Eden Bio Worksheet

1 Which name is given to the observable features of an organism?
A alleles
B genes
C genotype
D phenotype
2 What is not a feature of natural selection?
A competition for resources

B production of many offspring
C selection by humans
D variation within the population
3 What is a mutation?
A a change in a gene or chromosome

B a condition caused by a dominant allele
C a process used in genetic engineering
D a type of continuous variation
4 Which characteristic shows discontinuous variation in humans?
A height
B length of foot
C tongue rolling
D weight
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 The diagram shows the age structure of a human population.
age (years) males females

60 and over
45 – 59
30 – 44
15 – 29
under 15
1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
population (millions)
Which age group has the largest number of people?
A 60 and over
B 45-59
C 30-44
D under 15
6 The table shows the birth rates and death rates in four countries.
Which country will double its population most quickly?
1 (a) Define the term genetic engineering.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 6.1 is a flow diagram that shows how insulin can be produced using genetic engineering.
R
L
Q
Fig. 6.1
Table 6.1 shows stages in the production of insulin by genetic engineering.
Complete Table 6.1. The first row has been done for you.
Table 6.1
letter from
name description
Fig. 6.1
M chromosomes threads of DNA found in the nucleus
section of DNA removed from human cell
plasmid
type of cell that is genetically engineered
specific chain of amino acids coded by the
section of DNA removed from the human
cell
fermenter
[5]
(c) The genetically engineered cells in Fig. 6.1 reproduce asexually.
Explain the advantages of asexual reproduction for insulin production by genetic engineering.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
2 Antibiotics are used to treat human diseases.
Many bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. Some antibiotics can no longer be used
to treat certain diseases.
Samples of bacteria were taken from a person who had an infectious disease. They were
spread onto four Petri dishes of agar (agar plates). Three of these agar plates contained the
antibiotics 1, 2 or 3.
The results are shown in Fig. 2.1.
agar plate contains agar plate contains agar plate contains agar plate contains
no antibiotic antibiotic 1 antibiotic 2 antibiotic 3
key
bacterial growth
no bacteria
Fig. 2.1
(a) Explain why:
(i) no bacteria grew in the agar plate with antibiotic 2;
[1]
(ii) bacteria grew in the agar plate with antibiotic 3;
[1]
(iii) only a small number of bacteria grew with antibiotic 1.
[2]
(b) Explain why it is important to carry out a test similar to that shown in Fig. 2.1 before
giving an antibiotic to a person infected with a bacterial disease.
[2]
(c) Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem worldwide.
Suggest how the problem of antibiotic resistance can be limited.
[4]
(d) Hormones are used to treat a variety of conditions.
The most common hormonal treatment is the use of insulin to treat diabetes. Most of
the insulin is produced using cells that are grown in large fermenters. These cells have
been genetically engineered to produce human insulin.
Fig. 2.2 shows the stages involved in transferring the gene for insulin from human cells
to bacterial cells.
P gene from human cell removed from chromosome 11
Q bacterium produces human insulin
R plasmid vector enters bacterium
S gene for human insulin found to be on chromosome 11
T bacterium divides by binary fission
V gene for human insulin inserted into a plasmid vector
Fig. 2.2
(i) Put the stages into the correct sequence. Two have been done for you.
S Q
[1]
(ii) Diabetes is often treated with human insulin that has been produced by genetically
modified cells. In most countries this type of insulin has replaced the insulin that
was prepared from animals.
Suggest the advantages of providing human insulin to people with diabetes rather
than insulin obtained from animals.
[3]
[Total: 14]
AS 8 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Do not
write in
QUESTIONSHEET 20 margin
(a) Read through the following account of DNA replication and then complete it by filling in the spaces with the
most appropriate word or words.
During DNA replication the enzyme ...................................... binds to the DNA double ................................
This makes the DNA ..................................... and breaks the .................................... bonds between the
nucleotides. These nucleotides are bound together at .................................................. . The base adenine
binds with .................................... and ................................................. binds with guanine. Free nucleotides
found in the ........................................ bind with the exposed bases producing two strands of DNA. The
process is said to be ..................................... because in both of the two DNA strands produced, one sequence
of nucleotides is new and the other is from the .......................................... DNA. [10]
(b) (i) When a sample of DNA was chemically analysed it was found that 36% of the bases were adenine.
What were the percentages of the other bases? Explain your anserws.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Is it possible to forecast the percentages of bases that would be present in the messenger RNA transcribed
from this DNA? Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
TOTAL / 16
AS 8 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Do not
write in
QUESTIONSHEET 1 margin
Read through the following account of protein synthesis and then fill in the spaces with the most appropriate word
or words.
Messenger RNA formed by ............................................ from the nuclear DNA passes through pores in the
........................................ and attaches to ....................................... on the ......................................... .
........................................ amino acids are brought to the mRNA by the molecules of ......................................
which attach to the .......................................... of the mRNA by their .......................................................... .
Adjacent amino acids then join together by ........................................... to form a ......................................... .
This is released and passes to the .................................................... where it associates with other similar
molecules to make protein.

