MTH204 Lecture

y 48 Sin 2x 8
CNotethathere we need to use multificationrule modification ruleandsumruled

The characteristic Equation for the Homogeneous ODE

4 0 122

Up a C1Cos271 C2Sin 201

a A I B Cosa Cz a sin271 E
Yp
Yplay A x cos2a Bisinal C 3169211 Dasin t E

Ten a 2AnCosza 247125in27 2B a sin271 2132205271

Yp
Cos27 2 CX Sink D Sin271 2016527

Yp
a 2 Bros 271 2AMsin211 2 20 6527
B 2C 718m21 C Cos271 DSin271

x 4137165271 4137 sin231 4 A71Sin271 4 Axcosz

Jp
24 20 Cos21 At 4 D a sin 27
2B 2C Sin271 413 4471Cos271
2 Sina 2D Cos 271
substituting and equating the coefficients
2265201 4A 4A 0

Isina 4B 4B 0
Cosa AB 4B 4 4 0 813 0 BIT
7 Sin 27 4A 4A 4 XD 1 8A 1 A

2A 2D 2D 24 45 0 D A
Cosa D

III
Sinza 2B 2C 2C 0 42 0 C o

constant 4E 8 LEFT
2205211 Sina 2
so x
Yp
The general solution is
C Cos271
C2Sin271 220521
Y a

K sin 27 2
Existence.am gofSolutions

ii then
Some open interval I and I
the initial value problem
7 PGDY 9657 0

with two initial conditions 1 Ko y 1 K1

with given Ko and K1
has a
unique solution TED on the interval I

We will also a theorem about existenceof General

give
Solution

LinearIndependenceofsolutions

Consider the second order ODE Y PEDY q x 0

where PGD and q D are continuousfunctions on

an open interval Ii
Two solutions and are called Linearly
independent on I if the equation
C1T GD t 2 GD 0 on I CI CEO
We call 71 and 42 linearly dependent on I

ifthis equation also holds for constants C1 and C2

not both zero
Y and 42 are linearly dependent iff Y and
I
42 are proportional on

That is Or l xEI
KYz z

where K l are constants

They Let us consider the ODE

PLDY 9 D Y 0 where
PG and q x are continuousfunctions on an

open interval I
Then two solutions and 42 of the ODE on I
are linearly dependent on I iff
their evronskian WCG 42 4,42 41172

is Zero at some I
Furthermore if W o at an X I
then w ̅ 0 on I

Hence if there is an 7 I atwhich w

̅ is not 0
then Y and Y are
linearly independent on I
 Let 7 and 72 be linearly dependent
on I
Then either KY or 42 17 where K and
I are constants

EfÉ and air raise

0 on
kite
I
WE 0 on I

Similarly for 42 191

conversely suppose ̅ 4,72

w 0 for
some D E I

Let us consider the system of equation

in unknown C1 and C2
C1 41 42 D 2
7 0
C1 Y 20 242

4 72610

in a E 8
Since w
̅ 9 Go 92610 0 the above system
has a nontrivial solution 11,12
 Let Y a
2,1 a
EYED
Y is a solution
By superposition principle a

of the ODE
Y do 0 and y a 0
Moreover

Thus Y X is a solution of the IVP

PG Y 96 Y O
TLE 0 and Go

But y D is also a solution of the above

IVP

So by the uniqueness theorem

Y y O

1 42 0 on I
when I and 12 are not both Zeros

Hence 4 and are

linearlydependent
If W 4,610 4260 0 for some t.CI
then Y and Yz are
linearly dependent
 Then by the first on I
part w
̅ o

Thus if WE 0 at some point EI

then Y Y are
linearly independent

NOI.mg g y if to

or V14 42 122 if 427.0

E

WAI 42 Wronski determinan

or Wronskian

Exis
tenceofageneralsolutio theoremi
I.tt G and GOD are continuous
functions on an open interval I then
the ODE 4 PGD 2 9647

has a general solution on

 Proof using the first theorem the
ODE has a solution x

satisfying 2 no 1 41 7 0

Thisfor DEI weare for some 21 EI

considering two IVP
0 7 7411Y 9614 0 and a solution a

with initial 1
c o satisfying
and 1 0 42 7 1
pony 9619 0
with initial conditions
Y 7107 0 y 6107 1

Now the Wronskian of these two solutions at

WCY.co 4260 4 G 721610 Y 1 726

1 1 0 0 1 0

So 4 2 and 9261 are linearly independent

on I They form a basis of solutions of
Thus 7 a C Y GD 926 with arbitrary
C
C Cz is a general solution of
theord ralsolutinindallsolut.sn
Consider the ODE PEDY 964 0
Y
where PGD and q x are continuous functions
on some open interval I
Then every solution Y a of on I
is
of the form Y G 426
CHILD C

where Y and 42 is any basis of

solutions of on I and E C2 are

suitable constants
Notes Hence doesn't have singular
solutions e solutions not obtainable from
a general solution

Proof Let YG be
any solution of onI

By the previous theorem the ODE has

a
general solution a CLY 1 27,6
on the interval I
Choose E I and consider the system
of equations
 C1 Y 42610 Y a

C1 7 710 C2H2 x Y 8

41610 42610

www.s E 1
Since 41 42 is a basis their Wronskian w
̅
at to is not zero
Hence there is a
unique solution
C
ECL
and C 22
with and 12
Then 264 C G a 1242C is a

particular solution of
with the condition
y 710 G 9272610 Y lo

1 G EzY2 Y

By the uniqueness of solution of IVP

y Y on I
G Y a KEI

So Y a
1,9 72726 QED
 C
EX Find Wronskian Show linear independence

by using quotient and confirm it by

the second theorem
Given e Cascon 4 sinux

tanwa not constant

4
a

So Y and 42 are linearly independen

Wronskian e coscox e sinwa

W 4.72
cow _wesince essinion wécow

é Gswx we cos wx é cawx

WE sin wx

wé
The solutions are linearly independent iff w
0 0 and then Y and72are linearlydepended
tan wit so if 0 72
1
Note's A second order linear homogeneous ODE forwhich e coswx
and e since are solutions is off 2
of w Y 0

Becausefromthetwo functions we canwritethecharacteristic equation

c
 as 1 in a 1 10 0 2x w2

0
EI y 24 y
characteristic Equation 722 1 0
2
1 0 7 1,1
So The general solution a Exe

Wronskian of e and see

we xe'D e ne e xe

e e yes e O
I

So the two solutions e and xe are

linearly independent

EI a Find a second order homogeneous linear ODE

for which given functions are solutions

the
b show linear independence by the Wronskian
Solve the initial value problem
e costal e Sinta
O 1 Y o K IT
The characteristic equation is
X GAIT A C K IT

K IT R it 0

K i H D K T O

x 2K7 K T 0

Hence the ODE is

84ft 2K
8 4H47 O

The Wronskian of e costs and e sinta

is

Ké Costa
e sinIT

costsintx It Costa
Insincerity
K
Té sinks
Té costs sit it ITE 0

Hence costs and e sinta

e are
linearly
independent
 The general solution of the ODE will be
C e cos IN C2 e sints

y D
C1 Ké Costa IT sin To
C2 Ké sinita IT e costs

Now 410 1 C1 EXO 1

IIII
Y O K IT Ca K SIT K T

CUT 1K 1T since
CFD
CIT IT
11
192

So the solution of the initial value

problem is
Y e Costa é sink

19
e k.us x sinI
T

EI Find a second order homogeneous ODE whose

solutions are 22 and Rena
Showlinear independence by the wronskian
Solve the initial value problem
Y D 4 Y 1 6
 M 2 is a realdouble root of the Auxiliary Equation
corresponding to Euler Cauchy equation
2
The auxiliary equation is m 2 0

m 4m 4 0
m m D 3Mt 4 0

Hence the ODE is 2 y 321 Y 44 0

Now Wronskian of of and flux is

of arena
W of Rena
2211m
221
3
I

23
2
8k x 0 for x 0

Hence the two solutions 312 and Xena are

linearly independent and the general Solution

of the ODE is
2
x C1 Cz1nx x C1x 22

Now y a C x
Czhna
y x 20,01 222711ns
Caff
y a 2C 71 2227 Ink 221
Now Y 17 4 C 0 4 9 141
Y 1 6 261 2 6
8 2 6 T

Therefore the solution to the initial value

problem is
1yp 4 2