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Statistics and Probability 5
Statistics and Probability 5
com
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over them.
TEAM LEADERS:
School Head : Reycor E. Sacdalan, PhD
LRMDS Coordinator : Pearly V. Villagracia
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Know
After you get acquainted with the objectives, it's important to assess
your knowledge and experience about the lessons you are just about to
discover.
First, let us try the next Alternate Response Diagnostic Test Type to
check something you already know about this lesson.
Consider that your score throughout this part of the module does not
actually affect your performance. So, it's all right to get bad scores. Let's
get a warm-up!
Direction: On your answer sheets, write “WE HEAL” if the statement is
correct and write “WE RECOVER” if the statement is incorrect.
1. Theoretically, a histogram demonstrating the mean of all samples
analyzed from a given population would be known as the sampling
distribution.
2. The review of sampling distributions of the sample means will be
the baseline for inferential statistics and the test hypothesis.
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3. The total value of all possible samples means that all possible
random samples of a given population size will be equal to the
population mean only if the data were normally distributed.
4. For any population, the standard deviation of the sample means is
approximately equal to the standard deviation of the population.
5. When the average of all possible values of the sample statistic is
equal to the parameter, the statistic is known as a biased estimator
of the parameter.
6. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
equal to the mean of the population mean.
7. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is
also called as the standard error of the mean.
8. The error of sampling calculated from a small sample will always
be greater than one calculated from a large sample.
9. Sampling error is the difference between the sample mean and the
population mean.
10. To reduce the potential for extreme sampling error, the size of the
sample should be reduced.
You can now verify your answers whether they are right or not.
How's the result going? Is that good or bad? Don't worry if you have bad
scores, because that would be a reliable indicator that you're going to need
this self-learning module. That implies there are some sources of
competitive advantage that you need to develop and start exploring.
So, let's just go! Let us move ahead to the next part of this module so
that you can achieve the skills and competencies that you need to improve.
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In this lesson, we shall solve for the mean in the variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample means and investigate some of its
important properties along with the definition for normal population when
the variance is known and unknown.
What’s In
In this portion, you will connect your learned concepts and skills
from previous lessons, which have much to do with the introduction to
sampling distribution of the sample means, to this current lesson, which
is finding mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
means.
There are several concepts from the previous lesson that are directly
related to this lesson. Now, the activity given below will help you link those
concepts and ideas as you explore the lesson of this module.
Check your answers at this point if they are correct. If this is not the
case, you may read the given sentences and analyze why it is completed
as it was.
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Recall the terms discussed in the previous modules and try to link them
to the new terms you encountered in this section of the module. For a
maximum of 5 minutes, reflect on their similarities and differences so that
you can get through this module smoothly.
Since you're done reflecting and familiarizing yourself with the terms
related to the previous lesson, you can proceed to the next part of this
module! Way to go there!
What’s New
Now that you have connected the previous lesson to your approach to
learning concepts and skills through this module, let us consider the
following activity that will give you a recall of the concepts of the previous
lesson.
Situation: It is Monday! Harvey is very enthusiastic and challenged for
his Modular Distance Learning (MDL) experience at Week 5 in Statistics
and Probability. His encounter with past quarters and modules justifies
his excitement in learning more about the core subject. He chose the MDL's
Digital Module Scheme because it is more practical to his condition.
On the other hand, his mobile phone notified him that Module 5 of
Statistics and Probability had been posted to their Facebook Learning
Space, ready to be accessed and downloaded. Surprisingly, there's a
problem with Harvey. He forgot his 5-digit smartphone passcode!
Let us help Harvey decode his passcode by reviewing the past lesson on
the introduction of sampling distribution of sample means.
Direction: On your answer sheets, copy the Code Table and review the
concepts of the previous lesson by completing the paragraphs and tables
provided. Link them to the corresponding number in the Code Table.
Code Table:
CODE
ANSWER 602.720 3.727 24.550 13.889 5.860
Concept 1 Reviewer:
Recall that the Variance (𝛔𝟐 ) and the Standard deviation (𝛔) of
ungrouped data are computed by using the formulas presented on the
next page, respectively.
