Cartography

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Cartography
Geodetic Engineering (Nueva Vizcaya State University)
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Cartography
I. Conversion:
1. Geographic to Grid Coordinates, (, ) to (N, E)
2. Grid to Geographic Coordinates, (N, E) to (, )
CONVERSION FROM GEOGRAPHIC TO GRID COORDINATES AND FROM GRID TO GEOGRAPHIC

COORDINATES
Lecture notes:
PTM (Philippine Transverse Mercator) Grid System = national coordinate system adopted by the
Philippines to give definite location of a ground point (whether it is a lot corner, traverse point, control point,
etc.) that is unique and most suitable to the locality of the Philippines.
Why so?
- Most of the land surveys in the past are less reliable because it was referred to location
monuments that have no geodetic positions and adjustments to basic control network.
- Also these location monuments were established by means of solar observations that in turn
were regarded to as being inaccurate due to variations of degree of precision.
That’s why&
- PTM Grid was adopted from the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) to:
1. give coordinates suitable to our locality
2. made our maps to be cross-referenced conveniently and efficiently to other countries also
adopting UTM such as Australia, Germany, several states in US, etc.
PTM grid system adopted from the UTM Grid System for latitude 4 to 22 and longitude 117 to 125.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PTM
Spheroid: Clarke’s Spheroid of 1866

Projection: Transverse Mercator in zones of 2 net width
Scale factor at central meridian: 0.99995
Point of origin: intersection of equator and the central meridian of each zone
N=0; E=500,000 m
Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

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ZONES
Zone No. Central Meridian Extent of Zone
I 117 11600 to 11830
II 119 11730 to 12030
III 121 11930 to 12230
IV 123 12130 to 12430
V 125 12330 to 12700
FORMULAS
A. Geographic to Grid
N = I + IIp2 + IIIp4
E = IVp + Vp3 + VIp5 + 500,000
Where;
p = 0.0001 (=)
 = longitude of place – longitude of CM (in seconds)
B. Grid to Geographic
 = ’ – (-VIIIq2 + VII)q2
 = ’ + (VIIIq4 – VIIq2)
In seconds; not in degrees
 = longitude of CM + ”
where;
 = IXq – Xq3 – XIq5
q = 0.000001 (E – 500,000)
Remember that: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI are either given or determined using the table
II. Scales (Map, Photo, Ground Distance)

Scale is the ratio between the distance on the map (or other medium like aerial photo, sketch, etc.) to
which the distance on the ground was drawn.
On a map, scale is shown numerically and graphically:

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1. Numerical
a. Representative fraction --------- 1:25000; 1/25000
b. Equivalent scale ----------------- 1in=200ft; 1cm=300m
1 inch on the map represents some whole number of feet on the ground
2. Graphical Scale – is a line subdivided into map distances corresponding to convenient unit of lengths
on the ground.
Example:
0 50 100 200 500

Remember that: In maps, graphical scale is more reliable and accurate than numeric scale especially
over a period of time. This is because graphical scale adopts to the same distortion as the map due to wear
and tear.
FORMULA:
Dg = Sm(dm) = Sp(dp)
Where;
Dg = distance on the ground
Sp, Sm = Scale factor
Dm = Map distance
Dp = Photo distance
III. Cadastral Map Number/ Sectional Map Number
CADASTRAL MAP NUMBER AND SECTIONAL MAP NUMBER
A. Cadastral Map Number

I. Definition: Cadastral Map – comprise area within spheriodal quadrangle
- Quadrangle has 1 minute of an arc of latitude and 1 minute if an arc of longitude
- PPCS; scale of 1:4000
- Stable base of uniform size 54cm x 54cm

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II. Spheroidal Quadrangle
1’ = 60=
1==31m
- Northing
- Length of 1’ meridian
- Lat
1’ = 60=
1= = 30m
- Easting
- length of 1’ of parallel
- Dep
Note: Unless no dimensions given for length of 1’ meridian and parallel, use 1==31m for Lat; 1==30m for
Dep.
III. Area of each Cadastral Map

Length of 1’ meridian = 60(31) = 1860m
Length of 1’ parallel = 60(30) = 1800m
Dimension: 1860m x 1800m
Area: 334.8 has
IV. Determination of Cadastral Map Number
Rule/Convention:
- the southwest corner element of the area
- south parallel; west meridian
- always in the form of degrees-minutes only!!!

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Example:
1) CM No. 12°10’ N, 123°17’ E
2) CM No. 12°10’3.15” N, 124°15’7.2” E
CM No. 12°10’ N, 124°15’ E
3)
2 A 1
CM No.
C 10°26’3.11” N D
122°18’6.7” E
3 B 4

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From the given CM, determine the following:

a. CM No. of A = (10°26’+1’)N, 122°18’E = 10°27’N, 122°18’E
b. CM No. of B = (10°26’-1’)N, 122°18’E = 10°25’N, 122°18’E
c. CM No. of C = 10°26’N, (122°18’-1’)E = 10°26’N, 122°17’E
d. CM No. of D = 10°26’N, (122°18’+1’)E = 10°26’N, 122°19’E
For CM No. of:

1 : 10°27’N, 122°19’E
2 : 10°27’N, 122°17’E
3 : 10°25’N, 122°17’E
4 : 10°25’N, 122°19’E
V. Sectional Map Number

From the cadastral map of A, with Cm No. 10°27’N, 122°18’E; determine the sectional map no. of:
1 3
5
6
Solution: clockwise in numbering / labeling of the sections
Sec1 Sec2 A B NW NE 1 2
Sec4 Sec3 C D SW SE 3 4

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1 = CM No. 10°27’N, 122°18’E sec.1

2 = CM No. 10°27’N, 122°18’E sec.1-B-NE
3 = CM No. 10°27’N, 122°18’E sec.2-C
4 = CM No. 10°27’N, 122°18’E sec.3-B-SW
5 = CM No. 10°27’N, 122°18’E sec.3-D
6 = CM No. 10°27’N, 122°18’E sec.4-C-SW-2
IV. Photogrammetry
I. Definition:
- involves obtaining information about an object indirectly, by measuring photographs taken of
the object.
- the science and art of obtaining reliable measurements by means of photography
Categories of Photogrammetry
1. Metrical Photogrammetry – involves all quantitative works, such as determination of ground
positions, distances, differences in elevation, areas and volumes
2. Interpretative Photogrammetry – involves photo-interpretation; photographs are analyzed
qualitatively for identifying objects and assessing their significance.
- relies on the human ability to assimilate and correlate such photographic elements as
sizes, shapes, patterns, tones, textures, colors, contrast and relative location.
According to type of photograph used:

1. Ground or terrestrial photogrammetry – uses photographs taken from fixed, often known points
on or near the ground with the optical axis of the camera horizontal (PHOTOTHEODOLITE)
2. Aerial Photogrammetry – a high precision camera is mounted in an aircraft and photographs are
taken in an organized manner as the aircraft flies over the terrain.
3. Space Photogrammetry – deals with extra-terrestrial photogrammetry and imagery where the
camera may be fixed on earth, contain on board a satellite, or placed on a planet
4. Close-range Photogrammetry – involves a camera relatively close to the objects photographs
According to manner of use:

1. Monophotogrammetry – uses one photo
2. Composite – uses several photographs that are joined together (should be overlapping)

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Kinds of photographs
1. Vertical photographs – photographs taken where the optical axis of the camera is pointing
vertically downward
- nearly vertical
2. Tilted photos – tilt<= 30
3. Oblique photos – photos taken such that the optical axis of camera is deviated from the vertical
a. low oblique – low angle deviation from the vertical; does not include apparent horizon
b. high oblique – high angle deviation from the vertical; includes apparent horizon
4. Horizontal photographs – those which are taken with the optical axis of the camera horizontal
Depending on type of camera:

1. narrow angle < 600
2. normal angle 600 to 750
3. wide angle 750 to 1000
4. superwide angle >1000
II. Scale Determination of Vertical Aerial Photographs

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Where;
O = optical axis
f = focal length of camera
a’, b’, c’ and d’ = images of any two ground points in the same horizontal plane of the
photograph
A, B, C and D = corresponding ground points of the image
Hmsl = height above mean sea level
H, Hmge = flying height above mean ground elev
Ground plane = mean ground level whose elevation is (mge) mean ground elevation.
Θ = Angular field of view
Scale:
1. S = ab / AB = map distance / ground distance = f / H
2. using f and H : H = SP(f) ; where H = flying height above mean ground elevation
Sp = scale factor
f = focal length
S = 1/ H/f
If Hmsl is being asked : Hmsl = Hmge + mge
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A vertical photo was obtained using an aerial camera having a focal length of 350mm. The average
scale of photo is 1:2000. If the area photographed lies at an average height of 915 ft above sea level,
determine the flying height above sea level when the photo was taken.
Solution:
Focal length = 350 mm = 0.35 m
0.3048 m
mge = 915 ft x 278.89 m
1 ft
Hmge = Sp (f) Hmsl = Hmge + mge

= 2000 (0.35) = 700 + 278.89
= 700 m Hms = 978.89 m

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2. GE BRD July 2000: An aerial photogrammetry is undertaken at a flying height of 12000 ft above sea
level. The camera has a focal length of 8 ¼ <. Determine the scale of the photograph taken on a plane
which is 2000 ft above sea level.
Solution:
Hmge = Hmsl – mge
= 12,000 – 2000
= 1,000 ft
H
Since H = Spf, Sp =
F
10,000 ft 12 in
Sp = X
8.25 in 1 ft
Sp = 14545.45 Therefore, the scale of the photograph is 1:14545
3. A vertical photograph was taken using an aerial camera with focal length of 215 mm and the craft lies
at an altitude of 1550 m above mean sea level. If the scale is 1:5000, what would be the average
ground elevation of the area photographed?
Solution:
Hmge = Sp f
= (0.215) (5,000)
= 1075 m
Hmsl = Hmge + mge
Mge = 1, 550 – 1075
= 475 m

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4. Points A and B on the ground measures 2350 m. If the corresponding distance on the photograph of
these two points is 21 cm, using an aerial camera having 150mm focal length. Determine the altitude
of the craft above mean ground elevation?
Solution:
Dg = Sp Dp
Dg
Sp =
Dp
2350 m
= Hmge = Sp f
0.21 m
= 11,190 (0.15 m)
= 11,190 = 1678.5 m
5. The distance between two known points on a vertical photograph is 67.5 mm. On a map of scale
1:30000, the equivalent distance is 51.5 mm. The average scale of photograph is:
Solution:
Dg = Sm Dm
= 30,000 90.0515)
= 1545 m
Dg = Sp D p
1545 = Sp 0.0675
Sp = 22,889 Therefore the scale is 1:22,889
III. ANGULAR FIELD OF VIEW

(refer to the figure shown above for the scale determination of aerial photographs)
FORMULA:
tan ½ θ = d / 2 (1/f) tan ( θ / 2 ) = d / 2f
= d / 2f θ / 2 = tan –1 (d / 2f)
θ = 2 tan-1 ( d / 2f )

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IV. RELIEF DISPLACEMENT – occurs when the object being photographed is not at the elevation of mean
datum. This depends on the position of the point on the photograph and the elevation of the ground
point above or below mean datum.
Where;
d = displacement of the object image on the photograph due to relief
r = radial distance from the principal point due to the displaced image point ( or you can treat as radial
distance of the tip of the object )
h = height of the object photographed or the elevation above mean datum
H = flying height above datum
FORMULA:
d = rh / H
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. An image of a hill is 3.5 inches from the center of the photograph. The elevation of the hill is 2000 ft.
and the flight altitude is 14000 ft with respect to the same datum level. How much is the image
displaced because of the elevation of the hill?
Solution:
rh
d=
H
(3.5 in) 2,000 ft 1 ft

d= x
14,000 ft 12 in
d = 0.5 in

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V. The Parallax Formula
Where in:
o1a1 // o2a1’ and o1b1 // o2b1’
Parallax differences between one point and another are caused by different elevations of the two
points.
Parallax of pt. A: PA = BC/ (H-HA) Equation 1
Parallax of pt. B: PB = BC/(H-HB) Equation 2
Parallax difference between A and B:

∆PAB = PB – PA
= [BC/(H-HB)] – [BC/(H-HA)]
= {BC[(H-HA)-(H-HB)]} / [(H-HA)(H-HB)]
∆PAB = [BC(HB-HA)]/ [(H-HA)(H-HB)]
∆HAB = HB - HA
From equation 1:
H – HA = BC / PA
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Therefore;
∆PAB = [(BC)(∆HAB)] / [(BC/PA)(H-HB)]
also;
∆HAB = [∆PAB(H-HB)] / PA
VI. FLIGHT PLAN

- a map on which flight lines are drawn for guiding purposes
Flight line – nominal line passing through the middle of successive photographs
FORMULAS:
1. Flying height: Hmge = Sp(f) ; Sp = scale factor

f = focal length
De = distance between exposures
De = S(1 – f.o.)
Where;
De = airbase (B)
S = Sp(format size)
f.o. = forward overlap or end lap
2. Distance between flight lines, Df

Df = S(1 – s.l.)
Where;
S = Sp(format size)
s.l. = side lap
3. Number of exposures per FL(flight line) = longer dimension
___________________
B or De
4. Number of FL = shorter dimension
_______________________
Df
5. total number of exposures = (# of exposure per FL) (# of FL)
6. flying height above mean sea level: Hmsl = Hmge + mge

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V. Summary of Traverse Computation/ Area Computation
Balance the field angles

Sta. Occ. Sta. Obs Azimuth
T1 28-00-00
T4
T4 313-55-00
T3
T3 215-00-00
T2
T2 143-20-00
T1
T X = T4 208-01-00
Solve for the Angular Error of Closure (AEC)
1. AECTheoretical = 30= T ; T = number of stations

= 30= 4
AEC = 0001’
AECActual = Backsight – azimuth of last line

= 208001’ - 28000’
AEC = 180001’
I. No. of groups (for application of correction)
T1 – T2 143020’ 1st group = 0’ correction

T2 – T3 215000’
T3 – T4 313055’ 2nd Group = 1’ correction
T4 – T1 028000’

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Compute the bearings &/or azimuths
Line Azimuth Distance Bearing

T1 – T2 143020’ 25.64 N 36-40 W
T2 – T3 215000 ’ 81.35 N 35-00 E
T3 – T4 313056’ 15.65 S 46-04 E
T4 – T1 028001’ 88.12 S 28-01 W
II. Compute for the linear error of closure & the accuracy ratio of the traverse (relative error)
Line Azimuth Distance Latitude Dep

T1 – T2 143020’ 25.64 + 20.57 - 15.31
T2 – T3 215000 ’ 81.35 + 66.64 + 46.66
T3 – T4 313056’ 15.65 - 10.86 +11.27
T4 – T1 028001’ 88.12 - 77.49 - 41.39
P = 210.76 lat = -1.44 Dep = +1.23
 Linear Error of Closure :

LE =  Lat2 - Dep2  (-1.44)2 + (1.23)2 = 1.89
 Relative Error :
Perimeter 210.76
1: ---------- 1: --------
LE 1.89
RE = 1 : 111.51
III. Compute the balanced latitude (y) & balanced departures (x)
Distance of line
Compass Rule: Lat = (elat)
perimeter
Distance of line
Dep = (edep)
perimeter

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Lat : Dep :
T1 – T2 : 25.64 (1.44) = 0.175 25.64 (1.23) = 0.150

210.76 210.76
T2 – T3 : 81.35 (1.44) = 0.556 81.35 (1.23) = 0.475

210.76 210.76
T3 – T4 : 15.65 (1.44) = 0.107 15.65 (1.23) = 0.091

210.76 210.76
T4 – T1 : 88.12 (1.44) = 0.602 88.12 (1.23) = 0.514

210.76 210.76
 = 1.44  = 1.23
How to apply correction?
 If the error is <negative=, correction is <positive= and will be added algebraically.

 If the error is <positive=, correction is <negative= and will be added algebraically.
Clat : +0.175 Clat : -0.150

+0.556 -0.475
+0.107 -0.091
+0.602 -0.514
--------------------- ----------------
+1.440 - 1.23
-1.440 error in latitude + 1.23 error in dep
0 0

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Applying the correction :
Original Lat Original Dep CLat CDep Adjusted Lat Adjusted Dep
T1 – T2 +20.57 -15.31 +0.175 -0.150 +20.745 -15.460

T2 – T3 +66.64 +46.66 +0.556 -0.475 +67.196 +46.185
T3 – T4 -10.86 +11.27 +0.107 -0.091 -10.753 +11.179
T4 – T1 -77.79 -41.39 +0.602 -0.514 -77.188 -41.904
0.00 0.00
IV. Compute for the coordinates :

But first, adjust bearings/azimuths & distances.
Line Adjusted Lat Adjusted Dep Adjusted Bearing Adjusted Distance

T1 – T2 +20.745 -15.460 N 36-41-41.81 W 25.87
T2 – T3 +67.196 +46.185 N 34-30-5.15 E 81.54
T3 – T4 -10.753 +11.179 S 46-04-45.92 E 15.51
T4 – T1 -77.188 -41.904 S 28-29-48.31 W 87.83
Adjusted Bearing:
Tan Bearing = Dep/ Lat

Directions: Lat: (+)N; (-)S Dep: (+)E; (-)S
Ex. Tan bearing = -15.460
+20.745
bearing = tan-1 -15.460

+20.745
bearing = N 36-41-41.81 W
Adjusted Distance:  (adjusted Lat)2 + (adjusted dep)2

Ex. T1 – T2 :  (+20.745)2 + (-15.460)2 = 25.87

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Coordinates:
Line Adjusted Lat Adjusted Dep Northings Eastings
T1 – T2 +20.745 -15.460 T1 20000.00 T1 20000.00 (assumed)
(+20.745) (-15.460)
T2 – T3 +20.745 -15.460 T1 20000.00 T1 20000.00
(+20.745) (-15.460)
T3 – T4 +20.745 -15.460 T1 20000.00 T1 20000.00
(+20.745) (-15.460)
T4 – T1 +20.745 -15.460 T1 20000.00 T1 20000.00
(+20.745) (-15.460)
V. Compute the area by DMD method or by Coordinate method
a. Using DMD:
Northing Easting Lat Dep DMD DPA
T1 20000.00 20000.00 +20.745 -15.460 -15.460 -320.7177
T2 20020.745 19984.540 +67.196 +15.265 +15.265 +1025.7469
T3 20087.941 20030.725 -10.753 +72.629 +72.629 -780.9796
T4 20077.188 20041.904 -77.188 -41.904 +41.904 -3234.4859
(+)=1025.7469
(-)=4336.1832
2A=3310.4363
A=1655.218 sq.m.
A=1655 sq.m.
b. By coordinate method:
X = Easting; Y = Northing
Area = ½ X1 X2 X3 X4 X1
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y1
Area = ½ [(X1Y2+X2Y3+X3Y4+X4Y1)-(X2Y1+X3Y2+X4Y3+X1Y4)]
Area = 1665.219 sq.m. = 1655 sq.m.

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VI. Determination of scale to be used in plotting:
Max Difference Scale

0 - 30 1 : 100
30 - 60 1 : 200
60 - 90 1 : 300
90 - 120 1 : 400
120 - 150 1 : 500
150 - 180 1 : 600
180 - 240 1 : 800
240 - 300 1 : 1000
300 - 600 1 : 2000
600 - 900 1 : 3000
900 - 1200 1 : 4000
1200 - 1500 1 : 5000
1500 - 1800 1 : 6000
1800 - 2400 1 : 8000
2400 - 3000 1 : 10000
from the computer coordinates:

Max (N) = 20087.941 Max (E) = 20041.904
Min (N) = 20000.000 Min (E) = 19984.540
87.941
N>E
87.941 is between 60-90; therefore the scale to be used in plotting is 1:300
VII. Coordinates of the centerline:

Nc= Max N + Min N ; Ec = Max E + Min E
1 2
Nc = 20087.941+20000.00 Ec = 20041.904+19984.540
2 2
Nc= 20043.97 , Ec=20013.22
Nc= 20043 ; Ec=20013

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VI. Plotting
SURVEY PLANS
(Isolated and Subdivision)
Guidelines:
1. The B.L. Survey Number is assigned by the Bureau of Lands

Ex. Psd-13-001602
Psd is called a survey symbol.
A survey symbol is used to designate the various kinds of surveys.
Ex. Psd – Subdivision of lots by private land surveyors
Ps – Private surveys by private land surveyors
Rs – Resurveys
2. A claimant may be an individual, a corporation or any recognized organization (religious, academic,

etc.)
3. The site, barrio, municipality, province and island are indicated to locate the land.
4. Date of survey and approval are indicated.
5. The Geodetic Engineer signs the map. A junior G.E. may also assign but only on survey types specified
on the <Manual of Land Surveys in the Philippines.=
6. Area is determined by Double Meridian Distance (DMD Method, rounded off to the nearest whole
number. Use standard Lot Data Computation form to compute for the area.
7. Bearings may be grid, assumed, true or magnetic. True bearings, however, are more usual for
property surveys. If bearings are magnetic, the declination is indicated.
8. Both the graphic scale and representative fraction are indicated.
9. North-South line is drawn in standard form.

