lbuf] ljsf;, jftfj/0fLo kl/l:ylt, kof{j/0fLo ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf,

hnjfo' kl/jt{g, hg;f+lVosL, ;x/Ls/0f, a;f]af;, k|b'if0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]t

tyf /fli6«o ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;jfnx?

d]3/fh cof{n, zfvf clws[t

jftfj/0f eGgfn] –xfd|f] jl/k/L /x]sf ;Dk'0f{ h}ljs tyf ch}ljs j:t'x?sf] ;fd'lsx
:j?k Pj+ cl:tTj / cfk;L cGt/;DaGwnfO{ jftfj/0f elgG5 . xfn g]kfndf jftfj/0f
P]g, @)%# sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .
ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;
 x/]s jif{ h'g % df dgfOg],
 UNDPsf] cfXjfgdf ;g\ !(&$ b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf] ,
 g]kfndf ljZj jftfj/0f lbj; dgfpg yflnPsf] – ;g\ !(&^ b]lv
 ;g\ @)!# kl5sf ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;sf gf/fx? M
jif{ ;g\ gf/f
 @)!#  Think, Eat, Save.
 @)!$  Raise Your Voice, Not to the Sea Level.
 @)!%  Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet Consume With Care.
 @)!^  Fight Against the Ilegal Trade in Wild Life.
 @)!&  I'm with Nature.
 @)!*  Beat Plastic Pollution; If you can't reuse it, refuse it.

lbuf] ljsf;
 eljiosf k':tfx?sf] hLjgofkgdf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ u/L jt{dfg k':tfsf cfjZostfx? kl/k"lt{
ug]{ u/L ul/g] ljsf; g} lbuf] ljsf; xf] .
 lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; – ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf
 Sustainable Development zAb k|of]u ug]{ k|yd JolQm – afaf{/f jf8{
 ;j{k|yd lbuf] ljsf; zAbsf] k|of]u – ;g\ !(*& df a|'6NofG8 sld;gsf] k|ltj]bg …xfd|f] ;femf
eljioÚ df
 Jfftfj/0f / ljsf;;DaGwL ljZj cfof]u -a|'6NofG8 cfof]u_
1
 o Uf7g – ;g\ !((*# -UNO 4f/f_
o gj]{sL tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL u|f] xfn]{d a|'6NofG8sf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf],
o a|'6NofG8 cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf] gfd – Our Common Future-xfd|f] ;femf eljio_
o a|'6NofG8 cfof]un] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg UNO ;dIf ;g\ !(*& df k]z u/]sf] .
 jftfj/0fLo eljio;DaGwL x]lN;lGs ;Dd]ng – ;g\ !(&!
 dfgjLo kof{j/0f;DaGwL UN ;Dd]ng – ;g\ !(&@, :jL8]gsf] :6sxf]d
 jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofnfO{ lnP/ cGt/fli6«o :t/df 5nkmn ePsf] klxnf] ;Dd]ng – ;g\ !(&@ sf]
:6sxf]d ;Dd]ng -o;n] !)( j6f ;'emfjx? ;lxtsf] sfo{of]hgf kfl/t u/]sf]_
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo kof{j/0f sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgf – ;g\ !(&@ l8;]Da/ !%
 ljZj ;+/If0f ;+3 (IUCN) sf] :yfkgf – ;g\ !($*
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; tyf jftfj/0f cfof]usf] u7g – ;g\ !(*#
 bf];|f] ljZj jftfj/0f ;Dd]ng÷k[YjL ;Dd]ng – ;g\ !((@ h'\g #–!$, a|flhnsf] l/of] lb h]g]l/of]
 l/of] ;Dd]ngsf] ;ldIff ub}{ l/of] ±% ;Dd]ng ePsf] – ;g\ !((&
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g / lbuf] ljsf;;DaGwL afnL ;Dd]ng – ;g\ @))&
 ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] 3f]if0ff – ;g\ @)))
 l/of] ±@) ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ul/Psf] – ;g\ @)!@ df a|flhndf
 g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL ljifosf] cjwf/0ff s'g of]hgfb]lv ;'?jft ul/Psf] – 5}6f}+
 g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] – cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv
 k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0f kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= @)$&
 g]kfndf hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= @)%@
 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f kl/ifbsf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= @)%)
 g]kfndf /fli6«o ;+/If0f /0fgLlt nfu" ePsf] – ;g\ !((*
 Ph]G8f @! df cfwfl/t lbuf] ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf g]kfnsf lhNnf – bfª, ;'v]{t /
s}nfnL
 k[YjLsf] cf]hf]g tx ljgfz ug]{ d'Vo UofF; – Snf]/f]km\nf]/f] sfj{g
 ;f}o{ zlQm4f/f vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ ljlw – ;f]l8; k|ljlw
lbuf] ljsf; nIo (SDGS) -;g\ @)!^ – @)#)_
 !(# j6f /fi6« ;xefuL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo &) cf}+ dxf;efaf6 ;g\ @)!% ;]D6]Da/ @% df
cg'df]bg ePsf,
 ;g\ @)!^ af6 ;'? eP/ ;g\ @)#) df ;lsg],
 !&j6f nIo / !^( j6f uGtJo / @#( j6f ;"rsx? /x]sf .
lbuf] ljsf;sf !& nIox? M
!= ;a} 7fpFdf ;a} k|sf/sf ul/aLsf] cGTo ug]{,
2
 @= ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{, vfB ;'?Iff, kf]if0f :t/df ;'wf/ / lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] k|fjwfg,
#= ;a}sf nflu :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf,
$= ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zL / ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/Lo u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;'lgl:rttf Pj= hLjg
ko{Gt l;sfO{sf] cj;/,
%= n}+lus ;dfgtf / dlxnf tyf aflnsfsf] ;zlQms/0f,
^= ;a}sf nflu vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf] lbuf] pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrttf,
&= ;a}sf nflu e/kbf]{ / wflgg ;Sg] cfw'lgs phf{sf] kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf,
*= e/kbf]{, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 Pj+ ;a}sf nflu pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L,
(= k|lt/f]wL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] k|jw{g / gjk|jt{g,
!)= b]zleq / b]zx?aLrsf] c;dfgtfsf] Go"gLs/0f,
!!= ;x/ tyf dfgj j:tLnfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft, k|lt/f]wL / lbuf] t'Nofpg],
!@= lbuf] pTkfbg / pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttf,
!#= hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf c;/x?sf] Go"lgs/0fsf nflu tTsfn kxn ug]{,
!$= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;d'b|, ;d'b|L lsgf/ / ;d'b|L ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkof]u,
!%= lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f,
!^= zfGt / ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] k|jw{g, Gofodf ;a}sf] kx'Fr / ;a} txdf ;dfj]zL ;+:yfsf]
lgdf{0f,
!&= lbuf] ljsf;sf] sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] ;anLs/0f / ljZj ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f .

