2020 International Conference on Power Electronics & IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC)

GLA University, Mathura, UP, India. Feb 28-29, 2020

Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicle on Residential

2020 International Conference on Power Electronics & IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC) 978-1-7281-6575-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 10.1109/PARC49193.2020.236627

Demand Side Management

Mohini Yadav Nikhil Pandey Majid Jamil
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Jamia Millia Islamia University GLA University Jamia Millia Islamia University
New Delhi , India Mathura , India New Delhi , India
mohiniyadav565@gmail.com nikhil.pandey_me16@gla.ac.in majidjamil@hotmail.com

Abstract - In the recent time because of increasing demand, distribution network to deal with different voltage values. This
sub stations are spending extra amount on peaker power plant to integration of electric vehicle with demand side management
meet the consumer demand and since Plug-in Electric vehicle also reduces the peak to average ratio (PAR) [9-10] along with
(PEV) are the future of automobiles it can be used to manage the lower electricity rate. This study serves the purpose of energy
demand supply without compromising the customer needs. This trading in electric market and in smart grid applications [11]
paper investigates the impact and integration of PEV in Demand where energy exchange takes place. This research is extended
side Management (DSM). The main contribution of this study is by providing optimal parking lots [12] for energy markets
to schedule shift-able loads to achieve the target of minimum where price-based and incentive-based demand strategies are
pressure on grid. We presented the algorithm to manage the
considered. The complete power system investment model [13]
demand profile of consumer and the based on study the
is presented to locate the benefits of flexible demand. Demand
MATLAB simulation results are obtained.
side management is studied with particle swarm optimization
Keywords—Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV), Demand side technique where the appliances are schedules as per user
management (DSM), Vehicle to grid (V2G), Grid to Vehicle (G2V), comfort and the power exchange is taken place using electric
Shiftable loads, MATLAB vehicle, battery and other storage devices. It solves the problem
of multi-electric vehicle integration [14].
I. INTRODUCTION
Power system field is experiencing a rapid evolution
because of advancement of technology and due to this, the load
on power stations is also increasing and to cope up with this
situation special power plants are used termed as “peaker
power plant”, but this situation requires an effective solution.
Demand side management [1-3] is that effective solution but it
has limited usage until now. DSM is not a new phenomenon,
whereas it is used in several occasions across the world.
Researchers have presented zero energy building concept [4]
using demand side management approach to keep balance
between generation and consumption. They have also
discussed the need of demand side management by
highlighting the reduction in energy billing cost compared to
supply chain management [5]. Here, the supply is depending
on two power sources connected to electric vehicle. The most
common form of demand side management is load shedding to
avoid a full black out. In this paper DSM is applied at small
scale where battery, PV cell, generator or a PEV are used. Fig
Fig. 1. Architecture of Energy Management Network
1 shows the complete energy management network where
generation (through renewable energy, commercial units) and In this paper, analysis is done by integration of Plug-in
consumption (loads can be switchable or non-switchable) is electric vehicle (PEV) for each of four residents. The reason
controlled and monitored (using batteries, hydro plants, etc). behind using PEV is that in the future fuel base automobiles,
The integration of PEV with demand side management is PEV will be integrated on a large scale at every door step. The
studied in [6] using real time demand forecast and stochastic integration of PEV for demand side management (DSM) is
approaches, where the uncertainties both in consumer demand being served with the aim that during off peak hours the
and PEV mobility are considered. To serve the optimal vehicle is charged by absorbing power from grid or main
charging schedule of electric vehicles [7] the V2G control supply and at the time of peak hours, this charged vehicle will
strategy is presented. Some authors have presented the fuzzy feed the power for household applications, thereby reducing
logicbased controller [8] at different point of connection in a the stress on main grid by some percentage. In our study, usage

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of PEV is such a way that, PEV is charged during off-peak x Shifting of schedulable load from peak hour to off
hour and then for peak hours 70-80% supply will be given peak hour
from the main supply and the remaining is supplied through x Supplying percentage of power from main supply and
Plug-in Electrical Vehicle. This controlling is done with PEV.
proposed algorithm and smart controller and later the
simulation result is obtained to validate the analysis. The III. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
complete study is divided in different sections. Section II
The proposed algorithm for integration of plug-in electric
discusses the system model for integration of PEV for demand
vehicle for demand side control as shown in Fig 3 defines the
side management, section III presented the proposed algorithm.
practical implementation of home energy management system
Section IV shows the result to validate the analysis and section
as,
V concludes the study.
x Identify the schedule appliances and PEV integrating
II. SYSTEM MODEL with each home.
The household appliances consist of both shiftable and non x Shift the load from peak to off peak hours
shiftable loads [15]. The power station supplies the required x Connect the electric vehicle to intake power at off
energy to the house and during the off-peak hours the PEV is peak hours.
charged. The system model for PEV integration is given in the x Enhance the net system energy efficiency
fig 2.
The goal is to shift the schedulable appliances and PEV’s
from peak to off-peak duration and to show the impact of V2H
operation to smooth out the energy demand curve. This study
manages the smart house as per four operating modes which
are based on following operating constraints
x Daily load profile (Pd)
x Average power (Pa)
x Schedulable appliance total power (Ps) limited by
Maximum power demand (Pmax) and minimum
power demand (Pmin) as
Ps <=Pmax – PaPs <= Pa – Pmin
x PEV integration status
x Minimum State of Charge status of battery
x Total PEVs in each home and total no. of residents