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10. Lot corners are small circles 2 mm in diameter drawn in black ink. Corners are numbered clockwise.
Numbers are inside the lot. Boundary lines don’t pass through the small circle.
Note: The diameters of the circles are drawn so as to emphasize that the lines don’t pass through the
circles.
11. The description of each corner as marked on the ground is written preferably at the bottom left
corner of the map. If this space is crowded, it is written in any open space.
Ex. All corners marked PS are cyl. conc. mons. 15 x 40 cm.
(cyl. conc. mons. = cylindrical concrete monuments, 15 cm diameter, 40 cm high)
12. Boundary lines are full black lines heavier than those of adjoining properties. Bearing and distance of
each line are in black ink and may be written in either of the following methods:
a) Bearing and distance along boundary line (inside the lot)
b) Tabulated bearings and distances (when features and distances are too numerous and
bearings and distances written along boundary lines, will make the map crowded).
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
LINES BEARINGS DISTANCES
1-2 N1451’E 87.96 M.

2-3 S8326’E 60.81 M.
The above table is usually placed in the upper left-hand corner of the map. If this space is
crowded, the right-hand corner may be used.

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13. A point of reference has known geographic coordinates: latitude  and longitude . Its Northing and
Easting may be true or assumed. A point of reference may be a triangulation station or Bureau of
Lands Location Monument (BLLM). This point is not shown on the map simply because it is far from
the area surveyed.
A tie line is a line joining the point of reference and corner 1 of the lot.
There are two methods to write the description of the point of reference and the bearing and
distance of the tie line:
a. Tabulated
TIE LINE: LM 101, TALA ESTATE TO CORNER 1
N4836’E 2989.44 M
LM 101 is the name of the point of reference. It is located in Tala estate. This table is added to the
Technical Description of the lot.
b. Graphical (when there is open space)
14. Boundaries between adjoining surveyed properties are indicated by broken lines. Owner’s name and
BL Survey number are also indicated.
15. All important features and improvements (ex. Streams, rivers, bridges, roads) are drawn true to scale,
in black ink (without color) and represented by standard mapping symbols.
Width of roads and rivers are indicted. Direction of the flow of water on a river is indicated by
an arrow with the arrowhead in the direction of the flow.
16. Lettering must be simple, uniform and mechanical. Use of a lettering machine is imperative.
17. Lot numbers, corner numbers, notes, titles, etc. are drawn parallel to the horizontal axis of the map.
Names of rivers, roads, bridges and the like follow the shape of the feature.
Sometimes, names of adjoining owners follow the shape of the lot.

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18. The central orthogonal axes and the coordinates of the center are drawn in red ink. Ncenter is drawn
slightly above the horizontal axis near the left edge of the map. Ecenter is drawn slightly to the left of
the vertical axis near the lower edge of the map. Ecenter is drawn vertically.
Plans are drawn on the authorized BL form having the following dimensions:
You may use the BL form or a whole sheet of tracing paper. If you choose the latter, use the above
dimensions. Write name, exercise number and instructor’s name outside the border of the map.
THE FOLLOWING ARE APPLICABLE ONLY TO SUBDIVISION PLANS
19. If a lot is subdivided into several lots, the subdivided lots will be designated as A, B, C. etc.
Ex. Lot 1228 is subdivided into 3 lots, namely Lot1228-A, Lot 1228-B and Lot 1228-C.
20. The boundary, as in isolated surveys, has a Technical Description. In addition, each subdivided lot has
its own description.
BOUNDARY LOT 1228-A

LINES BEARINGS DISTANCES LINES BEARINGS DISTANCES
Tie lines are observed/computed to corner 1 of the boundary and each of the subdivided lot.
TIE LINE: LM 101, TALA ESTATE TO CORNER 1

LOT NOS. BEARINGS DISTANCES
1228-A
1228-B
1228-C
If the upper left or right-hand corners are not sufficient, Technical Descriptions are placed on
separate authorized sheets. For this exercise, use short bond paper.

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21. Numbering of lots.
2
2 3
2 2
1 1
4 4 3
4
For boundary:
Numbers are drawn clockwise outside the boundary and in red ink.
For subdivided lots:

Numbers are drawn clockwise inside the boundary and in black ink. The assignment of corner 1 is
discretionary unless the subdivided lot has a corner that is tied to a reference point. In this case, this
will be corner 1 of the said subdivided lot.
Corners 1,2,3,4 of Lot 1192 are outside in red ink. Tie line to corner 1 is observed. Corners 1,2,3,4 of
Lot 1192-A are inside and in black ink. Tie line to corner 1 is observed. Position of corner 1 must
coincide with corner 1 of boundary (Lot 1192)
Corners 1,2,3,4 of Lot 1992-B are inside and in black ink. Tie line to corner 1 is computed. Position of
corner 1 is discretionary.
22. Area of each subdivided lots must be indicated inside the lot. This area is not necessarily a whole
number.
A= 1493.96 A= 1056.72
sq. m. sq. m.
23. Corners are plotted by the Coordinate Method.

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PLOTTING BY THE COORDINATE METHOD
1. From the following data:
LINE BEARING DISTANCE

Referance Point -1 - -
1-2 - -
2-3 - -
- - -
- - -
Compute for the latitude & departure (to the nearest CM.) of each line
LAT = DISTANCE x cos BEARING
DEP = DISTANCE x sin BEARING
In your calculator, use the polar to rectangular coordinates transformation function.

LAT is + and DEP is + when line is directed NE
LAT is + and DEP is - when line is directed NW
LAT is - and DEP is + when line is directed SE
LAT is - and DEP is - when line is directed SW
2. For a close traverse:

 LAT = 0
 DEP = 0
If  LAT b 0, distribute correction to the longest line, the next longest line, etc.
If  DEP b 0, do the same
(eg. A 0.01 m. correction is distributed to one line; a 0.02 m. correction is distributed to 2 lines equally,
0.01 m. each, etc.