[11]
TOTAL / 11
1 Cells are formed by the division of existing cells. Four different cells are shown.
Which cell is produced by meiosis?
2 Albinism is an inherited condition in which pigment does not develop in the skin, hair and eyes.
The allele for albinism is recessive.
What are the chances of albino parents having an albino child?
A 0% B 25% C 75% D 100%
3 The diagram represents processes in sexual reproduction.
cells in R
reproductive gametes
organs
zygote cells of
Q
embryo
Which processes are represented by stages Q and R?
4 Which name is given to the observable features of an organism?
A alleles
B genes
C genotype
D phenotype
5 Which structure will be found in the nucleus of a body cell in a woman?
A X allele
B X chromosome
C Y allele
D Y chromosome
6 Owners of successful race horses hope that the horses’ offspring will be like their parents.
How does a young race horse inherit its characteristics?
A equally from its mother and father

B mainly from its father
C mainly from its mother
D passed across the placenta
7 In pea plants the allele for tall, T, is dominant to the allele for dwarf, t.
Which cross would produce plants in the proportion of 1 tall : 1 dwarf?
A TT × Tt B Tt × Tt C Tt × tt D tt × tt
8 Which substance is coded for by a length of DNA?
A fat
B fatty acid
C glycerol
D lipase
9 What are alleles?
A a pair of chromosomes
B different versions of the same gene
C the total number of genes on one chromosome
D two genes side by side on the same chromosome
10 A pure-breeding plant with smooth stems was crossed with a heterozygous plant with hairy
stems.
What will be the ratio of hairy : smooth stems in the resulting plants?
A 1 hairy : 1 smooth
B 1 hairy : 3 smooth
C 3 hairy : 1 smooth
D all hairy
11 Which statement about the human sex chromosomes is correct?
A All boys have two Y chromosomes.

B Everybody has at least one X chromosome.
C Girls have a Y chromosome and an X chromosome.
D Nobody has two X chromosomes.
12 What results from meiosis of a diploid cell?
A genetically different diploid cells

B genetically different haploid cells
C genetically identical diploid cells
D genetically identical haploid cells
13 What will be the genotypes of the offspring resulting from a genetic cross between two
individuals, one of which is homozygous dominant, (TT), and the other heterozygous?
A all Tt
B 50% TT, 50% tt
C 50% TT, 50%Tt
D 25%T
25% Tt,
14 Which of these cells is haploid?
A liver cell
B red blood cell
C sperm cell
D zygote
15 A genetic cross between two organisms may be shown as Gg × Gg.
What does g represent?
A a dominant allele
B a dominant chromosome
C a recessive allele
D a recessive chromosome
16 Some fruit flies have orange eyes and others have red eyes.
If two orange-eyed fruit flies are crossed, their offspring always have orange eyes.
If two red-eyed fruit flies are crossed, their offspring sometimes include both orange-eyed and
red-eyed flies.
What can be concluded from these observations?
A Crossing an orange-eyed fly with a red-eyed fly will produce a 1 : 1 ratio in the offspring.
B The allele for orange eyes is dominant.
C The allele for red eyes is dominant.
D We could determine which allele is dominant only by doing a cross that produces a 3 : 1 ratio.
17 What are correct descriptions of mitosis and meiosis?
mitosis meiosis
A cells produced are genetically identical repairs damaged cells

