Now We Will Look at The of Damage Mechanisms Covered by API 571

API 510 CERT API 571:CONTENTS
Now we will look at the last group of damage

mechanisms covered by API 571
4.2.3 – Temper Embrittlement
4.2.7 – Brittle Fracture
4.2.9 – Thermal Fatigue
4.2.14 – Erosion/Erosion-Corrosion
4.2.16 – Mechanical Fatigue
4.3.2 – Atmospheric Corrosion
4.3.3 – Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
4.3.4 – Cooling Water Corrosion
4.3.5 – Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion
4.3.10 – Caustic corrosion
4.4.2 – Sulfidation
4.5.1 – Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Cl-SCC)
4.5.2 – Corrosion Fatigue These are fairly
4.5.3 – Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement) complicated corrosion
mechanisms,many of them
5.1.1.4 – HCl Corrosion
related to higher
5.1.1.10 – Sour water (acidic) Corrosion
5.1.2.2– Amine SCC temperature and oil/gas
5.1.2.3 – Wet H2S Damage (Blistering/HIC/SOHIC/SCC) industry/ refinery
5.1.3.1 – High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA applications
Slide 1
© Matthews Engineering Training Ltd
API 510 CERT
SULFIDATION
The main problem is caused by 2 (formed byHS

the degradation of Sulphur compounds at high
temperature)
Occurs in crude
plant,cokers,hydroprocessor
units,fired heaters etc….anywhere
where there are high temperature
sulphur streams
Sulfidation starts to degrade steels
abve about 500degF (260 degC)
Slide 2
API 510 CERT
SULFIDATION
MITIGATION
Higher Cr alloys(300-400 series stainless

steels) may be more resistant to
sulfidation corrosion
Slide 3
API 510 CERT
STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
API terminology also calls it ‘Environmental–assisted cracking’
•One of the most common corrosion

mechanisms
316 304
•Prevalent in 300 series austenitic stainless
steel and high chromium alloys
Where does the come from?
Often from residual stresses caused by welding

Slide 4
API 510 CERT
SCC DETECTED BY PT
Surface abrasion may be

needed before PT in order to
show fine SCC cracks
Cracks would remain hidden

without surface abrasion
Slide 5
API 510 CERT CAUSTIC
EMBRITTLEMENT
A specialist type of SCC caused by alkaline conditions
The worst offenders are :

•Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
•Caustic Potash (KOH)
Caustic attack in a heat

exchanger tubesheet
Typically found in H2S removal units and acid neutralisation units

Slide 6
API 510 CERT
CORROSION FATIGUE
Cracks caused by a combination of:
Corrosion + Cyclic loadings
These cracks often initiate at pits or under deposits

Slide 7
API 510 CERT
HCL ACIDIC ATTACK
(5.1.1.4)
• Worse in areas of high

heat transfer and residual
stress of the HRSG water
• Worse in crevices and

around fittings
Slide 8
API 510 CERT
HCL ACIDIC ATTACK
ACIDIC ATTACK CONDITIONS
You need: acidity + a concentrating mechanism
Incorrect pH Conditions under deposits

and/or a stress condition
Slide 9
API 510 CERT
SEVERE ACID CORROSION
The pits become very jagged and
generally undercut
Slide 10
API 510 CERT
WET H2S DAMAGE
API 571 Sec 5.1.2.3 identifies 4 damage mechanisms

They affect carbon steels and low alloys steels in wet
H2S environments
Sulfide
Hydrogen
SCC
blistering
Stress Oriented
Hydrogen induced
Hydrogen induced
cracking (HIC)
cracking (SOHIC)
Slide 11
API 510 CERT
WET H2S DAMAGE
The actual damage mechanism for all 4

categories is the permeation of the H2 into the
material’s grain boundaries
This weakens the material and
causes failure
The type of wet H2S damage that occurs is related to

these factors(see 570 Sec 5.1.2.3..3.)
•pH
•The H2S level present
•Temperature
•Hardness
•Type of steel
•PWHT (an important one)
Slide 12
API 510 CERT
WET H2S DAMAGE
Hydrogen blistering
The Hydrogen is liberated from corrosion
(not the process fluid)
It weakens the material structure causing a

blister (and eventual failure)
Slide 13
API 510 CERT
WET H2S DAMAGE
HIC
Sometimes called ‘stepwise cracking’ as
hydrogen causes cracks in the structure
Can be worse
near a weld
The cracks weaken the structure and cause failure)

Slide 14
API 510 CERT WET H2S DAMAGE
SOHIC
Stress Oriented Hydrogen induced
cracking (SOHIC)
Occurs in
HAZ at weld
toes
A type of HIC in which the cracks are made

worse by stress concentrations Slide 15
API 510 CERT
WET H2S DAMAGE
Sulfide SCC
Essentially ……..SCC made worse by the

presence of water and H2S
Weld preheat and PWHT

can help reduce the risk
(depending on the alloy)
Can appear in areas of high hardness (e.g. in welds)

Slide 16
API 510 CERT HIGH TEMPERATURE
HYDROGEN ATTACK(HTHA)
This is a specialist and complex corrosion mechanism
In simple terms:
At high temperatures,H2 reacts
with the Carbon in the steel
forming Ch4 (Methane)
The resulting loss of Carbides

weakens the steel
Fissures start to form,and

propagate into cracks
Slide 17
API 510 CERT API 571 SUMMARY
In these 3 presentations we have looked at all of the
mechanisms in API 571 that are in the API 510 exam syllabus
4.2.3 – Temper Embrittlement NEXT STEP

4.2.7 – Brittle Fracture
4.2.9 – Thermal Fatigue
4.2.14 – Erosion/Erosion-Corrosion
4.2.16 – Mechanical Fatigue
4.3.2 – Atmospheric Corrosion
4.3.3 – Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
4.3.4 – Cooling Water Corrosion
4.3.5 – Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion
4.3.10 – Caustic corrosion
4.4.2 – Sulfidation
4.5.1 – Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Cl-SCC)
4.5.2 – Corrosion Fatigue Now finish off the module text
4.5.3 – Caustic SCC (Caustic Embrittlement)
5.1.2.3 – Wet H2S Damage (Blistering/HIC/SOHIC/SCC)
and try the test questions
5.1.3.1 – High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA
Slide 18

Now We Will Look at The of Damage Mechanisms Covered by API 571

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API 510 CERT API 571:CONTENTS

Now we will look at the last group of damage

The main problem is caused by 2 (formed byHS

Higher Cr alloys(300-400 series stainless

•One of the most common corrosion

Where does the come from?

Often from residual stresses caused by welding

Surface abrasion may be

Cracks would remain hidden

The worst offenders are :

Caustic attack in a heat

Typically found in H2S removal units and acid neutralisation units

Cracks caused by a combination of:

Corrosion + Cyclic loadings

These cracks often initiate at pits or under deposits

• Worse in areas of high

• Worse in crevices and

ACIDIC ATTACK CONDITIONS

You need: acidity + a concentrating mechanism

Incorrect pH Conditions under deposits

API 571 Sec 5.1.2.3 identifies 4 damage mechanisms

The actual damage mechanism for all 4

The type of wet H2S damage that occurs is related to

It weakens the material structure causing a

The cracks weaken the structure and cause failure)

A type of HIC in which the cracks are made

Essentially ……..SCC made worse by the

Weld preheat and PWHT

Can appear in areas of high hardness (e.g. in welds)

This is a specialist and complex corrosion mechanism

The resulting loss of Carbides

Fissures start to form,and

4.2.3 – Temper Embrittlement NEXT STEP

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