Pramod

This Book
belongs
To:____________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHY WE ARE USING COMPUTERS: ................................................................................................1
WHERE WE ARE USING COMPUTERS: .............................................................................................1
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: ...............................................................................................................1
COMPUTER ...................................................................................................................................1
SYSTEM: ........................................................................................................................................1
DEFINITION: ..................................................................................................................................1
FEATURES OF COMPUTER: .............................................................................................................1
DATA:............................................................................................................................................2
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE COMPUTER: ...........................................................................................2
GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTERS: ..............................................................................................5
STORAGE DEVICES: - ......................................................................................................................6
TYPES OF COMPUTERS: .................................................................................................................8
SOFTWARE: ...................................................................................................................................9
OPERATING SYSTEMS: ...................................................................................................................9
BOOTING: .....................................................................................................................................9
TO CHANGE BACKGROUND OF DESKTOP AND SCREEN SAVER: ..................................................... 10
DESK TOP ICONS: ......................................................................................................................... 11
TO DELETE A FOLDER/FILE ........................................................................................................... 11
TO RESTORE THE DELETED ITEMS................................................................................................. 12
START MENU: .............................................................................................................................. 12
WINDOW PROPERTIES:................................................................................................................ 12
CREATE A FOLDER........................................................................................................................ 13
TO RENAME A FOLDER/FILE ......................................................................................................... 13
HIDE AND UNHIDE A FOLDER/ FILE .............................................................................................. 13
STEPS TO ADJUST SYSTEM DATE AND TIME FORM TASK BAR ....................................................... 14
STARTING MICROSOFT WORD: .................................................................................................... 17
QUICK ACCESS TOOL BAR: ........................................................................................................... 17
OFFICE BUTTON:.......................................................................................................................... 18
HOME TAB: ................................................................................................................................. 19
Clipboard Group: ....................................................................................................................... 19
Font Group: ............................................................................................................................... 20
Paragraph group: ....................................................................................................................... 21
Styles group ............................................................................................................................... 23
editing group ............................................................................................................................. 23
INSERT TAB ................................................................................................................................. 23
PAGES GROUP ........................................................................................................................... 23
Table Tools: (Design Tab): ......................................................................................................... 25
Table Tools: (Layout Tab): ......................................................................................................... 25
Illustrations group: .................................................................................................................... 29
Format Picture Tab: ................................................................................................................... 30
Link group: ................................................................................................................................. 31
Header and Footer group: ......................................................................................................... 32
Text Group: ................................................................................................................................ 33
PAGE LAYOUT TAB....................................................................................................................... 35
Page setup group:...................................................................................................................... 35
Page background group: ........................................................................................................... 37
REFERENCE TAB: .......................................................................................................................... 37
MAILINGS TAB:............................................................................................................................ 38
REVIEW TAB: ............................................................................................................................... 39
proofing group:.......................................................................................................................... 39
Protect group:............................................................................................................................ 40
VIEW TAB: ................................................................................................................................... 40
Document Views Group: ........................................................................................................... 40
Show/Hide Group: ..................................................................................................................... 41
ZOOM TAB: ................................................................................................................................. 42
WINDOW group:........................................................................................................................ 42
MACROS: ................................................................................................................................... 43
STARTING MICROSOFT EXCEL: ..................................................................................................... 48
HOME TAB: ................................................................................................................................. 48
Alignment Group: ...................................................................................................................... 48
NUMBER GROUP: ...................................................................................................................... 49
STYLES GROUP: .......................................................................................................................... 49
CELLS group: .............................................................................................................................. 51
Editing group ............................................................................................................................. 54
INSERT TAB: ................................................................................................................................ 55
Table group:............................................................................................................................... 55
Charts: ....................................................................................................................................... 55
PAGE LAYOUT TAB: ..................................................................................................................... 55
Page setup Group: ..................................................................................................................... 55
FORMULAS TAB: .......................................................................................................................... 56
Mathematical & Trigonometry functions: - .............................................................................. 56
Statistical Functions:.................................................................................................................. 58
Text functions: ........................................................................................................................... 59
Date & Time Functions: - ........................................................................................................... 60
Logical functions: ....................................................................................................................... 60
DATA TAB:................................................................................................................................... 61
Data Tools group: ...................................................................................................................... 61
VIEW TAB: ................................................................................................................................... 64
Work book views Group: ........................................................................................................... 64
Macro: ....................................................................................................................................... 65
ADD A NEW SLIDE........................................................................................................................ 70
Add text to a placeholder .......................................................................................................... 70
Add text to a text box ................................................................................................................ 70
Adding Animation, Sound, and Movies ..................................................................................... 70
To apply predefined animations ............................................................................................... 70
To change the animation order ................................................................................................. 71
To add sound to an animation .................................................................................................. 71
To apply transitions ................................................................................................................... 71
To set the transition speed........................................................................................................ 71
To insert a sound clip ................................................................................................................ 71
To create a custom slide show .................................................................................................. 71
To start a custom show ............................................................................................................. 71
SOFTWARE .................................................................................................................................. 73
PROGRAMMING .......................................................................................................................... 73
INTRODUCTION TO C ................................................................................................................ 74
Importance of C: - ...................................................................................................................... 74
History of C: - ............................................................................................................................. 74
Basic structure of C language: - ................................................................................................. 75
Data types:................................................................................................................................. 79
Function: .................................................................................................................................... 81
Operators in C -language: .......................................................................................................... 83
CONTROL STATEMENTS: .............................................................................................................. 86
Conditional statements: ............................................................................................................ 86
Select statement: ...................................................................................................................... 90
Jumping Statement: (or Branching Statement) ........................................................................ 93
Iterative statements (loops): ..................................................................................................... 93
STRINGS .................................................................................................................................... 103
Inputand Output String Functions:.......................................................................................... 104
ARRAYS: .................................................................................................................................... 106
POINTERS .................................................................................................................................. 111
USER DEFINED DATA TYPES: ...................................................................................................... 114
Structures ................................................................................................................................ 114
Unions:..................................................................................................................................... 116
typedef: ................................................................................................................................... 117
Enumerations: ......................................................................................................................... 117
FILES MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................. 118
Text Files: ................................................................................................................................. 119
Sequence files:......................................................................................................................... 122
Computer Fundamentals
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
WHY WE ARE USING COMPUTERS:
To store the data, to perform all type of calculations like scientific and commercial applications, for
entertainment, etc.
WHERE WE ARE USING COMPUTERS:

In small organisation and big organisations like banks, hotels, petrol bunks, colleges, institutes,
cinema industry etc.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER:
Computer is invented by Charles Babbage in 19th century. First, he invented difference engine and
later analytical engine as calculating machine.
Later john nipper related to Greek scientist combine an electronic engine to that calculating
machine.
COMPUTER
The full form of computer tells us what the exact use of the computers is.
C  Commonly
O Operating
M  Machine
P  Particularly
U  Used For
T  Trade (Business)
E  Education
R  Research (Development Process)
SYSTEM:
Computer performs any operation depending upon a principle called IPO cycle. Hence, it is called as
System.
DEFINITION:
Computer is an electronic device which inputs the data, processes it and gives accurate result.
It allows DC power for its application
We will get AC (Alternative Current) from our plug. But there is a device called SMPS (Switch mode
power supply) converts coming AC into required DC (Direct Current).
FEATURES OF COMPUTER:
#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 1 | 130

1) Storage: Computer can store huge amount of data in a secured way.
2) Speed: Computer processes the data at an unimaginable speed. The speed of the computer
ranges up to nanoseconds.
3) Accuracy (Correct): Accuracy of the computer is very high. Accuracy of the computer
depends on user data.
4) Diligence (Confusedness): Computer never gets tired. If we work it for 24 hours also it works
with same speed and gives accurate result.
5) Versatility (Tiredness): Computers are versatile machines. They can perform multiple tasks at
a time.
DATA:
It is a collection of raw facts. It consists of alphabets from a-z, numerals from 0-9 and special
ha a te s. The o d data as de i ed f o a Lati o d alled DATUM , hi h ea s olle tio
of something.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE COMPUTER:
INPUT DEVICES:
The main function of the input devices is to give the input instruction or set of input instructions to
the C.P.U
1) Key board: -
This is the major input device used to give different types of data or instructions to the C.P.U.
Keyboard contains following keys:
a) Esc: To exit from the application in the middle.
b) Function keys:
These keys are used to perform special functions and these keys are starts from F1 –
F12.
E.g.: F1 To get the Help for respective application.

c) Alpha-Numeric keys:
These keys are used to enter all the characters from a-z and A – Z and to enter all the
numbers from 0 – 9.
d) Control keys:
Control keys are used to implement some short cut steps like to close the applications,
etc.
E.g.: Ctrl, alt, shift, caps lock, etc.
e) Special keys:
To perform some special operations, like to move the cursor position to end of the
sentence or to home of the sentence, etc.
E.g.: End, home, delete, backspace, insert, page down, page up, etc.
f) Navigation keys or cursor control keys:
Na igatio ke s a e used to o e the u so positio i all di e tio s su h as left ← ,
ight → , up ↑ a d do ↓
g) Numerical pad:
Here the arrangement of keys is same like as calculator. So, that we can enter numbers
easily and we can also perform all arithmetical operations easily.
2) Mouse:
It is the input device and used to move the cursor position in all directions easily.
3) Scanner:
Scanners are used to scan our photographs into the system.
4) Joystick:
It is especially used to play the games.