B halves the chromosome number cells produced are genetically identical
C involved in asexual reproduction halves the chromosome number
D involved in sexual reproduction doubles the chromosome number
18 A man has three sons.
What is the chance of his next child being a son?
A 0% B 25% C 50% D 75%
19 The diagram shows a cross between heterozygous tall pea plants.
parental genotypes Tt × Tt
gametes T t T t
offspring E
Which statement is not correct?
A Offspring E and H are both homozygous.

B Offspring F and G are both heterozygous.
C The phenotypes of offspring E, F and G are the same.
D The ratio of different phenotypes in the offspring is 1 : 1.
20 The diagram shows a plant cell.
Where is most of the DNA found?
A
C
21 The diagram shows the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell that divides by mitosis.
Which diagram shows the chromosomes in the nucleus of one of the daughter cells produced?
A B
22 The diagram shows the fusion of gametes to produce a son and a daughter.
father mother
parents
gametes Q
offspring R
son daughter
What are the sex chromosomes in gamete Q and son R?
23 What are the sex chromosomes for human females and males?
24 In fruit flies, the allele for grey body, G, is dominant over the allele for black body, g.
The result of a mating between two flies is shown.
(parents) grey-bodied fly × black-bodied fly
(offspring) 33 grey-bodied flies + 38 black-bodied flies
What were the genotypes of the parents?
A Gg × gg B Gg × Gg C GG × gg D GG × Gg
25 A plant has two different alleles of a gene resulting in it having a green seed.
Which row describes the phenotype and genotype of the seeds of this plant?
henotype genotype
A Gg heterozygous
B Gg homozygous
C green heterozygous
D green homozygous
26 The shape of a person’s earlobes is determined by a single gene. This gene has dominant and
recessive alleles.
The allele for detached earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes.
The diagram shows the inheritance of earlobe shape in a family.
parents
attached detached
children
attached detached detached
What is the probability of the next child from the same parents having detached earlobes?
A 0% B 25% C 50% D 75%
27 Which sex chromosomes are present in all mature human sperm cells?
A both X and Y chromosomes

B either X or Y chromosomes
C only X chromosomes
D only Y chromosomes
28 The diagram shows a cell dividing into two.
DNA strand
DNA strand
Which process is shown in the diagram?
A asexual reproduction in a bacterium

B asexual reproduction in a potato plant
C meiosis in a woman’s ovary
D mitosis in the root of a plant
29 The chart shows the inheritance of fur colour in a small mammal.
If the allele for white fur is dominant, which animal must be heterozygous for the gene controlling
fur colour?
A B
30 The diagram shows the chromosomes from one person.
1 2 3 4 5 6 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22
What can be deduced about the person who has these chromosomes?
A a female with Down’s syndrome

B a male with Down’s syndrome
C a normal female
D a normal male
31 Genetics is the study of
A development of organisms.
B mechanisms of inheritance.
C nuclear division.
D variation between species.
32 What is unlikely to be affected by the environment?
A blood group
B body mass
C health
D height
33 Which statement is true of both chromosomes and genes?
A Each codes for a specific protein.