Jfftfj/0fLo kl/l:ylt
 kfl/l:ylts k4lt @ k|sf/sf 5g\
o :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4lt
o hnLo kfl/l:ylts k4lt
 ;j{k|yd kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Ecosystem) zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ JolQm – A.G. Tansley, ;g\ !(#%
 ;j{k|yd (Ecology) zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ JolQm – cg]{i6 Xofs]n
 xl/t u[x k|efj (Green House Effect)
o cjwf/0ff Nofpg] j}1flgs – k|mfG;sf j]l/g lhg km]l/o/, ;g\ !(@^
o jftfj/0fdf Green House Effect ePsf] tYo kQf nufpg] j}1flgs – :jL8]gsf
/;fogzf:qL cfly{g;, ;g\ !(*^
 …dfgj tyf hLj ;d"xÚ gfds sfo{qmd rnfpg] ;+:yf – UNESCO
3
 CFC (CFCL3) UofF; pTkfbg ug]{ j}1flgs – 8f= yf]d; ldh, ;g\ !(#)
 g]kfndf sl/a @( d]l6«s 6g CFC UofF;sf] k|of]u x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5,
 uf]a/ UofF;df ldy]gsf] dfqf – %)–&) k|ltzt
 hnk|sf]kaf6 pTkGg x'g] Ifltsf lx;fan] g]kfn ljZjsf] sltcf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 – #) cf}+
 g]kfnsf slt lhNnfdf r'/] hnfwf/ ;+/If0f sfo{qmd ePsf] 5 – !# lhNnf
 g]kfndf jif]{gL s'g b/n] tfkqmd a9]sf] 5 – )=)^ l8u|L ;]lN;o;
 ;jf/L ;fwgsf] w'Fjfsf] dfqf gfKg] OsfO – HSU (Hartej Smoking Unit)
 k|s[ltsf] s'lrsf/ wgL lrlgg] r/f – lu4
 Knfli6s afNbf pTkfbg x'g] UofF; – CFC
 g]kfnd} klxnf]k6s lu4 dxf]T;j dgfO{Psf] – gjnk/f;Lsf] ltnsk'/ -lj=;+= @)^& c;f]h !)_
df
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL Cop-23 ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf – ;g\ @)!& gf]e]Da/ ^–!& -af]g,hd{gL_
 af3;DaGwL s]xL hfgsf/L M
o ljZjdf kfOg] cf7 k|hfltsf af3dWo] # -afnL, hfef / Sofl:kogk|hfltsf af3 ;g\
!(*) sf] bzsd} nf]k eO{;s]sf,
o cGt/fli6«o af3 lbj; – h'nfO{ @(
o /fli6«o af3 lbj; – ;fpg !#
o g]kfndf Sofd]/f 6\oflkª\af6 lj=;+= @)^% df klxnf]k6s af3sf] u0fgf ul/Psf],
o xfn ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L kfOg] af3sf] k|hflt – /f]on a+ufn
o ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd g]kfndf jo:s af3sf] ;+Vof @%) k'¥ofpg] nIo 5,
o Aff3 ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o af3 ;+/If0f ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] – lj=;+= @)^&
o o; ;ldltsf] cWoIf k|wfgdGqL x'g]
o /fli6«o af3 lbj;sf] lbg k|To]s jif{ a}7s a:g] .
 ljZj jftfj/0f lbj; – h'g %
 jftfj/0fLo tfkqmdsf] 36\bf] lgod – x/]s !)) ld6/sf] prfOdf )=^) 36\b} hfg],
 :j:y jftfj/0fsf nflu cfjZos jgIf]q – $# k|ltzt
 ljleGg jftfj/0fLo cfGbf]ng;Fu ;DalGwt JolQm M
o gd{bf arfp cfGbf]ng – d]3f kf6]s/
o lrksf] cfGbf]ng – ;'Gb/nfn ax'u'0ff
o lu|gj]N6 df]ed]G6 – afª\uf/L dfyfO{
 k[YjLdf x/]s jif{ @ s/f]8 ^) nfv 6g df6f] Ifo x'g] u/]sf] 5,
 g]kfndf jftfj/0f kl/ifbsf] cWoIf k|wfgdGqL x'g] Joj:yf 5,
 slt 8]l;jneGbf dflysf] Wjlg dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s x'G5 – ^% 8]l;jn
 EIA – Environment Impact Assessment -jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg_ – s'g} cfof]hgf jf
kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug'{k"j{ To;n] jftfj/0fdf xflg gk'¥ofcf]; egL ul/g] d"Nof+sg,
4
 Jftfj/0fLo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] of]hgf – 5}6f}+
 g]kfndf jftfj/0f zLif{sdf /sd ljlgof]hg ug{ yflnPsf] cfjlws of]hgf – cf7f}+
 g]kfndf ;jf/L k|b'if0f dfkb08sf] lgwf{/0f – lj=;+= @)%^
 Green Peace sf] :yfkgf – ;g\ !(&!
 s'g s'/f s];Fu ;DalGwt M
!= Hugo Frame-work Action 2005-2015 k|fs[lts k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f
@= ldgfdftf dxf;GwL :jf:Yo If]qdf kf/f]o'Qm pks/0fsf] k|o f]udf /f]s
nufpg]
#= jf;]n dxf;GwL ljleGg lsl;dsf kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg
$= jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg (EIA) s'g} cfof]hgf jf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug'{k"j{ To;n]
jftfj/0fdf xflg gk'¥ofcf]; egL ul/g] d"Nof+sg
%= o'/f]–! ;jf/L k|b'if0sf] dfkb08
^= Ph]08f–@! Jftfj/0f / ljsf;
ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx?sf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL vf]h
&= Earth Watch cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfo{x?df ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf]
Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf
*= PPP – Polluter Pays Principle k|b'if0f km}nfpg]n] g} k|b'if0f lgoGq0fsf nflu sfo{
ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf÷l;4fGt
(= ISO-9000 j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ lrGx;Fu ;DalGwt
!)= ISO-14000 Jfftfj/0f Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt

 jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL k'/:sf/x? M

o Blue Planet Award –
 jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k'/:sf/,
 hfkfgsf] cf;fxL Unf; kmfpG8];gn] :yfkgf u/]sf],
 o;df $,%),))) US Dollar / k[YjLsf] k|lts Crystal ball lbO{G5 .
o Global-500 –
 ;g\ !(*& df UNEP 4f/f :yflkt jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] k'/:sf/,
 of] k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL – 8f= s[i0fs'df/ kf08]
o Galante Conservation Award –
 of] k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL d's]z rfln;] -afFb/sf] af/]df cg';Gwfg ug]{
JolQm_
o Goldman Environment Prize –
 jftfj/0f If]qsf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/,
 o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*( df ePsf],
 k|To]s dxfb]zaf6 !÷! hgf u/L ^ hgfnfO{ k|To]s jif{ of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/G5,
5
  k'/:sf/sf] /fzL – k|ltJolQm &% xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/

 jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yf M

qm=;+= ;+:yfsf] gfd :yfkgf
!= u|Lg lk; ;g\ !(&!
@= ljZj ;+/If0f ;+3 (IUCN)-;g\ !(&# df g]kfn ;b:o ePsf]_ ;g\ !($*
#= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmd (UNEP) ;g\ !(&@ l8;]Da/ !%
-k|wfg sfof{no – s]Gofsf] g}/f]jL_
$= ICIMOD -k|wfg sfof{no – nlntk'/+, g]kfn_ ;g\ !(*# l8;]Da/ %
%= WWF -o;sf] k|lts lrGx kf08f xf] _ ;g\ !(^!
 ljZjJofkL pi0ftf / hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf/] ljZjJofkL ?kdf ;r]t u/fpg WWF 4f/f ;g\ @)!)
dfr{ ! df dgfOPsf] cy{ cfj/ lbj; – Black Out
 WWF sf] gf/f – For a Long Planet
 EL-Nino – k[YjLsf] df};d / tfkqmddf b]vfk/]sf] c;fdfGo l:ylt
 g]kfndf jif]{gL )=$ k|ltztsf b/n] jgljgfz x'g] u/]sf] 5,
 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ;jf/L ;fwg hfFr ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'?jft – lj=;+= @)%! a}zfv !
 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf6 l8h]n 6]Dkf] x6fOPsf] – lj=;+= @)%^ c;f]h !
 ;a}eGbf a9L clS;hg pTkfbg ug]{ ?v – lkkn
 /ftlbg clS;hg lbO/xg] lj?jf – t'n;L
 Pp6f ?vn] b}lgs ;/b/ pTkfbg ug]{ clS;hg – @=& s]=hL=
 slt dfOqmf]g eGbf sdsf] Knfli6s pTkfbg ug{ k|ltaGw nufO{Psf] 5 – #) dfOqmf]g
 g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g k|sflzt ePsf] – lj=;+= @)%# df3 !&
 ljZj jftfj/0f lbj; – h'g % -;g\ !(&$ b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf]_
 g]kfndf ljZj jftfj/0f lbj; dgfpg yflnPsf] – ;g\ !(&^ b]lv
 klxnf] ljZj jftfj/0f lbjzsf] gf/f – Psdfq k[YjL
 Aerobic eg]sf] – clS;hgo'Qm jftfj/0f
 cGt/fli6«o kj{tLo ;ª\u|xfno – kf]v/f
 g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf] ;+nUgtfdf :yflkt Pkm=Pd= – ;u/dfyf Pkm=Pd
 cf0fljs xftxltof/sf] k/LIf0f;DaGwL k|ltaGw nufpg] ;lGw (CTBT)df g]kfnsf tkm{af6
x:tfIf/ ug]{ – tTsfnLg k//fi6«dGqL k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL (CTBT df x:tfIf/ ug]{ g]kfn !^ cf}+
/fi6« xf])«
 PH-scale – kfgL, df6f]sf] cflbsf] clDnokg dfkg ug]{ OsfO

kof{j/0fLo ;+/If0f
 ;j{k|yd Ecology zAb k|of]u ug]{ JolQm – cg]{i6 Xofs]n
6
  s[lqd lsl;dsf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L hLjhGt'sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ – k/:yfgLo
;+/If0f
 afUdtL ;kmfO cleofgsf] ;'?jft – lj=;+= @)&) h]7 %
 Climate Care -a]nfot_ / Future Forest (England) s];Fu ;DalGwt – sfa{g Jofkf/
 cf]s] 6]S;–!)) – jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/ dfkb08 hgfpg] cGt/fli6«o VoftL k|fKt k|df0f lrGx
 jfo' k|b'if0f s]df gflkG5 <
o kLPd–!) – gfsaf6 ;lhn} k:g] k|b'if0fsf] dfqf
o kLPd–@=% – w'nf]sf] s0fx?
 g]kfnsf] lghL jgnfO{ /fli6«os/0f ul/Psf] – lj=;+= @)!#
 k[YjL lbj; – clk|n @@
 g]kfn ;/sf/ / Ol;df]8sf] cfof]hgfdf lxdfn ePsf b]zx?sf] k|yd cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg
ePsf] – lj=;+= @)^* r}q @# / @$, sf7df8f}+
jftfj/0f;DaGwL ljljw ljifodf dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L
qm=;+= ljifo ljljw hfgsf/L
 cfof]hgf ePsf] – ;g\ !((@ h'g #–!$, a|flhnsf] l/of] lb h]g]l/of
 cfof]hgf ug]{ – /fi6«;+3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmd (UNEP)
 gf/f – Psdfq k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ / pkof]u u/f}+
 ljZjsf] xfn;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;Dd]ng -!&* /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx?
;xeflu ePsf_
!= k[YjL ;Dd]ng  g]kfnaf6 ;xeflu x'g] – tTsflng k|=d= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
 ;Dd]ngn] xl/tu[x k|efj ;lGw kfl/t u/]sf],
 h'g * nfO{ ;d'Gb| lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf],
 k[YjL ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf ljifox? M
 h}ljs ljljwtf (Bio-diversity)
 Ph]08f–@! (Agenda-21) (!@) j6f sfo{of]hgf ;d]l6Psf)
 df};d kl/jt{g (Climate Change)
 jg ;+/If0f;DaGwL l;4fGt (Forest Principle)
@= kof{j/0fLo  o;sf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(*# df d]lS;sf]sf ko{6gljb Pj+ kof{j/0fljb
ko{6g x]S6/ ;]jfnf]; nf:s'/]g NofPsf
 k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 sl/a @%–$) ls=ld= prfO;Dd /x]sf] tx
 of] k[YjLsf] ;'/Iff sjr xf] , o;n] ;"o{sf k/fj}hgL ljls/0fx?nfO{ l;w}+
k[YjLdf cfpgaf6 /f]S5 .
 cf]hf]g tx ljgfzsf] k|d'v sf/0f – Snf]/f]km\nf]/f] sfj{g (CFC)
 cf]hf]g txdf /x]sf] UofF;sf] uGw – xNsf lk/f]
 cf]hf]g txsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu ePsf] klxnf] cGt/fli6«o ;Demf}tf – ;g\
#= cf]hf]g tx !(*& l8;]da/ @$, Sofg8fsf] dlG6«ondf
7
  cf]hf]g tx kQf nufpg] – J.C. Ferman
 cf]hf]g tx kftlnb} uPsf] s'/f k|sfzdf Nofpg] – z]/p8 /f]Nof08
 cf]hf]g txdf Kjfn k/]sf] s'/f kQf nfu]sf] – ;g\ !(*% df
 cG6fs{l6sfsf] cGtl/Ifdf b]lvPsf] cf]hg txdf /x]sf] Kjfnsf] gfd –
xf]lnj] (Holyway)
 cf]hf]g txdf Kjfn k/]sf] s'/f k'li6 ug]{ e" –pku|x – gf;fsf] lgDa; – &
 cf]hf]g tx ;+/If0f lbj; – ;]K6]Da/ !^
$= xl/tu[x k|efj  o;sf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg] – k|mfG;sf j}1flgs j]l/g lhg km]l/o/, ;g\
!(@^
 xl/tu[x ePsf] egL kQf nufpg] – cly{g;
 xl/tu[x UofF;sf] pTkfbg 36fpg] Pj+ k|;f/0fnfO{ /f]s]/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
%= Sof]6f] ;DaGwL ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ hfkfgsf] Sof]6f] ;x/df ;g\ !((& df
k|f]6f]sn ljZjsf !$! /fi6«4f/f cg'df]lbt b:tfj]h
 ;g\ @))% km]a|'c/L !^ df ljZje/ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] .
 k'0f{ ?k – Convention on International Trade and Endangered
^= ;fOl6; species of world Fauna and Flora
(CITES)  of] dxf;GwL ;g\ !(&% h'nfO{ ! b]lv nfu" ePsf],
 ;g\ !(&% df g]kfnn] o; ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] .
 Jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg cGt/fli6«o u};;,
 :yfkgf – ;g\ !(&!
&= u|LgkL;  sfof{no – g]b/Nof08sf] cfD;6/8d
(Green
Peace)
 o;n] jftfj/0f ljgfz;DaGwL 5fofª\sg ul/Psf] lel8of] 6]ksf] gfd –
Rainbow Warrior
 g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ p2]Zon] ICIMOD n]
*= Nepal Net OG6/g]6dfkm{t ;+rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmd,
 ;g\ !((* b]lv ;~rflnt .

s]xL hLjhGt' tyf jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt :yfgx? M

 ;k{ ;+u|xfno  bds, emfkf
 h6fo' /]i6'/f  gjnk/f;L
 rd]/f ;+/If0f If]q  b]jfgul9of, gjnk/f;L
 cGt/fli6«o kj{tLo pBfg  ssgL, g'jfsf]6

8
  cGt/fli6«o kj{tLo ;+u|xfno  kf]v/f, sf:sL
 hLg a}+s  v'dn6f/, nlntk'/
 h}ljs ljljwtf ;"rgf s]Gb|  l6sf}nL, lrtjg
 xfQL k|hgg s]Gb|  lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] vf];f]{
 lu4 k|hgg s]Gb|  s;/f, lrtjg
 uf]xL k|hgg s]Gb|  lrjtg / alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h
 d[u cWoog s]Gb|  uf]bfj/L, nlntk'/

h}ljs ljljwtf
 k[YjLdf kfOg] ;Dk"0f{ hLjx?sf] lsl;d / ltgdf kfOg] ljljwtf – h}ljs ljljwtf
 h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ # k|sf/df ljefhg ul/G5
o kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ljljwtf
o k|hflt ljljwtf
o cfg'jf+lzs ljljwtf
 h}ljs ljljwtfaf/] ;j{k|yd rrf{ ug]{ JolQm – O{=cf]= ljN;g, ;g\ !(*&
 h}ljs ljljwtf zAb k|of]udf cfPsf] – ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf
 h}ljs ljljwtfsf] pTklQ ePsf] – ;f9] # ca{ jif{ klxn]
 h}ljs ljljwtf lbj; – d] @@ -;g\ @))) eGbf cl3 l8;]Da/ @( df dgfOg]_
 h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lx;fan] ljZjs} wgL /fi6« – OG8f]g]l;of
 h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lx;fan] g]kfn ljZjsf] @% cf}+ / Pl;ofsf] !! cf}+ wgL /fi6« xf],
 g]kfnsf] k|ltlglw;efn] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] – ;g\ !((# gf]e]Da/ @#
 g]kfndf h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw nfu" ePsf] – ;g\ !(($ km]a|'c/L @@
 h}ljs ljljwtf ;"rgf s]Gb| sxfF /x]sf] – l6sf}nL, lrtjg
 g]kfndf sa'lnotL jgsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] – cf=j= @)$*÷$(
 g]kfndf ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ePsf] – cf=j= @)$(÷%)
 k[YjLdf slt lsl;dsf k|hflt /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 – %) nfvb]lv # s/f]8;Dd -klxrfg eO;s]sf
k|hflt – !^ nfv_
 h]=km= 8f]a|]d]h4f/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] k|mfG;sf j}1flgsx?sf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ g]kfndf /x]sf
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL – !!*
 g]kfndf ;aeGbf a9L 3fF;] d}bfg ePsf] If]q – lxdfnL If]q
 h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cjwf/0ffn] cGt/fli6«o ?kdf Jofks dxTj kfPsf] – ;g\
!((@ -k[YjL lzv/ ;Dd]ngkl5_

9
 ;g\ !((@ h'g #–!$ ;Dd a|flhndf ePsf] k[YjL lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf kfl/t ul/Psf] h}ljs
ljljwtf ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ /fi6« – !%%
 h}ljs ljljwtfsf] Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu ul/g] vf]h – jfof]8fOel;{6L k|f]:k]lS6ª
 cfkm\gf] pTklQ :yfgdf dfq kfOg] jg:klt jf jGohGt' – /}yfg] k|hflt
 ljZj ;+/If0f ;+3n] nf]k / b'n{e x'g nfu]sf hLjnfO{ lgDg % efudf jlu{s/0f u/]sf] 5,
o ljnf]k – ljut %) jif{b]lv cfkm\gf] k|fs[lts jf;:yfgdf ge]l6Psf k|hflt
o ;+s6fkGg – jt{dfg cj:yf sfod /x] nf]k x'g ;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf k|hflt
o clt ;+j]bgzLn – plrt ;+/If0fsf] pkfo gckgfP ;+s6fkGg cj:yfdf k'Ug ;Sg]
k|hflt
o b'n{e – Go"g ;+Vofdf pknAw k|hflt
o ;De:t – s]xL :yfgdf a9L ;+Vofdf kfOPtfklg s"n ;+Vof lgs} 36]sf] k|hflt
 g]kfnn] /fli6«o ;Dkbf ;+/If0f sfo{gLlt :jLs[t u/]sf] – ;g\ !(** -lj=;+= @)$%_
 Ps cfk;df k|hgg ug{ ;Ifd hLjx?sf] ;d"x – k|hflt
 h}ljs ljljwtf;Fu ;DalGwt k|l;4 k':ts 'The Diversity of Life' sf n]vs – O{=cf]= ljN;g
 s'v'/fsf] j+zf0f'ut >f]t – n'OFr]
 ;b/ lrl8ofvfgfsf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= !((* a}zfv @&
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L of;f{u'Daf ;+sng x'g] lhNnf – 8f]Nkf
 r/fsf] ;+;f/ eg]/ lrlgg] jGohGt' cf/If – sf]zL6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If
 DNA Bank – b'n{e tyf nf]k x'Fb} uPsf hfltx?sf] j+zf0f' ;'/lIft ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt ;+:yf
 cGt/fli6«o /]8 kf08f lbj; – ;]i6]Da/sf] t];|f] zlgjf/
 g]kfndf jGohGt' ;Ktfx dgfpg yflnPsf] – lj=;+= @)%# b]lv
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L r/fx? kfOg] :yfg – c?0f pkTosf
 cGt/fli6«o k|f0fL lbj; – cS6f]a/ #
 lxdlrt'jf slt ld6/sf] prfOdf kfOg] – #)))–$))) ld6/
 g]kfnsf] s'g 7fpFdf gLn e]8f kfOg] – d':tfªsf] bfdf]b/ s'08 jl/kl/
 df5f gkfOg] ljZjsf] Psdfq gbL – hf]8{g gbL
 g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L /]8kf08f kfOg] lhNnf – tfKn]h'ª
 g]kfnsf] lghL jgh+unnfO{ /fli6«os/0f ul/Psf] – lj=;+= @)!#
 g]kfnL jg:kltsf lktf – k|mflG;; a'vfgg -g]kfnsf] jg:klt If]qdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ klxnf]
JolQm_
 cfwf ;do ls/f / cfwf ;do jg:klt x'g] cf}iflwo u'0fo'Qm jg:klt – of;f{u'Daf
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 3fF;] d}bfg – z'SnfkmfF6f 3fF;] d}bfg
 g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg jg ljsf; u'?of]hgf ;'? ul/Psf] – ;g\ !(*( b]lv
 g]kfndf ;fd"bflos jg sfo{qmd nfu" ul/Psf] – lj=;+= @)#%

