QUESTION NUMBER -19 ial Explain the formation of stationary waves in stretched strings and hence deduce the laws of transverse waves in stretched strings. Explain the formation of stationary waves in an air column enclosed in open pipe. Derive the equation for the frequencies of the harmonics produced. How are stationary waves formed in closed pipes? Explain the various modes of vibrations and obtain relations for their frequencies. What are beats? Obtain an expression for the beat frequency. Where and how are beats made use of? ‘What is Doppler effect? Obtain an expression for the apparent frequency of sound heard when the source is in motion with respect to an observer at rest. What is Doppler shift? Obtain an expression for the apparent frequency of sound heard t to a source at rest. PROBLEMS (Q NO 19) A stretched wire of length 0.6m is observed to vibrate with a frequency of 30Hz in the fundamental mode. If the string has a linear mass of 0.05kg/m. Find (a) the velocity of propagation of transverse waves in the string (b) the tension in the string. A pipe 30 cm long is open at both ends. Find the fundamental frequency. Velocity of sound in air is 330 ms‘. If the fundamental frequency in a closed pipe is 300Hz, find the value of third harmonic in it. A rocket is moving at a speed of 200 ms” towards a stationary target. While moving, it emits a wave of frequency 1000Hz. Some of the sound reaching the target gets reflected back to the rocket as an echo. A open organ pipe 85cm long is sounded. If the velocity of sound is 340m/s, what is the fundamental frequency of vibration of the air column?_ 0 Hz in the A stretched wire of length 0.6m is observed to vibrate with a eed ae tthe fundamental mode. If the string has a linear mass of 0.05 kg/m, find the string. hat is : : at is A closed organ pipe 70cm long is sounded. If the velocity of sound is 331 m/s, wl the fundamental frequency of vibration of the air column? x at A train sounds its whistle as it approaches and crosses a level crossing. An oe = the crossing measures a frequency of 219 Hz as the train approaches and a uae 184 Hz as it leaves, Ifthe speed of sound is taken to be 340 m/s, find the speed o train and the frequency of its whistle. : oe A steel wire 0.72 m long has a mass of 5.0 x 10 kg. If the wire is under a tension o 60N. What is the speed of transverse waves on the wire?Sol A steel wire 0.72 m long has a mass of 5.0 x 10° kg. is the speed of transverse waves on the wire? Mass per unit length of the wire, j, = 5:0%107 Ag 072m If the wire is under a tension of 60N, what = 6.9107 kgm! Tension, T = 60N ‘The speed of wave on the wire is given by. [7 _ [GON _ 93ms"! H YVO9x107 kgSol : .c mode of the pipe resonates a 1.1 A pipe, 30.0 cm long, is open at both ends. Which harmoni 7 pe is closed? kHz source? Will resonance with the same source be observed if one end of the pi Take the speed of sound in air as 330 ms". (i) n= 330 330x10 2x30x1 n'=2n=2x550=1100H= iesecond harmonic =550Hz vy, aa = az oie closed at one end) and only the odd numbered harmonics are 3v Sv Ef 4 Fr 8s ap 34 80 on. For L = 30 em and v= 330 ms", the fundamental frequency of the pipe closed at one end is 275Hz and the source frequency corresponds to its fourthharmonic. Since this harmonic is not a possible mode, no resonance will be observed with the source, the moment one end is closed.of length 0.6m is observed to vibrate with a frequency of 30Hz in the If the string has a linear mass of 0.05 kg/m find ¥ of propagation of transverse waves in the string n in the string, length ofthe stretched wire /= 0.6 m ‘Arequeney n = 30 Hs, linear mass = {4 = 0.05 kg/m F propagation = V = 2nl = 2 x 30 x 0.6 = 36 m/s, string T= 4n?Py, ah Wa = 4* B0)?x 0.6)? « 0.0:6. Acclosed organ pipe 70cm long is sounded. If the velocity of sound is 331 m/s, what is the fundamental frequency of vibration of the air column? sot: L = Tom a = om +t V= 33(mls _ 3al fet 4X07 $= UAH,Sol : A train sounds its whistle as