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𝚺𝑿𝟐 𝚺𝐗 𝟐 𝚺𝑿𝟐 𝚺𝐗 𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = − (𝑵) 𝝈=√ − (𝑵)
𝑵 𝑵
where: where:
σ2 = variance σ = standard deviation
X = score or value X = score or value
N = number of scores or values N = number of scores or values
Concept 1 Example:
Given the set of data: X = { 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13 }, complete the
corresponding table and compute for the variance and standard
deviation.
X X2
2 4
5 25
6 36
9 81
11 121
13 169
46 436
Σ𝑋 2 ΣX 2 Σ𝑋 2 ΣX 2
𝜎2 = −(𝑁) 𝜎=√ −(𝑁)
𝑁 𝑁
436 46 2 436 46 2
𝜎2 = 6
−(6) 𝜎=√ 6
−(6)
𝜎 2 = (𝟏) 𝜎 = (𝟐)
Concept 2 Reviewer:
Recall that the Mean (𝛍) or the Expected Value E(X) of a discreet
probability distribution is computed using the formula presented below.
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where:
μ = mean
E(X) = expected value
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability value of the random variable
Concept 2 Example:
Find the mean or the expected value of the given probability
distribution below.
X P(X) X • P(X)
0 0.100 0.000
2 0.150 0.300
4 0.200 0.800
5 0.140 0.700
6 0.150 0.900
8 0.090 0.720
11 0.030 0.330
15 0.050 0.750
14 0.050 0.700
16 0.030 0.480
18 0.010 0.180
46 1.000 5.860
𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = (𝟑)
Concept 3 Reviewer:
Recall that the Variance (𝛔𝟐 ) and the Standard deviation (𝛔) of
probability distribution are computed by using the formulas presented
below, respectively.
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where: where:
σ2 = variance σ = standard deviation
X = score or value X = score or value
P(X) = probability value of the P(X) = probability value of the
random variable random variable
μ = mean or expected value μ = mean or expected value
Concept 3 Example:
Compute the variance and standard deviation of the given
probability distribution below.
X X2 P(X) X2 • P(X)
0 0 0.100 0.000
2 4 0.150 1.200
4 16 0.200 12.800
5 25 0.140 17.500
6 36 0.150 32.400
8 64 0.090 46.080
11 121 0.030 39.930
15 225 0.050 168.750
14 196 0.050 137.200
16 256 0.030 122.880
18 324 0.010 58.320
46 1 267 1.000 637.060
𝜎 2 = Σ [𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇 2 𝜎 = √Σ [𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇 2
𝜎 2 = (𝟒) 𝜎 = (𝟓)
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The next part of this module will be a brief and simple discussion of the
lesson. This will be followed by a series of formative assessment activities.
Hey, just boost it up!
What is It
It’s time to take a general tour around this module. This portion of your
journey acts a simple and brief discussion of the lesson that aims to help
you discover and understand new concepts and skills. This will really help
you understand the real-life applications of mean and variance of sampling
distribution of the sample means.
By helping Harvey in this module, you are able to have a learning buddy
in order for you to reach your goals in finishing this module with learned
skills and competencies on your intellects!
Let us do this!
Illustrative Example:
The following table gives the sum of tutorial rate of six teachers in
Central Luzon per month. Suppose that random samples of size 4 are
taken from this population of six teachers, do the following tasks.
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1. Solve for the mean of the population μ.
2. Solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means μx̄.
3. Compare μ and μx̅ .
4. Solve for the variance (σ2 ) and the standard deviation (σ) of the
population.
5. Solve the variance (σ2 x̅ ) and the standard deviation (σx̅ ) of the sampling
distribution of the sample means μx̅ .
6. Compare σ and σx̅.
Solutions:
1. The population mean μ is solved as follows.
ΣX 8 + 12 + 16 + 20 + 24 + 28 108
𝜇= = = = 18
𝑁 6 6
Therefore, the population mean of the tutorial rates of the select
teachers in Central Luzon is 18 thousand pesos per month.
2. To solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means,
the following steps are to be considered.
a. Identify the possible samples of size 4 and compute their
individual means.
