FALGUNI MISS

MATHS FORMULAE (50) 21 – 22.

SECTION AND MIDPOINT FORMULA

1. The distance formula:
a. AB = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
2. The section formula:
𝐦𝟏 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐱𝟏 𝐦𝟏 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐲𝟏
a. 𝛼 = , β =
𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐

3. Ratio:
𝑚 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦1 − 𝑦
a. 𝑛
= 𝑥 1− 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑦2
2

b. Note: you can either use m and n OR m1 and m2, for ratio.
4. The midpoint formula:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
a. 𝛼 = , β =
2 2
Note:
i. Collinear points: All points in the same straight line. Prove by finding the slopes
of all parts of the line, all parts of the line will have equal slopes.
ii. Concurrent points: All lines pass through a single point. Equations of all the lines
will be satisfied by the coordinates of the concurrent points.
iii. To Prove by distance or section formula that the given figure is a quadrilateral:
i. Parallelogram but not rectangle: Opposite sides are equal but diagonals
are unequal.
ii. Rectangle: Opposite sides are equal and its diagonals are equal.
iii. Rhombus but not square: All sides are equal but diagonals are not equal.
iv. Square: All sides and its diagonals are equal.
v. Equilateral ∆: All sides equal.
vi. Isosceles ∆: Any 2 sides are equal.
vii. Isosceles right angled ∆: 2 sides equal & Pythagoras theorem exists
between the sides or the two equal sides are perpendicular by finding
slope.
viii. Scalene ∆: All sides unequal.
ix. Isosceles Trapezium: 2 non-parallel side’s equal and 2 parallel sides
unequal.

EQUATION OF LINE
5. Absicca – x axis; ordinate – y axis. (Remember it as AX and OY).
𝑦 −𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
6. The slope of a line: m (slope) = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 =
2 1 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑒

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7. Equation of the x – axis: y = 0, Equation of the y – axis: x = 0
8. Equation of a line parallel to y – axis and passing through P (a, b) is x = a
9. Equation of a line parallel to x – axis and passing through P (a, b) is y = b
10. y = mx + c ….. (slope – intercept form) where m = slope, c = y – intercept
𝒚− 𝒚
11. 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝟏 = m …..(point – slope form), where (x1, y1) is the given point and m = slope
𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏
12. 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟏 = ……(two-point form), where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are given point.
𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏

13. For A straight line:

−𝑎 −𝑐 −𝑐
by + ax + c = 0, slope = , y – intercept = , x – intercept =
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎

14. m1.m2 = – 1; if lines are perpendicular.

15. m1 = m2; if lines are parallel.

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
16. Centroid: , centroid divides each median in the ratio of 2:1.
3 3

17. Circumcentre: OB = OC, and OD, OE and OF are perpendicular bisectors which
intersects at O.

18. Incircle (incentre): Incentre (I) can be found by using section formula
ratio as CI:CF = 2:1, if it is a straight line like CF. OR Use FIDB as a quadrilateral
where FB and DB are equal (tangents from a point outside the circle are equal) and FI
and DI are equal radii of the same circle. OR slope of ID and IF are perpendicular to
BD and BF.

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19. Orthocenter: ⊥ from each vertex but they are not ⊥ bisector
a. Find slope AC (m).
b. Then find m’.
c. Use points B and m’ to get equation of BE.
d. Same way finds equation of AD & CF.
e. Solve the equation simultaneously of BE & AD or AD & CF (Any two) & answer
is orthocenter.

CIRCLE , TANGENTS AND INTERSECTING CHORDS.

20. Length of direct common tangent = √𝑑2 − (𝑅 − 𝑟)2

21. Length of transverse common tangent = √𝑑2 − (𝑅 + 𝑟)2

22. Theorems:
a. A straight line drawn from the center of a circle to bisect a chord,
which is not a diameter, is at right angles to the chord.
b. The perpendicular to a chord, from the center of the circle, bisects
the chord.
c. There is one circle, and only one, which passes through three given
points not in a straight line.
d. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center.
e. Chords of a circle, equidistant from the center of the circle, are
equal.