Each PEV power is restricted with minimum power value

( ) and maximum power value ( ) as given by
Fig. 2. Architecture for smart PEV integration model
PEV min <= PPEV<= PEVmax
In this model, smart meter is an electronic device that SOC is limited by and values.
records energy consumption and revert back the data to the avoid deep discharge and avoid complete charge
utility for controlling, visualizing and energy costing. In this
paper, this meter will also supply the information to smart SO min <= SOCd SOCmax
controller. When the smart meter senses that load is far crossed The different modes of operation are given as:
its normal level, it conveys this information to the smart
controller and smart controller will send this information to Mode1:
PEV and it will supply the programmed percentage of power is Scheduling is not required
q and PEV is connected to home
fed to the household appliances. The appliances send signal to for energy management. is not changed.
smart controller to ensure that everything is going in a
programmed way. The smart meter is connected to the smart Mode2:
controller so that smart controller can tell the smart meter to
Pd > Pa
monitor and bill the power supplied from the main supply and
exclude the power supplied through the PEV. The smart Updated energy demand, Pd new = Pd – Ps
controller is an Arduino based device and which will be
programmed based on an algorithm. The depicted algorithm Mode 3:
includes following, Pd < Pa
x Detect the schedulable appliances and the availability Updated Energy demand, Pd new = Pd + Ps
of EV

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 Mode 4: The energy demand curve for all four dwellings in 24 hours
a day before any demand side management strategies shown in
Mode 4.1: If Pd is less than Pa and SOC was also less than Fig.4. and PEV integration in each dwelling is shown in Fig 5.
SOC max, thus PEV will absorb the energy from grid. As, Pd
is more than Pa and SOC is greater than SOC min, then PEV
will feed power back to grid.
Mode 4.2: As Pd is less than Pa and SOC was also equal or
more than SOC max, then PEV completely charged. As, Pd is
more than Pa and SOC is equal or less than SOC min, then
battery SOC reaches to SOC min.

Fig. 4. Daily Power consumption curves for 4 houses in 24 hours before any
control strategy

Fig. 5. PEV Power integration status for 4 houses

TABLE II. PARAMETERS OF PEV FOR EACH HOME

Fig. 3. Proposed Algorithm for PEV integration in Demand side management
Parameters H1 H2 H3 H4
IV. RESULT No. of PEV 1 1 1 1
Battery Capacity for each home 13 13 13 13
The case study is conducted on 4 houses which show the (KWh)
impact of four operational modes on managing of consumer Minimum Power (KW) -3 -3 -3 -3
demand profile. These homes have definite load consumption Maximum Power (KW) 3 3 3 3
profiles. The power rating for each appliance is illustrated in
State of Charge 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
table I and the PEV parameters for each home is summarized
in table II. SOC min 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
SOC max 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

TABLE I. HOME APPLIANCE PARAMETERS

Appliances Rating (KW)
The fig 6 shows that charging of PEV takes place during
Cloth Washing Machine 0.9 negative cycle where the power is absorbed from grid and
PHEV Charging 2.2 during positive cycle the power is injected back to grid.
Mixer 1.6 According to below fig …the power is absorbed during [6 am,
Cloth Dryer 2.6 7 pm] and power is injected back during [8pm,10pm]. State of
Kettle 1.1 charge curves for each home is shown in fig 7.
Air conditioner 1.4
Cloth Iron 0.3
Water heater 1.2

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 (d)
Fig. 7. Plug-in Vehicle state of charge Curves (a) H1 (b) H2 (c) H3 (d) H4
Fig. 6. Charging of PEV
It is notable from fig 8, with integration of PEV in system
model design the demand profile curve smoothens and the
peak loads get minimized.

(a)

Fig. 8. Demand profiles for four houses with PEV integration in demand side
management

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, integration of electric vehicle for demand side
management strategy has been analysed in order to maintain
the balance between supplied energy with consumer
consumption level to procure maximum energy satisfaction at
reduced energy billing cost. This study reduces the pressure on
power grid by minimizing the peak load and by achieving
(b)
smoothness in demand curve profile. The goal is to shift the
schedulable appliances from peak to off-peak hours and then
demonstrate the impact of PEV’s to absorb the power at deficit
condition and feed-back to grid in surplus condition. In future,
integration of information and communication technologies
(ICT) with PEV’s to improve their state of charge or to setup a
communication link between suppliers and users.
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