B Each may be copied and passed on in mitosis.
C Each may be either dominant or recessive.
D Each may exist as two or more alleles.
34 Most birds have a coloured pigment in their feathers, but in a few individuals, pigment is absent
and the birds are albinos.
Albinism occurs when a bird is homozygous recessive for the gene which creates the coloured
pigment.
If two albino birds mated, what describes the appearance of their offspring?
A all albino
B all coloured
C 50% coloured, 50% albino
D 75% coloured, 25% albino
35 In an animal, the allele for straight fur is dominant to the allele for curly fur.
A pair of these animals mate and have nine offspring with straight fur and three with curly fur.
F represents the allele for straight fur and f represents the allele for curly fur.
What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?
A F and f B FF and ff C FF and Ff D Ff and Ff
36 What defines a diploid nucleus?
A a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes

B a nucleus containing two unpaired chromosomes
C a nucleus with two alternative forms of a gene
D a nucleus with two separate threads of DNA
37 Albinism in humans is caused by a recessive allele.
Parents who do not suffer from the condition produce an albino child.
What is the probability that their second child will be born albino?
A 25% B 50% C 75% D 100%
38 An individual has the genotype Bb.
What is the correct description of this genotype?
A heterozygous, with two different alleles of the same gene

B heterozygous, with two different genes of the same allele
C homozygous, with two different alleles of the same gene
D homozygous, with two different genes of the same allele
39 The diagram shows the inheritance of flower colour in pea plants.
parents purple flowers × white flowers

genotypes PP pp W
gametes P p
F1 genotypes Pp × Pp
phenotype purple flowers white flowers Y
gametes P p P p
F2 genotypes PP Pp Pp pp
phenotype purple flowers white flowers
ratio 3 : 1
At which stages in the diagram does meiosis occur?
A W and Y B W and Z C X and Y D X and Z
40 In cats, the allele for short hair is dominant to the allele for long hair. A short-haired cat gives birth
to five kittens. Two of them have long hair.
Which statement must be correct?
A Neither of the parents is heterozygous.

B One parent is homozygous.
C The female cat is heterozygous.
D The male cat is heterozygous.
41 Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that occurs when an individual is homozygous for a
recessive allele.
If parents are both heterozygous for this characteristic, what is the probability that their first child
will have cystic fibrosis?
A 0% B 25% C 50% D 100%
42 What determines the sex of a baby?
A the father’s blood group

B the father’s chromosomes
C the mother’s blood group
D the mother’s chromosomes
43 When white-flowered pea plants are crossed with red-flowered pea plants, the offspring (F1) all
have red flowers.
If these F1 plants pollinate themselves, the next generation (F2) contains both red and white-
flowered plants.
Which statement explains this?
A The allele for red flowers is dominant and the F1 plants are heterozygous.
B The allele for red flowers is dominant and the F1 plants are homozygous.
C The allele for red flowers is recessive and the F1 plants are heterozygous.
D The allele for red flowers is recessive and the F1 plants are homozygous.
44 A pure-breeding white mouse was crossed with a pure-breeding black mouse. All their offspring
were black.
Then, one of the offspring was bred with a pure-breeding white mouse. They produced 10 baby
mice.
What are the most likely colours of these mice?
A 5 black and 5 white

B 8 white and 2 black
C 10 black
D 10 white
45 How does a haploid nucleus differ from a diploid nucleus of the same species?
A It has different genes.

B It has fewer chromosomes.
C It has more alleles.
D It is the result of fertilisation.
46 What results from meiosis of a diploid cell?
A genetically different diploid cells

B genetically different haploid cells
C genetically identical diploid cells
D genetically identical haploid cells
47 What is an allele?
A a length of DNA that codes for a gene

B any one of two or more alternative forms of a gene
C a thread of DNA made up of a string of genes
D the genetic make up of an organism
48 Which types of variation can be inherited?
49 Which statement describes human cells formed by meiosis?
A They are genetically identical and they become gametes.

