2. RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: Define focal length and radius of curvature of a concave lens. Focal length of a concave lens is the distance between optical centre and principal focus of the lens, Radius of curvature of a concave lens is the radius of the sphere from which the lens is cut. What do you understand by the terms ‘focus’ and ‘principal focus’ in the context of lenses? Focus: Focus of a lens is any point through which rays of light are converged Principal focus: It is a point on the principal axis of a lens at which image of an object at infinity i formed. A lens will have two focal points on either side. What is optical density and how is it different from mass density? Optical density is the ratio of speed of light in two media. Refractive index (11) is a measure of optical density. Optical density increases with refractive index. The mass density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of the substance. It is physical property of the substance. What are the laws of reflection through curved mirrors? Laws of reflection through curved mirrors : 1. The angle of reflection equal the angle of incidence. 2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the re lie in the same plane. Define ‘power’ of a convex lens, What is its unit? the tangent of the angle it falling at unit distance flecting surface at the point of incidence The power of a convex lens is defined a by which a lens converges a beam of ligh from the optical centre. 1 It is reciprocal of focal length P =—- SI unit of power of lens is dioptre (D) A concave mirror of focal length 10 em is placed at a distance 35 em from a wall. How far from the wall should an object be placed so that its real image is formed on the wall? Given that, focal length of a concave mirror f= 10cm, Image distance V =~ 35 cm Let the object distance u 111 From, —=—+— fouoo poi, 1 35-10 _ 25 Idem. “Tow 35 uw 10 435 (-10)35 ~350 «", The object should be placed at a distance of (35 ~ 14 = 21 em) from the wall. A concave mirror produces an image of a long vertical pin, placed 40 em from the mirror, at the position of the object. Find the focal length of the mirror. Given that, the object distance u =~ 40 cm | Image distance = V =~ 40 cm | t yt 2 -40° -40° 40 20 f =-20empe > 10. 13. A. ‘A small angled prism of 4" Given that, angle of prism Angle of deviation = d = 2.48" d We have, d =r =I) Aas w= 14S «". Refractive index of M = =14+ LT +0.62 = 1.62, Dispersion : The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its component colours is known ay dispersion Violet disperses more than all other colours in white light. The focal length of a concave lens is 30 em. Where should an object be placed so that its image is 1/10 of its si Given that, focal length = ~ 30 em. Let the object distance = 1 Image distance p = 30 u uw u =-270cm. What is myopia? How can it be corrected? Myopia : It is the optical defect of human eye. In near (short) sightedness or myopia, the image of the distant object is formed before the retina. To correct it a concave lens can be used. . What is hypermetropia? How can it be corrected? Hypermetropia : It is the optical defect of human eye. In long sightedness or Hypermetropia, the eye-lens focuses the incoming light at a point behind the retina. This defect in vision can be corrected by using a convex lens Draw neat (labeled) diagram for the formation of image in a simple microscope. ‘tec 6 cose toh ens xyec a na oe PQ = objective P!Q! = Image3. The earth takes 24h to rotate once about i 1° when viewed from the earth? Sol: Time taken for 360° shift = 24h. Time taken for 1° shift = 24/360 h = 4 min. 4 Lio axis. How much time does the sun take to shift by7. What focal length should the reading spectacles have for a person for whom the least distance of distinct vision is 50 cm? Sol: The distance of normal vision is 25 cm. So if a book is at u = —25 em, its image should be formed at U =~—S0cm. Therefore, the desired focal length is given by i ee 1 1 1 (convex lens) = =—-— gf — = — ee =+50 ° fou” Ff =50 2257 59 WF AHI PROBLEMS 1. A light wave of frequency 4 x 10'* Hz and a wavelength of 5 x 10-’m passes through a medium. Estimate the refractive index of the medium. Sol: Given that, frequency of the wave = v = 4 x 10'* Hz. Wave length = 2=5x107m -'. Velocity of the wave V = vA =4x10"x5x107 =20x10’ =2x108 m/s Velocity of the wave in air C=3x10° m/s C _3x10° “+ Refractive index of the medium, ,, = © = =1.5 Vo 2x10° 2. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60° on the face of a prism of angle 30’. The emergent ray makes an angle of 30° with the incident ray. Calculate the refractive index of the material of the prism. Sol: Given that, angle made by the incident ray with the surface of prism = 60° Angle of incidence = i = 30°. Angle of prism = A = 30° Angle of deviation = Dy, = 30°, because the angle of emergence is equal to angle of incidence. (42) 20430) sin sin “sin A/2 30/2 sin 30! = 1.732 2 —— 30/2 sin 15° sin3. Two lenses of power — 1.75D and + 2.25D respectively, are placed in contact. Calculate the focal length of the combination. Sol: Given that, power of I“ Jens P} =— 1.75 D Power of 2™ lens = P; = + 2.25D Power of the combination = P= P; + P2 =~ 1.75 +2.25=0.5Dor Pr 7. MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM What is the importance of Ocrsted’s experiment? fait in the surr Oersted concluded that m0 ing charges (ot) current produces a magnetic field i Ounding space, State Amepre’s law and Biot-Savart’s law. Ampere’s law : The line integral of total magnetic ind Ho times the net current enclosed by that closed path. Juction around a closed path is equal to According to Biot — Savart’s law, the magnitude of magnetic field (dB) due to small current carrying element at a point is directly proportional to the i) Current (i) ii) Length of the element (d/) iii) sine of angle between radius vector (7) and (dl) iv) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the point from current element. ap x asin r ap = Hi idlsin® 4x Write the expression for the magnetic induction at any point on the axis of a circular current- carrying coil. Hence, obtain an expression for the magnetic induction at the centre of the circular coil. Magnetic field induction at any point on the axis of a circular coil carrying current is My nir® Aree)" Here r=radius of the coil, 0. of turns, i= current in the coil; j19 = permeability of free space; ani Magnetic induction at the centre of the coil is B= (put x =0 in the above equation) r A circular coil of radius ‘r’ having N turns carries a current ‘i, What is its magnetic moment? Magnetic moment (M) = NiA => M=Ni( mr’) (2. A= 2) What is the force on a conductor of length L carrying a current ‘i’ placed in a magnetic field of induction B? When does it become maximum? — Force on a current carrying conductor, F=BiL sin9. Where @ is the angle of inclination of the conductor with the direction of the magnetic field. —>» When 0=90°, the force on the current carrying conductor is maximum i.e., Fmax=BiL.11. 12. 13, What is the force on a charged particle of magnetic field of induction B? When does it b > The force on a charged particle is F=qVB sino. > When 0=90°, the force on the charged particle is maximum. ie +F, harge ‘q’ moving with a velocity «V* in a uniform ome maximum? max qVB Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter. Z Ammeter Seer IN elemtiferse-- Beeeensere ecg) 1. Iisa current measuring device. 1. It is a potential difference (volta ge) measuring device, It is to be connected in series in the | 2. It is to be connected in parallel to the element | circuit. in the cireuit.__ 3._ Resistance of an id galvanometer? is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque. Due to Resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero. | 3 ‘What is the principle of a When a current carrying c this torque the coil rotates infinity, 1 voltmeter oving ¢ What is the smallest value of current that can be measured with a moving coil galvanometer? 10° amper is the smallest value of current that can be measured with a moving coil galvanometer How do you convert a moving ¢: galvanometer into an ammeter? By connecting a low resistance (shunt resistance) parallel to moving coil ; galvanometer. Shunt resistance is S How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into a voltmeter? By connecting high resistance in series to moving coil galvanometer. Series resistance is R a —G (or) e anal E 1-60" ( 4) ‘What is the relation between the permittivity of free space permeability of free space and <9 —» permit A current carrying circular loop lies on a smooth ho field be set up in such a manner that the Torque 7 = Ni(Ax B) Speed of light in vacuum, ¢ ity of free space. zontal plane. Can a uniform magnetic Joop turns about the vertical axis? Where i is current, is area vector. B is magnetic field. > Area vector A acts normal to the loop, so torque 7 car nnot act along the vertical axis. The ‘magnetic field is not set up to turn the loop around itself.ing circular loop is placed in uniform external magnetic field. If the loop is free s its orientation when it achieves stable equilibrium? The plane of the loop is perpendicular to the direction of m loop in this orientation is zero. to turn, what agnetic field because the torque on the A wire loop of irregular shape carrying current is placed in an external magnetic field. If the wire is flexible, what shape will the loop change to? Why? A loop of irregular shape carrying current is placed in an external magnetic field, it assume circular shape with its plane normal to the field in order to maximize magnetic flux linked with loop, since for a given perimeter, a circle encloses maximum area than any other shape.Sol. Sol. Sol. A current of 104 passes through two very long wires held parallel to each other and separated by a distance of Im. What is the force per unit length between them. Given, i1=i.