Module 1: Examining biases made by the author
Issues Discussed in the Text Listened to
Facts is something that has actually taken place or
known to have existed, which can be validated with
pieces of evidence, documentation, or research.
The preference for one side of an issue over another is
called Bias. We can determine the author’s bias in an
article or selection by looking for the author’s use of
facts and opinions.
• Stereotype/Stereotyping are often unfair and
untrue belief that many people have about all
people or things. It is a bias indicator wherein
the author labels an entire group.
Source refers to person, place, or thing from which
something is obtained.
When reading a source material, we must keep
these questions in mind:
What additional information is necessary?
What are the facts that the author has omitted?
What impression would I have if different words had
been used?
Module 2/3: Analyzing the Intention of Words or
Expressions in Propaganda Techniques
Propaganda - is communication that is primarily used
to influence or persuade an audience to further an
agenda.
1. Card stacking includes only the favorable
details of the product or ideology are being
presented.
2. Name-calling gives a negative symbol or bad
label to establish an unfavorable opinion or
hatred to a person or idea.
3. Bandwagon touches the emotions of those
who do not like to be alone. It influences
people to be one of the majorities.
4. Transfer use symbols, quotations, images of
famous people to impart an idea or claim that
carries respect, authority, sanction to make it
look more acceptable.
5. Testimonial uses a famous individual or a
celebrity to endorse a product or an ideology
or course of action.
6. Plain Folks appeal to the masses, feeling they
are of the same status as the ordinary people
who use the products.
7. Glittering Generalities uses emotionally
appealing vague, broad words or statements
to generate positive feelings in the minds of
the masses. Also known as virtue words.
Module 4: Determining Social, Moral and Economic
3 TYPES OF ISSUES
Social Issues - These are problems that
influence a considerable number of the individuals
with the society.
Example: Bullying, Crime, & Poverty
Moral Issues - These are actions which have
the potential to help or harm others.
Example: Abortion, Divorce, & Prostitution
Economic Issues - These refers to any such
problem that is concerned with the production of
goods and services.
Example: Unemployment & Inflation
2 TYPES OF LISTENING STRATEGIES
Comprehensive Listening t is a type of listening
that involves understanding the messages, thoughts,
ideas that are being communicated.
Critical Listening is a process where a listener goes
through using careful, systematic thinking, and
reasoning.
Module 5: Analyzing Literature as a Mirror to a
Shared Heritage of People with Diverse Background
Literature is derived from the word “litera”
which means “writing formed with letters”. It can be
written and sometimes spoken material. It also
provides sense of unity, personal identity and
belongingness.
Nature is considered one of common themes of
Afro-Asian literature which shows our appreciation to
God’s wonderful creations around us.
Elements of Short Story
1. Settings – it is when and where the story
happens.
2. Characters - are the people, animals, or thing
which gives life to a story.
3. Conflict - the problem which arises in the story.
4. Plot - is the sequence of event in the story
- Exposition – introduction of settings and
characters.
- Rising action – the conflict has been
introduced.
- Climax – most exciting part of the story.
- Falling action – tension slowly eases.
- Resolution – the problem has been solved.
5. Point of View - the angle in which the story was
told.
6. Theme - is the central idea or the message of
the story
Module 6: Using Appropriate Cohesive Devices in
Various Types of Speech
Cohesive devices are words or phrases that are
used to link or clarify the relationships among ideas in
sentences or paragraphs
What Cohesive Devices do?
• They join ideas meaningfully.
• They link sentences and paragraphs
together smoothly.
• They lead to make certain connections
or assumptions about the areas you
are connecting.
Types according to function:
1. Sequence – to show progression of ideas
First, Second, Next, Finally, After, Before, First,
Secondly, Meanwhile, Now, Then
Example Sentence:
- To begin with, water conservation
is important for future
generations.
- To achieve your dreams is possible.
To sum up, you need to focus on
your studies.
7. Time Relationship - to show relation in
time
Meanwhile, Later, Soon, At last, Earlier, By the time
Example Sentence:
- Love your enemy. Later, he will
learn to love you.
8. Illustration – to show example.
For example, for instance, Specifically, such as, to
illustrate
Example Sentence:
- One of my Grade 8 students is
talented in playing musical
instrument. For instance, he can
play drums and piano.

2. Addition – to add ideas or give further

explanation
In addition, Furthermore, And, As well as, Another,
Moreover
Example Sentence:
- Moreover, it will also help in
reducing the level of used energy.
3. Contrast - To show different or contrasting
ideas.
In spite of, Despite, Although, Nevertheless, But,
However
Example Sentence:
- Despite having no electricity, the
students from the urbanized areas
studied hard to reach their
dreams.
4. Comparison – to show comparison of ideas
Similarly, Likewise, But also, Like, In the same way
Example Sentence:
- Most catholic people pray in the
church, in the same way Muslim
people pray in Mosques.
5. Result – to show what happened after an
action
Yet, Since, As, Hence, For that reason, As result,
Because
Example Sentence:
- I have a dream of giving my parent
a good life, because I want them to
be
happy.
6. Conclusion – to show the overall ending
Therefore, to conclude, in conclusion, to sum up
Example Sentence: