INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

Wingilou H. Candelario
Most Essential Learning Competencies
1. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and
solids
2. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces
3. Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity,
vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization
4. Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and
intermolecular forces
5. Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids
6. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
INTRODUCTION
 The kinetic molecular theory of solids and liquids
Criteria Solid Liquid
Particle Arrangement

Movement -Very strong Forces of Attraction -Strong Forces of Attraction

-Particle are not free to move -Particle are able to slide past one
-vibrate in fixed positions another
Density Very High High
Diffusibility Very High High
Compressibility Least compressible Slightly compressible
Volume and Shape Has fixed volume and shape - Assumes the shape of the
container it occupies
- Has fixed volume
Thermal Expansibility Expands slightly when heated - Expands slightly when heated
Thermal expansibility
Question
•Which state of matter posses the strongest
intermolecular force? Very weak and negligible?
•What are the three types of bonding?
I. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Intramolecular force –keeps molecules/compounds
together.
• Intermolecular force – attractive force between molecules.
Responsible for keeping matter in solid or liquid phase.
• Intramolecular forces are stronger than intermolecular
force.
Dispersion Forces
A. Dispersion Forces
• Boiling point of Noble gases increases as one goes from top to bottom
of the periodic table. Dispersion forces increase with increasing
atomic size.
• The net overall charge of the atom is zero and there is no separation
of charges because the electron cloud is symmetrical. But there are
times when this symmetry is lost, resulting in a temporary separation
of charges or temporary dipole.
• Temporary dipole results from a shift in the position of the electrons
where one end becomes more negative causing the other end to be
more positive. At this point, the centers of positive and negative
charges do not coincide.
 At this point, the
centers of positive
and negative
charges do not
coincide. This
temporary dipole
can induce the
formation of dipole
on a neighboring
atom.
 London dispersion
forces are
temporary
attraction forces
that result when the
electrons in two
adjacent atoms
occupy positions
that make the atoms
form a temporary
dipole.
As the molar mass
or atomic size
increases,
dispersion forces
increase because
more dipoles can
be induced in
larger substances.
The greater the
number of dipoles,
the greater the
dispersion forces.
Questions
1. How to identify the net overall charge of the
atom?
2. Can net overall charge reach zero?
3. What is the relationship of London dispersion
force (attractive force) and temporary dipole?
4. When did positive and negative charges not
coincide?
5. Are Dispersion forces occur in polar or non-
polar molecules?
 B. Dipole-Dipole Forces
• Covalent compounds can be classified as nonpolar or polar.
• A Polar molecule is formed when there is an uneven sharing
of electrons between two atoms.
B. Dipole-Dipole Forces
• The more
electronegative
atom becomes
partially
negative and
the less
electronegative
atom is partially
positive.
B. Dipole-Dipole Forces
• A non-polar molecule results when the electronegativity
difference between two atoms is less than or equal to 0.4
the molecule is symmetrical in shape.
• The polar molecule is unsymmetrical since electronegativity
difference is greater than 0.4.
Electronegativity Table
Sample Computation of
Electronegativity Difference
B. Dipole-Dipole Forces
• HCl forms a dipole because the Chlorine is more
electronegative than the hydrogen. Hydrogen becomes
more partially positive and is attracted to partial negative
oxygen of another molecule. This results to a dipole-dipole
interaction between molecules of a polar substance.
B. Dipole-Dipole Forces
• The Dipole-dipole forces are strong because of the
attraction of opposite charges that are permanent within
the entire substance.
Questions
1. Can Dipole-dipole interaction happen
through non-polar or polar molecules?
2. Is Cl2 symmetrical or unsymmetrical?
3. Is H2O symmetrical or unsymmetrical?
4. What is the difference between London
dispersion force and Dipole-Dipole
force?
C. Ion-Dipole Forces
• An Ion-dipole intermolecular force of attraction results from the
interaction between an ion and a polar molecule.
• The Ion-dipole attraction becomes stronger when the charge on the ion
increases and when the magnitude of the dipole becomes stronger.
 • An Ion-dipole is formed
C. Ion-Dipole Forces between a positive ion-
surrounded by the
negative end of a
neighboring molecule.
Sodium ion is
surrounded by the
partial negative end of
oxygen in water. The
Chlorine ion is
surrounded by the
partial positive end of
Hydrogen in a
neighboring water
molecule.
Questions:
• Which has stronger ion-dipole forces between CaCl
and KCl?
• In Ionic compound, which possess more positive
charges? Why?
• Which element of Ionic compound is attractive to
Oxygen of water?
D. Hydrogen bond
• It consist of a high partial positive charge on hydrogen
and a large partial negative charge for the more
electronegative atom.
• Because of the very large dipole produced between the
hydrogen atom of one molecule and the F, N, O of
another molecule, a special name is given to this kind of
force – Hydrogen bond.
 The partial negative oxygen is
bonded to a partial positive
hydrogen of a neighboring
water molecule.

This shows the difference

between a covalent bond
formed within a molecule and a
hydrogen bond formed
between two molecules.
Questions:
• Is hydrogen bond a dipole-dipole?
 IMF of Nature of Interaction Strength
Attraction
Ion-dipole Interaction of an ion with the charge end of Strong
another molecule.
Hydrogen bond A special type of dipole-dipole formed between a Medium
partially positive hydrogen and a neighboring
molecule with a partially negative oxygen. This is
true for substance containing N-H, O-H, and H-F.
Dipole-dipole An interaction between two polar molecules Weak
other than N-H, O-H, and H-F.
Dispersion An interaction between molecules with Very Weak
forces temporary dipoles.
B. Properties of Liquids and
Intermolecular Forces