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9
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2
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hgsgr;

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0
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 *m+ml`l+`dgd mr'r`mdgs` +rmsgs` (g-b`m1mlmd'r`mdmh cmghmrsb`+)

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u,ugd mrsmu.

Hmd&
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bgrus mrusgbg uduf lml+md&grub` +mrsm+s` +grg fgr"g%gd ggu g%gbgdd"g
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7>
 JGJ @@@

LMXAHACAI@ ^MDMC@X@GD

*7 K"#& ^"#"%tg#

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77
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dmc`
c``g
`gd
d "gd&
"gd& h`
h`cg
cgfu
fufg
fgd.
d. Gd
Gdu
uf
f

7:
fmgfurggd hgg smcglg +r'sms %g%gd-grg +mdmc`` lmcgfufgd +mrmfglgd smcglg
%g%gd-grg
%g%gd-grg hmd&gd lmd&&udg
lmd&&udgfgd
fgd +mrm
+mrmfgl
fgl hgr` slgrtpbadm, +mdm
+mdmc``
c`` lml`d
lml`dg
g ``d
smm
smmcu
culd
ld"g
"g fm
fm+g
+ghg
hg rms+
rms+'d
'dhm
hmd
d ud
udu
uf
f h`cg
h`cgfu
fufg
fgd
d +m
+mrm
rmfg
fglg
lgd
d sm
smr
rg
g lm
lmd,
d,g&
g&g
g
fmrgbgs`ggd hgg "gd& h`hg+gfgd.

*. L"t-(" G#g%&g Hgtg

dgc`sg hgg "gd& h`cgfufgd hmd&gd lmdhmd&gr hgd lmduc`sfgd bgs`c

1mrg`l sm-grg f'l+rmbmds` fmluh`gd h` gdgc`sg.

75
 JGJ @_

GDGC@U@U HGXG

8.7 Jmbgv`aurgc gdh Gtuhm Ebmefc`s

_grg2"% @#(fgt-r @t"! E)"?f%&t

$mlmr`fgd  $mlmr`fgd N
@dsrufs` +mr`dgb fmr,g "gd&
s+ms``f fm+ghg N
+m&g%g`
 ^mr`dgb h
h``mr`fg
`fgd
hmd&gd cmd&fg+
$md,mcgsfgd  $mlmr`fgd ggrrgbgd N
*m+ghg fm+uusgd "gd&
^m&g%g` mcgb h`mg+fgd N
 $mlmr`fgd u&gs
sm-grg mr+mr`d-`

$mlmr`fgd  $mlmr`fgd N
H'r'd&gd hufud&gd fm+ghg
+m&g%g` uduf
lmd"mcmsg`fgd
+mfmr,ggd ggu
hmghc`dm m+g" N
%gfud"g.
 $mlmr`fgd
l'`1gs` uduf
lmd"mcmsg`fgd
gr&m fmr,g.

78
 Ar`mdgs` $mcgfufgd  $md&mdhgc`fgd N
^ghg u&gs +md&mdhgc`gd +mfmr,ggd "gd&
bgrus h`smcmsg`fgd
'cmb fgr"g%gd
 $mlmr`fgd
+mr`dgb hgd gurgd
"gd& ,mcgs fm+ghg
fgr"g%gd
$mdmg+fgd  ^mdmg+gd %
%g
gfu N
ggs !gfu +md"mcmsg`gd
+mfmr,ggd
 $mdmdufgd ,,u
ulcg
cgb
b
+mfmr,ggd hmd&gd
+mrgdh`d&gd %gfu
fmr,g mrmdu

$mlmr`fgd  $mlmr`fgd N
h'r'd&gd ggu hufud&gd hgd
l'`1gs` smlgd&g fm+ghg
+m&g%g` g&gr
lmd"mcmsg`fgd N
+mfmr,ggd
 $mlmr`fgd g
grrgbgd
hgd gdugd g+g`cg
ghg fgr"g%gd "gd&
smhgd&
lmdhg+gfgd
lgsgcgb fmr,g

7=
 mrusgbg uduf  $ml+mrbg`fgd N
lml+mrbg`fgd sm`g+ fmcubgd "gd&
sm`g+ fmcubgd mcgb h`sgl+g`fgd
Ar`mdgs` 'cmb +m&g%g` hgcgl
^ghg lmd,gcgdfgd N

uud&gd ru`d`gs +mfmr,ggd

 $md"mcmsg`fgd
sm`g+
+mrlgsgcgbgd
+mfmr,ggd
$mc`gfgd ^grg  Hgcgl ++m
mdmg+gd N
^m&g%g` u&gs smcgcu
lmlmr`fgd
fmsml+ggd fm+ghg
fgr"g%gd uduf `sg
mrgd"g hgd
mrh`sfus`
 *gr"g%gd h h``mr`
fmmgsgd hgcgl
+r'sms +md"mcmsg`gd N
u&gs ggu
+mfmr,ggd
$mdhmcm&gs`fg  $mlmr`fgd N
d gd&&ud& %m%mdgd& fmr,g
N
 $mlmr`fgd
,g%g hufud&gd mrfg`
u+g"g +mlg&`gd
fmr,g ggu u&gs
$md-`+gfgd  $m
$mcg
cgf
fuf
ufggd `d
dmr
mrgf
gfs
s` N
buud&gd g`f "gd& g`f hmd&gd
fgr"g%gd N
 $mlmr`fgd bgf
hgd fm%g,`gd
smsug` hmd&gd