B They are genetically identical and they become tissues.
C They are not genetically identical and they become gametes.
D They are not genetically identical and they become tissues.
50 A short-toed animal was crossed with a long-toed animal of the same species. All the offspring
had short toes. One of these offspring was crossed with another long-toed animal of the same
species.
Which ratio of short-toed to long-toed animals should be expected?
A 1:1 B 2:1 C 3:1 D 4:1
1 In pea plants, the allele for tall stems is dominant to the allele for short stems.
A heterozygous tall plant is crossed with a short plant, and 100 offspring are produced.
How many of the offspring are likely to be tall?
A 25 B 50 C 75 D 100
2 The nucleus in a body cell of a fly contains 12 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are there in the nucleus of a sperm from this fly?
A 3 B 6 C 12 D 24
3 In a species of plant, the allele for red flowers (R) is dominant over the allele for white flowers (r).
Two red–flowered plants were crossed.
parents plant with red flowers × plant with red flowers
offspring 93 red-flowered and 28 white-flowered
What are the genotypes of the parents?
A RR and rr B RR and Rr C Rr and Rr D Rr and rr
4 The diagram shows a potato tuber that developed from the stem of a parent potato plant. Three
shoots are starting to grow from the tuber.
shoot
tuber
How do the genotypes of the shoots compare with the genotypes of the tuber and of the parent?
A They are all different.

B They are all identical.
C The shoots are identical to each other, but are different from the tuber and the parent.
D The shoots are identical to the tuber, but are different from the parent.
5 The colour of a mouse’s fur is controlled by a single pair of alleles.
A mouse with black fur was crossed with a mouse with white fur. All the offspring had black fur.
What would be the most likely ratio in several litters of offspring if two of these black offspring
were crossed?
6 What is always found in female gametes and may be found in male gametes?
A one X chromosome
B one Y chromosome
C two X chromosomes
D one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
7 In rabbits, the allele for dark fur, R, is dominant to the allele for white fur, r.
The diagram shows a cross between a rabbit with dark fur and a rabbit with white fur.
What are the genotypes of the offspring?
A Rr and rr B RR and rr C RR and Rr D R and r
1 Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide inside cells. Red blood cells contain
catalase.
Some dogs have an inherited condition in which catalase is not produced. This condition is known
as acatalasia and it is caused by a mutation in the gene for catalase.
(a) Define the terms gene and gene mutation.
gene...................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
gene mutation....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A geneticist was asked to investigate the inheritance of acatalasia in dogs.
The normal allele is represented by B and the mutant allele is represented by b.
The geneticist made the diagram in Fig. 3.1 to show the inheritance of acatalasia in a family
of dogs. The shaded symbols indicate the dogs with acatalasia.
normal male
1 2 3
normal female
male with acatalasia