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3. Beginning from the Reference Point, add the adjusted LAT and DEP to compute for the
coordinates (Northing and Easting) of each corner.
4. Determine the map scale by doing the following steps:

Compute for the following:
Nhighest = northing of the extreme north corner
Nlowest = northing of the extreme south corner
Ehighest = easting of the extreme east corner
Elowest = easting of the extreme west corner
(N2, E2)
Ex.
(N3, E3)
N2 is Nhighest
(N1, E1)
N5 is Nlowest
E4 is Ehighest
(N5, E5)
(N4, E4)
If N’ is > E’, use N’ as the maximum difference in coordinates.

If E’ is > N’, use E’ as the maximum difference in coordinates.
Determine the appropriate map scale based on the following table. This table has been designed
using the size of a standard B.L. form.

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SCALE MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE IN COORDINATES

1 : 100 0 meters - 30 meters
1 : 500 120 meters - 150 meters
1 : 600 150 meters - 180 meters
1 : 800 180 meters - 240 meters
1 : 1,000 240 meters - 300 meters
1 : 2,000 300 meters - 600 meters
1 : 3,000 600 meters - 900 meters
1 : 4,000 900 meters - 1,200 meters
1 : 5,000 1,200 meters - 1,500 meters
1 : 6,000 1,500 meters - 1,800 meters
1 : 8,000 1,800 meters - 24000meters
1 : 10,000 24000 meters - 3,000 meters
5. To center the lot, compute for the following:
Ncenter = Nhighest + Nlowest Ecenter = Ehighest + Elowest
2 2
Ncenter and Ecenter are the coordinates of the center of the map, each rounded off to the nearest whole
number.
6. For each corner, compute for:

Ni = Ni - Ncenter
Ei = Ei - Ecenter
Where
Ni = Northing of corner i
Ei = Easting of corner i
Ni = Distance of corner i along the vertical axis from the center
Ei = Distance of corner i along the horizontal axis from the center

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7. Plot the corners using a scale

If Ni is +, the point is plotted above the horizontal axis
If Ni is -, the point is plotted below the horizontal axis
If Ei is +, the point is plotted to the right of the vertical axis
If Ei is -, the point is plotted to the left of the vertical axis
RULES ON MAP NAME PLACEMENT
Objective: To ensure the unambiguous identification of all the labeled map features.
1. Name should be aligned horizontally whenever possible.

Recommendation:
Use regular grid as guide
Exception:
- Align name with a straight-line feature that is not horizontal (eg. Road, pier, railroad)
- Align name parallel to the lines of graticule.
2. There should be sufficient space between the name and the related symbol.
Recommendation:
There should be at least ½ upper case character space between the name and the symbol.
3. Name should not overlap with symbol.
4. There should be unambiguous reference between the symbol and its associated name.
5. The point symbol should be seen first and its name immediately to its right, but not on the same
horizontal line.

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6. Locate the name within the territory to which it refers.

Exception:
- If the name is placed outside a relatively linear feature, align the name along the feature’s
trend.
- If the feature is compact, place the name horizontally beside it (but not on the same
horizontal line).
7. Name should not be placed directly on top of the line to which it relates.
Recommendation:
There should be sufficient space (at least ½ of the size of a lower case letter) between the
bottom of the name and its associated line symbol.
8. Names and numbers must not be positioned on sharp curves, but rather where the shape of a feature
is relatively smooth.
9. Words incorporating characters which reach below the normal baseline (eg. g, p, q, j) should be
positioned where bends in a line symbol make their placement appropriate or below the line.
10. In areas which are congested with quantities of names and symbols, arrange names around the highly
detailed area.
11. Name should be adequately centered and should extendover the full area to which it should refer.
Recommendation:
- Name should stretch over approximately 2/3 of the area to which it relates.
- Name should serve as a central axis for the region.
- For long linear features, reduce spacing and repeat name.
12. Name referring to an area is normally placed horizontally.
13. Letters forming a name/title should be appreciated as a whole.
Recommendation: Size of type may be increased.
14. Arrange curved lettering along a regular baseline.
15. Names should cross at or as near to a right angle as possible.
16. Name relating to an area and having a straight baseline should not be positioned at an oblique angle.
Recommendation: Use curved lettering.
17. Name should not be unnecessarily hyphenated and displayed on separate lines.
18. Names should read from the middle of the bottom edge of the map (not to be oriented towards the
other edges).
Exception:
- Vertical names (for roads, railroads, etc.) should be turned so that it can be read from the
right side of the page.

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19. Name should not fall across a line symbol.

Recommendation:
- Interrupt line so that the name is clearly visible.
Exception:
- Print linework without interruption when a line is very fine or has a lighter color.
20. Name should be placed above its associated symbol.
21. Names of harbors should be preferably toward the sea.
22. Do not spread the letters all along a river, but keep them close together. Name may be repeated.
23. Names of lakes and islands can be either outside or inside, but only in an emergency is the shoreline
cut with the name.
24. Names of mountain ranges are spread along the crestline of the range and should follow the main
trend very exactly.
In cartography, symbols are everything. The very nature of a map as an

abstracted representation of the Earth requires symbols to perform the
abstraction. To not have symbols is to not have maps. When we first think of
symbols, we tend to think of graphics representing elements that appear at
points, like bridges and houses. Symbols can also be linear, representing
such features as roads, railways and rivers. However, we also need to include
representations of area, in the case of forested land or cleared land; this is
done through the use of colour.
Feature Name Symbol
Road - hard surface, all season
Road - hard surface, all season
Road - loose or stabilized

surface, all season
Road - loose surface, dry

weather
Rapid transit route, road
Road under construction

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Vehicle track or winter road
Trail or portage
Traffic circle
Highway route number
Railway - multiple track
Railway - single track
Railway sidings
Railway - rapid transit
Railway - under construction
Railway - abandoned
Railway on road
Railway station
Airfield; Heliport
Airfield, position approximate
Airfield runways; paved,

unpaved

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Tunnel; railway, road
Bridge
Bridge; swing, draw, lift
Footbridge
Causeway
Ford
Cut
Embankment
Barrier or gate
Lock
Dam; large, small
Dam carrying road
Footbridge

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Ferry Route
Pier; Wharf; Seawall
Breakwater
Slip; Boat ramp; Drydock
Canal; navigable or irrigation
Canal, abandoned
Shipwreak, exposed
Crib or abandoned bridge pier
Submarine cable
Seaplane anchorage; Seaplane

base
Falls
Rapids
Direction of flow arrow

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Dry river bed
Stream - intermittent
Sand in Water or Foreshore Flats
Rocky ledge, reef
Flooded area
Marsh, muskeg
Swamp
Well, water or brine; Spring
Rocks in water or small islands
Water Elevation
Horizontal control point; Bench

mark with elevation
Precise elevation
Contours; index, intermediate

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Depression contours
Cliff or escarpment
Sand
Quarry
Cave
Wooded area
Orchard
Vineyard
Sports track
Swimming pool
Stadium
Golf course
Golf driving range

