EGM-323: HEAT TRANSFER

Module 4—Forced Convection

Application Exercise 4

Q1

Given

The upper plate surface is water cooled and therefore the water temperature and water

convection heat transfer co-efficient at upper plate surface is to be determined.

k = 240 W/m °C. Plate thickness = 50 cm Ts1 = 70 oC Ts2 = 140 oC T∞ = 25 oC

The thermal conductivity of water at the film temperature is 0.650 W/m °C.

Interpretation

Assumptions

i. Plate properties are constant (same properties for top and bottom surfaces)

ii. Mode of heat conduction on the plate is one-directional

iii. Operating condition in the system is constant (steady)

iv. There’s no-slip situation at the plate surfaces

Solution

Considering energy balance on the upper plate surface

 x=0

Therefore

Ts2−Ts1
q’ cond = q conv - k = h (Ts1 - T∞)
L

Now using these relations to compute the convection heat transfer coefficient for the water

k Ts 2−Ts 1
h= { }
L Ts1−T ∞

240 140−70
= { } = 746.7 W/m2.oC
0.5 70−25

h = 746.7 W/m2.oC  747 W/m2.oC

On the upper surface x = 0 therefore the temperature gradient of water is

−k (∂T /∂ X ) y
h= =0
Ts 1−T ∞

at y = 0

∂T h
= (Ts1−T∞)
∂X k

747
= (70−25)
0.65

= 51715 oC/m

Q2

Given

Thermal conductivity of air at film temperature of k = 0.0250 W/m °C

Kinematic viscosity of air at film temperature of k = 1.450 x 10-5 m2/s

k = 0.70 W/m °C. v = 10-5 m2/s. T∞ = 3 oC Ts = 15 oC

Assumptions

i. The orange is assumed to be spherical in shape

 ii. Properties of water applies for orange

iii. Operating condition in the system is constant (steady)

iv. Convection heat transfer co-efficient is constant

Interpretation

Workings

a) Reynolds number, the heat transfer coefficient, and the initial rate of heat transfer from an

orange are

Area As = πD2

= π x (0.07)2 = 1.539 x 10-2 m2

Reynolds Number Re

VD
Re =
v

0.3 x 0.07
= −5
1.450 x 10

= 1448.3

Heat transfer coefficient

1
3
h = 5.05 k x R
D
 1
3
= 5.05 x 0.025 x 1448.3❑
0.07

= 20.4 W/m2k

Initial rate of heat transfer

Q´ =h As(Ts−T∞)

= 20.4x 0.01539(15−3) = 3.77 W

b) Temperature gradient at orange surface

q´conv = q´cond

∂T
h(Ts−T∞) = k at r=R
∂r

∂T h(Ts−T ∞)
@ r=R =
∂r k

20.4(15−3)
= =
0.70

= - 349.7 oC/m

c) Nusselt Number

hD
Nu =
K

20.4 x 0.07
=
0,0250

= 57.12

Q3

Given

Nux = 0.035Rex0.8Pr1/3

h = convectional heat transfer coefficient x=L

Assumptions
 i. Constant properties

ii. Operating condition in the system is constant (steady)

Workings

With the given correlations, form of local convection heat transfer coefficient and local Nusselt

number

Nux = 0.035 Rex0.8 Pr1/3

k k
hx = Nux = 0.035 Rex0.8 Pr1/3
x x

V
= 0.035 ( ) Pr1/2 x-0.2 = C x -0.2
v

Where;

V 0.8 1/3
C = 0.035 ( ) Pr
v

Hence at x = L

Local convection heat transfer coefficient, hx=L =CL-0.2

Average convection heat transfer over the length of the plate is given by

1L C
h= ∫0 hx dx = L∫0 x -0.2 dx
L L

C -0.2
= 1.25 L = 1.25 CL - 0.2
L

h = 1.25 CL - 0.2

h x=L = CL - 0.2

Now considering the ration of h to hx at x = L

For R is the ration of average h over entire local convection heat transfer coefficient

h
R=
hx=L
 −0.2
h 1.25C L
=
hx=L CL
−0.2

−0.2
1.25C L
R= −0.2 = 1.25
CL

Q4

Given

Thermal conductivity (k) = 0.0270 W/m · °C

kinematic viscosity = 1.650 x 10-5 m2 /s,

Prandtl # (Pr) = 0.750.

Assumptions

i. The plate has uniform surface temperature

ii. Constant thermal properties

iii. Constant operating conditions

iv. The critical Reynolds number is REcr = 5 x 105

v. Heat transfer by radiation is negligible.

Workings

a) Reynolds number at x = 1.5 m

Vx
Rex =
v

4 x 1.5
= −5
1.650 x 10

= 3.636 x 105

Rex < 5 x 105 , imply that flow is laminar.