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f. The angle subtended at the center of the circle, is double that
which it subtends at any point on the remaining part of the
circumference.
g. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
h. The angle in a semi – circle is a right angle.
i. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
j. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior
opposite angle.
k. In equal circles (or in same circle), if two arcs subtend equal angles at the
center, they are equal.
l. In equal circles (or in same circle), if two arcs are equal, they subtend equal
angles at the center.
m. In equal circles (or, in the same circle), if two chords are equal,
they cut off equal arcs.
n. In equal circles (or, in the same circle), if two arcs are equal the chords of the
arcs are also equal.
o. The tangent at any point of a circle and the radius through this
point are | to each other.
p. If two circles touch each other, the point of contact lies on the straight line
through the centers.
i. Case I: When the given two circles touch each other
externally.
ii. Case II: When the given two circles touch each other
internally.
q. If two chords of a circle intersect internally or externally then the
product of the lengths of their segments is equal.
r. The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of
contact is equal to an angle in the alternate segment.
s. If a chord and a tangent intersect externally, then the product of
the lengths of the segments of the chord is equal to the square of
the length of the tangent from the point of contact to the point of
intersection.
t. Equal chord subtends equal angle at center.
u. Exterior angle of a triangle = Sum of remote interior angles.
v. Points, which lie on the circumference, are called concyclic points.

CYLINDER, CONE AND SPHERE (SURFACE AREA

AND VOLUME)
23. Right Circular Cylinder:

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a. Curved surface area = 2 πrh

b. Total surface area = 2πr (r + h)
c. Volume = πr2h

24. Hollow cylinder: (pipe)

a. Thickness of wall =R–r

b. Area of cross section = π (R2 – r2)
c. External CSA = 2 πR h
d. Internal CSA = 2 πr h
e. TSA = 2 πRh + 2 πr h + 2π (R2 – r2)
f. Vol of material = π (R2 – r2) x h
g. Volume of water flowing in unit time = area of cross-section ×
speed of flow of water.

25. Right Circular Cone:

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a. l = Slant height
= √ℎ2 + (𝑟)2
b. C.S.A = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
c. T.S.A = C.S.A + base area
= 𝜋rl + 𝜋r2
= 𝜋r (l + r)
1
d. Volume = 3 𝜋r2h

TRIGONOMETRICAL IDENTITIES, HEIGHTS & DISTANCES:

26. Trigonometrical ratios:
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
a. sin θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
b. cos θ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
c. tan θ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

27. Reciprocal Ratios:

ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
a. cosec θ = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
b. sec θ = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
c. cot θ = = =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

28. Trigo ratio of Standard angles:

Trigo – ratio 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1
sin θ 0 √3 1
2 √2 2

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1 1
cos θ 1 √3 0
2 √2 2
1
tan θ 0 1 √3 ∞
√3

29. Angles of elevation and depression are equal as they form pair of
interior alternate angles.
30. When the altitude falls outside, or the point of observations are on the
same side:
𝑎
h = cot 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 or CD = h [tan(90 − 𝛼) − tan (90 − 𝛽)]

31. When the altitude falls inside or the point of observations are on the
opposite sides:
𝑎
h = cot 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 or CD = h [tan(90 − 𝛼) + tan (90 − 𝛽)]

32. Complimentary angles:

a. sin (90 – θ) = cos θ ; cos (90 – θ) = sin θ
b. tan (90 – θ) = cot θ ; cot (90 – θ) = tan θ
c. sec (90 – θ) = cosec θ ; cosec (90 – θ) = sec θ

33. Identities:
a. Sin2θ + cos2θ =1
b. 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
c. 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ

34. Rules for finding sin, cos and tan values from the log tables:
a. For sin and tan: lower value + (addition of mean difference).

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b. For cos: higher value + (subtraction of mean difference).

23 – MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY. (MEAN,

MEDIAN, QUARTILES AND MODE)
35.MEAN:
MEAN
INDIVIDUAL 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
𝑋̅ = 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
DISCRETE ∑𝑓𝑥
𝑋̅ = , direct method
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑑
𝑋̅ = A + , short cut method
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑡
𝑋̅ = A + ∑𝑓 × 𝑖, step deviation method

CL. INTERVAL ∑𝑓𝑚

𝑋̅ = , direct method
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑑
𝑋̅ = A + ∑𝑓 , short cut method
∑𝑓𝑡
𝑋̅ = A + ∑𝑓 × 𝑖, step deviation method.
𝑑
where, t = 𝑖

36.MEDIAN & QUARTILES:

MEDIAN LOWER QUARTILE Q1 UPPER QUARTILE Q3
INDIVIDUAL Arrange in descending or Arrange in descending or Arrange in descending or
ascending order; ascending order; ascending order;
If n is odd: If n is odd: If n is odd:
1 1 3
Me = (n + 1)th term Q1 = 4 (n + 1)th term Q3 = (n + 1)th term
2 4
If n is even: If n is even: If n is even:
1 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 3𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Me = 2 [( 2 ) term + ( 2 + 1) Q1 = ( 4 ) term Q3 = ( 4 ) term
term]
DISCRETE Find cumulative frequency; Find cumulative frequency; Find cumulative frequency;
If n is odd: If n is odd: If n is odd:
1 1 3
Me = x value of (n + 1)th Q1 = x value of (n + 1)th Q3 = x value of (n + 1)th
2 4 4
term term term
If n is even: If n is even: If n is even:

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𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 3𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Me = x value of ( 2 ) term Q1 = x value of ( 4 ) term Q3 = x value of ( 4 ) term

CL. By graph By graph By graph

INTERVAL Draw ogive (Cl. int Vs CF) Draw ogive (Cl. int Vs CF) Draw ogive (Cl. int Vs CF)
If n is odd: If n is odd: If n is odd:
1 1 3
Me = x value of (n + 1)th Q1 = x value of (n + 1)th Q3 = x value of (n + 1)th term
2 4 4
term term If n is even:
If n is even: If n is even: 3𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Q3 = x value of ( 4 ) term
𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Me = x value of ( 2 ) term Q1 = x value of ( 4 ) term

37.MODE:
MODE
INDIVIDUAL Mo = the no. which repeats highest no. of times
DISCRETE Mo = x value of highest frequency
CL. INTERVAL By graph – Draw histogram (Cl. Int. Vs F)

38.Inter quartile range = Q3 – Q1

39.Quartile Deviation = (Q3 – Q1) ÷ 2
40.NOTE:
a. # In graph draw arrow on the median line.
b. # In graph draw arrow on the mode line.
c. # Always box the median and mode answers on the axis.

PROBABILITY
41. Ace is not a number card. (Except: Taken as a number card for odd
numbers calculation).
42. Jack, king, queen is face cards or picture card.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
43. Probability P(E) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 OR
𝑚
= OR
𝑛
𝑛 (𝐸)
= 𝑛 (𝑆)

44. At least: Means minimum value.

45. At most: Means maximum value.
46. Always put the final answer and all outcomes in a curly bracket.

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IMPORTANT POINTS:
1. Some Algebraic Identities: squares:
i. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 OR
= (a – b)2 + 4ab.
ii. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 OR
= (a + b)2 – 4ab.
iii. (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2.
iv. a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab OR
= (a – b)2 + 2ab
v. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 4ab
1 2 1
vi. (𝑎 + 𝑎) = 𝑎2 + 2 + 𝑎2
1 2 1
vii. (𝑎 − 𝑎) = 𝑎2 − 2 + 𝑎2
1 1 1
viii. (𝑎 + 𝑎) (𝑎 − 𝑎) = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2
1 2 1 2
ix. (𝑎 + 𝑎) − (𝑎 − 𝑎) =4
x. (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎 OR
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)
xi. (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑎 OR
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2(𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐)
xii. (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐 OR
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2(−𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐)
xiii. (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑎
1 1
xiv. (a2 + )2 = a4 + +2
𝑎2 𝑎4
1 1
xv. (a2 – 𝑎2 )2 = a4 + 𝑎 4 – 2
1 1
xvi. a4 + 𝑎 4 = (a2 + 𝑎2 )2 – 2
1 1 1
xvii. a4 – 𝑎 4 = (a2 + 𝑎2 ) (a2 – 𝑎2 )

2. Some Algebraic Identities: cubes:

i. (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3
= 𝑎3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑏 3

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ii. (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3
= 𝑎3 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑏 3

iii. 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)

= (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )

iv. 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏)

= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )

1 3 3 1
v. (𝑎 + 𝑎) = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎3
1 1
= 𝑎3 + 3 (𝑎 + 𝑎) + 𝑎3

1 3 3 1
vi. (𝑎 − 𝑎) = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎 + 𝑎 − 𝑎3
1 1
= 𝑎3 − 3 (𝑎 − 𝑎) − 𝑎3

1 1 3 1
vii. 𝑎3 + 𝑎3 = (𝑎 + 𝑎) − 3 (𝑎 + 𝑎)
1 1
= (𝑎 + 𝑎) (𝑎2 − 1 + 𝑎2 )

1 1 3 1
viii. 𝑎3 − 𝑎3 = (𝑎 − 𝑎) + 3 (𝑎 − 𝑎)
1 1
= (𝑎 − ) (𝑎2 + 1 + 2 )
𝑎 𝑎

3. SOME VALUE OF ROOTS:

i. √2 = 1.414
ii. √3 = 1.732
iii. √5 = 2.236
iv. √6 = 2.500
v. √7 = 2.645
vi. √11 = 3.316
vii. √13 = 3.610
viii. √17 = 4.123

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ix. √19 = 4.360

4. SOME CUBE VALUES:

i. 23 = 8
ii. 33 = 27
iii. 43 = 64
iv. 53 = 125
v. 63 = 216
vi. 73 = 343
vii. 83 = 512
viii. 93 = 729
ix. 103 = 1000

---------ALL THE BEST ----------

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