10
  g]kfndf jg hfFr c8\8fsf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= !((!
 ljZjdf kfOg] jg:klt dWo] g]kfndf slt k|ltzt kfOg] – @=@ k|ltzt
 /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= @)#( sflQs #

/fd;f/ dxf;lGw (Ramsar Convention)

 of] ;g\ !(&! sf] km]a|'c/Ldf O/fgsf] /fd;f/ eGg] 7fpFdf l;d;f/ ;+/If0f;DaGwL ;Dd]ngn]
kfl/t u/]sf] dxf;lGw xf],
 of] ;g\ !(&% l8;]Da/ b]lv nfu" ePsf] kfOG5,
 ;g\ @)!* d] ;Dddf ljZjsf @#)# eGbf a9L l;d;f/ If]qx? /fd;f/df ;"lrs[t ePsf 5g\,
 ;a}eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf /fd;f/ ;"rLdf k/]sf :yfgx? – la|6]gsf, !&) :yfg
 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] If]qkmn /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;d]l6Psf] b]z – af]lnleof, !,$*,))) ju{ ls=ld=
 g]kfnn] /fd;f/ dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] – ;g\ !(*& l8;]Da/ !& -g]kfnn] ;g\ !(**
clk|n & df ;b:otf kfPsf] lyof]_
 /fd;f/ ;"rLdf kg]{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] e" –If]q – sf]zL6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If, !&% ju{ ls=ld= -;g\
!(*& l8;]Da/ !&_
 /fd;f/ dxf;lGwsf] k|wfg sfof{no – UNof08, :jL6h/Nof08
 g]kfnsf sl/a !! k|ltzt hg;+Vof l;d;f/ If]qdf lge{/ /x]sf] cg'dfg 5,
 ljZj l;d;f/ lbj; – km]a|'c/L @, ;g\ !(*% b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf] -g]kfndf eg] ;g] !((! b]lv
dgfpg yflnPsf]_
 Ramsar Wetland Conservation Awad sf] :yfkgf – ;g\ !((^ -k|To]s #÷# jif{df JolQm jf
;+:yfnfO{ Psn jf ;+o'Qm ?kdf k|bfg ul/g]_
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] l;d;f/ If]q – sf]zL6Kk', !&% ju{ ls=ld=
 g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] l;d;f/ If]q – dfO{kf]v/L, )=( ju{ ls=ld=
 ;fdfGotof l;d;f/df x'g] kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ – ^ ld6/
 /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf l;d;f/ If]qx? M
qm=;+= l;d;f/ If]qsf] gfd ;"rLs[t ePsf] ldlt ;g\ If]qkmn ju{ ls=ld=
!= sf]zL6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If, ;'g;/L !(*& l8;]Da/ !& !&%
@= aL; xhf/L / jl/kl/sf tfn, lrtjg @))# cui6 !# #@
#= 3f]8f3f]8L tfn, s}nfnL @))# cui6 !# @%=^#
$= hulbzk'/ tfn, slknj:t' @))# cui6 !# @=@%
%= uf]Sof] tyf cGo tfnx?, ;f]n'v'Da' @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# &&=&)
^= z]–kmf]s;f]08f] tfn @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# $=($
&= /f/f tfn, d'u' @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# !%=*#
*= uf];fOFs'08 / cGo tfnx? @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# !)=#)
11
(= dfO{kf]v/L, Onfd @))* cS6f]a/ @) )=(
!)= kf]v/f pkTosfsf ( j6f tfn -km]jf, @)!^ km]a|'c/L @ @^!
j]ugf;, ?kf, sdnkf]v/L, vf:6], u'Fb],
Go'/]gL, lbkfª / d}bL_
g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, ;+/lIft If]q / dWojtL{ If]q
 kfs{ P08 lkk'n k|f]h]S6 sfo{qmd s];Fu ;DalGwt – cf/If glhssf dflg;nfO{ h+unL
hLjhGt'af6 x'g ;Sg] xfgL sd ug'{
 rf/sf]z] emf8L lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hdf kb{5,
 h+unL hgfj/af6 dflg; tyf v]tLaf/Lsf] /Iff ug{ /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If cflbdf nufOg]
ljB'tLo tf/af/ – On]lS6«s km]lG;ª
 3l8ofn uf]xL ;+/If0f cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/Psf] /fli6«o lgs'~h – lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h
 ;a}eGbf kl5 :yfkgf ul/Psf] /fli6«o lgs'~h – k;f{ /fli6«o lgs'~h-lj=;++ @)&$÷#÷!( df
cf/Ifaf6 /f=lg=df kl/0ft_
 ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~hxf/?
o ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h – ;g\ !(&(
o lrtjg/fli6«o lgs'~h – ;g\ !(*$

 g]kfndf xfn
o /fli6«o lgs'~h – !@
o jGohGt' cf/If – !
o lzsf/ cf/If – !
o ;+/lIft If]q – ^
o dWojtL{ If]q – !#
 g]kfnsf] s"n e"efudWo] @#=#(Ü e"efu ;+/lIft If]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5
.

12
/fli6«o lgs'~hx? M
qm=;+= /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] gfd If]qkmn :yfkgf lhNnfx? yk hfgsf/L
ju{ ls=ld= lj=;+=
!= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h (%@=^# @)#) lrtjg, dsjfgk'/ ;aeGbf k'/fgf],
k;f{ / gjnk/f;L ;g\ !(*$ df ljZj
;Dkbf ;"rLdf
;"lrs[t, Psl;u]+ u}+8f
/ 3l8ofn uf]xLsf
nflu k|Voft
@= z'SnfkmfF6f /fli6«o #)% @)#! s~rgk'/ lj=;++ @)&#÷(÷& df
lgs'~h cf/Ifaf6 /f=lg=df
kl/0ft
#= nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~h !&!) @)#@ /;'jf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s /ftf] kf08fsf nflu
/ g'jfsf]6 k|Voft, lxdfnL If]qsf]
klxnf] /f=lg=
$= /f/f /fli6«o lgs'~h !)^ @)#@ d'u' / h'Dnf ;j}eGbf ;fgf] /f=lg=
%= alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h (^* @)#@ alb{of s[i0f;f/sf nflu
k|l;4
^= ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h !!$* @)#@ ;f]n'v'Da' ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf
prfOdf kg]{,
;g\ !(&( df ljZj
;Dkbf ;"rLdf
;'lrs[t
&= z]–kmf]S;f]08f] /fli6«o #%%% @)$) d'u' / 8f]Nkf ;j}eGbf 7"nf] /f=lg=,
lgs'~h ltAatL v/fof]sf]
nflu k|Voft
*= k;f{ /fli6«o lgs'~h ^#&=#( @)$) lrtjg, k;f{ lj=;++ @)&$÷#÷!( df
/ dsjfgk'/ cf/Ifaf6 /f=lg=df
kl/0ft
(= vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~h @@% @)$@ aemfË, afh'/f, h+unL s's/ /
8f]6L / c5fd lj/fnf]sf] nflu k|Voft
!)= dsfn'–a?0f /fli6«o !%)) @)$( ;+v'jf;ef / ljZjs} ;a}eGbf ulx/f]
lgs'~h ;f]n'v'Da' c?0f pkTosf kg]{
13
!!= lzjk'/L gfufh'{g /fli6«o !%( @)%* sf7df8f}+, g'jfsf]6 ;g\ @))@ df
lgs'~h l;Gw'kfNrf]s cf/Ifaf6 lgs'~hdf
kl/0ft
!@= afFs] /fli6«o lgs'~h %%) @)^& afFs], ;Nofg, Aff3, lrt'jf, xflQ
bfª / alb{of kfOg]