=10A; =I; My 42x10-7 10x10 Force per unit length, F/=—2 +4 =———_ x a 2a 1 2 F/1=2x10° Nm". ; Two long and parallel straight wires A and B carrying currents of 8.0A and 5.0 A in the same direction are separated by a distance of 4.0 cm. Estimate the force on a 10cm section of wire A, S Fa Mehl) _AAX10" 8x5 o_o rosy, 2a + 244x107 This force is attractive force normal to A towards B. A moving coil galvanometer can measure a current of 10~%A. What is the resistance of the shunt required if it is to measure 1A? Given i,=10°A; i=1A, S=? G G G e G a * . 6 3 S=7 5 =10 GQl-.10 >>I].Sol. Sol. A circular coil of wire co ns, each of radius 8.0 cm carries a current of 0.40A. ting of 100 tu What is the magnitude of the magnetic field B at the centre of the coil? . Here n=100; r=8.0 x 107m; 7= 0.40 A: 2anl B= 2am 2 FP MOOROS 3.1 0“7. =107x ——— 4a 8x10? A long straight wire carries a current of 354. What is the magnitude of the field B at a point 20cm from the wire? . 1=35A, 7=20em= 20 x 107 m;B=? 20 7 2x35 - == =10 Sprig F = 3SKIOT. A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 50A in north to south direction. Give the magnitude and direction of B at a point 2.5m east to the wire. Here /= 50A; r =2.5m; B=? 2 Bo Ho 2497 .2%90 _ gy 107, 4a r “2.5 It acts upwards, perpendicular to the plane of wire. A horizontal overhead power line carries a current of 90A in east to west direction. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field due to the current 1.5m below the line? Here / =90A;r =1.5m 4 . Now, B= 40.2! — 10 x2x90 1 a 10°7 4a r 1.5 It acts towards south.pF ey >2 8. MAGNETISM AND MATTER VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: A magnetic dipole placed in a magnetic filed Ss 2 led experiences a net force. What can you say about A magnetic dipole placed in a magnetic fie! asic aoeaee ite mace" 8 magnetic ld experiences a net force, only when the magnetic fed Do ond {wo magnetic field lines intersecting? Why’? No. Because, if two magnetic field lines intersect, then the magnetic field must have two directions atthe point of intersection which is not possible and not correct. Hence no two magnetic field lines inte What happens (o compass needles at the Earth's poles? At Earth’s poles, the horizontal component of magnetic field of the earth is zero. Hence a compass needles will not show any particular direction in horizontal plane. What do you understand by the ‘magnetization’ of a sample? Magnetisation of a sample is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume. M joe Vv $.1. unit > Amt What is the magnetic moment associated with a solenoid? The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the solenoid is. M= Total number of turns x current x cross-sectional area M= n(2/) I (xa") = NIA What are the units of magnetic moment, magnetic induction and magnetic field? i) Magnetic moment —> Amt (or) JT" ii) Magnetic induction —> Wbm ° (or) tesla () iii) Magnetic field — tesla(7) Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops. Why? Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops because there is no isolated poles any where. North and South poles of a magnet always exists together in pairs. Inside the magnet,t completes its path from the south pole to north pole and out side the magnet, it goes from north pole to south pole. Define magnetic declination. Magnetic declination (8):At a 8) meridian and the magnetic meridian is defined as magne ven place, the angle between geographic: declination. : i N ‘True North, | Nl10. 1. Define magnetic inclination (or) angle of dip. val itensity of magnetic Fld of th e angle be the direction of t ave neal tic inclination (or) angle of dip Magnetic inclination: ied as magnet earth and h Classify the following materials with regard to magnetism : Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Bismuth, Oxygen, Copper i) Manganese — Para ii) Cobalt + Ferro iii) Nickel —+ Ferro iv) Bismuth — Dia v) Oxygen + Para (vi) Copper + Dia Define magnetic susceptibil Magnetic susceptibility: The ratio between magn‘ magnetic susceptibility. 