Summary

Bibliography
- NCERT Psychology Textbook for Class XI
- Google
 Enhancing Positive Emotions
• Finding positive meaning in dire circumstances.

• Being engaged in work and gaining mastery.

• Having connections with others, and supportive network of close relationships

• Personality traits of optimism, hopefulness, happiness and a positive self- regard.

• Explore your beliefs about the meaning and purpose of life.

• Develop healthy physical habits.

• Forgive yourself. Everyone makes mistakes.

 Managing Your Anger
• Do not engage in ‘self-talk that burns’. Do not magnify negative feelings.

• Look inward not outward for anger control.

• Recognise the power of your thoughts.

• Don't hold a grudge: Forgiveness is a powerful tool. If you allow anger and other
negative feelings to crowd out positive feelings, you might find yourself swallowed
up by your own bitterness or sense of injustice.

• Know when to seek help: learning to control anger can be a challenge at times.
Seek help for anger issues if your anger seems out of control, causes you to do things
you regret or hurts those around you.
 Managing Negative Emotions

• Enhance self-awareness : Be aware of your own emotions and feelings.

• Engage in self-modeling : Be the ideal for yourself. Repeatedly observe the best
parts of your past performance and use them as an inspiration and motivation to
perform better in the future.

• Have empathy : Try understanding other’s feelings too. Make your relationships
meaningful and valuable.

• Be creative : Find and develop an interest or a hobby.

• Seek support: Talk about how you're feeling with a parent, trusted adult, or a
friend. They can help you explore your emotions and give you a fresh way of
thinking about things.

• Think about the best way to express your emotion

 Expression of Emotion
Emotion is an internal experience not directly observable by others. Emotions are
inferred from verbal and non- verbal expressions. These verbal and non- verbal
expressions act as the channels of communication and enable an individual to
express.

The verbal channel of communication is composed of spoken words as well as other

vocal features of speech like pitch and loudness of the voice. Temporal characteristics
of speech and non-verbal aspects of the voice are called paralanguage. non-verbal
channels include facial expression, kinetic and proximal behaviours. Facial
expression is the most common channel of emotional communication. The amount
and kind of information conveyed by the face is easy to understand and can convey
intensity of an emotion. Research was conducted supporting Darwin’s view that
facial expressions for basic emotions such as joy, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, and
surprise are inborn and universal. The processes involved in emotions have been
known to be influenced by culture. Most of this research has been carried out on the
facial expression of emotions as the face is open to easy observation, is relatively free
from complexity and provides a link between subjective experience and overt
expression of an emotion.
 Cultural Bases of Emotion
According to some theories, emotions are universal phenomena, which are deeply
affected by culture. Emotion is not only biologically determined, but is also
influenced by the environment. Therefore, cultural differences exist in some aspects
of emotions, one such important aspect of emotion being emotional arousal level.
Culture constrains how emotions are felt and expressed in a given cultural context. It
shapes the ways people should feel in certain situations and the ways people should
express their emotions.

Learning has a great deal to do with the stimuli that produce emotional reactions. It
has been shown that individuals with excessive fears and the like learnt these fears
through modelling, classical conditioning or avoidance conditioning.
 Cognitive Bases of Emotion
The theory was created by researchers Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer The
two-factor theory of emotion states that emotion is based on two factors:
physiological arousal and cognitive label. They presumed that our experience of
emotion grows from our awareness of our present arousal. They also believed that
emotions are physiologically similar.

To test this theory, Schachter and Singer (1962) injected subjects with epinephrine, a
drug that produces high arousal. Then these
subjects were made to observe the behaviour of others, either in an euphoric manner
in an angry manner.predicted, the euphoric and angry behaviour of others influenced
the cognitive interpretation of the subjects’ own arousal.
Cannon-Bard Theory

Walter Bradford Cannon was a physiologist and Philip Bard was a doctoral student of
Cannon's, and together they developed a model of emotion called the Cannon–Bard
Theory. According to the Cannon- Bard theory of emotion it states that we react to a
stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same time. The physical
reactions are not dependent upon the emotional reaction, or vice versa. The entire
process of emotion is mediated by thalamus which after perception of the emotion-
provoking stimulus, conveys this information simultaneously to the cerebral cortex
and to the skeletal muscles and sympathetic nervous system. The cerebral cortex then
determines the nature of the perceived stimulus by referring to past experiences. This
determines the subjective experience of the emotion. At the same time the
sympathetic nervous system and the muscles provide physiological arousal and
prepare the individual to take action.
 Physiological Bases of Emotion
The nervous system, central as well as peripheral, plays a vital
role in the regulation of emotion.