Using the relation for local heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number at 1.5 m

hxX
Nux =
k
 = 0.332ℜx 0.5Pr1/3

= 0.332(3.636 x 105 ) 0.5 (0.750) 1/3

Nux =181.9

Nu x k
hx =
x

181.9 x 0.0270
=
1.5

= 3.274 W/m2 oC

hx = 3.274 W/m2 oC

b) Rex at L = 2.0 m

Vx
Rex =
v

4 x 2.0
= −5
1.650 x 10

= 4.8485 x 105

Rex < 5 x 105 , imply that flow is laminar.

Using the relation for local heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number at 2.0 m

hxX
Nux =
k

= 0.664Rex0.5 Pr1/3 = 0.664 (4.8485 x105)0.5(0.750)1/3

=278.93

Nuxk
hx =
x

278.9 x 0.0270
= = 3.77 W/m2 oC
2.0

hx = 3.77 W/m2 oC

c) Total heat flux transfer to the flat plate on the upper and lower surfaces
 q´conv = 2h(T∞−Ts)

= 2 x 3.77 (225 – 85)

= 1055.6 W/m2

Q5

Given

Properties of air (1 atm) at 75°C are

k = 0.2900 W/m°C v = 2.000 x 10-5 m2/s Pr# = 0.7200.

Assumptions

i. Constant thermal properties

ii. Constant operating conditions

iii. Uniform dissipated heat flux

iv. Constant surface temperature

Workings

Reynolds number for the air flowing across the rod

VD
ReD =
v

12 x 0.005
= −5
2.00 x 10

= 3000

Applying the Bernstein and Churchill relation for Nusselt number, the convection heat transfer

coefficient is given by
1 /2 1 /3
0.62 R e Pr 5
hD ℜ
[ ( )]
1 1
Nucyl = = 0.3 + 0.4 4 4
[1 + ( ¿ 8 ]4/5
k 1+ 28200
Pr
 1 /2 1/ 3
0.62 x 3000 0.72 5
3000 8 4/5
[ ( )]
1 1
= 0.3 + 0.4 4 4
[1 + ( ¿ ]
1+ 28200
0.72

= 28.30

0.029
h= (Nu)
0.005

0.029
= x 28.30
0.005

= 164.1 W/m2 oC

From energy balance we get

1700 W/m2 = q´conv+ q’rad

= h (Ts − T∞)+εσ (T4s−T4surr)

Therefore Ts is

1700 – 164.1 (Ts -273+25)

= 0.95 x 5.67 x 10-8 (T4s – (25+273)4)

Ts = 396 K or 123 oC

Q6

Given

Properties of water are

ρ = 1000 kg/m3 Cp = 4.184 kJ/kg °C heat of vaporization = 2435 kJ/kg.

d = 1.2 cm

Assumptions

i. Operation condition is constant

ii. Surface temperature of pipe is constant

iii. The thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible.

Workings

Surface area and Mass flow rate

Mass flow rate m = density x Area x Vavg

2
πD
m = ρ x Ac x Vavg = ρ ( ) Vavg
4
2
π x 0.012
= 1000 ( )5
4

= 0.5655 kg/s

Rate of heat transfer for a single tube

Q´ = m Cp (Te − Ti)

= 0.5655 x 4184 (25 – 12)

= 30.758 kW

Logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area

T e−T i
∆ Tlm =
ln ¿ ¿

12−25
=
ln ¿ ¿

= 15.61

Surface Areas As = π x D x L

= π x 0.012 x 5 = 0.1885 m2

Average heat transfer coefficient is determined by

Q´
Q´ =h As x ∆Tlm - h =
A s x ∆ T lm

30758
h=
0.1885 x 15.61

= 10.46 kW/m2 oC
Total rate of heat transfer is determined as

Qtotal = m´cond hfg

= 0.15 x 2435

= 365.25 kW

Number of tubes becomes

Q´ total
Ntube =
Q

365,250
=
30,758

= 11.9  12 tubes

Q7

Given

Cp = 1.025 kJ/kg °C R = 0.287 kJ/kg · °C,

Heat of vaporization of water at 100°C = 2257 kJ/kg.

Assumptions

i. Steady operating conditions exist.

ii. The surface temperature of the pipe is constant.

iii. The thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible.

iv. Air properties are to be used for exhaust gases

Workings

Mass flow rate and density at inlet

Density at inlet

P
ρ=
RT
 115
=
0.28(260+273)

= 0.7518 kg/m3

Mass flow rate

m = ρAVavg
2
π 0.04
= 0.7518 x ( )x6
4

= 5.668 x 10-3 kgs-1

Rate of heat transfer

Q´ = m´ Cp (Ti−Te)

= (5.668 x 10-3) x 1025 x (260-155)

= 610.07 w

The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are

T e−T i
∆ Tlm =
ln¿ ¿

155−2 60
= = 87.2 oC
ln ¿ ¿

= 87.2 oC

Q´ =h As∆Tlm

And

Q 610.07
As = =
h ∆ Tlm 125 x 87.2

= 0.445 m  44.5 cm

Q8

Given

Properties of air at 25°C are:

 K = 0.2551 W/m · °C V = 1.562 x 10-5 m2 /s Pr – 0.7296.