Sample Mean
Possible Sample
̅
𝐗
8, 12, 16, 20 14
8, 12, 16, 24 15
8, 12, 16, 28 16
8, 12, 20, 24 16
8, 12, 20, 28 17
8, 12, 24, 28 18
8, 16, 20, 24 17
8, 16, 20, 28 18
8, 16, 24, 28 19
8, 20, 24, 28 20
12, 16, 20, 24 18
12, 16, 20, 28 19
12, 16, 24, 28 20
12, 20, 24, 28 21
16, 20, 24, 28 22
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b. Construct the sampling distribution table for the sample means
and multiply the sample means to their probabilities.
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
̅ • P (𝐗
𝐗 ̅)
̅
𝐗 F ̅)
P (𝐗
14 1 1/15 14/15
15 1 1/15 15/15
16 2 2/15 32/15
17 2 2/15 34/15
18 3 3/15 54/15
19 2 2/15 38/15
20 2 2/15 40/15
21 1 1/15 21/15
22 1 1/15 22/15
Total 15 15/15 or 1 270/15 = 18
̅ • 𝑃 (𝑋
̅ )] =
270
𝜇 𝑥 = Σ[ 𝑋 = 18
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Therefore, the mean of the sampling distribution of the
sample means is 18.
3. The population mean μ is 18 and the mean of the sample means μx̅ is
18. Therefore, μ = μx̅ .
4. To solve for the variance (σ2 ) and the standard deviation (σ) of the
population, the given table below will be utilized.
X X2
8 64
12 144
16 256
20 400
24 576
28 784
108 2 224
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Variance: Standard Deviation:
Σ𝑋 2 ΣX 2 Σ𝑋 2 ΣX 2
𝜎2 = −(𝑁) 𝜎=√ −(𝑁)
𝑁 𝑁
𝜎 2 = 4.67 𝜎 = 6.83
Therefore, the variance of the population is 4.67 and the standard
deviation is 6.83.
5. To solve for the variance (σ2 x̅ ) and the standard deviation (σx̅ ) of the
sampling distribution of the sample means, the following steps are
to be considered.
a. The following formula will be utilized to solve for the variance
(σ2 x̅ ) and the standard deviation (σx̅ ) of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
Variance: Standard Deviation:
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c. Solve for the variance and standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the sample means by using the given formula.
6. The variance of the population and sample mean are equal with the
value of 4.67. The standard deviation of the population is 6.83 and
standard deviation of the sample means is 2.16. Therefore, σ ≠ σx̅ .
What’s More
This time help each other to discover level up skills in answering the
following activity about the mean and the variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
Direction: With the given problem on the next page, complete the tables
and the solutions to have a complete and full discussion of computing the
mean and the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means. On
your answer sheets, copy and answer the problem with complete tables
and solutions.
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Let us take a look at the solution below for Task A in the problem and
take note of the process of computing for the final answer.
Take note that you are going to fill in the area for the Formula to proceed
to the next tasks.
Formula (1) .
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Possible Samples ̅
Sample Mean 𝐗
2 000.00, 3 000.00 2 500.00
2 000.00, 4 000.00 (2) .
Table 1 for Task B
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Solution 𝜇𝑥 = ₱ 4 000.00
Conclusion (7) .
The population mean μ is ₱ 4 000.00 and the mean of the sample means μx̅
is also ₱ 4 000.00. Therefore, μ = μx̅ .
Next in line is the solution below for Task D that deals with the
computation of the variance and the standard deviation of the population.
Complete first the given table and proceed with the main solution by
squaring the values of the random variable X.
X X2
Table 1 for Task D
Task D will be finished after the computation of the variance and the
standard deviation using the completed data from the table above.
Complete the solution on the next page by filling in the incomplete
portions.
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Σ𝑋 2 ΣX 2
Formula 2
𝜎 = −( )
𝑁 𝑁
90 000 000.00 20 000 2
𝜎2 = −( )
5 5
Solution 𝜎 2 = 18 000 000.00 − (4 000.00)2
𝜎 2 = 18 000 000.00 − 16 000 000.00
𝜎2 = (11) .
Therefore, the variance of the population is
Conclusion
(11) .
Solutions for Task D
Σ𝑋 2 ΣX 2
Formula 𝜎=√ −( )
𝑁 𝑁
We are on our way to the finish line! Let us answer Task D in the given
problem and always be keen in observing the processes in constructing the
tables and the computations in solving for the variance and standard
deviations of the sample means.
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To proceed to the complete solution, complete first the table below so
that the given values will be completed.
Square the sample means and multiply the results to its corresponding
probabilities.
Sample
Probability
Mean ̅2
𝐗 ̅ 2 • P (𝐗
𝐗 ̅)
̅)
P (𝐗
̅
𝐗
2 500.00 6 250 000.00 1/10 6 250 000.00/10
Using the data from the above table, compute for the variance and
standard deviation of the sample means.
Complete the table on the next page so that the solutions will be useful
for a better understanding of the last part of the lesson.
By the way, note that after the comparison of the computed variances
and standard deviations of the population and the sample means, you will
be able to explore the continuity of the application of your learned concepts
from this module to the next module which has something to do with
Central Limit Theorem.
Do not stop. Way to go, leaners! Make your academic journey to this
module be continuous and productive.
Go and explore!
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2
𝜎 2 𝑥 = 16 750 000.00 − (4 000.00)
Solution 𝜎 2 𝑥 = 16 750 000.00 − 16 000 000.00
𝜎2𝑥 = (13) .
Therefore, the variance of the sampling
Conclusion
distribution of the sample mean is ₱ (13) .
Solutions for Task E
2
𝜎𝑥 = √16 750 000.00 − (4 000.00)
𝜎𝑥 = √750 000.00
𝜎𝑥 = (14) .
Given the answers on the variances and standard deviation, with their
corresponding solutions, Task F will be finalized. Complete the answer for
the last number of this portion of the module.
The variance of the population is 2 000 000.00 and variance of the sample
mean is 13. 750 000.00. On the other hand, the standard deviation of the
population is 1 414.21 and standard deviation of the sample means is
866.03. Therefore, (15) ..
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Total Score
No.
Mean of a Discrete Probability Distribution
No.
Variance of Ungrouped Data
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No.
Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data
No.
Variance of Probability Distribution
No.
Standard Deviation of Probability Distribution
No.
Mean of the Population
No.
Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
No.
Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
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No. Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Means
Symbol Formula Required Given
9
Reflective Questions:
1. How do you solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of sample
means?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. How do you compute for the variance and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of sample means?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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What I Can Do
To transfer your new knowledge and skill into real life situations and to
appreciate the problems given in this module, perform the given activity
below.
Direction: On your answer sheets, copy and complete the table below
by indicating the desired data and values, simple interpretations, and
implications related to the means and variance of the sampling distribution
of the sample means.
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Assessment
Let us see if you have mastered the skills and concepts of this lesson.
Perform the given activity below.
__ E. Standard __ 5. μ e. 7
Deviation of the
Population
__ F. Standard __ 6. σ2 f. 2.67
Deviation of the
Sample Means
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Additional Activities
Okay! This is our last wrap up. You will be able to help Harvey all
throughout this Module 5 in Statistics and Probability.
The following are just supplemental problems to enrich your knowledge
and skills of the lesson learned. Good luck and God bless!
Direction: Solve the given real – life problem below. Show the complete
solution for the following tasks.
Problem: As a Physical Education teacher of Hermosa National High
School Senior High School, Ma’am Mary Ann wants to compute for the
Body Mass Index of few students as part of her research. As a start, the
table below shows the heights of five students in meters. Supposed
samples of size 2 are taken from this population of five students, complete
the given table and answer the following tasks. Construct the desired
tables needed for your solutions and answers.
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What’s More What’s New
Σ 1. 13.889
1. 𝜇=𝑁
2. 3.727
2. 3 000.00 3. 5.860
3. 4 000.00 4. 602.720
4. 4 000.00 5. 24.550
5. 4 500.00
6. 5 500.00 * The 5-digit passcode of Harvey’s
7. Therefore, the mean of the sampling smartphone is 42513. *
distribution of the sample means is
₱ 4 000.00.