5) Barcode Reader:
A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device that can read and output
printed barcodes to a computer.
C.P.U (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT):

This device processes the data or information that is given by the input devices and gives result to
the output devices.
In this device, further we have following 3 Units
A.L.U
C.U
M.U
1) A.L.U(Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
This unit performs all arithmetic and logical operations
These operations are performed by A.L.U just to keep the system in ON State at any time.
2) C.U (Control unit):
The name itself indicates it controls all the devices of C.P.U. to do their respective jobs only. Simply it
will organize the devices of the C.P.U.
3) M.U (Memory Unit):
The main function of this unit is to store the data and Programs.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
The main function of the output devices is to get the output to the respective input instructions
given by the input devices.
1) Monitor or screen (Major output device):
It displays all instructions of the input devices, audio and video effects, etc.
2) Speakers:
Speakers are used to provide audio effects.
3) Printers:
These are used to take print out of the information that is stored on the system.

a) Impact Printers
b) Non-Impact Printers
a) Impact Printers: These printers use electro mechanical mechanism where hammer strikes
paper through an inked ribbon.
Dot Matrix Printers: They print 20-40 characters per minute
Daisy Wheel Printer: They print 30-150 characters per second
Line Printer: They print 300-1500 lines per minute
b) Non-Impact Printers:
Laser Printers:
These printers use electrical signals or chemicals to print the document.
These printers are page printers and produce good quality of output
These printers print 10-20 pages per minute.
Plotters: Plotters are used to produce output containing graphics and diagrams. With the
availability of multi-colour plotter they have increasingly used to produce financial
documents, annual reports and engineering drawings.
1. [CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)] 2. [LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)] 3. [LED (Light Emitting Diodes)]
GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTERS:

1ST GENERATION COMPUTERS:
The du atio sta ts f o to a d used ha d a e o po e t is Va uu tu es .
Advantages:
1) Calculations
2) Storing of information up to 10,000 characters. Vacuum
Dis-Advantages: Tube
1) Size is very big.
2) Consumes more power and releases more heat.
3) Machine language (binary language) is used.
2ND GENERATION COMPUTERS:
The duration starts from 1956 to 1965 and used ha d a e o po e t is T a sisto s i the pla e
of vacuum tubes.

Advantages:
1) Calculations
2) Storing of information up to one lakh characters.
3) Size is reduced Transistor
4) Language changed to High level (Code language)
3RD GENERATION COMPUTERS:
The du atio sta ts f o to a d used ha d a e o po e t is la ge s ale i teg ated
hips LSIC . I this ge e atio la guages a d so e ulti use
operating systems had developed.
Advantages:
Integrated
1) Calculations
circuit
2) Storing of information up to ½ Million characters.
3) Multi User Operating System is introduced.
4TH GENERATION COMPUTERS
The du atio sta ts f o to a d used ha d a e o po e t is Ve la ge s ale
i teg ated hips VLSIC .
Advantages:
1) Calculations
2) Business Applications, Scientific applications, Software Development.
5TH GENERATION COMPUTERS:
The duration starts from 1985 and till now running. Used hard ware component is
Mi op o esso s .
Advantages: Micro
1) Calculations Processor
2) Special applications like Robots, Population calculation.
3) Internet and E-Mail Communications.
STORAGE DEVICES: -
Computer memory is classified into two types of Storage devices…
1) Primary storage devices.
2) Secondary storage devices.
1) PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES:

Primary storage devices are temporary storage devices. Here the data is stored temporarily until
when the system is in Power on stage. The data is loosed when the system is turned off.

Types of primary storage devices:
a) RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM
In this type of memory information stored temporarily until the power supply is off or
respective application is closed.
b) ROM (Read only Memory)
The other name given for this memory is secondary storage device where data stored
permanently.
c) PROM (Programmable read only Memory):
In this type of memory, we can write some new programs.
d) EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only Memory):
In this type of memory, we can write some new programs and erase previous programs by
writing some new programs in the place of existing programs.
e) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable read only Memory):
In this type of memory, we can write some new programs and erase previous programs by
applying some electrical signals or high voltage signals like sunlight, etc.
2) SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES: -
Here the data is stored permanently. (When the system power is on or in off stage).
1) Hard disk
2) C.D (Compact Disk)
3) Pen drives (Removable Disks)
4) DVD (Digital versatile disk)
Hard disk
Memory Units (Memory Measurement sequence)

1 Character  1 Bit.
4 bits  1 Nibble
8 Bits  1 Byte.
1024 bytes  1Kilobyte. (K.B)
1024 Kilo bytes  1 Megabyte (M.B)
1024 Megabytes  1 Giga byte (G.B)
1024 Giga bytes  1 Tera byte (T.B)

1024 Tera bytes  1 Peta byte(P.B)
1024 Peta bytes  1 Exa byte (EB)
1024 Exa byte  1 Zetta byte (ZB)
1024 Zeta byte  1 Yetta byte (YB)
CD (Compact Disk)  700 MB
DVD (Digital versatile Disk)  4.7 GB, 8.5 GB.
Pen Drives 1GB,2GB,4GB,8GB,16GB, 32GB,64GB.
Hard Disk  4 GB,10 GB,20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 160 GB, 250 GB, 320 GB,
500 GB, 1 TB.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS:
There are mainly 3 types of computers
1) ANALOG COMPUTERS:
These computers are used to just process the information that is continuously varying like
measurement of temperature, voltages, etc. It has no storage capacity. But it has little bit of
memory.
2) DIGITAL COMPUTERS:
These computers work on discreet numbers and have large amount storage capacity. These
computers are particularly used for data processing, scientific calculations, commercial applications,
etc.
There are following 3 types of digital computers
a) Main frame Computers:
These computers are specially used in huge networks. It has large amount of storage capacity.
Especially these computers are used for population calculating, etc. These computers are
connected with W.A.N (Wide Area Network) connections.
b) Mini Computers:
These computers are used in smaller networks and it has large amount of storage capacity but
less than that of main frame computers. These computers are connected with L.A.N (Local Area
Network) connections.
c) Micro Computers:
These computers are the general-purpose computers used for smaller applications like preparing
Documents, Data storing, etc.
There are following 3 types of Microcomputers.
personal computers. (PC)
PC/XT (Extended Technology)
PC/AT (Advanced Technology)

3) HYBRID COMPUTERS:
These computers have both the properties of analogue computers and digital computers.
SOFTWARE:
SOFTWARE
Software is a program or collection of several programs.
This Software is further classified into following 2 types
1) System software:
The Software that provides environment between the user and system is called system
software.
E.g.: Operating systems
2) Application software:
The Software that is used for particular purpose is called as application software. Generally,
la guages a d pa kages a e the atego ies of this appli atio soft a e s.
E.g.: MS-office, MS-paint, Calculator, etc.
HARDWARE:
Physical components of C.P.U are called as Hardware like Motherboard, Processor, Ram, Hard disk
and S.M.P.S.
OPERATING SYSTEMS:
Operating systems are mediators between software and hardware. And it provides an interface or
environment between user and system to complete his requirements.
There are following 2 types of operating systems
1) SINGLE USER OPERATING SYSTEM:
In this operating system user, can provide one and only one command or instruction to the system
at any time. We are unable to implement networking concepts using this type of Operating System.
E.g.: Ms-Dos
2) MULTI USER OPERATING SYSTEM:
In this operating system user, can give multiple commands or instructions to the system at the same
time. For networking concept, we need to use any one of Multi user operating systems.
E.g.: MS-Windows, LINUX, UNIX, etc.
BOOTING:
It is an activity of loading the Operating System files into the Computer Memory i.e., RAM
Booting is of two types:
COLD BOOT: If we boot the system for the first time is called Cold Boot
WARM BOOT: A booted system rebooted is called as Warm Boot.

Microsoft Windows
MICROSOFT WINDOWS
 It is Multi user operating system or Multi-tasking operating system that is no. of operations can
be implemented at the same time or user can give number of commands at a time.
 It is GUI (Graphical User Interface) based Operating system. That is user can interact with the
system through some graphical steps.
 It is User Friendly Operating System that is every one can work with the system very easily.
 Networking concepts are possible by using this Operating system.
 MS-windows consists windows, desktop, all possible Colours, Pictures, etc.
 A desktop contains icons, taskbar, backgrounds (wallpapers), etc.
Windows Versions
Version Year
Windows 3.1 1993
Windows 95 1995
Windows 98 1998
Windows 2000 2000
Windows ME(Millennium) 2000
Windows XP 2001
Windows vista 2007
Windows7 2009
Windows 8 2012
Windows 8.1 2014
Windows 10 2015
DOS WINDOWS
It is a 16-bit operating system It is a 32-bit and 64-bit operating system
It provides CUI (Character User Interface) It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface)
It is a Single User operating system. It is a Multi User Operating System
It is a single window operating system It is a Multi-Tasking operating system
It uses keyboard as input device It uses keyboard & mouse as
It uses command based approach It uses menu based approach
It does not support plug & play technology It supports plug & play technology
TO CHANGE BACKGROUND OF DESKTOP AND SCREEN SAVER:

STEPS TO SET BACKGROUND:
1) Right click on desk top empty area
2) Click on Personalize
3) Select any picture which you want for Background.
STEPS TO SET SCREEN SAVER:
1) Right click on desktop empty area

Microsoft Windows
2) Click on Personalize
3) Click on Screen saver
4) Select any one of screensavers
5) Click on apply button and click on ok
DESK TOP ICONS:

Graphical representation of an item is called as Icons.
1) USER’S FILES:
My Documents: This Icon stores the files default, which are created and saved in system memory.
Downloads: This icon stores the files, which are downloaded from internet.
2) COMPUTER:
This I o o sists of Ha d disk d i es a d s ste setti gs optio alled Co t ol Pa el .
Control panel: We can adjust the system settings like display settings, date and time settings,
keyboard settings, mouse settings from this control panel.
3) RECYCLE BIN:
This Icon stores the files, which are deleted from system memory; and can restore the deleted
files if it is necessary.
TO DELETE A FOLDER/FILE
1) Select Folder/File that you want to delete
2) Right click on that Folder/File
3) Click on Delete
4) Click on Yes to delete. (Or) Use Delete Key form keyboard to delete a file or folder.

Microsoft Windows
TO RESTORE THE DELETED ITEMS
1) Open Recycle Bin
2) Select the Items Which You want to restore
3) Right click on selected items
4) Click on restore
5) Press Shift + delete key to permanently delete a file or folder without moving it into recycle
bin.
START MENU:
SEARCH
The Start menu includes a search box that you can use to find files, folders, and programs stored on
your computer.
POWER BUTTON OPTIONS
There are now more options on the Shutdown Window menu:
a) Shutdown – Closes all applications and Windows, turns off the computer.
b) Switch User – Co i atio of Lo k a d sho i g the logo s ee fo a othe use .
c) Log Off – Closes all applications and ends the session for that login. The computer stays on.
d) Lock – Saves everything including applications just as they are and you remain logged in.
Allow another user to log on.
e) Restart – Restarts the computer.
f) Sleep – Saves everything including applications just as they are, but does not turn the
computer completely off.
ALL PROGRAMS:
We can open default programs like calculator, notepad, paint etc. from the accessories folder and
installed programs like, MS Office, Page maker, Typing Master etc. from this All Programs.
WINDOW PROPERTIES:
Title Bar Minimize
Close
Maximize
Menu Bar
Working Area Vertical

Scrollbar

Microsoft Windows
CREATE A FOLDER
1) Give right click on desktop or in any hard
disk drive empty area.
2) A menu is displayed, go to New.
3) Click on Folder.
4) Type a name and press enter.
TO RENAME A FOLDER/FILE
1) Select Folder/File that you want to rename
2) Right click on that Folder/File
3) Click on Rename
4) Type the new name and press enter
HIDE AND UNHIDE A FOLDER/ FILE

STEPS TO HIDE A FOLDER OR FILE
1) Select the folder or file you would like to
hide, and right click on it.
2) Select 'Properties' from the pop-up menu
that appears. Step 1
3) Click in the 'Hidden' check box located in
the Attributes section, then click on 'OK'.
STEPS TO UNHIDE A FOLDER OR FILE
1) Open any Windows and click on Organize.
2) The , sele t Folder & Search Options f o the e u a .
3) Select the 'View' tab.
4) Then scroll down select 'Show hidden files and folders', and click on OK.
Step 2
Step1

Microsoft Windows
STEPS TO ADJUST SYSTEM DATE AND TIME FORM TASK BAR
1) Right click on Time zone of Task Bar.
2) Click on Adjust Date and Time
3) Select the required date and time
4) Click on Apply and click on OK.
(Or)
1) Double Click on time of task bar
2) Select the required date and time
3) Click on Apply and click on OK.
4) Key Board Shortcuts Keys
SHORTCUT KEYS
1) CTRL+C Copy
2) CTRL+X Cut
3) CTRL+V Paste
4) CTRL+Z Undo
5) DELETE  to delete selected item.
6) SHIFT+DELETE Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the
Recycle Bin
7) F2 key Rename the selected item.
8) CTRL+RIGHT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word
9) CTRL+LEFT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous
word
10) CTRL+DOWN ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph
11) CTRL+UP ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph
12) SHIFT + Arrow keys Select more than one item in a window (or) select text in a
document.
13) CTRL+A  Select all
14) F3 key  Search for a file or a folder
15) ALT+ENTER View the properties for the selected item
16) ALT+ENTER Display the properties of the selected object.
17) ALT+SPACEBAR Open the shortcut menu for the active window.
18) CTRL+F4 Close the active document in programs that enable you to have
multiple documents open simultaneously.
Microsoft Windows
19) ALT+TAB Switch between the open items.
20) ALT+ESC Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened.
21) F6 key Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop.
22) F4 key Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer.
23) SHIFT+F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected item.
24) CTRL+ SHIFT+ N New Folder.
25) CTRL+ESC Display the Start menu.
26) ALT+ Underlined letter Display the corresponding menu.
27) F10 key Activate the menu bar in the active program.
28) RIGHT ARROW Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu.
29) LEFT ARROW Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu.
30) F5 key Update the active window.
31) BACKSPACE View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer.
32) ESC Cancel the current task.
DIALOG BOX KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS:

33) CTRL+TAB Move forward through the tabs.
34) CTRL+SHIFT+TAB Move backward through the tabs.
35) TAB Move forward through the options.
36) SHIFT+TAB Move backward through the options.
37) ALT+ Underlined letter Select the corresponding option.
38) SPACEBAR Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box.
39) Arrow keys Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons.
40) F1 key Display Help.
41) F4 key Display the items in the active list.
42) BACKSPACE Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or
Open dialog box.
MICROSOFT NATURAL KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

43) Windows Logo Display or hide the Start menu.
44) Windows Logo+ BREAK Display the System Properties dialog box.
45) Windows Logo+ D Display the desktop.
46) Windows Logo+ M Minimize all the windows.
47) Windows Logo+ SHIFT+ M Restore the minimized windows.
Microsoft Windows
48) Windows Logo+ E Open My Computer.
49) Windows Logo+ F Search for a file or a folder.
50) CTRL+ Windows Logo+ F Search for computers.
51) Windows Logo+F1 Display Windows Help.
52) Windows Logo+ L Lock the keyboard.
53) Windows Logo+ R Open the Run dialog box.
54) Windows Logo+ U Open Utility Manager.
55) Alt + space bar +n  to minimize the window
56) Alt + space bar + x  to maximize the window
57) Alt + space bar + r  to restore the window
58) Alt + space bar + c  to close the window
59) Alt + F4  to close the window
60) Alt + tab  to restore the window.
SHORTCUT KEYS FOR CHARACTER MAP

61) RIGHT ARROW Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line.
62) LEFT ARROW Move to the left or to the end of the previous line.
63) UP ARROW Move up one row.
64) DOWN ARROW Move down one row.
65) PAGE UP Move up one screen at a time.
66) PAGE DOWN Move down one screen at a time.
67) HOME Move to the beginning of the line.
68) END Move to the end of the line.
69) CTRL+HOME Move to the first character.
70) CTRL+END Move to the last character.
REMOTE DESKTOP CONNECTION NAVIGATION:
71) CTRL+ALT+END Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box.

72) ALT+PAGE UP Switch between programs from left to right.
73) ALT+PAGE DOWN Switch between programs from right to left.
74) ALT+INSERT Cycle through the programs in most recently used order.
75) ALT+HOME Display the Start menu.

Microsoft Word
MICROSOFT WORD
This is the application software available in Ms-office package and particularly used to create the
documents like letters, Resumes, to prepare the notes, etc.
 This product invented by Microsoft Corporation.
 The e te sio a e of the do u e t is . Do
 Executable name on RUN: winword
STARTING MICROSOFT WORD:

To Open Microsoft Word:
1) Click on the Start button.
2) Choose All Programs then Microsoft Office (from the sub-menu which appears)
3) Click on Microsoft Office Word 2007
QUICK ACCESS TOOL BAR:

If you want to easily access the new, open, or print, buttons, you can add them to the Quick Access
Toolbar. You can click on the drop-down arrow next to the Quick Access Toolbar and select items to
be added to the toolbar.

Microsoft Word
OFFICE BUTTON:
Office Button, located in the upper left-hand corner of the program window, replaces the File menu
found in previous versions of Microsoft Word. The Office Button menu contains basic file
management commands, including New, Open, Save, Print and Close.
1) NEW: (CTRL + N)
This option is used to create a blank document.
Steps:
1. Click on Office Button
2. Click on Ne
3. Select blank document and click on Create .
2) OPEN: (CTRL + O)
This option is used to open an existing document.
Steps:
2. Click on Ope
3. Select the required file
4. Click on Open .
3) SAVE: (CTRL + S)
This option is used to save the current document with a new name and can also provide passwords
to ope a d to odif the espe ti e do u e t f o Tools Butto .
Steps:
2. Click on Sa e
3. Type the filename
4. Click on Save Button.
4) SAVE AS: (F12)
This option is used to create a duplicate document and can also modify the password of a respective
document.
Steps:
2. Click on Sa e As
3. Type the New filename
4. Click on Save .
5) PRINT PREVIEW: (CTRL + F2)
This option is used to see the preview of the current document before printing. (To see the
preview of hard copy)

Microsoft Word
Steps:
2. Select print preview from print option
3. Click on Pri t Pre ie .
6) PRINT: (CTRL + P)
This option is used to print the document.
Steps:
2. Click on Pri t option.
3. Adjust the printer name, pages range and no of copies.
4. Click on Pri t .
7) CLOSE: (CTRL + W)
This option is used to close the document.
Steps:
2. Click on Close .
8) EXIT WORD: (ALT + F4)
This option is used to Exit from Ms Word.
Steps:
2. Click on E it Word Button.
HOME TAB:
CLIPBOARD GROUP:
1) CUT: (CTRL + X)
This option is used to cut the selected text.
Steps:
1. Select the text which you want to move.
2. Click on Ho e Ta
3. Click on Cut i o located on the Home tab.
2) COPY: (CTRL + C)
This option is used to copy the selected text.
Steps:
1. Select the text which you want to copy.
2. Click on Ho e Ta
3. Click on Cop i o located on the Home tab.

Microsoft Word
3) PASTE: (CTRL + V)
This option is used to paste either Cut or Copied text at the cursor position.
Steps:
1. Click in the document where you want to paste your text.
2. Click on Ho e Ta
3. Click on the Paste i o located on the Home tab.
FONT GROUP:
1) FONT:
This option is used to apply different types of fonts to the selected text.
Steps:
1. Select the required text.
2. Click on the Fo t field on the Home tab.
3. Click on the drop-down arrow beside the font field.
4. Scroll through the list until you find the font you want to use.
2) FONT SIZE:
We can increase or decrease the size of selected text by using this option.
Steps:
2. Click on the Fo t size field on the Home tab.
3. Click on the drop-down arrow beside the Font Size Field.
4. Select a different size from the drop down list.
3) FONT STYLES:
We can change the font styles like Bold, Italic and Underline.
Steps:
2. Click on B i o f o the Ho e ta fo Bold st le. Ct l + B
3. Click on I i o f o the Ho e ta fo Itali st le. Ct l + I)
4. Click on U i o f o the Ho e ta fo U de li e St le. Ct l + U
4) TEXT EFFECTS:
We can apply effects to the selected text like, Strike Through, super script and sub script.
Steps:
2. Click on abc i o f o Ho e ta to appl St ike Th ough effe t.
3. Click on X2 i o f o Ho e ta to appl Supe S ipt . Ct l + Shift + =
4. Click on X2 i o f o Ho e ta to appl Su S ipt . Ct l + =

Microsoft Word
5) CHANGE CASE: (SHIFT + F3):
This option is used to change the case of the selected text. We can apply the following case.
Steps:
2. Click on dropped-down arrow beside the change case icon.
3. Select any one of the case like.
a. Sentence case: -In the total sentence First letter is capital letter.
b. lower case: -All letters converted into small letters
c. UPPER CASE: -All letters converted into capital letters
d. Capitalize Each Word: -In every Word first letter is capital
e. tOGGLE cASE: -All capitals converted into small letters and at the same time all
small letters converted into capital letters.
6) CLEAR FORMATTING:
This option is used to clear all the formats applied to the selected text, like Font Type, Font Size, Font
Style, Font Colour Etc.…
Steps:
1. Select the required formatted text.
2. Click on Clear For atti g Icon form Home tab.
7) FONT COLOUR:
This option is used to change the colour of the selected text.
Steps:
1. Select the required text
2. Click on dropped-down arrow from Fo t Colour button from Home tab.
3. Click on any one colour to apply to the selected text.
8) FONT DIALOG BOX: (CTRL + D)
We can adjust text formats like font type, font size, font styles, and font colour, underline styles,
underline colour from this font dialog box more than from Home tab.
Steps:
1. Click on the arrow at the bottom right of the Font category label on the Home tab.
2. Font dialog box is displayed.
3. Adjust the text formats and click on Ok.
PARAGRAPH GROUP:
1) BULLETS AND NUMBERING:

This option is used to type the text with Bullets; we can apply the following bullets.
Bullets (,,,…… , Nu es , a, A, I… , Outli e u es , . , . .
Here to get the outline number, press Tab key. To remove the outline number, press Shift + tab key.

Microsoft Word
Steps:
1. Place the cursor in a new line for type bulleted text.
2. Click on Bulleted or Numbered Lists button from the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab.
3. Select any one of the bullet style or numbering style from the dropped-down list.
2) ALIGNMENT SETTINGS:
Text can adjust with the alignment settings like left, centre, right and justify.
Left alignment starts from the left side of the page, Centre alignment starts from the centre of the
page and Right alignment starts from the right side of the page. Justify alignment stretch the lines
across the page so the both left and right side of the paragraph looks straight
3) LINE SPACING:
Change the spacing before and after selected paragraphs
Steps:
1. Select the paragraphs for which you want to change the line spacing.
2. On the Home tab, in Paragraph, click on Line Spacing icon.
3. Click on Line Spacing Options, and select options you want under Spacing.
4) SORT:
This option is used to arrange the text or numbers in a table in ascending order or in descending
order.
Steps:
1. Select the column or row for sorting.
2. Click on the Sort icon from Home tab.
3. Sort dialog box is displayed on the screen.
4. Select the column and order to sort either As e di g or Des e di g and click on ok
button.
5) TABS:
This option is used to set the tab stop position to specified number.
Steps:
1. Click on the arrow at the bottom right of the Paragraph category label on the Home tab.
2. Click on Ta button located at the bottom left of paragraph dialog box.
3. Adjust the Ta Stop Positio s and click on ok.
Example: -
RNO NAME COURSE FEE
------ ----------- ----------- -------
1 VENKAT DCA 1500
2 KALYAN PGDCA 1000
3 NARESH DCA 1200

Microsoft Word
STYLES GROUP
Styles are a set of pre-defined text formats. We can set the text styles to Heading, Titles and Sub-
Titles.
Steps:
1. Select any style from the Styles Group under the Home tab.
2. Start typing the text; the text will appear in the format of selected style.
EDITING GROUP
1) FIND: (CTRL + F)
This option is used to find specified word or information in the document.
Steps:
1. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click on Fi d Icon.
2. In the Find what box, type the text that you want to search for.
3. Click on Fi d Ne t button.
2) REPLACE: (CTRL + H)
This option is used to replace an existing text in the document with a new text.
Steps:
1. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click on Repla e Icon.
2. In the Find what box, type the text that you want to search for.
3. In the Replace with box, type the replacement text.
4. To replace the selected text, click on Repla e Button.
5. To replace all the repeated text, click Repla e All Button.
3) SELECT ALL: (CTRL + A)
This option is used to select all the text in the document.
Steps:
1. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click on dropped-down arrow of Sele t Icon.
2. Click on Sele t All .
INSERT TAB
PAGES GROUP
1) COVER PAGE:
This option is used to insert a pre-formatted cover page to the document.
Steps:
1. Click on I sert Ta select Cover page, the cover page drop down menu will be
displayed.
2. Select the pre-formatted options under cover page.

Microsoft Word
2) BLANK PAGE:
This option is used to insert a new blank page at the cursor position.
Steps:
1. Click on I set Ta .
2. Click on Bla k Page .
3) PAGE BREAK: (CTRL + ENTER)
This option starts next page at the current position. Page Break works same as Blank Page.
Steps:
1. Click on I set Ta .
2. Click on Page Break .
4) TABLE:
The Table can be used for typing information into rows and columns without having to set tabs. A
table consists of vertical columns and horizontal rows. The intersections of those rows and columns
are called as cells.
Insert Table:
This option is used to insert a table in the document.
Steps:
1. Click where you want to insert a table.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Table.
3. A drop down box will appear; click and hold your mouse then drag to select the number
of rows and columns that you want inserted into your document.
4. You will see your table appearing in your document as you drag on the grid.
(or)
Steps:
1. Place the cursor at the required location.
2. Clicks on the I sert tab; then click on Tables gallery, select Insert Table.
3. At the Insert Table dialog box, enter the required number of columns and rows.
4. Click OK.
Draw Table:
This option is used to create a new table manually. We can adjust the table styles and line borders
also.
Steps:
1. Place the cursor where you want to draw the table.
2. On the I sert tab, in the Tables group, click on Table.
3. Click on Dra Ta le , the pointer changes into pencil.
4. Draw a rectangular box for outer boundaries.

Microsoft Word
5. Draw required no of column and row lines inside the rectangle.
6. To erase a line or block of lines, under Table Tools, on the Design tab, in the Draw
Borders group, click Eraser.
7. Click on the line with the eraser tool which you want to erase.
TABLE TOOLS: (DESIGN TAB):
1) TABLE STYLES:
After create a table, we can change format of the entire table by using Table Styles. By placing
mouse pointer over each of the pre-formatted table styles, you can preview what the table will look
like.
Steps:
1. Click in the table that you want to format.
2. Under Table Tools, click the Design tab.
3. In the Table Styles group, place the mouse pointer over each table style until you find a
style that you want to use.
4. Click on the style to apply it to the table.
5. In the Table Style Options group, select or clear the check box next to each the table
element to apply or remove the selected style.
2) TABLE BORDERS:
You can add or remove borders to format a table the way that you want.
Add Borders:
Steps:
1. To add table borders
2. Under Table Tools, click the Layout tab.
3. Click on Select, and then click Select Table.
5. In the Table Styles group, click Borders.
6. Click one of the pre-defined border sets.
7. Click Borders and Shading, click the Borders tab, and then choose the options that you
want.
Remove Borders:
Steps:
1. To remove table borders from the whole table
3. In the Table group, click Select, and then click Select Table.
5. In the Table Styles group, click Borders, and then click No Border .
TABLE TOOLS: (LAYOUT TAB):

Microsoft Word
1) SELECT:
This option is used to select a cell, row, column or entire table.
Steps:
1. Select Cell: - This option is used to select a cell in which the cursor is placed.
2. Select row: - This option is used to select the row in which row the cursor is placed.
3. Select Column: -This option is used to select the column in which column the cursor is
placed.
4. Select Table: - This option is used to select the Table.
2) VIEW GRIDLINES:
This option is used to display or hide gridlines of a table.
Steps:
2. Click on Vie Gridli es to display or hide gridlines.
3) DELETE A CELL, ROW, OR COLUMN:
This option is used to delete a cell, row, column or entire table form the document.
Steps:
2. In the Rows & Columns group, click on Delete, and then click Delete Cells, Delete Rows,
Delete Columns or Delete Table as required.
4) ADD A CELL, ROW, OR COLUMN:
This option is used to insert a cell, row or column in a table.
Add a Cell:
Steps:
1. Click in a cell that is located just to the right or above where you want to insert a cell.
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, click the Rows & Columns Dialog Box.
3. Click on Shift Cell Right, to insert a cell and move all other cells in that row to the right.
4. Click on Shift Cell Down, to insert a cell and move remaining existing cells in that column.
5. Click on Insert Entire Row; to insert a row just above the cell that you clicked.
6. Click on Insert Entire Column; to insert a column just to the right of the cell that you
clicked.
Add a Row:
Steps:
1. Click in a cell that just below or above where you want to add a row.
2. Under Table Tools, click the On-Layout tab.
3. To add a row just above the cell that you clicked in, in the Rows and Columns group, click
on Insert Above.

Microsoft Word
4. To add a row just below the cell that you clicked in, in the Rows and Columns group, click
on Insert Below.
Add a Column:
Steps:
1. Click in a cell that is just to the right or left where you want to add a column.
2. Under Table Tools, click on Layout tab.
3. To add a column just to the left of the cell that you clicked in, in the Rows and Columns
group, click on Insert Left.
4. To add a column just to the right of the cell that you clicked in, in the Rows and Columns
group, click Insert Right.
5) MERGE CELLS:
This option is used to combine two or more cells in the same row or column into a single cell.
Steps:
1. Select the cells in the row or column which you to merge.
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Merge group, click Merge Cells.
6) SPLIT CELLS:
This option is used to split the selected cells or a cell in to the required no of rows and columns.
Steps:
1. Click in a cell, or select multiple cells that you want to split.
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Merge group, click on Split Cells.
3. Enter the number of columns or rows that you want to split the selected cells.
7) SPLIT TABLE:
This option is used to split the table horizontally into 2 parts.
Steps:
1. Click in a row, where you want to split the table.
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Merge group, click on Split Table.
8) ROW HEIGHT:
This option is used to set the height of a selected row.
Steps:
1. Click in a row, to which you want to adjust the height.
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Cell Size group, click in the Table Row
Height box, and then specify the height you want.
9) COLUMN WIDTH:
This option is used to set the width of a selected row.
Steps:
1. Click in a column, to which you want to adjust the height.

Microsoft Word
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Cell Size group, click in the Table Column
width, and then specify the width you want.
10) AUTO FIT:
This option is used to auto fit the selected table.
Steps:
1. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Cell Size group, click on drop-down arrow to
the Auto Fit.
2. Click on Auto Fit to Contains; that automatically resize columns to fit the contents of the
cells.
3. Click on Auto Fit to Window; that automatically resize the table to fit to a window.
4. Click on Fixed Column Width; to set a specific width for the columns in to fit in a page.
11) TABLE ALIGNMENT:
This option is used to adjust the alignments of the text in cells, text direction and cell margins.
Steps:
1. Cell Alignments: Select a cell, row, column or entire table to adjust the alignment settings
in a table.
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Alignment group, click on any one of the
alig e t st le, to appl to the sele ted te t like Top left, Top e t e, Top Right et .…
3. Text Direction: Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Alignment group, click on
Text Direction, to change the direction of the text with in the Selected Cells.
4. Cell Margins: Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Alignment group, click on Cell
Margins, to customize the cell margins and spacing between cells.
12) SORT:
This option is used to arrange the text or numbers of the table in the form of ascending order and in
descending order.
Steps:
1. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Data group, click on Sort.
2. Select the Sort by type and Ascending order or Descending order.
3. Click on Ok.
13) CONVERT TEXT TO TABLE:
This option is used to convent the selected text in to a Table.
Steps:
1. Select the text that you want to convert.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Table, and then click Convert Text to Table.
3. In the Convert Text to Table dialog box, under Separate text at, click the option for the
separator character that is in your text.
4. In the Number of columns box, check the number of columns.
5. Click on Ok.

Microsoft Word
14) CONVERT A TABLE TO TEXT:
This option is used to convert a selected table into text.
Steps:
1. Select the rows or table that you want to convert to paragraphs.
2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Data group, click Convert to Text.
3. Under Separate text at, click the option for the separate character that you want to use in
place of the column boundaries.
4. Click on OK.
15) FORMULA:
This option is used for calculations of the table like sum, average, max, min, .Etc.
Rno S1 S2 S3 S4 Tot Avg Max Min
1 90 75 80 95 340 85 95 75
2 78 89 45 12
Tot: -
=sum (b2: e2)
Avg: -
=Average (b2: e2)
Max: -
=max (b2: e2)
Min: -
=min (b2: e2)
16) EXCEL SPREAD SHEET:
This option is used to insert Ms Excel Spread sheet in to the Ms Word Document.
Steps:
1. On the I sert tab, in the Tables group, click on Excel Spread Sheet.
2. Excel Spread sheet window is displayed in a restore mode.
3. Type the data in spread sheet and click in Ms Word document which is behind the spread
sheet; to move back to Ms Word.
ILLUSTRATIONS GROUP:
1) INSERT PICTURE FROM A FILE:

This option is used to insert picture from a file.
Steps:
1. Click where you want to insert the picture.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click on Picture.
3. Choose ou pi tu e s lo atio f o the Look i d op do e u.
4. Double-click the picture that you want to insert. (Or) Click on I sert Butto .
Microsoft Word
FORMAT PICTURE TAB:
B usi g this Pi tu e Fo at ta e a adjust the ight ess, o t ast, pi tu e styles, picture

borders, text wrapping and can crop the picture.
1) ADJUST" GROUP:
Steps:
1. Brightness of the selected picture can be increase or decrease.
2. Contrast of the selected picture can be increase or decrease.
3. Reset Picture can cancel all the formatting changes made to the picture.
2) PICTURES STYLE GROUP:
Steps:
1. Border Frames can be added to the selected picture.
2. Picture shape of the selected picture can by changes according to the selected shapes
styles.
3. Picture Border is used to change the colour, width and line styles for the outlines of the
selected shape or picture.
4. Picture Effects can apply visual effects to the selected picture, such as shadow, glow,
reflection and 3-D rotation.
3) ARRANGE GROUP:
Steps:
1. Position of the selected picture or object can be changed on the page; text is
automatically set to the wrap around the picture.
2. Bring to Front option brings the selected object forward one level or to the front of all
other objects.
3. Send to Back option send the selected object back one level or to the back of all other
objects.
4. Text Wrapping change the text wrap style around the selected object like, in line with
text, Square, Tight, behind text, Inform of Text, Top and Bottom, through.
5. Rotate option rotates or flip the selected object.
4) SIZE GROUP:
Steps:
1. Crop (Cut) option is used to remove unwanted parts of an object.
2. Shape Height is used to change the height of the selected shape or picture.
3. Shape Width is used to change the width of the selected shape or picture.
5) CLIP ART:
This option is used to insert Clip Art in to the document like, drawings, photography etc...
Steps:
1. Position your cursor where you would like the picture to appear.

Microsoft Word
2. Go to the Insert tab and choose Clipart from the Illustrations group.
3. Clip Art Panel appears right side to the document; from Search for: Click on Go.
4. Click on graphic to insert at the cursor position.
6) SHAPES:
This option is used to insert ready-made shapes into the document like; Rectangles, Circles, Arrows,
lines, Flowchart symbols and callouts.
Steps:
1. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Shapes.
2. Click on any of the shape that to insert, click anywhere in the document, and then drag to
place the shape.
3. Add Text to a Shape: Right-click on the shape that you want to add text, Click Add Text,
and then type your text.
7) SMART ART:
This option is used to insert Smart Art Graphics, such as Venn Diagrams, Organization charts etc.
Create an organization chart:
Steps:
1. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Smart Art.
2. In the Choose a Smart Art Graphic gallery, click Hierarchy, click an organization chart
layout (such as Organization Chart), and then click OK
3. Click in a shape in the Smart Art graphic, and then type your text.
Add a shape to your organization chart:
Steps:
1. Click the Smart Art graphic that you want to add a shape to.
2. Click the existing shape that is located closest to where you want to add the new shape.
3. Under Smart Art Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click the arrow
under Add Shape.
8) CHART:
Charts are graphical representation of data to understand easily. There are different types of charts
like, Ba ha t, Pie Cha t, Colu Cha t et .…
Steps:
1. Place the cursor where you would like to insert the chart.
2. Open the Insert ribbon.
3. Click Chart in the Illustrations Group.
4. Select the style of chart you would like to insert.
5. Click OK.
LINK GROUP:
1) HYPERLINK: (CTRL + K):

Microsoft Word
Hyperlink is used to create the link between two documents.
Steps:
1. Select the text or picture that you want to display as the hyperlink.
2. On the Insert tab, click Hyperlink in the links section
3. To link an existing file or Web page; Under Link to click on required Existing File.
4. Click on Ok.
2) BOOK MARK:
This option is used to create a book mark to assign name to a specified point in the document.
Steps:
1. Select the required text to apply book mark.
2. Click Insert tab, click Bookmark in Links group.
3. In Bookmark window, set a name to bookmark in Bookmark name box.
4. Click Add button.
3) CROSS REFERENCE:
If ou e o ki g o a lo g do u e t su h as a a ade i pape , ou a a t to efe eade s to
another part of your document. This is particularly true when it comes to charts and figures.
Steps:
1. Place the cursor where you would like to insert the cross reference.
2. Open the Insert tab
3. In the Links section, click Cross-reference
4. Select the type of item you would like to reference.
5. Other options in the dialog box will change automatically. The options will let you select
from available items to reference.
6. After you have made your selection, click Insert.
7. Close the dialog box.
HEADER AND FOOTER GROUP:
Headers and footers are the text, or graphics, that appear at the top and bottom of a page. After you
set up a header and footer, they will appear on all pages. We can also add a page number, a
company logo, the document title or file name to a header or footer.
1) HEADER:
Steps:
1. Click on the Insert tab at the top, move to the Header & Footer group on the ribbon and
click on the [Header] button.
2. Click on the Edit Header option which is found just under the built-in headers.
3. The Header and Footer Tools Design ribbon is displayed.
4. If you want a header, type the required text into the header box. (E.g.: Title of the
Document).

Microsoft Word
2) FOOTER:
Steps:
1. To insert a footer, click on the [Go to Footer] button in the Navigation group on the
ribbon.
2. You can also use the Up arro and Do arro keys to move between the header
and footer.
3. Click on the Edit Footer option which is found just under the built-in Footers.
4. If you want footer, type the required text into the footer box. (E.G.: Page Numbers.
5. To Close the Header and footer, click on Close header a d footer button from design
tab.
Different Header and Footer:
Steps:
1. Click in the section for which you want to create a different header or footer.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click Header or Footer.
3. Click Edit Header or Edit Footer.
4. On the Headers & Footers tab, in the Navigation group, click Link to Previous to
break the connection between the header and footer in the new section and the
previous section.
5. Change the existing header or footer, or create a new header or footer for this
section.
3) PAGE NUMBERS:
This option is used to insert page numbers to the document.
Steps:
1. On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click Page Number.
2. Click Top of Page, Bottom of Page, or Page Margins, depending on where you want page
numbers to appear in your document.
3. On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click Format Page numbers to change
the page numbers format like (1,2,3 / -1-, -2-, -3- / A, B, C / I, II, III).
TEXT GROUP:
1) TEXT BOX:
A text box is an object that you can add to document and can type text in it.
Steps:
1. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then click Draw Text Box.
2. Click in the document, and then drag to draw the text box the size that you want.
3. To add text to a text box, click inside the text box, and then type the text.
4. To delete the text box, click the border of the text box that you want to delete, and then
press DELETE key.

Microsoft Word
2) WORD ART:
WordArt allows you to add graphic design qualities to your text.
Steps:
1. On the Insert tab select the WordArt button.
2. Choose a WordArt style.
3. Type your text into the dialog box.
4. The only things you can modify are the font style, size, and apply bold and italics.
5. Press OK when finished.
3) DROP CAP:
Drop cap is used to create a large size capital letter at the beginning of the Paragraph.
Steps:
1.
Type your paragraph.
2.
Select the first letter of the paragraph.
3.
Then click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and choose Drop Cap.
4.
You can scroll to any of the three pre-set Drop Caps styles and the document will change
with your choice.
5. By default, it will drop by three lines.
4) DATE AND TIME:
This option is used to insert the current system date or time in the document at your cursor position.
Steps:
1. Click where you want to insert the date or time.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click on Date & Time to insert the current system
date and time.
5) OBJECT:
This option is used to insert the other applications as object into the document like Bitmap image,
Ms E el Wo k sheet…. Et .
Steps:
1. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Object.
2. Object dialog box is displayed, select any one of the program from object type.
3. Click on Ok.
6) EQUATION:
You can type mathematical equations in any of the Microsoft Office suite of programs. These can
include fractions, integrals, matrices, mathematical symbols, etc.
Steps:
1. On the Insert tab, in the Symbols group, click the arrow under Equation.
2. Built in Equations are displayed, click on any one of the equation which you want to
insert in the document.