The James–Lange theory is a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions and is
one of the earliest theories of emotion within modern psychology. The basic premise
of the theory is that physiological arousal instigates the experience of emotion. The
theory suggests that environmental stimuli elicit physiological responses from viscera
which in turn, are associated with muscle movement. These bodily changes, like
rapid breathing, a pounding heart, and running legs, following an event, brings forth
emotional arousal.

However, this theory faced a lot of criticisms and fell in disuse

 Nature of Emotion
Emotions is defined as “a complex reaction pattern, involving experiential,
behavioural and physiological elements.” Emotions are how individuals deal with
matters or situations they find personally significant.

It has been noted that at least six emotions are experienced and recognised
everywhere. These are: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Carroll
Izard an American research psychologist had proposed a set of ten basic emotions,
i.e. joy, surprise, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt, interest, and excitement
with combinations of them resulting in other emotional blends.

Robert Plutchik has proposed a theory that there are eight basic or primary emotions.
All other emotions result from various mixtures of these basic emotions.He arranged
these emotions in four pairs of opposites, i.e. joy-sadness, acceptance- disgust, fear
-anger, and surprise-anticipation.
Conflict

Conflict can be described as a painful emotional state which results from a tension
between opposed and contradictory wishes.

Types of Conflict

Approach-Approach conflict: This arises when an individual is faced with the

problem of making a choice between two or more positive goals almost equally
motivating and important.

Avoidance-Avoidance conflict: In this, an individual is forced

to choose between two negative courses of action.

Approach-Avoidance conflict: In this, an individual is faced with

a problem of choice between approaching and avoiding tendencies
at the same time.

Source of Conflict

The conflict arises from the home, school, occupational social and cultural
environment. The faulty upbringing at home, unhealthy relationships, Unpleasant
school or college environment.
 Frustration and Conflict
Frustration

The blocking of a desired goal is painful, but all of us experience it in life in different
degrees. Frustration occurs when an anticipated desirable goal is not attained and the
motive is blocked. Frustration results in a variety of behavioural and emotional
reactions. They include aggressive behaviour, fixation, escape, avoidance, and
crying.

The main sources or causes of frustration are found in:

(i) environmental forces, which could be physical objects, constraining situations or

even other people who prevent a person from reaching a particular goal.

(ii) personal factors like inadequacies or lack of resources that make

it difficult or impossible to reach goals,

(iii) conflicts between different motives.

 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is an idea in psychology proposed by American

psychologist Abraham Maslow. He tried to portray a picture of human behaviour by
arranging the various needs in a hierarchy.

1. Physiological needs: These are fundamental and basic needs of an individual.

Eg. food, water, sleep, shelter.

2. Safety needs: Safety needs represent the second tier in Maslow’s hierarchy and
these needs include the security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality of
family, and of health.

3. Belongingness needs: These are the first of social needs, involving the desire for
interpersonal relationships and being part of a group. Examples of these needs
include friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, receiving and giving affection and
love.

4. Esteem needs: Esteem needs encompass confidence, strength, self- belief,

personal and social acceptance, and respect from others.

5. Self Actualisation needs: Self actualisation is the final stage in the linear growth
of an individual. Maslow believed that in order to achieve this state of personal
fulfilment, the person must first satisfy the preceding needs.
 Psychosocial Motives
Social motives are mostly learned or acquired.

Need for Affiliation: The need for affiliation (N-Affil) is a term that was popularised
by David McClelland and describes a person's need to feel a sense of involvement
and "belonging" within a social group.

Need for Power: McClelland defines the need for power as a desire for "power either
to control other people (for one's own goals) or to achieve higher goals.

Need for Achievement: It is an individual's desire for significant accomplishment,

mastering of skills, control, or high standards.

Curiosity and Exploration: Curiosity is about learning and knowledge. Exploratory

behaviour is the act of learning about a new environment that has nothing to do, per
se, with survival, but with intellectual or scientific curiosity, the wanting to know
more about what is in the environment.
Thirst

Motivation to drink water is mainly triggered by the conditions of the

body.

Loss of water from cells and reduction of blood volume.

The anterior hypothalamus contains nerve cells called osmoreceptors, which generate
nerve impulses in case of cell dehydration. These nerve impulses act as a signal for
thirst and drinking.

