1) Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated charged particles and can propagate through vacuum or a medium. The velocity of EM waves depends on the properties of the medium.
2) EM waves are transverse waves, with the electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. They carry energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.
3) Key characteristics of EM waves include that they transport energy and momentum via the Poynting vector, have intensities proportional to the electric and magnetic field strengths, and their electric fields are responsible for optical effects.
1) Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated charged particles and can propagate through vacuum or a medium. The velocity of EM waves depends on the properties of the medium.
2) EM waves are transverse waves, with the electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. They carry energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.
3) Key characteristics of EM waves include that they transport energy and momentum via the Poynting vector, have intensities proportional to the electric and magnetic field strengths, and their electric fields are responsible for optical effects.
1) Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated charged particles and can propagate through vacuum or a medium. The velocity of EM waves depends on the properties of the medium.
2) EM waves are transverse waves, with the electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. They carry energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.
3) Key characteristics of EM waves include that they transport energy and momentum via the Poynting vector, have intensities proportional to the electric and magnetic field strengths, and their electric fields are responsible for optical effects.
Displacement Current Velocity of em waves in a medium is given by
Displacement current is that current which appears in a region c v= in which the electric field (and hence electric flux) is changing µr k with time. Note: We have [µr = relative permeability of medium] [k = dielectric constant of medium] dφ d d qA dq ID =ε0 E = ε0 ( EA) = ε0 = I = (iii) EM waves are transverse in nature i.e. E and B are dt dt dt ε 0 A dt perpendicular to each other as well as perpendicular to the [Charging of plate of a capacitor] direction of propagation of the wave. E and B are related as follow: Modified Ampere’s Circuital Law E0 E d φE = c= or c ∫ B ⋅ dl = µ0 I + ε0 dt B 0 B (iv) EM waves carry energy, which is shared equally by electric Electromagnetic Waves and magnetic fields. d φB d φE ∫ E ⋅ dl = (Maxwell’s equations) The average energy density of an EM wave is given by − dt and ∫ B ⋅ dl = µε 0 0 dt
u = uE + uB = 2uE = 2uB These equations lead to the conclusion that, if either of the electric or magnetic field changes with time, the other 1 1 E field is induced in space. The net result of these interacting where uE = ε0 E 2 = ε0 ( Bc) 2 B = c 2 2 changing fields is the generation of electromagnetic 1 1 B2 2 1 disturbance, called electromagnetic waves which travel = ε0 B 2 = c = 2 2µ 0 µ0 ε0 with the speed of light. µ0 ε0 Mathematical Expression of EM Waves (v) EM waves carry momentum and exert a radiation pressure x t x t F 1 dp U E= E0 sin 2π − , B= B0 sin 2π − P = = and momentum p = y λ T Z λ T A A dt c (vi) EM waves transport energy. The rate of energy of EM wave Important Characteristics of EM Waves transport per unit area is represented by a quantity called (i) EM waves are produced by accelerated charged particles. 1 (ii) EM waves do not require any medium for their propagation. Poynting vector ( S ) and is given by= S ( E × B) µ These waves can propagate in vacuum as well as in a medium. (vii) Electric vector of an em wave is responsible for optical effects, as E0 >> B0. Velocity of em waves in free space is given by (viii) Intensity of an EM wave is given by 1 v= c= = 3 × 108 m/s 1 B2c µ0 ε0 I = cε 0 E 2 = 2 2µ 0