Microsoft Word
7) SYMBOL:
This option is used to insert symbols which are not on keyboard like µ, α, β, π et .…
Steps:
1. Click where you want to insert the symbol.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Symbols group, click Symbol.
3. Click the symbol that you want in the drop-down list.
4. For more symbols click More Symbols. In the Font box, change the font that you want,
click on the symbol, and then click Insert.
5. Click Close.
PAGE LAYOUT TAB
PAGE SETUP GROUP:
1) MARGINS:
This option is used to set the Margins to the entire document. You can use the default page margins
or you can specify your own.
Steps:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins.
2. Click the margin type that you want. For the most common margin width, click Normal.
3. You can also specify your own margin settings. Click Margins, click Custom Margins, and
then in the Top, Bottom, Left, and Right boxes, enter new values for the margins.
2) PAGE ORIENTATION:
This option is used to choose either portrait (vertical) or landscape (horizontal) orientation of your
document.
Steps:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Orientation.
2. Click Portrait or Landscape.
To Use portrait and landscape orientation in the same document:
Steps:
1. Select the pages or paragraphs that you want to change to portrait or landscape
orientation.
2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins.
3. Click Custom Margins.
4. On the Margins tab, click Portrait or Landscape.
5. In the Apply to list, click selected text.
3) PAPER SIZE:
This option is used to choose a paper size from the default sizes.
Steps:

Microsoft Word
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Size.
2. Select any one of the paper size from the drop down list.
3. Default paper size is A4 .
4) COLUMNS:
This option is used to split the paragraph format text into two or more columns.
Steps:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Columns.
2. Select any one of the column type from the drop down list, like two, three, left or right.
3. To insert more than three columns click on More Columns from drop down list, type
required no of columns in the Number of Columns box.
5) BREAKS:
This option is used to add page, section, column breaks to the document.
Insert a section break: Section breaks are used to create layout or formatting changes in a portion of
a document. You can change the formats for individual sections like, Margins, Paper size or
orientation, Page borders, Headers and footers.
Steps:
1. Select the document where you want to make a formatting change.
2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Breaks.
3. In the Section Breaks group, click the section break type that fits the type of formatting
change that you want to make.
4. To remove section break, select the section break that you want to delete.
5. Press DELETE.
6) LINE NUMBERS:
This option is used to add line numbers in the margin along with each line of the document.
Steps:
1. Go to the Page Layout tab.
2. In the Page Setup section, click the Line Numbers button.
3. In the menu that pops down, select the type of numbering you would like.
4. Continuous – will number the lines continuously throughout the document.
5. Restart Each Page – will restart at 1 at the top of each page of the document.
6. Restart Each Section – will restart at 1 at the beginning of each section.
7. None – turns off line numbering.
Microsoft Word
PAGE BACKGROUND GROUP:
1) WATER MARK:
Watermarks are text or pictures that appear behind document text. We can add text watermarks,
such as Confidential, to your document. We can insert galleries of ready-made watermarks, or can
create our own custom watermark, such as a company logo.
Steps:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Background group, click Watermark.
2. Click a pre-designed watermark, such as Confidential or Urgent, in the gallery of
watermarks.
3. Click Custom Watermark, click Text watermark and then select or type the text that you
want. You can also format the text.
2) PAGE COLOUR:
This option is used to add a back-ground colour or picture to a document.
Steps:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Background group, click Page Colour.
2. Click the Colour that you want under Theme Colours or Standard Colours.
3. Click Fill Effects to change or add special effects, such as gradients, textures, or patterns.
3) PAGE BORDERS:
This option is used to add a border around the page.
Steps:
1. To add a border to a page, click on the Page Layout tab, then on Page Borders.
2. The Borders and Shading dialog box will open.
3. Click on Page Border tab.
4. Select any one of the border style from the settings like, box, shadow or 3D.
5. Choose your style, Colour, and width.
REFERENCE TAB:
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
We can create a table of contents by choosing the heading styles — for example, heading 1, Heading
2, and Heading 3 — that you want to include in the table of contents.
Create a table of contents from built-in heading styles: Use this procedure if you created a document
by using heading styles.
Steps:
1. Click where you want to insert the table of contents, usually at the beginning of a
document.
2. On the References tab, in the Table of Contents group, click Table of Contents, and then
click the table of contents style that you want.

Microsoft Word
MAILINGS TAB:
MAIL MERGE:
Mail merge is a tool which allows you to create form letters, mailing labels, and envelopes by linking
a main document to a set of data or data source.
01/01/2017
Hanamkonda.
To
Name:
Job:
Address:
Branch:
Phone:
Sub: Information about office meeting.
Notice: All the staff members are here informed that there is an office meeting on 26th of this
month at sharp 6pm.
SD/-
Manager.
Steps:
1. Type a letter as above for working with mail merge.
2. Click on Maili gs from tabs ribbon and select Start ail erge option and click on
step step ail erge izard .
3. Task panel is opened with Sele t do u e t T pe , then select Letters option and click
on Next button.
4. From the sele t start do u e t type select Use urre t do u e t option and click
on Next button.
5. Sele t re ipie ts option is displayed, and then select T pe a e list option, then
reate link is displayed below.
6. Click on create link, an envelope box is displayed with default filed names.
7. To edit the filed names, click on Custo ize olu s utto .
8. Customize address list is displayed with default filed names, delete one by one by clicking
on delete button.
9. After deletion of field names, click on Add button and type new field names one by one
and click on Ok .
10. Now the new address list is displayed with custom field names.
11. E te the e plo ee add esses i the e ipie t s olu a d li k o Ne E tr button
for another record. After completion of entering addresses click on Ok.

Microsoft Word
12. Save dialog box is displayed, type a name to save the addresses list.
13. Data base of addresses is displayed click on ok.
14. Place the cursor in the first field name in letter and click on I sert erge field option
from aili gs tab.
15. Adjust o e o e field s f o I sert erge field to the field names in letter.
16. Next click on Pre ie Result button from Maili gs tab ribbon to view the merged
data.
REVIEW TAB:
PROOFING GROUP:
1) SPELLING AND GRAMMAR CHECK:

This option is used to correct the Spelling and Grammar of text in the document.
Steps:
1. Open a Word document that needs to be checked.
2. On the Review tab, in the Proofing group, click Spelling & Grammar.
3. In the Spelling and Grammar dialog box appears, and the first suggested correction is
highlighted.
4. Click on Ignore Once button to ignore the selected text or Click on Change button to
change the spelling with suggested text.
(OR)
1. Give right click on the spelling mistake word.
2. Select the suggested word to correct the spelling or grammar mistake from the spelling
and grammar menu.
2) WORD COUNT:
This option is used to display the statistics of the document like no. of Words, no. of pages no. of
line, Etc.
Steps:
1. On the Review tab, in the Proofing group, click Word Count.
2. Word Count Dialog box is displayed with the number of pages, paragraphs, and lines in
your document, as well as the number of characters, either including or excluding spaces.
3) NEW COMMENT:
You can insert a comment to the selected text (comment: A note or annotation that an author or
reviewer adds to a document).
Steps:
1. Select the text or item that you want to comment on, or click at the end of the text.
2. On the Review tab, in the Comments group, click New Comment.
3. Type the comment text in the comment balloon or in the Reviewing Pane.
4. To delete a single comment, right-click on the comment, and then click Delete Comment.
Microsoft Word
5. To delete all comments in a document, click on a comment in the document. On the
Review tab, in the Comments group, click the arrow below Delete, and then click Delete
All Comments in Document.
PROTECT GROUP:
PROTECT DOCUMENT:
Protect document is used to protect the document with read only protection. So others cannot
modify the document.
Steps:
1. On the Review tab, in the Protect group, click Protect Document, and then click Restrict
Formatting and Editing.
2. Give click in Formatting restrictions.
3. Give click Under Editing Restrictions; select the Allow only this type of editing in the
document check box.
4. Under Start enforcement, click Yes, Start Enforcing Protection.
5. Stop Protection:
6. On the Review tab, in the Protect group, click Protect Document, and then click Restrict
Formatting and Editing.
7. In the Protect Document task pane, click Stop Protection.
VIEW TAB:
DOCUMENT VIEWS GROUP:
1) PRINT LAYOUT:
This option displays the document as it will appear on the printed page.
Steps:
1. Click on View Tab.
2. Under Documents Views group; Click on Print Layout.
2) FULL SCREEN READING:
This option is used to view the document in Full Screen mode; without any tools on the screen, to
maximize the space available for reading.
Steps:
2. Under Documents Views group; Click on Full Screen Reading.
3) WEB LAYOUT:
This option is used to view the document; as it would look like a web page.
Steps:
2. Under Documents Views group; Click on Web Layout.

Microsoft Word
4) OUTLINE:
This option is used to View the document as an outline and with the outlining tools.
Steps:
1. Type the text of the document with Headings and Sub-Headings.
3. Under Documents Views group; Click on Outline.
4. To close the Outline, click on Close Outline View button on Outline Tool tab.
5) DRAFT:
View the document as a draft to quickly edit the text. Certain element of the document such as the
headers and footers will not be visible in this view.
Steps:
2. Under Documents Views group; Click on Draft.
3. To Close the Draft; Click on Print Layout.
SHOW/HIDE GROUP:
1) RULER:
Rulers display the vertical and horizontal measurements for margins, table rows, indents, etc.
Steps:
2. Under Show/Hide group; Apply  in the check box of Ruler to display rulers.
3. Under Show/Hide group; Remove  in the check box of Ruler to hide rulers.
2) GRIDLINES:
Drawing gridlines are the thin lines that appear on your on-screen document in Print Layout view.
Gridlines do not print when you print a document.
Steps:
2. Under Show/Hide group; Apply  in the check box of Gridlines to display Grids.
3. Under Show/Hide group; Remove  in the check box of Gridlines to hide remove Grids.
3) DOCUMENT MAP:
This option is used to see the structure of document in Document Map view. Here all the headings
of the document were displayed a side in special window.
Steps:
2. Under Show/Hide group; Apply  in the check box of Document Map to display
structure of the document.