1 _ {thas no units and aimensions. H What is curie temperature? ; : Curie temperature: The temperature at which a ferro magnetic material is converted into para zontal line in magnetic meridian is defin y, mention its units. tisation (I) and magn etic intensity (H) is called as Itis given by magnetic material is called curie temperature where C is curie constant, T is temperature, T. is curie temperature What are ferro magnetic materials? Give examples. Ferro magnetic materials:The material which are strongly attracted by magnets are called as ferro magnetic materials. Examples of ferro magnetic materials—>lron, Cobalt, Nickel, Gadolinium etc. Define retentivity and coercivity. 1) Retentivity: The value of magnetic induction B left in the specimen. Whenthe magnetising force (H) is reduced to zero is called retentivity (or) remanence (or) residual magnetism. 2) Coercivity: The coercivity is a measure of the magnetising field intensity required to destroy the residual magnetism in the specimen. What is Meissner effect? Meissner effect (or) Meissner—-Ochsenfeld effect:The expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state is called Meissner effect. (OR) The phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in super conductors is known as Meissner effet. * Ist .the earth’s magnetic izontal component of ; i ri fa certain place, the horizo é an AOANSEA RT * tai ‘ eee ce anak is 60°. What is the magnetic field of the ea) field is 0.26G ar s is It is given that He = 0.26 G. We have cos 60° 7 re A. B,=—He__ 026 _y ang cos60" (1/2)Sol Sol : 7 5 5 The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at a certain place is 2.6 x 10 °7 and the ‘ auth angle of dip is 60°. What is the magnetic field of the earth at this location? ‘By = 2.6 * 10° T, 8 = 60° By=Bcoss8 p=Bu__ 26x10" _ 26x10" 5 9 x 197 cosd cos 60 1/2 EXERCISE A short bar magnet placed with s axis at 30° with a uniform external magnetic field of 0.25 T experiences a torque of magnitude equal to 4.5 x 10° ? J, What is the magnitude of magnetic moment of the magnet? B= 0.25 T,0=30°,1=4.5 x 107] M=—2__—_ 45x10? = Fea = 0.36 Am? Bsin@ 0.25xsin30°x x 10. ALTERNATING CURRENT SEE MNATING CURRENT VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: A transformer converts 200 V ac into 2000 V as, Secondary if the primary has 10 turns. Y= 2007; V, = 2000 V; Np = 10 turns; No= ? Calculate the number of turns in the N, =100 turns 200310 ed ina. V bed lamp? The step-down transformer is used. ‘What is the phenomenon involved in the working of a transformer? The phenomenon of mutual induction between primar Y and secondary coils of a transformer is involved in the working of a transformer. What is transformer ratio? The ratio of output voltage to the input voltage of a transfer is called transformer ratio i.e, (or) the ratio of no. of turns in the secondary coil to the no. of tums in the primary coil is called transformer ratio, /v, _ EN, | E, Write the expression for the reactance of i) an inductor and ii) a capacitor, 1. Inductive reactance x, — of 2. Capacitive reactance, xX,=4 oe What is the phase difference between ACe inductor and pure capacitor? The phase difference between AC emf and current mf and current in the following Pure resistor, pure 1. in pure resistor is 0°. 2. in pure inductor, voltage leads current by 90°. 3. in pure capacitor, current leads voltage by 90° Define power factor. On which factors does power factor depend? Power factor : The cosine of the phase angle (4) between the voltage and current is called power factor (cos 4). Power factor depends on phase angle (4) between voltage and current only. What is meant by wattless component of current? When the phase difference between voltage and current is w/2, cos 6 = 0 and power P = 0 even though a current is flowing in the circuit. This current is called watt less component of current.10. j 2 When does a LCR series circuit have minimum impedance? 1. When inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance(X, = X,.). 2. At resonant frequency, / LCR series circuit have minimum impedance. What is the phase difference between voltage and current when the power factor in LCR series circuit is unity? At resonance frequ power factor, cos ¢ is unity. ency, the phase difference between voltage and current is 0° (zero degree) thepeer VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION. What is the average wavelength of X-rays? ‘The wavelength range of X rays is 10 m to 10°"? m. So the average wave length of X-rays is 10" m, Give any four uses of infrared rays, Uses: In reading the secret writing of ancient walls. In knowing the molecular structure. In taking photographs during night and foggy conditions. Used in short range communications in remote controls. Plays an important role in maintaining the average temperature of the earth through the green house effect, If the wavelength of electroma, photon? peeps gnetic radiation is doubled. What happens to the energy of