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Campground; Picnic site
Rifle range with butts
Historic site or point of interest;

Navigation light
Elevator
Greenhouse
Wind-operated device; Mine
Landmark object (with height);

tower, chimney, etc.
Oil or natural gas facility
Pipeline, multiple pipelines,

control valve
Pipeline, underground multiple

pipelines, underground
Electric facility
Power transmission line multiple

lines
Telephone line
Fence

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Crane, vertical and horizontal
Dyke or levee
Firebreak
Cut line
School; Fire station; Police

station
Church; Non-Christian place of

worship; Shrine
Building
Service centre
Customs post
Coast Guard station
Cemetary
Ruins
Fort

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SURVEY SYMBOLS
The following survey symbols shall be used to designate various kinds of surveys.
Symbols DESCRIPTION
I. Public Land Surveys

New Old
Ap - Advance Plan approved project
As - Advance Survey from project in progress
Sc Pc - Sales Application: Corporation
Msc Msc - Miscellaneous Sales Application by Charitable Institution and Corporation
Msi Msa - Miscellaneous Sales Application by Individual
Li La, L, E - Lease Application (Agricultural) by individual
Lc La, L, E - Lease Application, Corporation
Mli Mla - Miscellaneous Lease Application by Individual
Mlc Mla - Miscellaneous Lease Application, Corporation
Fli Fl, Sh - Foreshore Lease Application, Individual
Flc Fl, Sh - Foreshore Lease Application, Corporation
Gss - Group Settlement Surveys
Ng Ig, Ff - Insular Government Land or Private Land to be acquird by the (Insular) National Gov’t
Tsi - Townsite Reservation Subdivision: Individual

Tsc - Townsite Reservation Subdivision:Corporation
Pls - Public Land Subdivision
PPls - Photo Public Land Subdivision
Plsm - Public Land Subdivision Mapping
PPlsm - Photo Public Land Subdivision Mapping
Nr Ir, In - National (or Insular) Reservations
Mr Mn - Municipal Reservations
Pr Pn - Provincial Reservations
-- Tsa - Townsite Sales Application
-- Rlla - Reclaimed Land Lease Application
Rs Rs - Resurvey

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Tb Kb - Townsite Reservation Boundary

Ts Ksd - Townsite Reservation Subdivision
Pld - Public Land Delimination
H G - Homestead application
F P - Free Patent Application
Si Pi - Sales Application: Individual
Rl Rec - Reclaimed Land
Ac Ac - Agricultural Colony
II. Private Land Surveys

New Old
Psu Psu - Land Surveys by private Surveyors
Psm Psm - Private Surveys, Municipal
Psp Psp - Private Surveys, Provincial
Psn Psn - Private Surveys, National
Psu-B Ps, II - Private Surveys by BL surveyors
-- Psi - Private Surveys, Insular
III. Subdivision and/or Consolidation

A. Undecreed Property
New Old
Csd Csd - Subdivision
Ccn Ccn - Consolidation
Ccs Ccs - Consolidation and Subdivision
B. Decreed Property
New Old
Bsd - Subdivision by B.L. Surveyors
Psd Psc - subdivision by Private Surveyors
Bcn - Consolidation by B.L. Surveyors
Pcn - Consolidation by Private Surveyors
Bcs - Consolidation & Subd’n by B.L. Surveyors

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Pcs - Consolidation & Subd’n by Private Surveyors

C. Psd - Subdivision of Lots by Private Surveyors
IV. Cadastral Land Surveys

New Old
Cad Cad - Cadastral Surveys by B.L. surveyors
Psc Psc - Cadastral Surveys by Private Enterprise
Pcad - Photo Cadastral Surveys
PPsc - Photo Cadastral Surveys: Private Enterprise
Cadm - Cadastral Mapping
Pcadm - Photo Cadastral Mapping
PPscm - Photo Cad Mapping by Private Enterprise
Ipb Ipb - Irrigation Project Boundary
Ips Ips - Irrigation Project Subdivision
V. Mineral Land Surveys

Lp - Lode Patent Surveys
Pp - Placer Land Surveys
Cp - Coal Patent Surveys
Cl - Coal Lease Surveys
Crp - Coal Revocable Permit Surveys
Pdl - Petroleum Drilling Lease Surveys
Pel - Petroleum Exploration Lease surveys
Ll - Lode Location Surveys
Pl - Placer Location Surveys
Mi - Mineral Investigation Surveys
VI. Government Land Surveys

New Old
Flb Ab - Friar Land Boundary
Fls Fls - Friar Land Subdivision
Flr Flr - Friar Lands Relocation

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Ngl Igl, Ige - (Insular) National Gov’t Property Lease

Ngs Igs - (Insular) National Gov’t Property Sale
VII. General Land Surveys

New Old
Pb - Political Boundary - Provincial
Mb - Political Boundary - Municipal
Swo Swo - Special Work Orders
Amd Amd - Amendment Surveys
Fis - Fishpond Application Surveys
Rel - Relocation Surveys
Vs - Verification Surveys
Sp - Special Plans
Sgs - Segregation Surveys
Sk - Sketch Plans
Tri - Triangulation Surveys
Top - Topographic Surveys
Hyd - Hydrographic Surveys
Ms Mp - Municipal Street Surveys
Ml Mp - Monument Location Surveys
Prs Prd - Provincial Road Surveys

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VII. Mining Surveying
1. Adit- a horizontal of nearly horizontal passage driven from the surface for working of dewatering a
mine.
2. Back- the top of a drift, cross cut or slope. Also called roof.
3. Back fill- waste rock or other material used to fill a mined out stope to prevent caving.
4. Bedded deposit- an ore deposit of tabular form that lies horizontally or slightly inclined and is
commonly parallel to the stratification of the enclosing rocks.
5. Cage- an elevator for workers and materials in a mine shaft.
6. Chute- a channel or trough underground, or inclined trough above ground, through which ore falls or
is shot by gravity from a higher to a lower level (also spelled <shoot=)
7. Collar- term applied to the timbering or concrete around the mouth or top of a shaft and the mouth
of the drill hole.
8. Cross cut- a horizontal opening driven from shaft to a vein across the course of the vein in order to
reach the ore zone.
9. Dip- the angle at which a bed, stratum, or a vein is inclined from the horizontal.
10. Drift- a horizontal opening in or near a mineral deposit and parallel to the course of the vein or along
the dimensions of the deposit.