fmmdugd "gd&
mrcgfu

7?
 +*: _"r2gt! ;g6g#?grg

Hgtg Z"&5-#("# 7

#glg ; ^

gggd ; $gdg&mr H$ ^ 4

urgs` !g!gdegrg " 2 #md` 59 hm$f

d' `dmr1`m%mr @dmr1`m%mm

fmmucgd sg"g `hgf +mrdgb lmlgdhgd&

mmm g&g`lgdg +gdhgd&gd g+gf
lmd&mdg` g%gbgd g+gf sm+mr`
7 l'`1gs`d"g "g. mrus mm uduf l'`1gs` fmr,g
+mr`cgfu -grg mfmr,g hgd l'`1gs`
mfmr,gJ
g%gbgd ggu ggsgd "g sg"g lmd&gd&&g+
lmrmfg rmfgd fmr,g cgb smlugd"g. *gcgu uduf
lgsgcgb +mr`cgfu s`b mmm smlugd"g g`f ,gh`
lmrmfg lmd&`fu` gurgd +r'smhur "gd& ghg
gbfgd h`s`u f`g ,u&g mmm sgc`d&
lmd&`d&gfgdl`sgcfgd
lmd&`d&gfgdl`sgcfgd ,u&g smg&g` ggsgd
f`g +gs` +mrdgb lmcgfufgd sgcgb m&`u ,u&g
smgc`fd"g m&`u fgr"g%gdd"g ghg
fmfurgd&gd +gs`d"g dgd` sg"g gfgd
lmlmr`fgd g+g dglgd"g `l`d&gd hgd
smdh`r` "gg `sg h``cgd& lud&f`d fggfgg
cgbs'gcd"g lmlgd& hgr` +mrusgbggd smdh`r`
lgs`b mcul m&`u g`f `u ,u&g lmd,gh` sgcgb
sgu gf'r lmd&g+g l'`1gs` h` c`d&fud&gd
`hgd& H$ smdh`r` lgs`b g&gf furgd&. *mhug
lgsgcgb ,md,gd& fgr`r fgrmdg `hgf
` hgf mll..ufgd
`hgf ghg. ,md,gd& fgr`r lgs`b ghg lgs`b ,u&g
mcul ,mcgs ,u&g &`u fgd lucg` hgr` +ml`c`bgd
f`dmr,g d"g sm+mr` g+g fmluh`gd hgr` +'s`s`
,gggd "gd& `sg mmm
mmm g+g uduf lmrmfg
mrfgr`r lgs`b mcul ghg fm,mcgsgd

79

'fm cgcu g&g`lgdg -grg
: lmdhmcm&gs`fgd %m%mdgd& hgd u&gs
fm+ghg g%gbgdJ
'fm cgcu g&g`lgdg -grg lmd`cg` `d&fg
fms`g+gd g%gbgd sm+mr` g+gfgb
g%gbgd suhgb lml`c`f` g-f&r'udh
5 lmd&`fufgd g%gbgd sg"g hgd mrlgsuf sg"g
+md&mgbugd lmd&mdg` +mfmr,ggd d"g
lml`c`f` fmlgugd hgd `d`s`g` mrbghg+
+mfmr,ggdd"g J
8 mmm ((b
bmd`d&) ,,``fg l
lm
mdmlufgd g%gbgd
"gd& mcul +md&mgbugd lmd&mdg`
+mfmr,ggdd"g smrg lml`c`f` `d`s`g`
rmdhgb cgd&fgb g+g "gd& g+gf gl`c
uduf lmd&ggs` g%gbgd mrsmu
ull 'fm +gs`d"g sg"g gfgd lmc`bg hucu fgd
+r'&rgl fmr,gd"g mmm h` H$ `u g+g hgr`
f`dmr,g gbudgd sm+mr` g+g. *mluh`gd "gd&
fmhug mmm hgr` s`s` +mfmr,ggd ru`d`gsd"g "g
mrus fmluh`gd ull sg"g mrusgbg s`b uduf
mmm dgd`d"g gfgd ghg..g+g dglgd"g r'gs`
+mfmr,ggd  g+` sg"g ,u&g lmc`bg fmlgl+ugd
hgr` lgs`d&lgs`d& rmfgd sg"g `u h`g%gb
sm+mr` ,u&g sg"g mmm rmfgd fmr,g ,u&g gfgd
l`sgcfgd uduf +md&mlgd&gd h`r` lmrmfg "g
,u&g sg"g gfgd lmdglgbfgd
lmdglgbfgd uduf +
+mfmr,ggd
mfmr,ggd
g+` `hgf mrc`bg suhgb sg"g +mgfgd sgu
+mrsgu s`b f`rgf`rg smsug` hmd&gd ggs
fmlgl+ugd lmrmfg
ulll (bmd`d&) fms`g+gd g%gbgd "g +gs`d"g
sg"g s`b mmm gfgd lmlmr`fgd +mfmr,ggd `u
hucu "g g+` hmd&gd lud&f`d l`sgcfgd fgcgu
mmm +md&mgbugd sg"g h` `hgd& `u mcul
m&`u g`f +gs` f`g gfgd ull sg"g gfgd
smdh`r` uduf lmd&`fu` +mcg`bgd su+g"g
dgd`d"g mmm +mcg`bgd `u `sg h`&udgfgd uduf
mmmll %g%gsgd +md&mgbugd lmrmfg uduf
lmcgfufgd u&gs +mfmr,ggd "gd& h`mr`fgd
mrsmu. sm+mr` `us`b
uduf "gd& mcul mr+md&mgbugd "g sg"g
gfgd mrusgbg lmd&g,grfgd g+g "gd& sg"g gu
h`` +mfmr,ggd mrsmu g+` mmm "gd& fmhug
l`sgcfgd mlgd& `u g+g dglgd"g mmm
+mfmr,ggdd"g lmlgd& lmlgd& gru &`u fgd
f`g mm sg"g gfgd lmcgfufgd g+g dglgd"g
lmcgfufgd lmd&`fusmrgfgd lmrmfg fm
+mcg`bgd. uduf lmd&.. `d`s`g`d"g rmdhgb
r mdhgb
`gsgd"g sg"g ,u&g gfgd lmlgd&&`c fgr"g%gd
72
 mrsmu mrus fmluh`gd ll lmdgd"gfgd
fgr"g%gd mrsmu fmdg+g `sg sm+mr` `u &`u
fgd. "gg lud&f`d `sg h``cgd& s`b fg"gf
+ml`dggd g,g s`b

uduf "gd& cg&` ghl''h `gsgd"g sg"g ,u&g..