Energy of photon E = hy = * EattAshe = constat](or). A oe Given E)=E ,21=2 Ex=2,2=2h ae a When wavelength of e.m radiation is doubled, the energy of photon is halved, What is the principle of production of electromagnetic waves? ‘An accelerated charge produces electric and magnetic fields which vary both in space and time. The two oscillating fields act as sources of each other and sustain cach other. This results in the Propagation of em waves through space. What is the ratio of speed of infrared rays and ultraviolet rays in vacuum? Ratio = 1, because the speed of em wave in vacuum is independent of wavelength (or) frequency. What is the relation between the amplitudes of the electric and magnet for an electromagnetic wave? The amplitude ratio of electric and magnetic fields in free space is 1 Seen amplitude of electric field. By = amplitude of magnetic field. fields in free space What are the applications of microwaves? 1. In microwave ovens. 2. In long distance communication. 3. For radar system in air-craft navigation.10. 11. 12, 13. 14. Microwaves are used in Radars. Why? Because of their smaller wavelength, microwaves have they can propagate long distance. What is greenhouse effect? h di Greenhouse effect:The phenomenon of maintain of normal temperature of surface of earth due to infrared heat radiation reflected by green house gases present in Earth’s atmosphere is called green house effect. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.6A. What is the displacement current across its plates? © less deviation from their original path and How are Mi Microwave are produced by special vacuum tubes, called Klystrons, magnetrons and Gunndiodes. Give two uses of Ultraviolet rays? a) Absorbed by glass b) Can cause many chemical reactions c) Food preservation dj Harmful for welders e) Absorbed by ozone layer How are radio waves produced? And how can they detected? They are produced by Rapid acceleration and deceleration of electrons in aerials ( i.e. Receiver) They are detect by receiving aerials How are infrared rays produced and can be detected? They are produced by Vibration of atoms and molecules. They are detect by Thermopiles, Bolometer, Infrared Photographic film (Thermopiles: Device that converts thermal energy into electrical signal Bolometer: Device used for measuring the power of incident electromagnetic radiation )12. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: What are “cathode rays"? William crookes suggested that cathode rays consisted of streams of fast moving negatively charged particles (electrons). What important fact did Millikan’s experiment establish? He found that the charge on an oil droplet was always an integral multiple of an elementary charge (1.602 x 10°C.) Millikan’s experiment established that electric charge is quantised. What is “Work function"? The minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface is called the work function of the metal. W, org, =hv, Where *h’ is the plank constant, Vo is the threshold frequency. What is “photoelectric effect"? When light of suitable frequency fall on alkali metal surfaces then emission of electrons takes place This phenomenon is called photoelectric effect. The emitted electrons are called photo electrons, Give examples of “photosensitive substances”. Why are they called so? Some alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, caesium and rubidium are examples of Photosensitive substances. They are called photo sensitive substences they can emit photo electrons for visible light. Write down Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Photon energy (E)= work function (wo)+ kinetic energy Jer +( Em?) 2 Te Here Vis the frequency of the incident photon. Write down de Broglie’s relation and explain the terms in their De Broglie Wave length (,) =" _ 1 Pom Where h= planck’s constant m = mass of the particles v = velocity of the particle and p = momentum, State Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. According to the principle, “it is not possible to measure both the position and momentum of the particle (electron) at the same time exactly” Ax.Ap =h Where p= 2x Where Ax = uncertainty in position, Ap = uncertainty in momentum,s. >AD SD » 15. SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION: ‘What are intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors? ne ait ‘ onductors are Pure form of semiconductors are called intrinsic semiconductors. Impure form of semic called extrinsic semiconductors. ‘ What is a p-type semiconductor? What are the majority and minority charge carriers in it? When trivalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor. It is called p-type semiconductor Majority charge carriers are holes and minority charge carriers