jGohGt' cf/If M
qm=;+= jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] If]qkmn :yfkgf lhNnfx? yk hfgsf/L
gfd ju{ ls=ld= lj=;+=
!= sf]zL6Kk' jGohGt' !&% @)#@ ;'g;/L / pbok'/ cgf{sf] nflu
cf/If k|Voft

lzsf/ cf/If M
qm=;+= lzsf/ cf/Ifsf] gfd If]qkmn :yfkgf lhNnfx? yk hfgsf/L
ju{ ls=ld= lj=;+=
!= 9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/If !#@% @)$! DofUbL, afUn'ª g]kfnsf] Psdfq
/ ?s'd lzsf/ cf/If

;+/lIft If]q M
qm=;+= /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] gfd If]qkmn :yfkgf lhNnfx? yk hfgsf/L
ju{ ls=ld= lj=;+=
!= cGgk"0f{ ;+/lIft If]q &^@( @)$( sf:sL, DofUbL, ndh'ª, /fli6«o k|s[lt
dgfª / d':tfª ;+/If0f sf]if
@= s~rgh+3f ;+/lIft If]q @)#% @)%$ tfKn]h'ª
#= dgf:n' ;+/lIft If]q !^^# @)%% uf]/vf / dgfª
$= s[i0f;f/ ;+/lIft If]q !^=(% @)^^ alb{of
%= clkgKkf ;+/lIft If]q !()# @)^& bfr{nf
^= uf}/Lz+s/ ;+/lIft If]q @!&( @)^& bf]nvf, /fd]5fd /
l;Gw'kfNrf]s

b'n{e kz'kG5L / jg:kltx?

 g]kfnsf ;+/lIft jGohGt'x? M
o :tgwf/L hgfj/ – @& k|hflt
o ;l/;[k -3;|g]_ – # k|hflt
14
 o r/f khflt – ( k|hflt
g]kfnsf ;+/lIft @&:tgwf/L hgfj/x? M
!= ;f]; *= l;n', lnª;fª !%= afx|l;+u] @@= rf}sf
@= cf;fdL /ftf] afFb/ (= WjfF;] lrt'jf !^= gfog @#= lxl:k8 v/fof]
#= lxdfnL v}/f] efn' !)= hª\unL xfQL !&= lxpF lrt'jf @$= hª\unL ofs
$= Ajff;f] !!= u}F8f !*= uf}/L ufO{ @%= s[i0f;f/
%= kf6] af3 !@= lnª\S; !(= lr? @^= rfOlgh ;fns
^= r/L af3 !#= k'8\s] aFb]n @)= x'F8f/ @&= OlG8og ;fns
&= xfa|] -/ftf] kf08f_ !$= s:t'/L d[u @!= cgf{

g]kfnsf ;+/lIft ( k+IfLx? M

!= lr/ $= ;]tf] ;f/; &= v/ d'h'/
@= 8fFkm] %= sfnf] ;f/; *= ;fgf] v/ d'h'/
#= df]gfn ^= ;f/; (= /fh wg]z

g]kfnsf ;+/lIft # 3;|g] hgfj/x? M

!= 3l8ofn @= clhª\u/ #= ;'g uf]xf]/f

hnjfo' kl/jt{g
 ;dosf] cGt/fndf k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd, xfjfsf] jxfj / jiff{t \df x'g] 36a9sf sf/0f
k[YjL tyf o;sf] s'g} efudf cf};t df};ddf x'g] km]/abn – hnjfo' kl/jt{g
 !)÷!)÷!) cleofg – hnjfo' kl/jt{g lj?4sf] cleofg
 g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL u|]h'P6 ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf] – lj=;+= @)^& sflt{s @(–d+l;/
@
 hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f lxdfnL If]qdf k/]sf] c;/af/] ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{] p2]Zon]
;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/ sfnfkTy/df dlGqkl/ifbsf] a}7s ;DkGg ePsf] – lj=;++ @)^^ d+l;/
!(
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL kl/ifb u7g ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
– lj=;+= @)^^ sflQ{s !@ -o;n] !) a'Fb] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf]_
 hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f ;d'Gb| ;txdf ePsf] b]zx? 8'Ag] vt/f ;DaGwdf ljZjsf] Wofg
cfslif{t ug{ dflNbE;n] kfgLd'gL dGqLkl/ifbsf] a}7s cfof]hgf u/]sf] – ;g\ @))( cS6f]a/ !^
 hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f kj{tLo d'n'sn] a]xf]/]sf ;d:ofsf ljifodf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL
cGt/fli6«o kj{tLo ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf] – lj=;+= @)^* r}q @# / @$, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
15
  hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw, !((@ nfu" ePsf] – ;g\ !(($ dfr{ !$
 cDn jiff{ ePsf] egL kQf nufpg] j}1flgs – ;a6{ /fª\; l:dy
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL Cop-23 ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf – ;g\ @)!& gf]e]Da/ ^–!& -af]g,hd{gL_
 k[YjLsf] tfkdfgsf] j[l4 gfKg] sfd z'? ul/Psf] – ;g\ !(^) b]lv
 gf;fsf] lgDj;–& e"–pku|xn] ;j{k|yd cf]hf]g txsf] Kjfnaf/] hfgsf/L lbPsf] – ;g\ !(*%
 hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo sf/0f – ljZjJofkL pi0ftf
 ;a}eGbf a9L xl/tu[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g ug]{ /fi6« – cd]l/sf / rLg
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] CFC UofF;sf] k|of]u aGb ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] – ;g\ @)!)