fgd lmdgd"gfgd
lmdgd"gfgd sm-grg +r`gh` &`u fgd s
sg"g
g"g
gfgd lmlgd&&`c lmrmfg fmmm rugd&gd sg"g
'fm.. ^ml`dggd. Mmm cgcu g&g`lgdg
&`ufgd fmluh`gd mm g+g dglgd"g "g
-grg lmd&ggs` fgr"g%gd "gd& smhgd&
lmdgd"gfgd fmdg+g l`sg
l`sgcfgd
cfgd "g lmrmfg `sg
= `hgf hgcgl f'dh`s` g`f sm+mr` ghl''h
mrufg sglg sg"g sg"g lud&f`d `sg
h`g%gb mfgdgd smrg -grg lmdhufud&
lmdmlufgd s'cus` +gc`d& d&&gf +gc`d& d&&gf
g%gbgd mrsmu J
sg"g `sg lmlmr`fgd mmm sgrgd fgc' l`sgcfgd
ghg lgsgcgb +r`gh` h`cugr ,gd&gd sgl+m `u

lmd&&gd&&u +mfmr,ggd lmrmfg

ud..uf fm+uusgdfm+uusgd "gd& `hgf mrs`g
srgm&`s lmlgd& mmm h`s`d` sg"g gl`c
fm+uusgd smdh`r` g+` uduf "gd& s`gd"g
'fm cgcu hgcgl +md&gl`cgd fm+uusgd
srgm&`s sg"g +gs` gfgd lmdh`sfus`fgd
g+gfgb h`ghgfgd rg+g mrcm`b hgbucu
? hmd&gd ggsgd sg"g &mdmrgc lgdg&mr H$ mm
ggu fm+uusgd cgd&sud& h`gl`c hmd&gd
hgd ,u&g h`..lgdg&mr "gd& cg`dd"g (mrhm-gf)
+mr`lgd&gd g+gf +r`gh` J
g+` uduf "gd&.. `hgf srgm&`s+ud h`s`d` sg"g
,u&g lmdh`sfus`fgd
lmdh`sfus`fgd `u fm+ghg g%gb
g%gbgd
gd ,u&g

9 -'
-'d
d'b
'bd"
d"g
g sm
sm+m
+mr
r`` g+
g+g
g +g
+gfJ
fJ s`bd'b
-'
-'d 'bd"
d"g
g l`
l`sg
sgcf
cfgd
gd m
mrs
rs`
`g
g srg
srgm
m&`
&`s
s "g
"gd&
d&
mrfg`gd hmd&gd mmm fm+uusgdfm+uusgd
fm+uusgdfm+uusgd
h`rmfs` g+g +md"ml+urdggd(...)h`rmfs` `u
+gs`d"g fgd sg"g g+g `s`cgbd"g lmlug hrg
gfgd h`h`sfus`fgd hucu `hgf bgd"g fm+ghg
ggsgd ull g+g dglgd"g h` lgdg&mr h` H$
,u&g g+` sg"g ,u&g gfgd
gfgd lmdh`sfus`fgd fm+ghg
fm+ghg
^ smr`fg +mfmr,g "gd& ghg ,gh` dgd`d"g
fm+uusgd mrsmu `hgf smlgglgg u
uggd H$ lurd` &`ufgd ,gh` lmlgd& `d`

70

fgc' mm fm+uusgd "gd& h`gl`c hgcgl
2 hmd&gd +mr`lgd&gd +r`gh`
+mrdgb..fgbJ
0 g+gfgb ghg +mdmg+gd hmghc`dm
+mfmr,ggd hgd g&g`lgdg -grg
lml'`1gs` fgr"g%gd g&gr lmlmdub`
hmghc`dm +mfmr,ggd mrsmuJ
suhgb.. suhgb h` h`sfus`fgd mrsglg hgd `d`
lmd,gh` fmsm+gfggd mrsglg smb`d&&g dgd`
`hgf gfgd ,gh` lgsgcgb h`fmluh`gd bgr` &`us`b
+mr`lgd&gd +r`gh``.."g +mrdgb. $`sgcfgd mm
sg"g fgd mrs`fg+ mmm lmlgd& f`g h` H$ u
+ud"g gurgd "gg -ulgd sg"g `hgf..`hgf ghg
mmrg+g +mrgurgd "gd& lmlgd& g+g
dglgd"g "gd& `sg f`g bgrus cugs hgcgl
`hgd& +mrgurgd mrsmu. m+mr` l`sgcd"g
mdgd& ^ fmsmbggd &`ufgd ,gh` f`g fgd
lmlgd& fgcgu smsug` hmd&gd gurgd mm
s`g+g+ud "gd& g+g dglgd"g (mrhmbml ) "gd&
sgf` "g `u bgrus lmd&&udgfgd gu g+g
+r'smhur hgr` ^ fmsmbggd. g+`fgd ghg
fgcgd"g `u ghg fm,gh`gdfm,gh`gd mrmdu
"gd&.."gd& h`lgdg lmrmfg `hgf `sg lmd&`fu`
+r'smhur mrsmu dgb `u h`s`ucgb `gsgd"g
sg"g lmd&gl`c fm`,gfgd mll lmlgd& ghg
g+g dglgd"g 'l'd&gd s`b fm g+g fm ggsgd
hucu&`ufgd g+` ghg fgcgd"g sg"g cgd&sud&
gl`c fm+uusgd fgcgu `u lmlgd& bgrus bgrus
h` `d` hgr`+ghg `d` fgd uduf fm+md`d&gd
fgr"g%gd ,u&g
uduf hmghc`dm +mfmr,ggd "g +gs` ghg mm fgcgu
l'`1gs` s`b "g `gsgd"g s`b sg"g g+g dglgd"g
"g lmlmr`fgd +md&bgr&ggd l`sgcfgd
+md&bgr&ggd ufgd hgr` +mrusgbggd sg"g
mrusgbg uduf mm g+g dglgd"g hgr` s`s` sg"g
smdh`r` g`f `u lucg` lud&f`d +md`cg`gd
+mfmr,ggd lmrmfg lgu+ud ghg bgc cg`d cgb
hgcgl mduf d'l`dgc l`sgcfgd ugd& &`ufgd
-ulgd "gg lud&f`d lmlgd& d&&gf smmrg+g
:>
 g+` +gc`d& d&&gf `u `sg ,gh` l'`1gs` lmrmfg
hgd +gs`d"g sg"g ,u&g gfgd lmlmr`fgd mmb
fg"gf +md&bgr&ggd mru+g c`sgd fgcgu lmrmfg
lmd&mr,gfgd hmd&gd g`f sg"g mdu gfgd
lmd&g+rms`gs` lmrmfg

