Lecture 4:

Balanced Fault Analysis

Acknowledgement: The slides are developed based on parts in

Power System Analysis, Hadi Saadat, McGraw-Hill, 2002

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 1

 Fault Analysis
l Analysis types
u power flow - evaluate normal operating conditions
u fault analysis - evaluate abnormal operating conditions
l Fault types:
u balanced faults
n three-phase
u unbalanced faults
n single-line to ground and double-line to ground
n line-to-line faults
l Results used for:
u specifying ratings for circuit breakers and fuses
u protective relay settings
u specifying the impedance of transformers and generators

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 2

 Fault Analysis
l Magnitude of fault currents depend on:
u the impedance of the network
u the internal impedances of the generators
u the resistance of the fault (arc resistance)
l Network impedances are governed by
u transmission line impedances
u transformer connections and impedances
u grounding connections and resistances
l Generator behavior is divided into three periods
u sub-transient period, lasting for the first few cycles
u transient period, covering a relatively longer time
u steady state period

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 3

 Fault Studies
l Sub-transient period, XG = Xd"
u determine the interrupting capacity of HV circuit breakers
u determine the operation timing of the protective relay system for
high-voltage networks
l Transient period, XG = Xd’
u determine the interrupting capacity of MV circuit breakers
u determine the operation timing of the protective relay system for
medium-voltage networks
u transient stability studies

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 4

 Fault Representation
l A fault represents a structural network change
u equivalent to the addition of an impedance at the place of the
fault
u if the fault impedance is zero, the fault is referred to as a bolted
fault or solid fault
l First order method
u the faulted network can be solved conveniently by Thévenin’s
method
u network resistances are neglected
u generators are modeled as an emf behind the sub-transient or
transient reactance
u shunt capacitances are neglected
u system is considered as having no-load

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 5

 Thévenin’s Method
l The fault is simulated by switching a fault impedance at
the faulted bus
l The change in the network voltages is equivalent to
adding the prefault bus voltage with all other sources
short curcuited

j0.2 j0.4

1 2 1 2
j 0.4 j0.8

3 j0.4

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 6

 Thévenin’s Method
l 3-phase fault with Zf = j0.16 on bus 3

j0.2 j0.4 j0.2 j0.4

1 2 1 2

=
j 0.4 j0.8 j 0.4 j0.8

j0.4 j0.4
3 3

If Vth
Xf = 0.16 Xf = 0.16
-+

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 7

 Thévenin’s Method
V3[ 0]
I 3[ f ] =
Z 33 + Z f

j0.2 j0.4
V1[ 0 ] = V2[ 0] = V3[ 0] = 1.0 j0.24
1 2
j 0.2
Z 1s = Z 2 s =
( j 0.4)( j 0.8) = j 0 .2
j0.2 ( j1.6) j0.1

j0.1 Z 3s =
( j 0.4)( j 0.4) = j 0.1 3
3 ( j1.6) Vth
Vth
Xf = 0.16

Z 33 =
( j 0.4)( j 0.6)
+ j 0.1
If j0.16

If j 0.4 + j 0.6
Z 33 = j 0.34

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 8

 Thévenin’s Method

Z 33 = j 0.34
V3[ 0] 1.0
Z33 = j0.34
I [f]
= = = − j 2. 0
3 3
Z 33 + Z f j 0.34 + j 0.16
Vth
If j0.16

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 9

 Thévenin’s Method
l For more accurate solutions
u use the pre-fault bus voltages which can be obtained from the
results of a power flow solution
u include loads - to preserve linearity, convert loads to constant
impedance model
u Thevenin’s theorem allows the changes in the bus voltages to be
obtained
u bus voltages are obtained by superposition of the pre-fault
voltages and the changes in the bus voltages
u current in each branch can be solved

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 10

 Short Circuit Capacity (SCC)
l Measures the electrical strength of the bus
l Stated in MVA
l Determines the dimension of bus bars and the
interrupting capacity of circuit breakers
l Definition: [ pre − f ] [ f ]
SCC = 3 VL − L ,k I k
u in per unit:

Vk[ pre−f ]
I [f ]
k =
X kk
SB
SCC =
X kk

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 11

 Short Circuit Capacity (SCC)
l Find the SCC for bus #3

j0.2 j0.4

1 2
j 0.4 j0.8

Z 33 = j 0.34 j0.4

3
S base = 100 MVA
S base 100 MVA
SCC3 = = = 294 MVA
Z 33 0.34

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 12

 Fault Analysis Using Impedance Matrix
l Network reduction by Thévenin’s method is not efficient
u difficult to apply to large networks
l Matrix algebra formation
u seek a matrix where the diagonal elements represent the source
impedance for the buses
u consider the following system
n operating under j i k
balanced conditions
n each generator G
represented by a
Si Sk
constant emf behind
a proper reactance
(Xd, Xd′, or Xd ″)
n lines represented by Zf
their equivalent π model

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 13

 Fault Analysis Using Impedance Matrix
V1[pre −f] 
l Place the prefault voltages into a vector  
 M 
[pre − f]
Vbus = Vk[pre − f] 
l Replace the loads by a  
[pre − f] 2
constant impedance Vi  M 
Z i −load = V [pre −f] 
model using the prefault Si*−load  n 
bus voltages
j i k
l The change in the network
voltage caused by the fault
is equivalent to placing a -Vk
fault voltage at the faulted
Zi Zk
bus with all the other
sources short-circuited I k[ f ]

Zf

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 14

 Fault Analysis Using Impedance Matrix
l Using superpositioning, the fault voltages
are calculated from the prefault voltages ∆V1 
by adding the change in bus voltages  
due to the fault  M 
[f ]
Vbus [ pre − f ]
= Vbus + ∆Vbus ∆Vbus = ∆Vk 
 
The change in bus voltages  M 
I bus = Ybus Vbus
l

can be calculated from the ∆V 

 n 
network matrix I[Fault]
bus = Ybus ∆Vbus
 0 
 M 
 
I bus = − I k 
[Fault] [Fault]

 
 M 
 0 
GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 15
 Fault Analysis Using Impedance Matrix

I[Fault]
bus = Ybus ∆Vbus
 0   y11 L y1k L y1n  ∆V1 
 M   M  
   O M O M   M 
− I k  =  yk 1
[f]
L ykk L ykn  ∆Vk 
     
 M   M O M O M   M 
 0   yn1 L ynk L ynn  ∆V 
 n 
−1 [Fault]
∆Vbus = Ybus I bus
−1
Z bus = Ybus
∆Vbus = Z bus I[Fault]
bus

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 16

 Fault Analysis Using Impedance Matrix
∆V1   z11 L z1k L z1n   0 
     M 
 M   M O M O M   
∆Vk  =  z k1 L z kk L z kn  − I k 
[f]

     
 M   M O M O M   M 
∆V   z n1 L z nk L z nn   0 
 n   
[ pre − f ]
Vbus[f ]
= Vbus + ∆Vbus
[ pre − f ]
[f ]
Vbus = Vbus − Z bus I[bus
f]

Vk[ f ] = Vk[ pre−f ] − Z kk I k[ f ] & Vk[ f ] = Z f I k[ f ]

Vk[ pre−f ]
I k[ f ] =
Z kk + Z f

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 17

 Example 1: 3-phase fault calculation
l 3-phase fault with Zf = j0.16 on
u bus 3

j0.2 j0.4 j0.2 j0.4

1 2 1 2
j 0.4 j0.8 j 0.4 j0.8

j0.4 j0.4
3 3

If Vth
Xf = 0.16 Xf = 0.16

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 18

 Example 1: 3-phase fault calculation
− j8.75 j 2.50 
j1.25
Ybus =  j1.25 − j 6.25 j 2.50 
 j 2.50 j 2.50 − j 5.00
 j 0.16 j 0.08 j 0.12
Z bus =  j 0.08 j 0.24 j 0.16
 j 0.12 j 0.16 j 0.34
V3[ pre − f ] 1.0 pu
I [f]
= = = − j 2.0 pu
Z 33 + Z f j 0.34 + j 0.16
3

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 19

 Example 1: 3-phase fault calculation
V1[ f ] = V1[ pre − f ] − Z13 I 3[ f ] = 1.0 pu − ( j 0.12 )(− j 2.0 ) = 0.76 pu
V2[ f ] = V2[ pre − f ] − Z 23 I 3[ f ] = 1.0 pu − ( j 0.16 )(− j 2.0 ) = 0.68 pu
V3[ f ] = V3[ pre − f ] − Z 33 I 3[ f ] = 1.0 pu − ( j 0.34 )(− j 2.0 ) = 0.32 pu