4 5
female with acatalasia
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the genotypes of the dogs identified as 1, 2 and 3 in Fig. 3.1.
1 .............................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) The geneticist crossed dog 4 with dog 5. Approximately half of the offspring had
acatalasia and half the offspring did not have acatalasia.
Complete the genetic diagram to show how this is possible.
dog 4 dog 5
parental phenotypes normal has acatalasia
parental genotypes ............. .............
+
gametes .......... , .......... ..........
Punnett square
offspring genotypes................................................................................................
offspring phenotypes.............................................................................................. [3]
(iii) State the name given to the type of cross that you have completed in (b)(ii).
................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 9]
2 Anthocyanin is a red pigment found in carnation flowers. Some carnation plants have a gene for
making anthocyanin.
(a) (i) A flower grower bred red carnations.
Describe how growers selectively breed plants.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Explain the disadvantages of using sexual reproduction to breed red carnations.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction of carnation plants.
Define the term meiosis.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Carnation plants show co-dominance for the anthocyanin gene. There are two alleles:
A
• F – allele for anthocyanin pigment (red flowers)
N
• F – allele for no anthocyanin pigment (white flowers)
(i) State the genotype of a carnation plant that is heterozygous for this gene.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Describe the phenotype of a heterozygous carnation plant for this gene.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
A N A A
(iii) The breeder crossed a F F carnation plant with a F F carnation plant. Predict, using
a genetic diagram, the proportion of pure breeding carnation plants in the offspring.
parental genotypes FAFN × FAFA
+
gametes ........... ........... ........... ...........
Punnett square
offspring genotypes .............................................................................................
offspring phenotypes ...........................................................................................
proportion of pure breeding carnation plants .......................................................
[4]
[Total: 13]
3 (a) Sex in cats is determined in the same way as in humans.
Complete the diagram below to show how sex is determined in cats.
male cat female cat
female cat (XX)
gametes X X
......
male cat
(.........)
......
offspring ratio..................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) A scientist investigated the inheritance of fur colour in cats.
The gene for coat colour is located on the X chromosome. The gene has two alleles:
• B black
• b orange.
B
The X chromosome with the allele for black is represented by X .
b
The X chromosome with the allele for orange is X .
A female cat can be a mixture of these colours, described as calico.
Fig. 3.1 shows the inheritance of this condition in a family of cats.
orange male
1 2
black male
calico female
orange female
3 4 5 6 7
black female
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the genotypes of cats 1, 4, and 5 in Fig. 3.1.
cat 1 .......................................................................................................................
cat 4 .......................................................................................................................
cat 5 ....................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Coat colour in cats is an example of discontinuous variation.
Explain why coat colour is an example of discontinuous variation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 9]
8 In some animals, B is the allele for normal skin (without spots) and b is the allele for spotted skin.
A pair of these animals has 37 offspring, 18 with spots and 19 without.
What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?
A BB × BB B Bb × Bb C Bb × bb D bb × bb
9 Which type of reproduction and which type of cell division produces nuclei with half the number of
chromosomes?
10 The diagram shows a family tree and the inheritance of the ability to taste a certain substance.
The allele for the ability to taste this substance is dominant.
1st generation David Mary Jeanne Mark
2nd generation
key
represents a male ‘taster’ represents a male ‘non-taster’

represents a female ‘taster’ represents a female ‘non-taster’
Which statement about the genotypes of the sisters Mary and Jeanne is correct?
A Mary is heterozygous and Jeanne is homozygous.

B Mary is homozygous and Jeanne is heterozygous.
C They are both heterozygous.
D They are both homozygous.
11 The family tree shows the inheritance of the ability to taste a certain substance. The allele for the
ability to taste this substance is dominant to the allele for the inability to taste it.
1st generation David Mary
2nd generation
Peter Hannah
3rd generation ?
key
represents a male ‘taster’ represents a male ‘non-taster’

represents a female ‘taster’ represents a female ‘non-taster’
What is the chance of the second child of Peter and Hannah being a ‘non-taster’?
A 1 in 1 B 1 in 2 C 1 in 3 D 1 in 4
12 Albinism is an inherited condition in which pigment does not develop in the skin, hair and eyes.
The albino allele is recessive.
What are the chances of albino parents having a normal child?
A 0% B 50 % C 75 % D 100 %
13 In cats, the allele for short hair is dominant to the allele for long hair.
A short-haired cat and a long-haired cat had several families of offspring (kittens). All their kittens
were short-haired.
One of these kittens matured and mated with a long-haired cat.
What would be the expected phenotypes of their offspring?

A 1 : 1 short to long
B 3 : 1 short to long
C all long-haired
D all short-haired
14 The diagram shows a maize (corn) cob with purple and yellow fruits. Purple (P) is dominant to
yellow (p).
yellow fruit
purple fruit
What are the genotypes of the parent maize plants?
A PP × Pp B PP × pp C Pp × Pp D pp × Pp
15 What is true of the chromosomes present in the daughter nuclei after meiosis and after mitosis?
16 The nucleus in each cell in the stem of a plant contains 32 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are there in the nuclei of its pollen grains?
A 8 B 16 C 32 D 64
17 The diagram shows the offspring of a cross between two wolves.
brown
× wolf W
brown brown white
Brown colour is caused by a dominant allele B and white colour by a recessive allele b.
What are the genotype and the phenotype of wolf W?
18 In the life cycle of a mammal, what describes the eggs or sperms and the cells of the embryo?
19 Which cross shows how a boy inherits sex chromosomes from his parents?
A B C D
mother father mother father mother father mother father
XY XX XY XY XX XY XX XY
son son son son