ghgg hgd `ufgd suhgb ghg h` +md`cg`gd fmr,g

'fm.. gcu g+gfgb ghg s`sml m1gcugs`
7>
mrbghg+ f`dmr,g fgr"g%gd g+gfJ
dgb g+g`cg g%gbgd g+gf `hgf `sg
lmlmdub` hmghc`dm +mfmr,ggd "gd&
77
suhgb g+gf mg+fgd f'dsmfumds` g+g
"gd& gfgd g%gbgd `u mr`lgJ
'fm cgcu rm%grh g+g "gd& gfgd h`mr`fgd
7:
,`fg g%gbgd g+gf
g+gf `sg lmlmdub`
75 'fmm mr`lgfgs`b +gf
f`g lmsf`+ud lgs`b gd"gf "gd& bgrus
h`+mrg`f` g+` +gs` ghg cgb
"gd& +mrglg hgr` +md`cg`gd f`dmr,g+gs` mm
%gcgu+ud smfgrgd& +md`cg`gd f`dmr,g f`g suhgb
hug grgb -ulgd +gs`d"g sg"g gfgd
lmlmr`fgd +md`cg`gd "gd&.."gd& smsug`
hmd&gd mm f`dmr,g 'u+u +mfmr,ggd lmrmfg fgd
&`u. /gd& fmhug d&&g ghg 4ulg `u g,g s`b
+gc`d&gd fgcgu lmlgd& mrcgcu +grgb uduf
+md-g+g`gd gr&md"g "g +gc`d&gd sg"g fgs`b
+ml`dggd g,g
rm%grhd"g ghgcgb "gd& +mrglg +md`cg`gd fmr,g
"gd& g`f hgr` sg"g. /gd& fmhug mm sg"g ,u&g
gfgd lmrmf'lmdhgs`fgd fgr"g%gd mrsmu
uduf lml`c`f` ,md,gd& fgr`r "gd& cm`b g`f

Hgtg Z"&5-#("# :

u,ugd %g%gd-grg ; lmd&f'd`rlgs

lmd&f'd`rlgs`` &g"g f
fm+ml`l+`dgd
m+ml`l+`dgd $g
$gdg&mr
dg&mr H$

#glg
#glg dg
dgrg
rgsu
sul
lmr
mr ; *
*


gggd ; sg +md&mlgd&gd H$

Hurgs` %g%gd-grg ; 7 lmd` 89 hm`f

d' @dmr1`m%mr `dmr1`m%mm

:7

lgf fgrd`fg sgr` g&g`lgdg
7 +gdhgd&gd gdhg lmd&mdg` &g"g
+gf +rgs fgc' l`sgcfgd d&gs`b u&gs
d&mc`g f'dh`s` g%gbgd d"g mrus
mm lmc`bg f'dh`s` g%gbgdd"g cg&`
gd"gf fmr,ggd ggu d&&gf. mrus
lmlmr`fgd -'d'b "gd& g`f mrus

fm+ml`l+`dgd ^gf ^rgsm"'J h`g ,u&g lmd&g,grfgd fm+ghg

g%gbgdd"g g&g`lgdg -grg
lmd"mcmsg`fgd u&gs mrsmu
hmd&gd mm %gfu "gd& m+g.
+gf +rgs fgc' d&gs`b u&gs `u
d&gs`b -'d'b mrcm`b hgbucu
d&gs`b grgbgd mrcm`b hgbucu. `hgf
cgcu g&g`lgdg -grg lmdhmcm&gs`fgd
: mrcgcu mruruuru g+` fgc'
u&gs fm+ghg g%gbgdJ
l`sgcfgd suhgb h`fm,gr hmghc`dm f`g

bgrus lmd&mr,gfgd bgc mrsmu

smmcul hmghcc`dm `g.
+gf +rgs fgcgu l`sgcfgd d&gs`b
'fm cgcu g&g`lgdg -grg `g
+mlm-gbgd lgsgcgb h`g mrudh`d&
lmd"mcmsg`fgd lgsgcgb hgd lmd&gl`c
hucu hmd&gd g%gbgdd"g. H`g
5 fm+uusgd. +gfgb
+gfgb `g lmd&gl`c
lml`dg s'cus` mrg`f g&g`lgdg
fm+uusgd sm-grg +r`gh` ggu ghg
+mlm mm ,gcgd +mlm-gbgd ,gcgd
rudh`d&gd hucu hmd&gd g%gbgdd"g J
lgsgcgb mrsmu
mm ,gh` h`g lmrudh`d&fgd lgsgcgb
8 `"g
mrsmu fm+ghg g%gbgdd"gJ

+gf +rgs fgcgu l`sgcfgd

lmd&m1gcugs` fgr"g%gdd"g h`g
'fm cgcu g&g`lgdg s`sml m1gcugs` mr`-grg sm-grg ml+g lgg
=
mrbghg+ mm g%gbgdd"g
g%gbgdd"gJ
J fm+ghg g%gbgdd"g  h`g `hgf
lmlgrgb` g%gbgdd"g mrsmu
h`hm+gd ulul. m+mr` `u
'fm cgcu lmduru +mlgbglgd gdhg +gf
+rgs `u lgsuf fmhgcgl &g"g +gf +rgs lgsuf fmhgcgl &g"g
?
fm+ml`l+`dgd g+gJ A'r`mr cg`ssm fm+ml`l+`dgd s`ugs`'dgc s`b lgf
g`rm ggu s`ugs`'dgcJ
9 'fm mr`lgfgs`b lgf

