ENGLISH
treating the public elective office almost as
2nd Quarter
Making Connections
- is a critical reading comprehension strategy
that helps you make meaning and
understand what you are reading.
3 Types of Connections
Text-to-self connection
- are personal connections that you make
between yourself and the selection you are
reading.
- While reading, you might think that your
experiences, opinions, or emotions may be
similar to the text or texts you are reading.
Text-to-text connections
- where you relate one material to another
that you have read or come across before.
- simply means that you are relating one
thing to another.
Text-to-world connections
- relating what you are reading to the things
that are happening and relevant to the world
around you such as social issues, real life
situations, and events around us.
Common Social Issues
1.) Oppression – refers to relations of
domination and exploitation- economic,
social and psychologic between individuals,
social groups and classes within and beyond
societies, and, globally, between entire
societies.
2.) Political Dynasty – traditional families
of monopolizing political power and public
offices from generation to generation and
their personal property.
3.) Extrajudicial Killing – killing of a person
by governmental authorities or individuals
without the sanction of any judicial
proceeding or legal process.
4.) Poverty – a state or condition in which a
person or community lacks the financial
resources and essentials for a minimum
standard of living.
5.) Social Injustice – describes a situation in
which dominant population is made known
of the inequity that leads for others, due to
their relative position in the structure of
power.
- Three commons examples of social
injustice includes; discrimination, ageism,
and homophobia.
6.) Discrimination – is the unfair or
prejudicial treatment of people and groups
based on characteristics such as race, gender,
age, or sexual orientation.
Common Social Concerns
1.) Depression – a common and serious
medical illness that negatively affects how
you feel, the way you think and how you
act/
2.) Poverty – a state or condition in which a
person or community lacks the financial
resources and essentials for a standard of
living.
3.) Homelessness – is defined as living
accommodation that is below the minimum
standard or lacks secure tenure.
4.) Social Anxiety – is a mental health
condition.
5.) Regret – is the negative emotion that
people experience when realizing or
imagining that their present situation would
have been better if they had decided or acted
differently.
6.) Grief – is the response to loss,
particularly to the loss of someone or
something that has died, to which a bond or
affection was formed.
Where does VUCA come from?
The acronym VUCA was first used
by the US army as of the end of the 80’s,
with Prof. Herbert Barber being the first, in
1991, to officially use the term. He stated
that war college derived by these ideas from
the book of Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus.
In military context the acronym was
used primarily to mark the early situation in
Afghanistan, where it was difficult to
understand the current situation and predict
the outcome of specific actions.
WHAT DOES VUCA STAND FOR
(V) Volatility – The challenge is unexpected
or unstable or maybe of unknown duration
(U) Uncertainty – Despite the lack of other
information the events basic cause and effect
are known. Change is possible but not a
given.
(C) Complexity – The situation has many
interconnected parts in variables. Some
information is available or can be predicted,
but the volume or nature of it can be
overwhelming to process.
(A) Ambiguity – Casual relationships are
completely unclear. No precedents exists;
you pace “unknown unknows.”
Adverbs a part of speech that describes or
modifies a verb, an adjective, another
adverb, cause or sentence.
Adverb of Time -tells us when something is
done. We use it at the beginning or at the
end of the sentence.
- Afterwards, already, always, immediately,
last month, now, soon, then, and yesterday.
Ex.
He collapsed and died yesterday.
His factory was burned down a few months
ago.
Last week, we were stuck in the lift for an
hour.
Adverb of Place – tells us where something
is done. We use it after a verb, object or at
the end of a sentence.
- Above, below, here, outside, over there,
there, under, upstairs.
Ex.
We can stop here for lunch.
They rushed for their lives when the fire
broke out in the floor below.
The participants can play outside.
Adverb of Degree – tells us the level of
extent that something is done.
- Almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so too,
very, etc.
Ex.
Her daughter is quite for her age.
She was too shy to join the quiz bee.
The accident victim nearly died from his
injuries.
Adverb of Frequency – tells us how often
something is done.
- Again, always, ever, frequently, hardly
ever, nearly, nearly always, never,
occasionally, often, rarely, seldom,
sometimes, twice, weekly, etc.
Ex.
While overseas, he frequently phoned
home.
He takes his capsule twice a day.
She never reads newspapers.
Text Features
Poetry – there are several features of poetry
that make it unique from other forms of
writing.
These are:
1. Varied in length
2. Written in lines and stanzas
3. Uses sound device (rhyme, alliteration,
onomatopoeia, etc.)
4. Takes poetic license with space,
punctuation, grammar, etc.
5. Uses word pictures to build sensory
impressions and create images.
6. Place with the sounds of words and the
rhymes of phrases is usually intended to be
read aloud.
Prose – there are several features of prose
that make it unique from other forms of
writing.
These are:
1. Written using paragraphs
2. May contain dialogue
3. Can be either fiction or non-fiction
4. Can have headings and/or subheadings
5. Can be accompanied by graphics (charts,
photos)
Fallacy – is a mistake or misunderstanding
that fails to support one’s argument. The
knowledge and understanding of fallacies
are important because they weaken an
individual’s point. It is important to
recognize a fallacy because they can
convince you to believe something that isn’t
true.
- Some will simply use another argument or
form of reasoning to simply distract the
audience from the truth.
1.) Red herring fallacy – argument that is
used as a distraction to the main issue.
2.) Ad hominem – is attacking the speaker or
organization, rather than an argument itself.
It is often seen when a person says an
argument is stupid or the person is idiot.
Name calling or slander are both Ad
hominem.
3.) Appeal to Tradition – is an argument that
is used because the solution or action has
occurred previously and expected to
continue.
4.) Straw man Fallacy – is a popular fallacy
where arguer manipulates an opponent’s
argument in order to make the argument
look as if is weak and easy to beat. Is often
used to make the arguer look more skilled
than their opponent.