Properties of water at 25°C are:

p = 997 kg/m3 K = 0.607 W/m · °C V = µ/ρ = 0.891 x 10-3= 8.937 x 10-7 m2/s

Pr = 6.14

Assumptions

i. Uniform heat flux on the surface

ii. Constant flow conditions

iii. Inner surfaces of the tube are smooth

Workings

Reynolds Number

VD
Re(air) =
v

4 x 0.08
= −5 = 20487
1.562 x 10

Since Re is > 10,000, the flow in turbulent thus the length is given by

Lh≈ Lt ≈10 D  10 x 0.08

= 0.8 m

This length is much less than the tube hence we assume a fully developed turbulent flow in the

entire pipe (duct) and Find the Nusselt number

hD
Nu(air) = = 0.023 Rex0.8 Pr0.4
k

= 0.023 (20487)0.8 x (0.7296)0.4

= 57.04

Heat transfer coefficient

 k
hair = Nu
D

0.02551
= x 57.04
0.08

18.2 W/m2oC

For Water

Reynolds Number

VD
Re(water) =
v

4 x 0.08 4
= −7 = 35.806 x 10
8.937 x 10

Since Re is > 10,000, the flow in turbulent thus the length is given by

Lh≈ Lt ≈10 D  10 x 0.08

= 0.8 m

This length is much less than the tube hence we assume a fully developed turbulent flow in the

entire pipe (duct) and Find the Nusselt number

hD
Nu(water) = = 0.023 Rex0.8 Pr0.4
k

= 0.023 (35.806 x 104)0.8 x (6.14)0.4

= 1318.75

Heat transfer coefficient

k
h (water) = Nu (water)
D

0.607
= x 1318.75
0.08

= 10006 W/m2 oC

Q9
Given

The properties of water, engine oil, and liquid mercury at 100°C are listed in the following table

Fluid µ(kg/m.s) Pr
Engine Oil (Table A-13) 17.18 x 10-3 279.1
Liq. Mercury (Table A-14) 1.245 x 10-3 0.0180
Water (Table A-15) 0.282 x 10-3 1.75
Assumptions

i. Constant operating conditions

ii. Constant fluid properties

iii. Isothermal flow

Workings

The hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths

Lh (lam) ≈ 0.05RePrD , Lt , lam ≈ 0.05RePrD

Where;

4m´
Re =
πDμ

Therefore the computed hydrodynamic, Reynolds number and thermal entry length are found as

Fluid Re Pr Lh (lam) (m) Lt (lam) (m)

Engine Oil 29.64 279.1 0.0371 10.3
Liq. Mercury 409.1 0.0180 0.511 0.0092
Water 1806 1.75 2.26 3.95

N/B; Pr > 1 Lt,(lam) < Lh (lam) and for Pr < 1, Lt,(lam) < Lh (lam)

Q10

Given

Properties of air at 50°C:

Cp = 1007 J/kg·K k = 0.02735 W/m·K ρ = 1.092 kg/m3 μ = 1.963×10−5 kg/m·s

ν = 1.798 × 10−5 m 2 /s, Pr = 0.7228; at T s = 160°C: μs = 2.420 × 10−5kg/m·s

Assumptions

i. Constant operating conditions

ii. Constant properties

iii. Surface temperature is constant

Workings

The thermal entry length, Reynolds number and hydrodynamic

Vavg D
Re =
ʋ

5 x 0,005
= −5 = 1390
1.798 x 10

Since Re < 2300, the flow is laminar

Lh ,lam ≈ 0.05RePr0.4 = 34.8>10 cm ∧ Lt (lam) ≈ 0.05 RePrD = 25.1cm > 10cm

Therefore the flow is laminar, hydrodynamically and thermally developing. The appropriate

equation to determine the Nusselt number

RePr D 1/3 μb 0.14

Nu = 1.86 ( ¿ ( ¿
L μs

1390 x 0.7228 x 0.005 1/3 1.963 0.14

= 1.86 ( ¿ ( ¿
0.1 2.420

= 6.665

k
h=( )Nu = 36.5 W/m2K
D

The outlet mean temperature is

−hAs
Te=Ts−(Ts−Ti) exp { }
mCp
Where;

Mass flow rate

2
ρV avg π D
m=( ) = 1.072 x10-4 kg/s
4

−36.5 x 0.005 x 0.1

Te = (160 – 20) exp { −4 }
1006 x 1.072 x 10

= 77.7 oC