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 20

 The Bus Impedance Matrix
l Definition
−1
Z bus = Ybus
l Direct formation of the matrix
u inversion of the bus admittance matrix is a n3 effort
u for small and medium size networks, direct building of the matrix
is less effort
u for large size networks, sparse matrix programming with
gaussian elimination technique is preferred

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 21

 Forming the Bus Impedance Matrix
l Graph theory techniques helps explain the building
process
bus node = graph vertex line branch = edge
0 0
1 2 1 2
j0.2 j0.4
1 4 2 1 4 2
1 2
j 0.4 j0.8 3 5 3 5
j0.4
3 3 extending 3 loop
tree branch closing
selected tree co-tree branch

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 22

 Forming the Bus Impedance Matrix
l Basic construction of the network and the matrix

1
2
Partial
Network i
Vbus = Z bus I bus
m j
Z bus
0
Reference

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 23

 Adding a Line

1 1
Partial 2 Partial 2
Network p q Network p
m m m m
Z bus Z bus q
0 0
Reference Reference

Vq = V p + z qp I q Vq = 0 + z q 0 I q

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 24

 Adding a Line to an Existing Line

 V1   Z11 Z 21 L Z1 p L Z1m = Z1 p   I1 
V   Z Z 22 L Z2 p L Z 2m = Z2 p  I 
 2   21   2
M  M M O M O M M M
    
V p  =  Z p1 Z p2 L Z pp L Z pm = Z pp   I p 
M  M M O M O M M M
    
Vm   Z m1 Z m2 L Z mp L Z mm = Z mp   I m 
V  = Z = Z p2 L = Z pp L = Z pm = Z pp + z pq   I q 
 q  p1

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 25

 Adding a Line from Reference

 V1   Z11 Z 21 L Z1 p L Z1m = 0   I1 
V   Z Z 22 L Z 2 p L Z 2m = 0   I 2 
 2   21
M  M M O M O M M M 
    
V p  =  Z p1 Z p 2 L Z pp L Z pm = 0  I p 
M  M M O M O M M M 
    
Vm   Z m1 Z m 2 L Z mp L Z mm = 0  I m 
V   = 0 =0 L =0 L =0 = z0 q   I q 
 q 

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 26

 Closing a Loop

1 1
p p
Partial Partial
Network q Network i
m m m m
Z bus Z bus
0 0
Reference Reference

z pq I l = V p − Vq → z p0 Il = Vp − 0 →
z pq I l + Vq − V p = 0 z p0 Il − Vp = 0

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 27

 Kron Reduction
Eliminating a node from the system

Vbus [1×n ]   Z bus [ n×n ] ∆Z[1×n ]   I bus [1×n ] 

old

 0  = ∆Z T 
Z ll [1×1]   I l 
   [ n×1]

Vbus [1×n ] = Z bus

old
[ n×n ] I bus [1×n ] + ∆Z [1×n ] I l

∆Z T [ n×1]
0 = ∆Z T
I
[ n×1] bus [1×n ] + Z ll [1×1] I l → Il = − I bus [1×n ]
Z ll
∆Z[1×n ] ∆Z T [ n×1]  old ∆Z∆Z T 
Vbus [1×n ] = Z bus
old
[ n× n ] I bus [1×n ] − I bus [1×n ] =  Z bus −  I bus
Z ll  Z ll 

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 28

 Adding a Line between two Lines

 V1   Z11 L Z1 p Z1q L Z1m Z1q −Z1 p   I1 

M  M O M M L M M  
   M 
V p   Z p1 L Z pp Z pq O Z pm Z pq −Z pp   I p 
    
Vq  =  Z q1 L Z qp Z qq L Z qm Z qq −Z qp   I q 
M  M O M M O M M M 
    
Vm   Z m1 L Z mp Z mq L Z mm Z mq −Z mp   I m 
 0   Z q1−Z p1
   L Z qp −Z pp Z qq −Z pq L Z qm −Z pm Z ll   I l 
Z ll = z pq + Z pp + Z qq − 2 Z pq
Then execute Kron reduction on Zll