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11. Entry- manway, haulage, way, or ventilation way below ground, of a permanent nature (ie., not in an
ore to be removed)
12. Face- end wall of a drift or across cut or of bedded deposit.
13. Foot wall- the wall or rock under a vein or under other steeply inclined mineral formations.
14. Gangue- undesired minerals associated with ore.
15. Gangway- A main haulage road underground
16. Hanging wall- the wall or rock on the upper side of steeply inclined deposits. It is also called a roof in
bedded deposits.
17. Headframe- a construction at top of a shaft which houses hoisting equipments.
18. Level- mines are customarily worked from shafts through horizontal passages or drifts called levels.
These are commonly spaced at regular intervals in depth and are either numbered from the surface
in regular order or are designated by their actual elevation below the top of a shaft.
19. Ore pass- vertical or diagonal opening between levels to permit the movement of ore by gravity.
20. Out crop- exposed potion of the mine
21. Pillars- natural rock, or ore supports, left in slopes to avoid or decrease the roof subsidence as mining
progresses.
22. Raise- a vertical or inclined opening driven upward in ore from a level
23. Rib- wall in an entry. Also simply wall.
24. Shaft- a vertical or inclined excavation in a mine extending downward from the surface or from some
interior point as a principal opening through which the mine is exploited.
25. Sill- synonymous with floor.
26. Stope- underground room or working area from which are is removed.
27. Strike- the horizontal course, bearing or azimuth of an inclined bed, stratum or vein
28. Sump- an excavation made at the bottom of a shaft to collect water.
29. Tunnel- a horizontal or nearly horizontal underground passage that is open to the atmosphere at
both ends.
30. Vein- a mineral ore.
31. Waste- mined rock that do not contain useful mineral
32. Winze- a vertical or inclined opening driven downward fro a point inside a mine for the purpose of
connecting with a lower level or of exploiting the ground for a limited depth below a level.

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COMPUTATIONS IN MINE SURVEYING
Shortcut: sin θ = grade / tan (dip)
VIII. Map Projections/ Map sizes
Definition:
- Any system of representing the parallels and meridians on a plane surface.
- A device for producing all or part of a round body on a flat surface.
CHARACTERISTICS CONSIDERED IN CHOOSING A MAP PROJECTION
1. AREA- many map projections are designed to be equal area, that is, one part on the map covers
exactly the same area of the actual earth.
- shapes, angles and scales must be distorted on most parts
- other terms for equal area: EQUIVALENT, HOMOLOGRAPHIC, HOMALOGRAPHIC,
AUTHALIC, EQUIAREAL

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2. SHAPE- normally, the shape of every small feature of the map is shown correctly
- On a conformal map, there are usually one or more <singular= points at which the shape is
still distorted.
- Relative angles at each point are correct and the local scale in every direction around any
one point is constant.
- Meridians intersect parallels at 90°, just as they do on earth
3. SCALE-
EQUIDISTANCE- scale between one or two points and every point on the map, or along every
meridian, is shown correctly.
- No map projection show scales correctly throughout the map, but there usually one or
more lines on the map along which the scale remains true.
4. DIRECTION-
AZIMUTHAL or ZENITHAL- directions or azimuths of all points on the map are shown correctly with
respect to the center.
5. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Mercator Projection- all rhumblines (lines of constant direction are shown as straight lines
b. Gnomonic Projection- all great circle path, orthodrome or geodesic (shortest route between points
on a sphere) are shown as straight lines.
c. Stereographic- all small circles, as wellas great circles, are shown as circles on the map.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTIONS

- By method of construction: CYLINDRICAL, CONIC, AZIMUTHAL, PSEUDOCYLINDRICAL,
PSEUDOCONICAL
DEVELOPABLE SURFACE- one that can be transformed into a plane without distortion.
Example: cylinder, cone, plane
a. CYLINDER – If wrapped around the globe representing the earth, so that its surface touches the
equator throughout its circumference, the meridians of longitude may be projected on to the
cylinder as equidistant straight lines perpendicular to the equator.
- Parallels of latitude marked as lines parallel to the equator
- CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
b. CONE – (CONICAL PROJECTION)
- Cone is tangent to the surface of the earth, touching the globe at some particular parallel
of latitude.

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c. PLANE – a plane tangent to one of the earth’s poles is the basis for polar azimuthal projection.
- Reference Ellipsoid: CLARKE SPHEROID OF 1866
- Equatorial radius, a = 6,378,206.4m
- Polar radius, b = 6,356,583.8m
- Flattening, f = 1/294.98
CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTIONS
1. MERCATOR PROJECTION – well-known cylindrical map projection

- Conformal
- Meridians are equally spaced straight lines.
- Parallels- unequally spaced straight lines, closest near the equator, cutting meridians at
right angles.
- Scale is true along the equator, or along two parallels equidistant from the equator.
- LOXODROMES (or RHUMB LINES) are straight lines
- Poles are at infinity; great distortion of area in polar regions; suitable for east west
extents.
- Used for navigation
2. TRANVERESE MERCATOR – an ordinary mercator projection turned through an angle of 90°

- Conformal
- Central meridian, each meridian 90° from central meridian, and equator are straight lines
- Other meridians and parallels are complex curves
- Scale is true along central meridian, or along two straight lines equidistant from and
parallel to central meridian.
- Scale becomes infinite at 90° from the central meridian
- Best for north-south extent maps
3. UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR

- Ellipsoidal Transverse Mercator
- Between latitudes 84° N and 80° S, is divided into 60 zones, each generally 6° wide in
longitude
4. OBLIQUE MERCATOR PROJECTION

- The same as regular mercator projection which has been altered by wrapping a cylinder
around the sphere so that it touches the surface along the great circle path chosen for the
central line, instead of along the earth’s equator.
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5. MILLER CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION

- Resembles the mercator projection but shows less exaggeration of area in higher latitudes
- American version of Gall’s projection
- Neither equal area nor conformal (APHYLACTIC)
- Used only in spherical form
- Meridians and parallels are straight lines, intersecting at right angles
- Meridians are equidistant; parallels are spaced farther apart away from the equator
- Poles are shown as lines.
- Compromise between mercator and other cylindrical projection.
6. EQUIDISTANT CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION

- Probably the simplest of all map projections to construct and one of the oldest.
- Other names: Rectangular, La Carte Parallelogrammatique, Die Rechteckige Plattkater,
Equirectangular
7. SIMPLE CYLINDRICAL
- If the equator is made of standard parallel, true to scale and free of distortion, the
meridians are spaced at the same distances as the parallels, and the graticules appear as
squares.
- Aphylactic
- Meridians and parallels are equidistant straight lies, intersecting at right angles
- Poles are shown as lines
- Used in spherical form
CONIC MAP PROJECTIONS

- Used to show region for which the greatest extent is from east to west
1. ALBERS EQUAL-AREA
- Equal area form of conic projection using two standard parallels.
- Scale along the parallels is too small between the standard parallels and too large beyond
them
- Parallels are unequally spaced arcs of concentric circles, more closely spaced at the north
and the south edges of the map.
- Meridians are equally spaced radii of the same circles, cutting parallels at right angles.
- There is no distortion in scale or shape along two standard parallels, normally, or along
just one.
- Poles are arc of great circles.
- East-west expanse.