are electrons in it. What is an n-type semiconductor? What are the majority and minority charge carriers in it? When pentavalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor, it is called n-type semi conductor. Majority charge carriers are electrons and minority charge carriers are holes in it. What is ap ~n junction diode? Define depletion layer. When p-type semiconductor is suitably joined to n-type semiconductor, a p-n junction is formed and the arrangement is known as p — n junction diode. Depletion layers: A narrow region on either side of junetion where there are no mobile charge carriers is called depletion layer. How is a battery connected to a junction diode in i)forward _ ii) reverse bias ? P Vv ale ; Forward bias Reverse bias In forward bias, battery +ve is connected to p-region and —ve is connected to n-region. In reverse bias, battery - ve is connected to p-region and +ve is connected to n-region. What is the maximum Percentage of rectification in half wave and full wave rectifiers ? Percentage of rectification in Half wave rectifier is 40.6% and in Full wave rectifier is 81.2%. What is Zener voltage (V,) and how will a Zener diode be connected in circuits generally ? When reverse voltage applied to the p ~ 1 junetion is increased, at a particular voltage the current increases enormously. This voltage is called Zener voltage (or) breakdown voltage. In circuits, zener diode is connected in reverse bias, Write the expressions for the efficiency of a full wave rectifier and a half wave rectifier. 0.406% R, 0.812% R, rR, Half wave rectifier Full wave rectifier n9, What happens to the width of the depletion layer ina pn junction diode when itig i) forward-biased reverse biased? -_ tn forward bias, depletion layer width decreases. In reverse bias depletion layer width increases . Draw the circuit symbols for P-N-P and N-P-N transistors Emile] Satector Emer ae Base Base PNP Transistor NPN Transistor E Emitter, B — Base, C — Collector 11. Define amplifier and amplification factor. A. The process of raising the strength of weak-signal is called amplification and the device used for amplification is called amplifier. The ratio between output voltage to input voltage is called amplification factor. Vo ~ output voltage, V; - input voltage 12. In which bias can a Zener diode be used as voltage regulator? A. In reverse bias, Zener diode used as a voltage regulator. 13. Which gates are called universal gates? ‘A. ‘NAND? and ‘NOR’ gates are called universal gates. 14, Write the truth table of NAND gate. How does it differ from ANDgate ? A. [Truth table for ‘“NAND” gate Truth table for AND" gate input output input output A B | y-4B 4 B Y=AB 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 Ieee ® ! I 0 0 (eee (id 0 1 1 1 Tho output of NAND" gate is an inversion of output of AND” gate.papeDdDN > wn > pepe 16. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM VERY SHORT A. What are the basic blocks of a communication system? 1) Transmitter 2) Transmission channel 3) Receiver, fase What is *world wide web" [WWW]? ILis an encyclopaedia of knowledge accessible to every one round the clock throughout the year. Mention the frequency range of speech signals. The frequency range of speech signals is from 300Hz to 3100Hz. Whaat is sky wave propagation? The waves in the high frequency range (from few MHz to 30 MHz) are reflected by the ionosphere of the atmosphere This mode of propagation is known as sky wave propagation Mention the various parts of the ionosphere? 1. D-layer (Part of stratosphere) 2. E-layer (Part of stratosphere) 3. Fi-layer (Part of mesosphere ) 4, Fe-layer (Part of Thermosphere ) Define modulation why is it necessary? i Process of combining audio frequency signal with high frequency signal (or carrier wave) is called modulation, Necessity: 1. To reduce the size of antenna, 2. To avoid mixing up of signals from different transmitters. 3, Low frequencies cannot be transmitted to long distances Hence the modulation is nevessary Mention the basic methods of modulation. 1, Amplitude Modulation (AM) 2. Phase Modulation (PM) cy Modulation (FM) 3. Frequency ion is employed in mobile phones ? Which type of commun bile phones. Space wave communication employed in mone e ‘hat is a ground wave propagation? a ; vee Sal which glide over the surface of the earth is calledas a ground waves, This mod surface wave propagation. Set propagation is called as10. What is space wave communication? A. 1. The radio wave which travels in a straight line from transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna is called space waves. 2. Communication done by using the space waves is known as space wave communication 3. Space wave is used for Line —of sight (LOS) communication.