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 29

 Adding a Line from a Line to Reference

 V1   Z11 L Z1 p Z1i L Z1m − Z1 p   I 1 

M  M O M M L M M   M 
    
V p   Z p1 L Z pp Z pi O Z pm −Z pp   I p 
    
 Vi  =  Z i1 L Z ip Z ii L Z im − Z ip   I q 
M  M O M M O M M M
    
Vm   Z m1 L Z mp Z mi L Z mm − Z mp   I m 
 0  − Z p1
   L − Z pp − Z pi L − Z pm Z ll   I l 
Z ll = z p 0 + Z pp
Then execute Kron reduction on Zll

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 30

 Kron Reduction
l Kron reduction removes an axis (row & column) from a
matrix while retaining the axis’s numerical influence
 V1   Z11 L Z1 p Z1i L Z1m Z1l   I1 
M  M O M M L M M   M 
    
V p   Z p1 L Z pp Z pi O Z pm Z pl   I p 
    
 Vi  =  Z i1 L Z ip Z ii L Z im Z il   I q 
M  M O M M O M M M
    
Vm   Z m1 L Z mp Z mi L Z mm Z ml   I m 
 0   Z l1 L Z lp L Z lm Z ll   I l 
   Z li
Z jl Z lk
Z new
jk =Z old
jk −
Z ll
GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 31
 Z-Bus Building Rules
l Rule 1: Addition of a branch to the reference
u start with existing network matrix [m × m]
u create a new network matrix [(m+1) × (m+1)] with
n the new off-diagonal row and column filled with (0)
n the diagonal element (m+1),(m+1) filled with the element impedance
zq0

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 32

 Z-Bus Building Rules
l Rule 2: Addition of a branch to an existing bus
u connecting to existing bus p
u start with existing network matrix [m × m]
u create a new network matrix [(m+1) × (m+1)] with
n the new off-diagonal row and column filled with a copy of row p and
column p
n the diagonal element (m+1),(m+1) filled with the element impedance
zpq plus the diagonal impedance Zpp

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 33

 Z-Bus Building Rules
l Rule 3: Addition of a linking branch
u connecting to existing buses p and q
u start with existing network matrix [m × m]
u create a new network matrix [(m+1) × (m+1)] with
n the new off-diagonal row and column filled with a copy of row q
minus row p and column q minus column p
n the diagonal element (m+1),(m+1) filled with
zpq + Zpp + Zqq - 2 Zpq
u perform Kron reduction on the m+1 row and column

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 34

 Z-Bus Building Rules
l Rule 4: Addition of a linking branch
u connecting to existing bus p and reference
u start with existing network matrix [m × m]
u create a new network matrix [(m+1) × (m+1)] with
n the new off-diagonal row and column filled with a copy of the
negative of row p and the negative of column p
n the diagonal element (m+1),(m+1) filled with
zp0 + Zpp
u perform Kron reduction on the m+1 row and column

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 35

 Example 2: Zbus Matrix

0
j0.2 j0.4
1 2
1
2
1 j 0.4 j0.8
2 4
j0.4

3 5
3
3
Network Graph

Line adding order: 1-0, 2-0, 1-3, 1-2, then 2-3

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 36

 Example 2: Zbus Matrix

 j 0.2 0 j 0.2 j 0.2 

0. []  0 j 0.4 0 − j 0.4

1. [ j 0.2] 4.
 j 0.2 0 j 0.6 j 0.2 
 j 0.2 0   
2.   j 0.2 − j 0.4 j 0.2 j1.4 
 0 j 0.4 ( j 0.2 )( j 0.2)
Z11 = j 0.2 − = j 0.17
 j 0.2 0 j 0.2 j1.4
3.  0 j 0. 4 0   j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.171
 j 0.2 0 j 0.6  j 0.057 0.285 j 0.057 

 j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.571

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 37

 Example 2: Zbus Matrix

 j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.171 j 0.114 

 j 0.057
 j 0.285 j 0.057 − j 0.228
5.
 j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.571 j 0.514 
 
 j 0.114 − j 0.228 j 0.514 j1.14 
 j 0.16 j 0.08 j 0.12
Zbus=  j 0.08
 j 0.24 j 0.16
 j 0.12 j 0.16 j 0.34

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 38

 End of Lecture

GEE/PSAOpt/L4-Balanced Fault Analysis 39