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2. LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC

- Also called CONICAL ORTHOMORPHIC
- Parallels are unequally spaced arcs of concentric circles, more closely spaced near the
center of the map
- Meridians are equally spaced radii of the same circles, thereby cutting parallels at right
angles.
- Scale is true along two standard parallels , normally, or along just one.
- Pole in the same hemisphere as standard parallel is a point; other pole is at infinity
- Conformality fails at each point
- East-west expanse
- No angular distortion at any parallels, except at the poles.
3. BIPOLAR OBLIQUE CONIC CONFORMAL

- Two oblique conic projections, side by side, but with poles 104° apart.
- Meridians and parallels are complex curves, intersecting at right angles
- Scale is true along two standard transformed parallels on each conic projection, neither of
these lines following any geographical meridian or parallel
- Very small deviation from conformality, where the two conic projections join.
- Specially developed for a map of the Americas
- Used only in spherical form
4. POLYCONIC PROJECTION
- Curvature of the circular arc for each of the parallel on the map is the same as it would be
following the unrolling of a cone which had wrapped around the globe tangent to the
particular parallel of latitude, with the parallel traced onto the cone.
- Instead of a single cone, a series of conical surfaces may be used.
- For the sphere, each parallel has a radius proportional to the cotangent of latitude
- Aphylactic
- Parallels of latitude (except for equator) are arcs of circles but are not concentric
- Central meridian and equator are straight lines; all other meridians are complex curves
- Scale is true along each parallel and along the central meridian, but no parallel is
<standard.=
- Free of distortion only along the central meridian.

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AZIMUTHAL PROJECTIONS
- Formed onto a plane which is usually tangent to the globe at either pole, the equator, or
any intermediate point. Directions of azimuth, from the center of the projection to every
other point on the map is shown correctly.
1. ORTHOGRAPHIC – A true perspective, in which the earth is projected from an infinite distance
onto a plane. The map looks like a globe, thus stressing the roundness of the earth.
- All meridians and parallels are ellipses, circles, or straight lines
- Aphylactic
- Center is distortion free; much distortion near the edge of hemisphere shown.
- Directions from the center are true.
2. STEREOGRAPHIC – True perspective in the spherical form, with the point of perspective on the
surface of the sphere at a point exactly opposite the point of tangency for the plane, or opposite
the center of projection.
- Conformal
- Central meridian and a particular parallel (if shown) are straight lines.
- All meridians on the polar aspect and the equatorial aspect are straight lines.
- All other meridians are arc of circles.
- Directions from the center of projection are true.
- Scale increase away from the center of projection.
3. GNOMONIC – True perspective, with the earth projected from the center onto the tangent plane.
- All great circles, not merely those passing through the center, are shown as straight lines
on spherical form
- Also called <central projection=
4. LAMBERT AZIMUTHAL EQUAL-AREA – Not a perspective projection; may be called a synthetic

azimuthal in that it was derived for the specific purpose of maintaining equal area.
- All meridians in the polar aspect, the central meridian in other aspects, and the equator in
equatorial aspect are straight lines.
- All other meridians are complex curves.
- Scale decreases radially as the distance from the center, the only point without distortion.
- Scale increases in the direction perpendicular to the radii as the distance increases from
the center.

lOMoARcPSD|38281540
OTHER PROJECTIONS
1. HETERODRAL PROJECTION – Earth is projected upon a system of geometric figures such as

triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons and cubes. These surfaces are then open up and laid out
flat to form a map of the world.
2. CASSINI – Projection constructed by calculating the arc along a geographic meridian and a great
circle which is orthogonal to that meridian and is plotted as a rectangular coordinates on the
plane.
- Aphylactic
- North-south extent
- Equidistant: along CM and perpendicular lines to CM.
3. STAR PROJECTION – Heterodral projection; in which the northern hemisphere is drawn in polar
projection with the southern continents added to it.
4. BONNE – North-south extent. Authalic; pseudoconical (modified conical type); parallels and a
central meridian intersecting near the center of the map
5. SINUSOIDAL – Referred to as the Janson-Flamsteed Projection
- Central meridian is shown as a vertical line while the other meridian appear as sine curve.
COLORS IN MAP FEATURES

- BLACK- denotes all man-made features such as buildings, cemeterires, boundaries,
railroads and other roads, place names, etc.
- BLUE- For water or hydrographic features, such as lakes, rivers, oceans, etc.
- BROWN- for relief or hypsographic features, contours and types
- GREEN- for woodland areas, with typical pattern to show woodland as forest, shrub,
Riceland, orchard, etc.
- RED- for important roads, built-up areas, and public land subdivision lines
- PINK- built-up urban areas and the coverage area of large cities
- GRAY- used sometimes to replace brown


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lOMoARcPSD|38281540

Geodetic Engineering (Nueva Vizcaya State University)

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CONVERSION FROM GEOGRAPHIC TO GRID COORDINATES AND FROM GRID TO GEOGRAPHIC

Spheroid: Clarke’s Spheroid of 1866

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

Zone No. Central Meridian Extent of Zone

I 117 11600 to 11830

II 119 11730 to 12030

III 121 11930 to 12230

IV 123 12130 to 12430

V 125 12330 to 12700

II. Scales (Map, Photo, Ground Distance)

On a map, scale is shown numerically and graphically:

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

0 50 100 200 500

CADASTRAL MAP NUMBER AND SECTIONAL MAP NUMBER

A. Cadastral Map Number

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

II. Spheroidal Quadrangle

III. Area of each Cadastral Map

IV. Determination of Cadastral Map Number

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

2) CM No. 12°10’3.15” N, 124°15’7.2” E

CM No. 12°10’ N, 124°15’ E

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

From the given CM, determine the following:

For CM No. of:

V. Sectional Map Number

Solution: clockwise in numbering / labeling of the sections

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

1 = CM No. 10°27’N, 122°18’E sec.1

According to type of photograph used:

According to manner of use:

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

Depending on type of camera:

II. Scale Determination of Vertical Aerial Photographs

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

If Hmsl is being asked : Hmsl = Hmge + mge

Hmge = Sp (f) Hmsl = Hmge + mge

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

Sp = 14545.45 Therefore, the scale of the photograph is 1:14545

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

III. ANGULAR FIELD OF VIEW

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

(3.5 in) 2,000 ft 1 ft

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan

V. The Parallax Formula

Parallax difference between A and B:

VI. FLIGHT PLAN

1. Flying height: Hmge = Sp(f) ; Sp = scale factor

2. Distance between flight lines, Df

6. flying height above mean sea level: Hmsl = Hmge + mge

V. Summary of Traverse Computation/ Area Computation

Balance the field angles

Solve for the Angular Error of Closure (AEC)

1. AECTheoretical = 30= T ; T = number of stations

AECActual = Backsight – azimuth of last line

I. No. of groups (for application of correction)

T1 – T2 143020’ 1st group = 0’ correction

Infinite Intelligence GELER – Cartography Module Compiled by: jaepunongbayan