysis for Exchange between the N Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces of an Enclosure
Prof. AbdulRahim A. Khaled