hg;f+lVosL
 hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/, ljt/0f, agfj6 / kl/jt{g;DaGwL cWoog ug]{ zf:q – hg;f+lVosL
 hg;f+lVosLo k|d'v tTjx? – hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fO
 g]kfndf ;j{k|yd hgu0fgf lng] ;+:yf – ;]G;; uf]Zjf/f -lj=;+= !(^*_
 g]kfndf ;j{k|yd hGd, d[To'[, ljjfx, a;fO;/fO{ cflbsf] btf{ k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft – lj=;+= @)#$
a}zfv !
 g]kfndf klxnf] k6s cGwf, ckf+u, n'nf, n+u8f ;DaGwL lj:t[t tYofÍ lnO{Psf] – lj=;+= @)%* -
bzf}+ hgu0fgf_
 hg;+Vof j[l4b/ C0ffTds ePsf hgu0fgfx? – bf];|f] / t];|f]
 xfn ljZjsf] hg;+Vof j[l4b/ – !=)(Ü
 ljZj hg;+Vof lbj; – h'nfO{ !! -;g\ !(*& b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf]_
 lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ xfnsf] j[l4b/ sfod /x]df g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof bf]Aa/ x'g nfUg]
;do – %@ jif{
 g]kfnsf] ckgfO{Psf] hgu0fgf ljlw – x]8 sfpG6
 g]kfndf hgu0fgfsf] ljifonfO{ /fli6«o of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ yflnPsf] – t];|f] of]hgf
 g]kfnsf] cGt/fli6«o dfkb08sf]] klxnf] j}1flgs hgu0fgf – lj=;+= @)!* sf] hgu0fgf
 hg;+Vof / ljsf;;DaGwL klxnf] cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ng – ;g\ !(%$, O6fnL
 g]kfndf hg;+Vof;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ tYofÍsf] ;+sng, JofVof, ljZn]if0f tyf k|sfzg ug]{ d'Vo
lgsfo – s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefu
 s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefun] ldlt @)&@÷)$÷)! Dff :yfkgf u/]sf] hg;+Vof 38Ldf hg;+Vofsf]
k|If]k0f ug{ k|of]u u/]sf] tl/sf – Exponential Method
 ljZjsf] hg;+Vof & ca{ k'u]sf] – ;g\ @)!! cS6f]a/ #!
 g]kfndf hgu0fgf k|To]s !)÷!) jif{df x'G5,
 lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgf slt cf}+ – P3f/f}+
16
  /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* lj=;+= @)^* c;f/ #–!# df ePsf],
 /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* sf] gf/f – hgu0fgfdf sf]xL g5'6'g, sf]xL gbf]xf]l/pg
 g]kfndf lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf ;+rflnt ;ftf}+ hgu0fgfsf] nut k|zf]wgsf nflu klxnf] k6s
k|of]u ul/Psf] sDKo'6/sf] gfd –IBM-1401
 hg;+Vof j[l4b/ C0ffTds b]lvPsf] hgu0fgf – bf];|f] / t];|f]

/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] ;f/ ;+If]k M

 hDdf – @,^$,($,%)$
 k'?if – !,@*,$(,)$! -$*=%)Ü_
hg;+Vof  dlxnf – !,#^,$%,$^# -%!=%)Ü_
 zx/L hg;+Vof – $%,@#,*@) -!&=)&Ü_
 u|fdL0f hg;+Vof – @,!(,&),^*$ -*@=(#Ü_
 g]kfnsf] –($=!^
n}+lus cg'kft  zx/L If]q – !)$
 u|fdL0f – (@=@^
 !=#% Ü
Jfflif{s hg;+Vof j[l4b/  sf7df8f}+ – $=*( Ü
 dgfª – –#=&% Ü
 !*) hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld=
 Zfx/L If]qdf – !#*! hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld=
hg3gTj  u|fdL0f If]qdf – !%# hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld=
 sf7df8f}+ – $$!^ hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld= -;a}eGbf a9L_
 dgfª – # hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld= -;a}eGbf sd_
 !$ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf sd pd]/ ;d"x – #$=(!Ü
j[xt pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ hg;+Vof  !% b]lv %( jif{ pd]/ ;d"x – %^=(^Ü
 ^) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/ ;d"x – *=!#Ü
kl/jf/ ;+Vof  %$,@&,#)@ -;+:yfut;d]t_
 k|lt kl/jf/ cf}ift – $=** hgf
kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ;+Vof  /f}tx6 – ^=$$ hgf -;a}eGbf a9L cf}ift cfsf/
ePsf]_
 sf:sL – #=(@ hgf -;a}eGbf sd cf}ift cfsf/
ePsf]_
 t/fO{ If]q–
17
  hg;+Vof – !,##,!*,&)% -%)=@&Ü_
 n}lª\us c'gkft –(^=^^
ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ hg;+Vof  hg3gTj – #(@
 kxf8L If]q –
 hg;+Vof – !,!#,($,))& -$#=)!Ü_
 n}lª\us c'gkft – (!=#&
 hg3gTj – !*^
 lxdfn If]q –
 hg;+Vof – !&,*!,&(@ -^=&#Ü_
 n}lª\us c'gkft – (#=*$
 hg3gTj – #$
 ;a}eGbf a9L – sf7df8f}+ -!&,$$,@$) h'g bz jif{ cl3
;a}eGbf w]/} / sd hg;+Vof !),*!,*$% lyof], bz jif{df ^!=@# k|ltztn] j[lå ePsf] /
ePsf lhNnf ;fnfvfnf jflif{s a[låb/ $=&*Ü/x]sf] 5 .
 ;a}eGbf sd – dgfª -^%#* hgf_,jflif{s j[l4b/-–#=*# Ü_
 b]zdf hDdf !@% hfthftLx? /x]sf 5g\ tLdWo]
 If]qL – !^=^Ü
 kxf8L a|fDx0f – !@=@Ü
Hfft÷hftL  du/ – &=!@Ü
 yf? – ^=%^Ü
 tfdfª – %=*!Ü
 ;a}eGbf sd – s';'08f hftL -@&# hgf_
 b]zdf hDdf !@# j6f dft[efiffx? /x]sf 5g\ tLdWo]
 g]kfnL – $$=^Ü
dft[efiff  d}lyln – !!=&Ü
 ef]hk'/L – ^=)Ü
 yf? – %=*Ü
 tfdfª – %=!Ü
 g]jf/ – #=@Ü
 b]zleq ljleGg !) j6f wd{ dfGg] JolQmx? /x]sf 5g\
tLdWo]
 lxGb' – *!=#Ü
 af}4 – (=)Ü
wd{
 O:nfd – $=$Ü
 lsF/ft – #=)Ü
18

