Intervention for Physics The explanation for these is that we only multiply the force component

with the same direction as the displacement.

Lesson 7 - Work and Energy

Note: Work is positive if the force and displacement have the same
Review of Concept of Work and Energy
direction (parallel), and negative if they are anti-parallel.

Work is related to how energy changes from one

A girl pulls on the string at 25° above the horizontal with a force of 150N.
form to another.
How much work is she doing on the box as the box moves along a
- Work is a scalar quantity.
horizontal distance of 3m?
2 2
- SI unit is Joules (J). 1 𝐽 = 1 𝑁 × 𝑚𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔 × 𝑚 /𝑠
Given: 25o, 150 N, 3m

Energy is a quantity that can be converted from Find: Work

one form to another but cannot be created nor Solution: 𝑊 = 𝐹∆𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
destroyed (Principle of Conservation of Energy). 𝑊 = 150𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25 · 3𝑚
- The total energy of an isolated system is conserved.
→ → →
- Energy is also a scalar quantity. If there are multiple forces (𝐹1, 𝐹2, ... , 𝐹3) acting on an object moving with

- SI unit is also Joules (J). →

displacement ∆𝑟, each force does work on the object. The work done by
→
Recall types of system: force 𝐹𝑖 on the object is:
- Open system – mass and energy can be exchanged with the → →
𝑊𝑖 = 𝐹𝑖 · ∆𝑟
environment

- Closed system – only energy can be exchanged with the

Total work done on the object is:
environment
𝑛 𝑛 → →
- Isolated system – mass nor energy cannot be exchanged with 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ∑ 𝑊𝑖 = ∑ 𝐹𝑖 · ∆𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

the environment

Since is independent of the force, we can factor it out

A force does work on an object when: 𝑛 → → → →
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ( ∑ 𝐹𝑖) ∆𝑟 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 · ∆𝑟
- The force acts on the object 𝑖=1

- The object has a displacement component in the same or
opposite direction (parallel or antiparallel) to the applied
force.
When there is no motion, there is no work done.
A truck of mass 3000kg is to be loaded onto a ship by a crane that exerts
an upward force of 31kN on the truck, which lifts the truck by 2m.
- Find the work done by the crane.
→ →
𝑊𝑐 = 𝐹 × ∆𝑟

𝑊𝑐 = 31, 000𝑁 × 2𝑚
Work with Constant Forces
𝑊𝑐 = 62, 000𝐽

→
The work done by a constant force 𝐹 that acts on a mass m which
→ → → - Find the work done by gravity.
moves with a displacement vector ∆𝑟 is the dot product of 𝐹 and ∆𝑟 :
→ →
→ → 𝑊𝑔 = 𝐹 × ∆𝑟
𝑊 = 𝐹 × ∆𝑟
→
In vector form: 𝑊𝑔 = (𝑚𝑎) × ∆𝑟

𝑊= < 𝐹𝑥, 𝐹𝑦, 𝐹𝑧 >·< ∆𝑥, ∆𝑦, ∆𝑧 > 2

𝑊𝑔 = 3, 000𝑘𝑔 × 9. 81𝑚/𝑠 × 2𝑚

𝑊𝑔 = (−)58, 860𝐽
Algebraically:

𝑊= < 𝐹𝑥∆𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦∆𝑦 + 𝐹𝑧∆𝑧 > - Find the total work done on the truck

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = (−)58, 860𝐽 + 62, 000𝐽

If the vectors are in a 2D space and you know their magnitudes and the 3
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 3140𝐽 𝑜𝑟 3. 14 × 10
angle between them:

𝑊 = 𝐹∆𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
Work with Varying Forces A 4𝑘𝑔 block on a frictionless table is attached to a horizontal spring
→
(𝑘 = 100𝑁/𝑚) that obeys Hooke’s Law and exerts a force 𝐹 =− 𝑘𝑥𝑖. The
→ → →
If there are multiple forces (𝐹1, 𝐹2, ... , 𝐹3) acting on an object moving with
spring is originally compressed with the block at 𝑥1 =− 5𝑐𝑚. The block is
→
displacement ∆𝑟, each force does work on the object. The work done by then released.
→
force 𝐹𝑖 on the object is: - Find the work done by the spring on the block as the block

→ →
moves from 𝑥1to 𝑥2 = 0 (the equilibrium position)
𝑊𝑖 = 𝐹𝑖 · ∆𝑟
1 2 2
𝑊 =− 2
𝑘 (𝑟𝑓 − 𝑟𝑖 )

Total work done on the object is: 1 2 2

𝑊 =− 2
100𝑁/𝑚 (0 − (− 5𝑐𝑚) )
𝑛 𝑛 → →
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ∑ 𝑊𝑖 = ∑ 𝐹𝑖 · ∆𝑟 1 2 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑊 =− 2
100𝑁/𝑚 (0 − (− 0. 05𝑚) )

Since is independent of the force, we can factor it out
𝑛 →
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ( ∑ 𝐹𝑖) ∆𝑟 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 · ∆𝑟
𝑖=1
2 2
𝑊 =− 50𝑁/𝑚 (0 − (− 0. 0025𝑚) )
𝑊 = 0. 125𝐽
→ → →
Work-Energy Theorem

Constant Force
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion.
𝑟𝑓

𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑟
𝑟𝑖
It can be interpreted as the work done on an object to accelerate it from

𝑊 = 𝐹 (𝑟𝑓 − 𝑟𝑖) rest to its current speed 𝑣.

1 2
𝐾= 2
𝑚𝑣
Force varies linearly with r
where 𝑚 is the mass of the object and 𝑣 is its speed.
𝑟𝑓

𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑟
𝑟𝑖
Work-Energy Theorem relates the work done on an object to the
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑟 change in its kinetic energy.
𝑟𝑓 1 2
𝐾= 2
𝑚𝑣
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑘𝑟 × 𝑑𝑟
𝑟𝑖

1 2 2 Assuming that the object is rigid, and mass is constant, we can take the
𝑊= 2
𝑘 (𝑟𝑓 − 𝑟𝑖 )
derivative of both sides of the equation with respect to time

𝑑𝐾 𝑑 1 2
Force is a function of r = ( 2 𝑚𝑣 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑟𝑓
𝑑𝐾 1 𝑑 2
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑟) × 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
= 2
𝑚 𝑑𝑡
(𝑣 )
𝑟𝑖

→ →
Recall Hooke’s Law: 𝐹 =− 𝑘𝑟 The change in kinetic energy is just equal to the work done.

→ → ∆𝐾 = 𝑊
- Where 𝐹 is the force, k is the spring constant, and 𝑟 is the
𝑊 = ∆𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖
change in length of the spring (think of it is the change in

position of the tip of the spring) 1 2 1 2

𝑊= 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 2
𝑚𝑣𝑖
- Note: the direction of the force is opposite the direction of

change in length. A 4𝑘𝑔 block on a frictionless table is attached to a horizontal spring

- If the spring is compressed, its tendency is to push back to →

(𝑘 = 100𝑁/𝑚) that obeys Hooke’s Law and exerts a force 𝐹 =− 𝑘𝑥𝑖. The
its original position
spring is originally compressed with the block at 𝑥1 =− 5𝑐𝑚. The block is
- If the spring is pulled, its tendency is to pull back to its original
then released.
position
- Find the block’s speed at 𝑥2 = 0

Then the work done by a spring is: 𝑊 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖

𝑟𝑓 𝑟𝑓
→ → → → 1 2 1 2
𝑊𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∫ 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑟 = ∫− 𝑘𝑟 × 𝑑𝑟 𝑊= 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 2
𝑚𝑣𝑖
𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑖

2𝑊
1 2 2 𝑣𝑓 =
𝑊 =− 2
𝑘 (𝑟𝑓 − 𝑟𝑖 ) 𝑚
 2(0.125𝐽) Work-kinetic energy theorem
𝑣𝑓 = 4𝑘𝑔

𝑣𝑓 = 0. 25𝑚/𝑠 When work is done on a system and the only change in the system is in its

speed, the network done on the system equals the change in kinetic
Power energy of the system.

𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸𝑖 = ∆𝐾𝐸

Power is the time rate at which work is done.

- The SI unit is Watts (W). 1 𝑊 = 1 𝐽/𝑠

A 6.0kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a frictionless,
- Other notable unit is Horsepower (hp). 1 ℎ𝑝 = 746 𝑊
horizontal surface by a constant horizontal force of 12N.

- Find the block’s speed after it has moved 3m.

Average power:
𝑊 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖
∆𝑊
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = ∆𝑡
1 2 1 2
𝑊= 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 2
𝑚𝑣𝑖

Instantaneous power: 𝐹×𝑑

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑚
∆𝑊 𝑑𝑊
𝑃 = lim ∆𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
∆𝑡 → 0 2(12×3𝑚)
𝑣𝑓 = 6𝑘𝑔

𝑣𝑓 = 3. 46𝑚/𝑠
→ →
Recall: 𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑠

→ → Potential Energy of a System

𝑑(∫𝐹×𝑑𝑠) → →
→ 𝑑𝑠→
𝑑𝑊 𝐹×𝑑𝑠
𝑃= 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹 𝑑𝑡

→ →
Its amount is determined by the configuration of the system.
𝑃 =𝐹×𝑣

Can only be associated with specific types of forces acting between

A small motor is used to operate a lift that raises a load of bricks weighing
members of a system.
800N to a height of 10m in 20s. What is the average power the motor

must produce? Gravitational potential energy, 𝑃𝐸𝑔

∆𝑊
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = ∆𝑡
𝑃𝐸𝐺 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦
𝐹×𝑑
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = ∆𝑡

Work done by the external agent on the system as the object undergoes
(800𝑁)(10𝑚)
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 20𝑠
this upward displacement.
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 400𝑊 𝑜𝑟 400𝐽/𝑠 → →
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = (𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝) × ∆𝑟 = (𝑚𝑔𝑗) × [(𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖) 𝑗] = 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖

Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∆𝑃𝐸𝐺

Kinetic Energy
A 2kg trophy being shown off by a careless athlete slips from the athlete’s
Represents the energy associated with the motion of the particle.
hands and drops on his toe. Choosing floor level as the y=0 point of your
1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣
2 coordinate system, estimate the change in gravitational potential energy

of the trophy-Earth system as the trophy fall, Repeat the calculation,

Kinetic Energies for Various Objects
using the top of the athlete’s head as the origin of coordinates.

- Compute for the Potential energy given that

y1 = 0.5 and y2 = 0.03.

∆𝑃𝐸𝐺 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖

∆𝑃𝐸𝐺 = (2)(9. 81)(0. 03) − (2)(9. 81)(0. 05)

∆𝑃𝐸𝐺 =− 9. 22𝐽
Elastic Potential Energy

Can be thought of as the energy stored in the deformed spring (one that is

either compressed or stretched from its equilibrium).

1 2
𝑃𝐸𝑠 = 2
𝑘𝑥

Work done by an external applied force Fapp on a system consisting of a

block connected to the spring.

1 2 1 2
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 2
𝑘𝑥𝑓 − 2
𝑘𝑥𝑖

Energy Bar Charts

Graphical representation of information related to energy systems.

The vertical axis represents the amount of energy of a given type in the

system. The horizontal axis shows the types of energy in the system.

Work

Is a method of transferring energy to a system by applying a force to

the system such that the point of application of the force undergoes a

displacement.

Work = Force x Distance

Mechanical Waves

Means of transferring energy by allowing a disturbance to propagate

Power

It is the rate of doing work.

Power = Work / Time

 Intervention for Physics 𝑝1 = 𝑚𝑣1

Lesson 8 - Impulse and Momentum 𝑝1 = 1, 223. 24 𝑘𝑔 (30 𝑚/𝑠)

4
𝑝1 = 3. 669 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠
Momentum

𝑝2 = 𝑚𝑣1
- It is the product of the mass and the velocity of the body.
𝑝2 = 1, 223. 24 𝑘𝑔 (13. 6 𝑚/𝑠)
- Unit is in 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠

- A vector quantity 𝑝2 = 1. 663 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠

4

- Formula:

2 2 2
𝑐 =𝑎 +𝑏
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
2 4 2 4 2
where: ∆𝑝 = (3. 669 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠) + (1. 663 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠)

p = momentum 4 2 4 2
∆𝑝 = (3. 669 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠) + (1. 663 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠)
m = mass
4
∆𝑝 = 4. 03 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠
v = velocity

𝑃
Impulse θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
−1
( 𝑃2 )
1

4
- It is equal to the product of force and the time it acts on the −1 1.663 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠
θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 )
3.669 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠
body.
◦
- Units is in 𝑁 · 𝑠 θ = 24. 38

- A vector quantity
4 ◦
- Formula: Final Answer: ∆𝑝 = 4. 03 × 10 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠, 24. 38

𝐼 = 𝐹𝑡

where: The Law of Conservation of Momentum

I = Impulse - When two bodies collide, the total momentum before impact

F = force applied is equal to the total momentum after impact.

t = time 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑃𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = 𝑚1𝑣'1 + 𝑚2𝑣'2

Impulse-Momentum Theory

𝐼 = ∆𝑝
Collisions After a Collision
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚 (𝑣2 − 𝑣1)

Elastic Collision
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑣1
- Objects “bounce off” each other after collision
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
- Momentum and Kinetic Energy is Conserved

Example:
Inelastic Collision

- Objects “bounces off” each other after collision

A car weighing 12kN is driving due north at 30.0 m/s. After driving around
- Momentum is conserved
a sharp curve, the car is moving east at 13.6 m/s. What is the change in
- Kinetic Energy is not conserved because some is loss or
momentum of the car?
gained

𝐹𝑔 = 12 𝑘𝑁, 𝑣1 = 30 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑁, 𝑣2 = 13. 6 𝑚/𝑠, 𝐸

Completely Inelastic

- Objects “stick together” after collision

𝐹𝑔
𝑚= - Momentum is conserved
𝑔

- Kinetic Energy is not conserved because max is loss or

𝐹𝑔 = 12 𝑘𝑁 = 12, 000 𝑁
gained
2
12,000 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚= 2 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑃𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
9.81 𝑚/𝑠

𝑚 = 1, 233. 24 𝑘𝑔 𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2) 𝑣𝑓

Example:

𝑚1 = 1, 800 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 900 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣1 = 0 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣2 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑃𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2) 𝑣𝑓

(1, 800 𝑘𝑔)(0 𝑚/𝑠) + (900 𝑘𝑔)(20 𝑚/𝑠) = ((1, 800 + 900) 𝑘𝑔) 𝑣𝑓

18,000 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠 = (2,700 𝑘𝑔) 𝑣𝑓

2,700 𝑘𝑔

𝑣𝑓 = 6. 67 𝑚/𝑠