it approaches and crosses a level-crossing. An observer at the crossing measures a frequency of 219 Hz as the train approaches and a frequency of 184 Hz as it leaves. If the speed of sound is taken to be 340 mis, find the speed of the train and the frequency of its whistle. Given that, frequency measured by the observer when the train approaches =v,=219 Hz, @OVT TS Frequency measured by the observer when the train leaves = v2 = 184 Hz. Mondh Speed of the sound = V = 340 m/s Let the speed of the train = V5 When source is approaching the observer, , — y, 0 é When source is leaving the observer y,ree pee UY, mye) Y=, = 219 _ 340 +7, 184 340-7 219 (340 — V,) = 184 (340 + 7.) 184V, +219 V, =219 x 340 ~ 184 x 349 403 V, =(219 — 184) 340.= 35 x 340 = 11900 11900 V, =——-m/s=29.5m/s5 = 403 14S, From, »,—y,( m) v, 219 . 219 219 oe & ni 29.5 1+ 0.086 1.086 V 340A rocket is moving at a speed of 200 ms“ towards a stationary target. While moving, it emits 9 wave of frequency 1000 Hz. Some of the sound reaching the target gets reflected back to the rocket as an echo. Calculate Qolb AP 1. The frequency of the sound as detected by the target and " $ 2. The frequency of the echo as detected by the rocket. : “1 v, 1. we have v= vf -4) v v=1000Hzx [1 —200ms"' /330ms']! = 2540Hz 2. Therefore, the frequency as registered by the rocket is y' = y ( Oa: v 200 ms! +330 ms"! oo RAE Bah | = Oe 2540 He ( 330 ms" = 4080 Hz.(Cheb) 1. State working principle of potentiometer explains with the help of circuit diagratm how the emf of two primary cells is compared by using the potentiometer 2. Slate the working principle of potentiometer. Explain with the help of circuit diagram how the potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance ofthe given primary cel 3 Derive an expression for the effective resistance when three resistors are connected in (i seties parallel ‘in’ cells cach of emf “E" and intemal resistance ‘r? ae connected in parallel, What is the {otal emf and internal resistance? Under what conditions is the current drawn from mixed grouping of cell a maximum? 5. State Kirchhoff’s law for an electrical network, Using these laws deduce the condition for balance in a Wheatstone bridge G No 1. Ina potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25V gives a balance point at 35,0cm length of the wire. Ifthe cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0cm, what is the emf of the second cell? 2, A potentiometer wire is 5 m long and a potential difference of 6V is maintained between its ends, Find the emf of a cell which balances against a length of 180em of the potentiometer wire. 3. A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3ohm is connected to a resistor R. ifthe current in the circuit is 0.5A, calculate the value of R 4. Three resistors each of resistance 10ohm are connected, In tur, to obtain (i) Minimum resistance (ji) Maximum resistance. Compute a) The effective resistance in each case b) The ratio of minimum to maximum resistance so obtained $A 100 thick wire is stretched so that its length becomes three times. Assuming that there is no change in its density on stretching calculate the resistance of the stretched Wire § A wire of resistance 4R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the effective resistance between the ends of the diameter? : Three identical resistors are connected in parallel and total resistance of the circuit is V3. Find the value of each resistance.10. 11. 12. Three resistors 3Q, 6Q and 9Q are connected to a battery. In which of them will the power dissipation be maximum if: a) they all are connected in parallel >) they all are connected in series? Give reasons. a) Three resistors 10, 20 and 30 are combined in series. What is the total resistance of the combination? b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 12V and negligible internal resistance, obtain the potential drop across each resistor. a) Three resistors 20,4Q and SQare combined in parallel. What is the total resistance of the combination? b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 20V and negligee internal Tesistance, determine the current through each resistor, and the total current drawn from the battery. A battery of emf 2.5 V and internal resistance r is connected in series with a resistor of 45 ohm through an ammeter of resistance 1 ohm. The ammeter reads a current of 50 mA. Draw the circuit diagram and calculate the value of r. If the balancing point in a meter-hridge from the left is 60cm, compare the resistances in the left and right gaps of meter-bridge.A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3Q is connected to a resistor R. 1) If the current in the circuit is 0.5A. Calculate the value of R. is a terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed? R=20-3=170 10V 2. Terminal voltage (Wye -ir =10-0.5x3=10-15 V=8.5 Volt\ abate 2 OCI me 33 WD Ren) oe = RytRer be => (6) Ewin RumorPROBLEMS 1 A100 thick wire is stretched so that its length becomes three times, Assuming that there is no change in its densi 'Y on stretching calculate the resistance of the stretched wire, Sol: R=102, =P, /s=37 1 r Rats Ro =A = a a (= Al) = constant RoF 2. A wire of resistance 4R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the effective resistance between the ends of the diameter? Sol: Ifa wire of resistance 4R is bent into a circle, aR Resistance of uppart part, Ri=2R oO Resistance of lower part, Ro = onl Effective resistance between the ends of diameter A and B RR _2Rx2R AR | R+R 2R2R ~“RuR2 are connected on parallel] R4. What is the color code for a resistor of resistance 350mQ with 5% tolerance? Sol: Given resistance (R)=350mQ = 350 x 107 = 38x 10°Q 3—rorange 5—>Green Multiplier 10? Silver Tolerance 5% — Gold -.Color code = Orange, Green, Silver and Gold.6. Three resistors 39, 6Q and 90. are connected to a battery. In which of them will the power dissipation be maximum if: a) they all are connected in parallel b) they all are connected in series? Give reasons. Sol: R, =30,R, =6Qand R, =9Q 1d a) They are connected in parallel —=—+—-+—- Ra Re aR1 _6+342 11 18 pee =—2 R 18 18 ae Power (P) = ?R In parallel combination effective resistance decreases. 5) They are connected in series R=Ry+Ry+Ry=3+6+9 R=18Q.-. Power (P) =i?R In series combination effective resistance increases. ~- In series combination power dissipation is more.13. A potentiometer wire is 5 m long and a potential difference of 6V is maintained between its ends. Find the emf of a cell which balances against a length of 180cm of the potentiometer wire. Sol: J, =5m,¢, =6V 1, =180cm=1.8m 4 & exe na Sel8 Sons 6, =2.16volt.1. The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12V. If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4. What is the maximum current that ean be drawn from the battery? Sol: E=12V, 0.40. Maximum current is drawn when external resistance of the circuit ive,, R=0 EL on 304 of emf 10V and internal resistance 3Q is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed? Sol: E= 10V, 1-30, 1= 0.54 Let R be the resistance of the resistor == Bo) ~3=170 7. 05 Terminal voltage of battery V = E-Ir= 10-0.5x3=8.5Vital resistance of the Three resistors 10, 20 and 30 are combined in series. What is the total combination? it i oF srnal resistance, If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 12V and negligible inte obtain the potential drop across each resistor. 