ckfª\utf
;fIf/ hg;+Vof
kl/jf/df cg'kl:yt –ljb]zdf a:g]
JolQm_
dlxnf kl/jf/d"nL /x]sf] kl/jf/
3/ jf cfjf;Lo OsfOsf] :jfldTj
lkpg] kfgLsf] d'Vo ;|f]t
vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ul/g] Ogwg
aQL afNg k|of]u ul/g] ;fwg
6]lnlehg k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/
 lqml:rog – !=$Ü
 k|s[lt – )=$Ü
 s'g} g s'g} ckfª\utf ePsf] hg;+Vof – !=($Ü
 k'?if – %$=%^Ü
 dlxnf – $%=$$Ü
 ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx?dWo]
 zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf ePsf – #^=#@Ü
 b[li6;DaGwL ckfª\utf ePsf – !*=$^Ü
 ;'gfO;DaGwL ckfª\utf ePsf – !%=$%Ü
 >j0f b[li6ljlxgtf ePsf – !=$*Ü
 :j/ af]nfO{;DaGwL ckfª\utf ePsf – !!=$&Ü
 dfgl;s ckfª\utf ePsf – ^=)$Ü
 af}l4s ckfª\utf ePsf – @=()Ü
 ax'ckfª\utf ePsf – &=%@Ü
 % jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf – ^%=(Ü
 k'?if – &%=!Ü
 dlxnf – %&=$Ü
 ^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf – ^^=%Ü
 k'?if – &%=(Ü
 dlxnf – %&=&Ü
 !(,@!,$($ hgf
 @%=&# Ü
 cfkm\g} :jfldTjsf] 3/df a;f]af; ug]{ kl/jf/ – *%=@^Ü
 ef8fsf] 3/df a;f]af; ug]{ kl/jf/ – !@=*!Ü
 ;x/L If]qdf ef8fsf] 3/df a;f]af; ug]{ kl/jf/ – $)=@@Ü
 wf/f÷kfOkaf6 lkpg] kfgL pkef]u ug]{ – $&=&* Ü
 6\o'jj]n÷xft] kDkaf6 lkpg] kfgL pkef]u ug]{ – #%=)Ü
 sf7÷bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ – ^$Ü
 PnkL Uof; k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ – @!=)#Ü
 lah'nL aQL k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ – ^&=@^Ü
 d6Lt]n k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ – !*=@*Ü
 #^=$%Ü
19
df]afOn kmf]g k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/
zf}rfno ;'ljwf
dlxnfsf] gfddf 3/ jf hUuf
/fv]sf] kl/jf/
;a}eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf %
lhNnfx? -a9Laf6 sdsf] qmd_
;a}eGbf sd hg;+Vof ePsf %
lhNnfx? -sdaf6 a9Lsf] qmd_
a9L hg3gTj ePsf % lhNnfx?
-a9Laf6 sdsf] qmd_
sd hg3gTj ePsf % lhNnfx?
-sdaf6 a9Lsf] qmd_
 ^$=^#Ü
 cfkm" a:g] 3/df zf}rfno ;'ljwf gePsf] kl/jf/– #*=!&
Ü
 zx/L If]qdf – (=)(Ü
 u|fdL0f If]qdf – $%=!!Ü
 ;]lK6s 6\ofÍdf hf]l8Psf] km\n; ePsf] zf}rfno k|of]u ug]{
kl/jf/ – ##=$%Ü
 ;fwf/0f zf}rfno k|of]u ug]{ – !(=$&Ü
 ;fj{hlgs 9ndf hf]l8Psf] km\n; ePsf] zf}rfno k|of]u
ug]{ kl/jf/ – *=@&Ü
 !(=&!Ü
 sf7df8f}+, df]/ª, ?kGb]xL, emfkf / s}nfnL
 dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, /;'jf / x'Dnf
 sf7df8f}+, eQmk'/, nlntk'/, ?kGb]xL / wg'iff
 dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf / d'u'

;x/Ls/0f
 g]kfnsf] ;x/Ls/0fsf] Oltxf;nfO{ lgDg # sfnv08df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
o kf}/fl0fs sfn, O{=;+= !@)) ;Dd
o dWosfn, O{=;+= !&^( ;Dd
o cfw'lgs sfn !&^( kl5 xfn;Dd
 a9L gu/x?sf] ljsf; ePsf] If]q – t/fO{ If]q
 ;aeGbf a9L ;x/Ls/0f ePsf] If]q – dWodf~rn
 @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ ;x/L If]qdf a:g] hg;+Vof – !&=)&Ü
 @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfndf ;x/L If]qsf] hg3gTj – !#*! hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld=
 g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] j[l4b/ – &=@ k|ltzt
 @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ sf7df8f}+sf] hg3gTj – $$!^ hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld=

20
 @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ ljut !) jif{df j[l4 ePsf] sf7df8f}+sf] hg;+Vof – ^,^@,#(% -
^!=@#Ü_
 @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/
o lxdfnL If]qsf] zx/L hg;+Vof – !=!Ü
o kxf8L If]qsf] zx/L hg;+Vof – %$=^Ü
o t/fO{ If]qsf] zx/L hg;+Vof – $$=#Ü
 @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ ljsf; If]qut ;x/L hg;+Vof -qmdzM a9Lb]lv sd_ M
o dWodf~rn – %)=@Ü
o k"jf{~rng – !*=#Ü
o klZrdf~rn – !^=(Ü
o ;'b"/klZrdf~rn – &=$Ü
o dWoklZrdf~rn – &=!Ü
 @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L / sd hg3gTj ePsf] ljsf; If]q M
o dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q – @*)& hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld=
o ;"b'/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q – %$& hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld=
 xfn g]kfndf :yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof M
o dxfgu/kflnsf – ^
o pkdxfgu/kflnsf – !!
o gu/kflnsf – @&^
o ufpFkflnsf – $^)
o ufpFkflnsf – $^)
 ufpFkflnsfljlxg lhNnf – sf7df8f}+ / eQmk'/
 gu/kflnsf gePsf lhNnf – %-dgfª, d':tfª, /;'jf, k"lj{ ?s'd / x'Dnf_
 @÷@ j6f pkdxfgu/kflnsf ePsf lhNnf – # j6f -;'g;/L, af/f / bfË_
 a/fa/ If]qkmn ePsf gu/kflnsf – ag]kf / w'lnv]n -%% ju{ ls=ld=_

 ;f]af; -a;fOF;/fO_
 s'g} lglZrt ;dofjlwleq Ps ef}uf]lns If]qaf6 csf]{ ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;g]{ jf hfg] k|lqmof g}
a;fOF;/fO xf],
 a;fOF;/fOsf tTj – cfsif{s tTj / ljsif{s tTj
 a;fOF;/fOsf k|sf/ M
o ;dosf] cfwf/df
 :yfoL – !) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;dosf] a;fOF;/fO
 c:yfoL – % jif{b]lv !) jif{;Ddsf] cjlwsf] a;fOF;/fO
21
  cfjlws – ! jif{df slDtdf ^ dlxgf;Ddsf] ;dodf cfkm\gf] :yfoL jf;:yfg
aflx/ uP/ a:g' .
o :yfgsf] cfwf/df
 cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO – b]zleqs} ef}uf]lns l;dfleq ul/g] a;fOF;/fO,
 cGt/fli6«o a;fOF;/fO – Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf ul/g] a;fOF;/fO, of] klg @
k|sf/sf] x'G5,
 cfk|jf; – a;f]af;sf] p2]Zon] k/b]zdf leqg] k|lqmof,
 k|jf; – hGdb]z 5f]8]/ csf]{ b]zdf hfg] k|lqmof .
 @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ cfkm" hGd]sf] lhNnf 5f8\g'sf sf/0fx? M
o ljjfx – @#=%(Ü
o k/lge{/tf – @)=#^Ü
o s[lif – !$=(Ü
o lzIff – !#=#*Ü
o gf]s/L – !)=*^Ü
o Jofkf/ – %=($Ü
o 4G4 – )=%^Ü
o cGo – $=^%Ü

;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf ...

22