::
Hgtg Z"&5-#("# 
u,ugd %g%gd-grg ; lmd&f'd`rlgs
lmd&f'd`rlgs`` &g"g f
fm+ml`l+`dgd
m+ml`l+`dgd $g
#glg dgrgsulmr ; 
gggd ; g +md&mlgd&
+md&mlgd&gd
gd H$
urgs` !g!gdegrg " 5 #md` 0 hm$f
d' `dmr1`m%mr
+mrglg +gdhgd&gd gdhg
7 &g"g fm+ml`l+`l+`dgdJ /gd&
lmd&mdg` &g"g fm+ml`l+`dgd
lgs +rgs
: `s`cgbd"g h`g `u g&gf g&gf `s`cgbd"g
g&g`lgdg fmsmbgr`gdd"g &`u
'fm cgcu g&g`lgdg -grg `g
5 lmdhmcm&gs`fgd u&gs fm+ghg
g%gbgdJ
8 'fm cgcu g&g`lgdg -grg `g
lmd"mcmsg`fgd lgsgcgb hgd
lmd&gl`c fm+uusgd. +gfgb `g
$gdg&mr
dg&mr H$
@dmr1`m%mm
h`lgfsuh sm+mr` g+g "g J
fgcgu sg"g lmc`bg s` g+g dglgd"g
lgs +rgs `d` h`g -mdhmrud&d"g fgc'
g+g "g lmd,g&g g+g `s`cgbd"g
bgrl'd`sgs` `l. gh` smfgc`+ud `u ghg
bgc "gd& lmdhmsgf lmdhmsgf fm`fg
g%gbgdd"g d&&gf `sg h`g -mdhmrud&
lmd&gl`c gd&&ud& ,g%g `u smdh`r`
smmdmrd"g `us`b "gd& gfu c`bg s`b
fgc' +mdhmcm&gs`gd u&gs smcglg `d`
sg"g c`bg +gf +rgs `d` -ufu+..-ufu+
g+g dglgd"g smsug` +'rs`d"g. gh`
fm`fg s` @dgd l`sgcfgd h`g
+mfmr,ggdd"g h` +g"r'cc +mdhmcm&gs`gd
u&gsd"g ghg fg`gdd"g hmd&gd +g"r'cc
,gh` uhgb smsug` +'rs`d"g
+'rs`d"g s`b. #&&gf
"gd& `s`cgbd"g fm`fg @dgd s`uf ,u&g
h`fgs`b +mfmr,ggd "gd& cg`d md&&gf.
&`u s`b
ghg mmrg+g fm+uusgd "gd&
lmlgd& `s`cgbd"g h`gl`c smdh`r`  `u
fgrdg s`gd"g ghgcgb d&&gf mrcgcu
:5
 ur&md ggu d&&gf mrcgcu `s`cgbd"g
lml`c`f` rms`f' `d&&`. g+` fm`fg
lmd&gl`c fm+uusgd sm-grg lgsgcgb `u lmd-gfu+ +mrlgsgcgbgd
+r`gh` ggu ghg "gd& f'l+cmfs hgd `sg lmd`lucfgd
rudh`d&gdhgbucu J rms`f' "gd& `d&&`  h`g `gsgd"g

lmdh`sfus`fgd hmd&gd lgdg&mr "gd&

cg`d hmd&gd ggsgd.
fgc' `-grg fgrgfmr s` g%gbgdd"g
lgs +rgs sg"g c`bg h`g gu +mrs`s mm
l`sgcfgd g+g dglgd"g uduf
g%gbgdd"g. *`g smu g,g ^gf Mrcgd
^gf Mrcgd `d` fgd 'rgd&d"g g&gf g&gf
`s`cgbd"g '&gb'&gbgd &`ufgd
`s`cgbd"g. *grdg lud&f`d lgsgcgb

cgcu g&g`lgdg s`sml m1gcugs`d"g
mrbghg+ g%gbgdJ +gfgb mm
= lgg sm,gub lgdg +mlgbglgd
lmd&mdg` fgrgfmr`s`f
g%gbgdd"gJ
+mfmr,ggd h`g suhgb -ufu+ cglg h`s`u
hgd uhgb ,mdub ,gh` fgc' ^gf ^rgs s`b
lmc`bgd"g ,gh` h`g `hgf lmlmr`fgd
+'rs` +mfmr,ggd "gd& cm`b gd"gf. ^gf
Mrcgd suhgb -ufu+ hmd&gd +'rs`
+mfmr,ggd "gd& sgg `d` h`g bgdhcm g,g
d&&gf d&gs`b fmr,ggd cm`b mhg
hmd&gd h`g fgc' d&gs`b fm @dgd ggu
fm Hm%` `gsgd"g `sg h`fgs`b cm`b

+mfmr,ggdd"g fgrmdg h`g gu

fm+r`gh`gdd"g sm+mr` g+g
fgrgfmr`s`fd"g sm+mr` g+g
'fm cgcu g&g`lgdg mb lmduru
? gdhg ^gf ^rgs lgsuf fm &g"g
fm+ml`l+`dgd lgdg; ''r`mr fgb cg`ssm g`rm `u "gd& g&g`lgdgJ
cg`ssm g`rm fgb hml'frgs` ggu
s`ugs`'dgcJ
9 mm bbg
gl+`r s
sg
glg s
sm
m+mr` '
''r`mr s
s``b md&&gf f
fg
gcgu ''r`mr h
h``g ,g
,gub hg
hgr`
fgg ''r`mr -mdhmrud& c'd&&gr

smmdmrd"g. *gcgu s`ugs`'dgc lud&f`d

:8
 lgsuf fms`u s`b fgrdg cm`b gd"gfgd
fgd "gd& `s`cgbd"g 'rgd& mr`dmrgfs`
g%gbgdd"g lgfsuhd"g g%gbgdd"g
cm`b gu +mrs`s sm+mr` g+g f'dh`s`d"g.
fgcgu sg"g fgd bgd"g d&mc`g sm-grg

fgsg g,g s`b. m&`u s`b fgcgu fm

''r`mr d&&gf. ,gub sgd&g ,gub
2 'fm mr`lgfgs`b lgs gc`

Hgtg Z"&5-#("# +
u,ugd %g%gd-grg ; lmd&f'd`rlgs
lmd&f'd`rlgs`` &g"g f
fm+ml`l+`dgd
m+ml`l+`dgd $g
$gdg&mr
dg&mr H$

#glg dgrgsulmr ; H^

gggd ; g ur`s H$

urgs` !g!gdegrg " : #md` 2 hm$f

d' @dmr1`m%mr `dmr1`m%mm

+mrglg g&g`lgdg +gdhgd&gd
7 gdhg lmd&mdg` &g"g
fm+ml`l+`dgd ^gf ^rgsJ
mm "gd& fmhug g&g`lgdg -grg
: lmdhmcm&gs`fgd u&gs fm+ghg
g%gbgdd"gJ
fgc' lmduru sg"g &g"g
fm+ml`l+`dgdd"g..h`g
fm+ml`l+`dgdd"g..h`g u d&&gf
'ss" "g ,gh` fgc' ^gf ^rgs `u
mm lmd&mr` g%gbgdd"g
g&g`lgdg -grg lml+mrcgfufgd
g%gbgdd"g ,u&g `sg lml`f`d
g%gbgdd"g `u ggg lmd&mr`
hgd sgc`d& lmdhufud& uduf
u,ugd "gd& gfgd h`-g+g` 'cmb
+mrusgbggd `u
lmdhmcm&gs`fgd u&gs s` `u
lud&f`d mrs`g ggg sgdg` "g
$gs ^rgs `u sgdg` g+` uduf
hgcgl grgbgdd"g `u ,mcgs hgd
,u&g mrsrufur

:=

'fm cgcu g&g`lgdg -grgd"g
lmd"mcmsg`fgd lgsgcgb hgd
5 lmd&gl`c fm+uusgd g+gfgb
lmd&gl`c fm+uusgd sm+`bgf ggu
ghg mmm(bmd`d&)
g&g`lgdg s`sml m1gcugs` d"g
mrbghg+ g%gbgd g+gfgb `g
8 suhgb lmd&mr` hgd lmlgbgl`
mdgd& fgrgfmr`s`f g%gbgdd"g
lgs`d&lgs`d& J
g&g`lgdg -grg `g lml+mrcgfufgd
fgr"g%gd g+g`cg fgr"g%gdd"g
= mr-gdhg bgc "gd& cu-ucu-u "g
smhgd& hgcgl f'dh`s` ghl''h
hgcgl mfmr,gJ
'fm g&g`lgdg lmduru gdhg mm
^gf +rgs `d` lgsuf fm &g"g
? fm+ml`l+`dgd ''r`mrfgb cg`ssm
g`rm fgb hml'frgs` ggu
s`ugs`'dgcJ
9 'fm g`f mr`lgfgs`b
+* Bg&% A2&"r3g& (g# ;g6g#?grg
`lgc gc`f &`u "gJ *gcgu mmm
^gf ^rgs `u hgcgl lmd&gl`c
fm+uusgd mm ,gh` s`sml mm
d&&gf hgr` ^gf ^rgs smdh`r` g+`
lml`dggg g+gs`b lgsufgd
hgr``` mlgdmlgd l`dg
lgsufgd hgr` g%gbgd f`rgf`rg
lgdg d`b "gd& mrg`f &`u ,gh`
ull d&&gf ''r`mr ggs
+mr`dgbd"g smdh`r` g+` ,u&g
lmdmr`lg lgsufgd hgr` "gd&
cg`d
lmduru sg"g ^gf ^rgs `u
suhgb lmd&mr` mdgd&
g%gbgdd"g lgs`d&lgs`d&
fgc' cg&` ghl''h `gsgd"g ^gf
^rgs `u lmlg%g mr-gdhg "g
h`sg+ggg h`g%g bgcbgc "gd&
&`uhmb uduf lmlgdu
lmlgd&f`fgd g+g "g
ml's`d"g lud&f`d "g
fgc' lmduru sg"g ^gf ^rgs `u
s`ugs`'dgc "g &g"g
fm+ml`l+`dgdd"g
:?
 Hgr` bgs`c Asmr1gs` 6 %g%gd-grg "gd& h`cgfufgd h`ggs lgfg hg+g h`c`bg
gb%g ^gf ^ lmdmrg+fgd &g"g fm+ml`l+`dgd s`ugs`'dgc. gc `d` hg+g h`c`bg hgr`
-`r`-`r` hgd &g"g fm+ml`l+`dgdd"g "gd& mr'r`mdgs` +ghg u&gs hgd buud&gd
hmd&gd g%gbgd. mr`fu gdgc`sgd"g ;