1Q, R2=20, Rs=3Q, R=14243=62. NV; =O P.D across R, = IR, =2x2=4V P.D across R= IR, =2x3=6V 4. a) Three resistors 20, 40 and SQare combined in parallel. What is the total resistance of the combination? b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 20V and negligee internal resistance, determine the current through eacu resistor, aud the total current drawn from the battery. Sol:a) R =20, 8, =49,R, =50 IiJhb; be the currents through the resistors Ri,RoRs 122 22-104 R 2i c int at 35.0 cm length of 9. Ina potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point a\ 0 the ne If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0cm, what is the emf of the second cell? Sol: E =1.27V,1, Sel sn- BE, hQUESTION NUMBER = 21 il Explain the source of stellar energy. Explain the carbon — nitrogen cycle, proton — proton cycle occurring in stars. Define mass defect and binding energy. How does binding energy per nucleon vary with mass number? What is its significance? Explain the principle and working of a nuclear reactor with the help of labelled diagram, What is Radioactivity? State the law of radioactivity decay. Show that radioactivity decay is exponential in nature. Write a short note on the discovery of neutron What are the properties of a neutron? Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear tussion. LONG ANSWER TAIL PROBLEMS(Q NO 21) The half life of radium is 1600 years. How much time does 1g of radium take to reduce 10 0.125g. Polutonium decays with a half-life of 24,000 years, what fraction of it remains? Compare the radii of the nuclei of mass numbers 27 and 64 Find the energy required to split !¢ years. If polutonium is stored for 72,000 (O nucleus into four a-particles. The mass of an a= Particle is 4.002603 and that of. oxygen is 15.994915u, ‘A certain substance decays to 1/32 ofits initial activity in 25 days. Calculate its half. life. One gram of radium is reduced by 2 milligram in 5 years b 'y a-decay. Calculate th halflife of radium, y. Calculate the 2 If one microgram of 22 Sys U is completely destroyed in an atom bomb, how much energy will be released?§ 200 MeV energy is released when one nucleus of *°/ undergoes fission. Find the number of fissions per second requ ed for producing a power of 1 Megawatt.2. Calculate the energy equivalent of 1-g of substance. A. Energy E=mce?= 10° x (310°)? =9x10°7,Compare the radii of the nucici of mass number 27 and 64. ay” ay a) {3 | 4 ‘The radius of the oxygen nucleus ,°O is 2.8% 10°" m. Find the radius of lead nucleus Ry =2.8x10"m, A, =16, Ay = 205 Rx A? 28x10" (sy Rn Rw 205. Ry, =6.55x10"%m Calculate to binding energy of an a - particle Give that mass of proton = 1.0073 u, mass of neutron = 1.0087 u, and mass of « - particle = 4.0015 u. mp = 1.0073u, my = 1.0087u, m, = 4.0015 n=A-Z=4-2=2 (+ Het = x4) B.E= Amx931.5MeV =[Zm, +(A-Z)m, —My]x931.5 =[ (21.0073) + (2«1.0087)]-4.0015)x931.5MeV =0.0305x 931.5 MeV =28.4MeV Find the energy required to spit |O nucleus into four @ - particle . The mass of an « - particle is 4.002603 u and that of oxygen is 15.994915 u. Mass of a ~ particle = 4.002603 u, Mass of oxygen = 15.994915 u B.E = [Mass of 4 a particles — Mass of oxygen ] x 931.5 MeV BE [4 x4,002603 - 15.994915]x931.5MeV 16,010412-15.994915)x931.5MeV= 0.015497 x 931.5= 14.43 MevBombardment of lithium with protons gives rise to the following reaction: TLi+ 1H > 2[{He]+Q. Find the Q- value of the reaction. The atomic masses of lithium, proton and helium are 7.016 u, and 4.004 u respectively. Mass of lithium = 7. 0 16 amu ‘Mass of proton = 1.008 amu ‘Mass of helium = 4.004 amu Q=[Mass of lithium + mass of proton —(2 Mass of Helium )] x 931.5 MeV = [7.016+1.008-2(4.004)] x 931.5 MeV Q=0.016x931.5= 14.9 MeV ‘The half life of radium is 1600 years. How much time does 1 g of radium take to reduce to 0.125 1g becomes ina third half — life . ¢. Time take = 3 half —lives = 3x 1600 = 4800 vears. : at 1s. ' gin one half-life. -g becomes “in another half slite4 gbe comes g= 0.125817. If one microgram of 3;*U/.is completely destroyed in an atom bomb, how much energy released ? m= pgm =10gm=10°kg C=3x10'm/s E=mC* =10° x(3x10")* =9x107J.‘ ions iS oop ‘energy is relwased when one nucleus of ’*// undergoes fission Find the number of fissio1 Per second required for producing a power of 1 megawatt ee ‘A. Energy released = 200 MeV = 200 x10® x1.6 x10" = 3.2 P= 1 mega watt = 10° watts. _ __Total eneray Number of fissions Per second (n) = ‘Energy per fission Fay jgrr = 3-125*10!Fissions Teo = 3125 «10! Fissio