Sex

Sex drive is a basic motivation to pursue and initiate sexual activity and gratification
and is tightly regulated by sex hormones.

(a) sexual activity is not necessary for an individual’s survival

(b) homeostasis (the tendency of the organism as a whole to maintain constancy or to

attempt to restore equilibrium if constancy is disturbed) is not the goal of sexual
activity;

(c) sex drive develops with age, etc.

 Biological Motives
Hunger

It is an important component which ensures the body has enough energy for survival.
It motivates people to obtain and consume food.

The stimuli for hunger include stomach contractions, which signify that the stomach
is empty, a low concentration of glucose in the blood, a low level of protein and the
amount of fats stored in the body.

The liver also responds to the lack of bodily fuel by sending nerve
impulses to the brain.

The aroma, taste or appearance of food may also result in a desire to eat. It may be
noted that none of these alone gives you the feeling that you are hungry. All in
combination act with external factors (such as taste, colour, by observing others
eating, and the smell of food, etc.) to help you understand that you are hungry.

The two regions of hypothalamus involved in hunger are - the lateral hypothalamus
(LH) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) LH is considered to be the
excitatory area. The VMH is located in the middle of the hypothalamus, which is
otherwise known as hunger-controlling area which inhibits the hunger drive.
 Types of Motives

The biological motives are rooted in the physiological state of the body to a large
extent. There are many such motives, including hunger, thirst, sex, temperature
regulation, sleep and pain avoidance. Focus on psychological and social (as well as
environmental) factors and how they interact with each other to produce motivation.
For example, need for achievement, affiliation, power, curiosity and exploration, and
self- actualisation motives.
 Motivation Cycle
Motivation cycle is a transition of states within an organism that propels the organism
toward the satisfaction of a particular need, where motivation
itself is considered a hypothesised state.

The state of motivation is further comprised of four different states, which takes
place in an organism to drive him towards each action:

1. Need: need is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a

goal, giving purpose and direction to behaviour.

2. Drive: an urgent basic need pressing for satisfaction, usually rooted in some
physiological tension, deficiency, or imbalance (e.g., hunger and thirst) and
impelling the organism to action.

3. Arousal: arousal is the state of being activated, either physiologically or

psychologically, and is one dimension of our affective response to emotional
stimuli.

4. Goal directed behaviour: choosing actions according to the outcomes they

produce in a certain situation.

5. Achievement: the attainment of some goal, or the goal attained.

6. Reduction of arousal: any stimulus or inhibitory reaction that decreases the

degree of arousal of an individual after it has reached their achievement.
 INTRODUCTION

The chapter Motivation and Emotion will help you to understand the
basic concepts of motivation and emotion, and related developments
in these two areas. You will also get to know the concepts of
frustration and conflict. The basic emotions, their biological bases,
overt expressions, cultural influences, their relationship with
motivation, and some techniques to help you manage your emotions
better will also be dealt with.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express deep sense of gratitude to all those who have

been instrumental in preparation of this project. I would
like to express my special thanks of gratitude towards my
teacher Mrs Priya Shinde as well as our Principal Ma’am
Mrs Ritu Kapoor who gave me this golden opportunity to
do this product on the topic “Motivation and Emotion” which also
helped me in
doing a lot of research and enhanced my analytical and
critical thinking skills. Secondly, I would also like to
thank my parents and friends who motivated me and
helped me a lot in finalising this project in given time
frame.
 LOKMANYA TILAK INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work depicted in this Project is the

work of Ameya Pradeep Makkar of class XI having CBSE Roll
no. has satisfactorily completed the
“PSYCHOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT” on the topic
“Motivation and Emotion” for All India Senior
School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) for the
Academic year 2022-23.
 CONTENT

Sr No. Topic

1 Certificate
2 Acknowledgement
3 Introduction
4 Motivation Cycle
5 Types of motives
6 Biological Motives and Psychosocial Motives
7 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
8 Frustration and Conflict
9 Nature of Emotion
10 Physiological Bases of Emotion
11 Cognitive Bases of Emotion
12 Cultural Bases of Emotion
13 Expression of Emotion
14 Managing Negative Emotions and Anger
14 Enhancing Positive Emotions
16 Bibliography
LOKMANYA TILAK INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

PSYCHOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

Submitted by: Harsimarat Kaur Saini

CLASS XI B