XX XY XX XY
20 What causes humans to have different blood groups?
A differences in climates
B differences in diets
C differences in genes
D differences in hormones
21 The genetic diagram shows a breeding experiment that starts with crossing a homozygous tall
plant (TT) with a homozygous short plant (tt).
TT × tt
Tt Tt Tt × Tt
TT Tt Tt × tt
Tt Tt tt × tt
tt tt tt tt
Which genetic cross gives 1 : 1 phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
A Tt × Tt B TT × tt C Tt × tt D tt × tt
22 The diagram shows the fusion of gametes to produce a son and a daughter.
father mother
parents
gametes Q
offspring R
son daughter
What are the sex chromosomes in gamete Q and daughter R?
23 Which feature of a human is controlled by genes only?
A age at death
B blood group
C dietary deficiency disease
D lung cancer
24 A dominant allele
A causes only harmful characteristics.

B is responsible for male characteristics.
C never undergoes mutation.
D produces the same phenotype in heterozygotes and homozygotes.

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1 Which name is given to the observable features of an organism?

2 What is not a feature of natural selection?

A competition for resources

A a change in a gene or chromosome

4 Which characteristic shows discontinuous variation in humans?

age (years) males females

Which age group has the largest number of people?

Which country will double its population most quickly?

(c) The genetically engineered cells in Fig. 6.1 reproduce asexually.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.1.

(a) Explain why:

(i) no bacteria grew in the agar plate with antibiotic 2;

(ii) bacteria grew in the agar plate with antibiotic 3;

(c) Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem worldwide.

Suggest how the problem of antibiotic resistance can be limited.

P gene from human cell removed from chromosome 11

Q bacterium produces human insulin

R plasmid vector enters bacterium

S gene for human insulin found to be on chromosome 11

T bacterium divides by binary fission

V gene for human insulin inserted into a plasmid vector

........................................ and attaches to ....................................... on the ......................................... .

which attach to the .......................................... of the mRNA by their .......................................................... .

Adjacent amino acids then join together by ........................................... to form a ......................................... .

molecules to make protein.

Which cell is produced by meiosis?

The allele for albinism is recessive.

What are the chances of albino parents having an albino child?

A 0% B 25% C 75% D 100%

Which processes are represented by stages Q and R?

4 Which name is given to the observable features of an organism?

5 Which structure will be found in the nucleus of a body cell in a woman?

How does a young race horse inherit its characteristics?

A equally from its mother and father

Which cross would produce plants in the proportion of 1 tall : 1 dwarf?

8 Which substance is coded for by a length of DNA?

9 What are alleles?

A All boys have two Y chromosomes.

12 What results from meiosis of a diploid cell?

A genetically different diploid cells

14 Which of these cells is haploid?

15 A genetic cross between two organisms may be shown as Gg × Gg.

What does g represent?

What can be concluded from these observations?

17 What are correct descriptions of mitosis and meiosis?

A cells produced are genetically identical repairs damaged cells

18 A man has three sons.

What is the chance of his next child being a son?

A 0% B 25% C 50% D 75%

19 The diagram shows a cross between heterozygous tall pea plants.

Which statement is not correct?

A Offspring E and H are both homozygous.

Where is most of the DNA found?

What are the sex chromosomes in gamete Q and son R?

The result of a mating between two flies is shown.

(parents) grey-bodied fly × black-bodied fly

(offspring) 33 grey-bodied flies + 38 black-bodied flies

What were the genotypes of the parents?