7. ^ lmdm
dmrg
rg+f
+fgd
gd f'
f'lu
lud`
d`fg
fgs`
s` hug grg
rgb
b hmd&
d&g
gd g%g
%gb
bgd
gdd"
d"g
g hgcg
cgl
l
lmlmr`fgd u&gs hgd hgcgl +mlm-gbgd lgsgcgb.
:. ^ smdg
smdgd`gs
d`gsg
g lmd,g&
lmd,g&gg fmbgr
fmbgrl'd`s
l'd`sgd
gd buu
buud&gd
d&gdd"g
d"g hmd
hmd&gd
&gd g%
g%gbgd
gbgd hgd
lmd&m
lmd&mgbu
gbu`` g&
g&g`l
g`lgdg
gdg -gr
-grg
g lml
lml+mr
+mrcgf
cgfufg
ufgd
d g
g%gb
%gbgd
gd sm
smsug
sug`` hm
hmd&g
d&gd
d
fgrgfmr`s`f g%gbgdd"g.
5. Hg
Hgcg
cgl
l lm
lmd&d&gl
gl`
`cc fm
fm+u
+uu
usg
sgd
d lg
lgu+
u+ud
ud hg
hgcg
cgl
l lm
lmlm
lm-g
-gbf
bfgd
gd lg
lgsg
sgcgb
cgb ^
smcgcu lmc`gfgd 'rgd& cg`d ( `hgf lmd&gl`c fm+uusgd smdh`r` ) smb`d&&g
bgs`cd"g +ud lmru+gfgd bgs`c fm+uusgd mrsglg.
8. ^ lmlm
lmlmr`fgd
r`fgd m
mgd
gd +mfmr
+mfmr,ggd
,ggd fm+
fm+ghg
ghg g%g
g%gbgdd
bgdd"g
"g mrhg
mrhgsgrfg
sgrfgd
d +'rs`d"
+'rs`d"g
g
lgs`d&lgs`d& l`sgcd"g sm'rgd& +g"r'cc H$ "gd& mru&gs lmd&gur hgd
lmlug +md&&g,`gd fgr"g%gd lgfg +gf +rgsm"' gfgd lmlmr`fgd u&gs
"gd& mrfg`gd hmd&gd +g"r'cc ggu +md&&g,`gd.
=. ^ lmdhm
lmdhmcm&gs
cm&gs`fgd
`fgd u&g
u&gs
s hmd&g
hmd&gdd -grg lml
lmlmr`fg
mr`fgd
d grgbgd sm
sm-grg
-grg `dm
`dmds`
ds`
lmlmr`fgd -'d'b hgd lmcgfufgd l'd`'r`d& mrbghg+ fmr,g g%gbgdd"g.
?. ^ ,u&
,u&g
g lmc
lmcgfu
gfufgd
fgd +md&
+md&mdh
mdhgc`
gc`gd
gd mr
mrbgh
bghg+
g+ +mf
+mfmr,
mr,ggd
ggd ggu hmghc
hmghc`dm
`dm "gd&
h`mr`fgdd"g fm+ghg g%gbgd hgd g+g`cg ghg fmsuc`gd `g gfgd lmcgfufgd
+ml`dggd hgd lmlmr`fgd grgbgd sm-grg mr+mr`d-`.
9. ^ lm
lml
lmr
mr`f
`fgd
gd hu
hufu
fud&
d&gd
gd hg
hgdd sm
smlg
lgd&
d&g
g fm
fm+g
+ghg
hg g
g%g
%gbg
bgdd
dd"g
"g hg
hgcg
cgl
l
lmd&mr,gfgd u&gs fgd'r ggu hmghc`dm "gd& suhgb lmd,gh`
gd&&ud&,g%gd"g.
2. +g
+g`c
`cg
g g%
g%gbg
gbgdd
dd"g
"g lgl
lgl+u
+u lmd
lmd"mc
"mcmsg
msg`fg
`fgd
d u&
u&gs
gs hmd&g
hmd&gd
d g
g`f
`f hg
hgd
d sms
smsug`
ug`
hmd&gd ,gh%gc "gd& h`mr`fgd lgfg +gf ^ gfgd lmlmr`fgd +md&bgr&ggd
g`f
g`f sm
sm-g
-grg
rg c`sg
c`sgd
d ( +u
+u,`
,`gd
gd ) lg
lgu+
u+ud
ud g
gl
lgb
gbgd
gd ug
ugd&
d& `d
`dsm
smd
d`
` fm+g
fm+ghg
hg
g%gbgdd"g smb`d&&g `sg lmdh'r'd& hgd lml'`1gs` lmrmfg uduf mrus
mrsmlgd&g hgcgl lmd"mcmsg`fgd +mfmr,ggdd"g.

Hgr` gdgc
gdgc`sg
`sg bgs`
bgs`cc %g%g
%g%gd-grg
d-grg h`ggs hg+g h`u
h`uf`fg
f`fgd
d gb%
gb%g
g $gdg
$gdg&mr
&mr H$
lmdmrg+fgd &g"g fm+ml`l+`dgd s`ugs`'dgc. gc `d` hg+g h`c`bg hgr` -`r`-`r` hgd
&g"g
&g"g fm+
fm+ml`
ml`l+`
l+`dgd
dgdd"
d"g
g "gd
"gd&
& mr
mr'r`
'r`md
mdgs`
gs` +gh
+ghg
g u&
u&gs
gs hgd bu
buud
ud&gd
&gd hm
hmd&g
d&gd
d
g%g
g%gbg
bgd.
d. @g ,u&g
,u&g lm
lml
lmr
mr`f
`fgd
gd `ds
`dsru
rufs
fs`` sm
sm-g
-grg
rg hm
hmg
g`c
`c fm+g
fm+ghg
hg g
g%g
%gbg
bgdd
dd"g
"g
lmd,mcgsfgd fm+ghg g%gbgd lmd&mdg` u&gsu&gsd"g hgd -grg

:9
lmd"
lmd"mc
mcms
msg`
g`fg
fgdd
dd"g
"g lm
lmcg
cgfu
fufg
fgd
d +m
+md&
d&md
mdhg
hgc`g
c`gd
d hg
hgd
d lm
lmdm
dmg
g+f
+fgd
gd %g
%gf
fu
u hg
hgcg
cgl
l
+md"mcmsg`gd +mfmr,ggdd"g.

Hgcgl
Hgcgl lmd
lmd&gl
&gl`c
`c fm+
fm+uu
uusgd
sgd gg
ggu
u lmd
lmdmg
mg+fg
+fgd
d sug
sugu
u fm
fm`,g
`,gfgd
fgd `g smr
smr`d&
`d&
lmc`gfgd g%gbgdd"g mrh`sfus` mdgd& +mfmr,ggd "gd& bgrus h`smcmsg`fgd 'cmb
g%gbgd. @g ,u&g lmdhmcm&gs`fgd gd&&ud&,g%g hgd lmd-`+gfgd buud&gd "gd&
g`f hmd&gd g%gbgdd"g lmlmr`fgd h'r'd&gd hgd l'`1gs` smrg lml+mrbg`fgd
lgsgcgb "gd& h`bghg+` g%gbgd hgcgl +md"mcmsg`gd u&gsd"g smb`d&&g hmd&gd
-grg
-grg-
-gr
grg
g m
mrs
rsm
mu
u `g `sg
`sg lm
lmd,
d,gh
gh`` +m
+ml`
l`l+
l+`d
`d "g
"gd&
d& h`
h`m
mr`
r`lg
lg 'c
'cmb
mb gd
gd&&
&&'
'g
g
fmc'l+'fd"g hgd hg+g mrus lmd`d&fgfgd +'mds` ggu f`dmr,g fgr"g%gd.