8. 9 000 000.00
9. 25 000 000.00
10. 36 000 000.00
11. 2 000 000.00
12. 1 414.21
13. 750 000.00
14. 866.03
15. σ and σx̅
What’s In What I Know
1. SAMPLING 1. WE HEAL
2. HISTOGRAM 2. WE HEAL
3. MEANE 3. WE RECOVER
4. ERROR 4. WE RECOVER
5. EXPECTED 5. WE RECOVER
6. WE HEAL
7. WE HEAL
8. WE RECOVER
9. WE HEAL
10. WE RECOVER
Answer Key
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Additional Activities Assessment
1.μ = 1.58 Column X Column Y
2.μx̅ = 1.59 A. 5 1.c
3.μ ≠ μx̅ B. 3 2.f
4.σ2 = 1.19; σ = 1.09 C. 6 3.a or e
5.σ2 x̅ = 0.01; σx̅= 0.09 D. 4 4.d
6.σ ≠ σx̅ E. 1 5.a or e
F. 2 6.b
What I Can do
1.Illustrative 2.What’s More 3.Assessment 4.Additional
Example Problem Problem Activities Problem
• μ = 18 • μ = 4 000.00 • μ=7 • μ = 1.58
• μx̅ = 18 • μx̅ = 4 000.00 • μx̅ = 7 • μx̅ = 1.59
• σ2 = 4.67 • σ2 = 2 000 000.00 • σ2 =8.24 • σ2 = 1.19
• σ = 6.83 • σ = 1 414.21 • σ = 2.87 • σ = 1.09
• σ2 x̅ = 4.67 • σ2 x̅ = 750 000.00 • σ2 x̅ = 7.11 • σ2 x̅ = 0.01
• σx̅ =2.16 • σx̅ = 866.03 • σx̅ = 2.67 • σx̅ = 0.09
* Students’ answers on the Real-Life Interpretation and Implications may vary depending on
their learnings and experiences with this module. *
What I Have Learned
1.Mean of a Discrete 4.Variance of Probability 7.Mean of the Sampling
Probability Distribution Distribution Distribution of the Sample
• 𝜇 • 𝜎2 Means
• 𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = Σ[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] • 𝜎 2 = Σ [𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇 2 • 𝜇𝑥
• X = value of the • X = value of the random • 𝜇𝑥 = Σ[𝑋 ̅ • 𝑃(𝑋̅)]
random variable variable • X
̅ = sample mean
• P(X) = probability value of • P(X) = probability value of • P(X̅) = probability of the
the random variable the random variable sample mean
2.Variance of Ungrouped • μ = mean or expected 7.Variance of the Sampling
Data value Distribution of the Sample
• 𝜎2 5.Standard Deviation of Means
Σ𝑋 2 ΣX 2 Probability Distribution • 𝜎 2𝑥
• 𝜎2 = −( )
𝑁 𝑁 • 𝜎 ̅ 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋̅)] − 𝜇2
• 𝜎 2 𝑥 = Σ [𝑋 𝑥
• X = score or value
• 𝜎 = √Σ [𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇 2 • X
̅ = sample mean
• N = number of scores or
• X = score or value • P(X̅) = probability of the
value
• P(X) = probability value of sample mean
3.Standard Deviation of
the random variable • μ = population mean
Ungrouped Data
• μ = mean or expected 8.Standard Deviation of the
• 𝜎
value Sampling Distribution of
Σ𝑋 2 ΣX 2 the Sample Means
• 𝜎=√ −( ) 6.Mean of the Population
𝑁 𝑁
• 𝜇 • 𝜎𝑥
• X = score or value ΣX
• 𝜇=
• N = number of scores 𝑁 • 𝜎𝑥 = √Σ [𝑋̅ 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋̅)] − 𝜇2 𝑥
• X = score or value
• X
̅ = sample mean
• N = number of scores
• P(X
̅) = probability of the
* Students’ answers on the Reflective Questions may vary sample mean
• μ = population mean
depending on their learnings and experiences with this module. *
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References
Books
Albacea, Z. V., & Ayaay, M. J. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Quezon City,
Diliman, Philippines: Commission on Higher Education - K to 12
Transition Program Management Unit.
Department of Education. (2020). K to 12 Most Essential Learning
Competencies. Pasig City, Philippines.
Jose M. Ocampo, J., & Marquez, W. G. (2016). Senior High Conceptual Math
& Beyond: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City, Novaliches,
Philippines: Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc.
Electronic Source
Mcmilllan, T. (2017). iRubric: Reflective Essay Rubric. Reflective Essay
Rubric . R Campus. Retrieved from
https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=yes&code=L34935
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