gs`c %g%gd-grg hmd&gd fm`&g dgrgsulmr cg`dd"g ,u&g lmluf`fgd gb%g

$gdg&m
$gdg&mrr H$ lmr
lmru+g
u+gfgd
fgd s'
s's'f
s'f "gd
"gd&
& lmd
lmd&u
&uglg
glgfg
fgd
d bu
buud&
ud&gd
gd g
g`f
`f hmd
hmd&gd
&gd
fgr"g%gd
fgr"g%gd ggu g%g
g%gbgdd
bgdd"g
"g lmd&
lmd&mgbu
mgbu`` ggs
ggsgg
ggs
s hgcgl mr`d
mr`dmrgfs
mrgfs`
` hg+g
hg+g
lmd&md
lmd&mdhgc
hgc`fg
`fgd
d s`
s`ugs
ugs`` hgd lml
lmlmr
mr`fg
`fgd
d grg
grgbgd
bgdhu
hufud
fud&gd
&gd hgc
hgcgl
gl +md
+md"m
"mcms
cmsg`g
g`gd
d

+mfmr,ggd. gcbgc mrsmu h`,gh`fgdd"g smugb ,gcgd uduf hg+g lml'`1gs` hgd
lmdh'r'd& fgr"g%gd uduf `sg lmd-g+g` u,ugd ggu gr&m fmr,g.

H`c`bg
H`c`bg hgr
hgr`` f'
f'dsm
dsm+
+ fm
fm+ml
+ml`l+
`l+`dg
`dgd
d s`
s`ugs
ugs`'d
`'dgc
gc "gd
"gd&
& lmd
lmdmfg
mfgdf
dfgd
gd bu
buud&
ud&gd
gd
+ml`l+`d hmd&gd gd&&'g bgs`c %g%gd-grg hgd 'smr1gs` lmluf`fgd gb%g
+mr`cgfu hgd &g"g fm+ml`l+`dgdd"g lmd&g-u +ghg f'dsm+ &g"g fm+ml`l+`dgd
s`ugs`'dgc.m'r` `d` ,u&g lmdmfgdfgd gb%g `d&&` rmdhgbd"g +rmsgs` fmr,g sugu
fmc'
fmc'l+
l+'f
'f h`+m
h`+md&
d&gr
grub
ub`` 'cmb
'cmb s`
s`s
sml
ml l'
l'`
`1g
1gs`
s` hg
hgr`
r` +ml`
+ml`l+
l+`d
`d hg
hgd
d sm
sm,g
,gub
ub lg
lgdg
dg
+ml`l+`d hg+g lmd&mdhgc`fgd hgd lml+md&grub` sugu s`ugs` mrmdu. gc `d`
,u&g mrc`bg +ghg s's'f ^H "gd& smdgd`gsg lmlmr`fgd h'r'd&gdl'`1gs`
grgbgd
grgbgd fm+g
fm+ghg
hg g%gb
g%gbgdd"
gdd"g
g smrg `sg lml
lmlmr`fg
mr`fgd
d sgrg
sgrgd
d fm+g
fm+ghg
hg g%g
g%gbgdd
bgdd"g
"g
hgcgl lmd"mcmsg`fgd u&gsu&gsd"g gd+g lmd&urgd&` `dmds`gs f'lud`fgs` ggu
buud&gd g`f hmd&gd g%gbgdd"g.

:2
 FMU@L^]CGD

mrhgs
mrhgsgrf
grfgd
gd m'
m'r`
r` lmd
lmd&md
&mdg`
g` fm+
fm+ml`
ml`l+`
l+`dgd
dgd s`ug
s`ugs`'
s`'dgc
dgc hgd 's
'smr1
mr1gs`
gs` smrg
%g%gd-grg "gd& mcgb h`cgfufgd lgfg hg+g h`s`l+ucfgd gb%g ;

7. <g"g fm+ml`l+`dgd +ghg ^ 4 lmru+gfgd &g"g fm+ml`l+`dgd "gd& smsug`

hmd&gd m'r` fm+ml`l+`dgd s`ugs`'dgc.
:. *m+m
*m+ml`l+`
l`l+`dgd
dgd "gd& mmf` ghgc
ghgcgb
gb fm+m
fm+ml`l+`d
l`l+`dgd
gd h`lgd
h`lgdg
g sm'rg
sm'rgd&
d& +ml`l
+ml`l+`d
+`d
lgl+u lml'`1gs` smrg lmdh'r'd& g%gbgdd"g g&gr mr-g+g` u,ugd 'r&gd`sgs`.
5. m'rg
m'rgd&
d& +ml`l
+ml`l+`d
+`d bgruscgb 'rgd& "gd& cmfs`
cmfs`mc
mc lgl+
lgl+u
u lmd"
lmd"msug
msug`fgd
`fgd h`r`
smsug` hmd&gd s`ugs` hgd f'dh`s` "gd& h`uubfgd.

:0
 HGOXGZ ^]UXGFG

r`lgd r`. . ^s`. $. Mh.:>79.`s` hgd 'rlg gbgd g,grgd. $gfgcgb h`sg,`fgd

uduf Mcmgrd`d& Gd`1mrs`gs $mr-u ugdg $mdmd& 7>7: $grm

Bmdhrygh`
Bmdhrygh`.:>7:
.:>7:.. Lahmc-lahmc fmpml`lp`dgd s`tugs`adgc.
s`tugs`adgc. U`lpcm Grt`ecms,
Xmar`
Xmar` Adc`m Kurdgc, >8 (:>7
(:>7:)
:)

^gr1mm
^gr1mmd
d bg
bg&u
&ug.
g. 6 hm
hmmc
mc gr`
gr`.
. ( :>7
:>78
8 ). mg
mghmr
hmrsb
sb`+
`+ "
"cm
cm <m
<mdhm
dhmrr gd
gdh
h '
g`sg-`'d ;  `ug`'dgc mghmrsb`+ ++r'g-b. @dmrdg`'dgc 'urdgc ' -`md-m
gdh msmgr-b (@) 5( 7: ) :570  9>?8

5>