Microsoft Word
3. Under Show/Hide group; Remove  in the check box of Document Map to remove the
Document Map view.
4) THUMBNAILS:
This option displays the document through small pictures of each page in the Thumbnails Panel.
Steps:
2. Under Show/Hide group; Apply  in the check box of Thumbnails to display the
document in Thumbnails panel.
3. Under Show/Hide group; Remove  in the check box of Thumbnails to close the
document in Thumbnails panel.
ZOOM TAB:
ZOOM:
This option is used to increase or decrease the zoom percentage of a document.
Steps:
1. Under View tab, in the Zoom group, click Zoom.
2. Under View tab, in the Zoom group, click 100%, One Page, Two Pages, or Page Width.
3. Under View tab, in the Zoom group, click Zoom, and then enter a percentage to increase
or decrease the zoom.
(OR)
1. On the status bar, click the Zoom slider.
2. Slide to the percentage zoom setting that you want.
WINDOW GROUP:
1) NEW WINDOW:
Open a new window containing a view of the current document.
Steps:
1. Under View tab, in the Window group, click New Window.
2. Original document displays as 1:1, duplicate display as 1:2.
2) ARRANGE ALL:
This option arranges all the opened documents side by side on the screen.
Steps:
1. Under View tab, in the Window group, click Arrange All.
2. Opened documents display in Tile position on the screen.
3. Click in any one of the document to work.
3) SPLIT WINDOW:

Microsoft Word
Split the current window into two parts; so, that we can view different sections of the document at
the same time.
Steps:
1. Under View tab, in the Window group, click Split.
2. Split marker moves with the mouse pointer, click on the screen up to where you want to
split the document.
4) VIEW SIDE BY SIDE:
This option is used to view two documents side by side, so that we can compare the content of
those two documents.
Steps:
1. Open both the files that you want to compare.
2. Under View tab, in the Window group, click View Side by Side.
3. To scroll both documents at the same time, click Synchronous Scrolling in the Window
group on the View tab.
4. To close Side by Side view, click View Side by Side in the Window group on the View tab.
5. By clicking on Reset Window Position the two side by side documents share the screen
equally.
5) SWITCH WINDOWS:
This option is used to switch from one document to other documents which are currently opened.
Steps:
1. Under View tab, in the Window group, click Switch Widows.
2. Click on the file name from the drop down list which you want to open.
MACROS:
This option is used to record the information or any other action.

Steps:
1. Under View tab, in the Macros group, click on Macros and select Record Macros.
2. Type the macro name.
3. Click on Ok.
4. Type the information in the document which you want to record.
5. To stop recording, in the Macros group, click on Macros and select Stop Record.
6. To run the Macros:
7. Under View tab, in the Macros group, click on Macros and select View Macros.
8. Macro dialog box is displayed, Select the required macro name and click on Run.

Microsoft Word
MICROSOFT WORD SHORT CUT KEYS

1. Ctrl + A  Select All
2. Ctrl + shift + A  All Caps
3. Ctrl + B  Bold
4. Ctrl + C  Copy
5. Ctrl + D  Font dialog box
6. Ctrl + shift + D  Double Underline.
7. Ctrl + E  Centre Alignment.
8. Ctrl + F  Find
9. Ctrl + shift + F  Font dialog box
10. Ctrl + G  Go to
11. Ctrl + Shift + G  Word count
12. Ctrl + H  Replace
13. Ctrl + I  Italic
14. Ctrl + J  Justify Alignment.
15. Ctrl + K  Hyperlink
16. Ctrl + shift + K  All Caps
17. Ctrl + L  Left Alignment
18. Ctrl + shift + L  Insert Bullets.
19. Ctrl + M  Increase Index
20. Ctrl + shift + M  Decrease Index
21. Ctrl + N  New Document
22. Ctrl + shift + N  Clear text Formats
23. Ctrl + O  Open
24. Ctrl + P  Print
25. Ctrl + shift + P  Font dialog box
26. Ctrl + Q  Decrease Index
27. Ctrl + R  Right Alignment
28. Ctrl + S  Save
29. Ctrl + shift + S  to change the text format style.
30. Ctrl + T  to Increase the Tab Length (or) Tab Space.

Microsoft Word
31. Ctrl + U  Underline
32. Ctrl + V  Paste
33. Ctrl + W  Close Window
34. Ctrl + shift + W  Word Underline
35. Ctrl + X  Cut
36. Ctrl + Y  Redo
37. Ctrl + Z  Undo
38. Ctrl + 1  1.0 line Spacing
39. Ctrl + 2  2.0 line Spacing.
40. Ctrl + 5  1.5 line Spacing
41. Ctrl + shift + 8  to insert paragraph mark.
42. F1  Help
43. Ctrl + F1  to display or hide Task panel.
44. Ctrl + F2  Print Preview
45. F4  Redo
46. Ctrl + F4  to close the document.
47. Shift + F3  Change case.
48. Alt + F5  to close the document.
49. F5  Go to
50. Ctrl + F5  to restore the document
51. Ctrl + shift + F5  Book mark.
52. Ctrl + F6  Switch from One document to another document.
53. Ctrl + F7  Spelling and Grammar check.
54. F8  to select the text.
55. Ctrl + shift + F8  to deselect the selected text.
56. Ctrl + F9  to highlight the selected text with background Colour.
57. Ctrl + shift + F9  to remove the highlight of the selected text
58. Ctrl + F10  to Restore or maximize the window.
59. Shift + F10  to view the property menu of selected text.
60. F12  Save as.
61. Ctrl + F12  Open
62. Ctrl + shift + F12  Print.

Microsoft Word
63. Home key  to move the cursor to the starting letter of a line.
64. End key  to move the cursor to the ending letter of a line.
65. Page up  to move the cursor to top of a page
66. Page down  to move the cursor to bottom of a page.
67. Shift +   to select the text form left to right.
68. Shift +   to select the text from right to left.
69. Ctrl +   to select the total line
70. Ctrl +   to select the total line
71. Ctrl +   to move the cursor to the starting letter of a word
From left to right.

72. Ctrl +   to move the cursor to the starting letter of a word
From right to left.

73. Ctrl + shift + >  to increase the font size.
74. Ctrl + shift + <  to decrease the font size.
75. Ctrl + [  to decrease the font size.
76. Ctrl +]  to increase the font size.
77. Ctrl +   to delete the selected text.

78. Ctrl + =  Sub Script
79. Ctrl + Shift + =  Super Script
80. Ctrl + enter key  Page break.

Microsoft Excel
MICROSOFT EXCEL
It is Application software available in Ms- Office. This is used to create the Workbooks. Here the
information is in the form of rows and columns.
 A workbook contains 256 no of work sheets.
 Each work sheet contains 1048576 rows and 16384(XFD) columns.
 Totally A sheet contain 1048576*16384 cells.
 A cell can identify by its cell name.
 To move to the Last row press Ctrl + 
 To move to the Last Column Press Ctrl + 
 To move to the first-row Press Ctrl + 
 To move to the first column Press Ctrl + 
 The extension name for Excel file is . ls
 Executable name to open Excel from Run is Excel.
Row
Column

Microsoft Excel
STARTING MICROSOFT EXCEL:
To Open Microsoft Excel:
1. Click on the Start button.
2. Choose All Programs then Microsoft Office (from the sub-menu which appears)
3. Click on Microsoft Office Excel 2007.
HOME TAB:
ALIGNMENT GROUP:
1) TEXT ALIGNMENTS:
Text in the cells can be adjusted according to the alignment settings like Top Align, Middle Align and
Botto Alig et .…
Steps:
1. Select the cells which you want to change the alignments.
2. Under Home Tab, Alignment Group; Click on any Alignment types like, Top Align, Middle
Align, Bottom Align, Left Align, Centre Align and Right Alignments.
2) ORIENTATION:
This option is used to rotate text in the cells to a diagonal angle or vertical Orientation.
Steps:
1. Select the cells which you want to change the Orientation.
2. Under Home Tab, Alignment Group; Click on drop down arrow of Orientation.
3. Drop down menu is displayed with Orientation styles, select any one of the Orientation.
3) WRAP TEXT:
This option is used to wrap the selected cells, so that we can type multiple lines in a cell, you can
format the cell so that the text wraps automatically, or you can enter a manual line break.
Steps:
1. In a worksheet, select the cells that you want to format.
2. On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click Wrap Text.
3. Data in the cell wraps to fit the column width. When you change the column width, data
wrapping adjusts automatically.
4. To start a new line of text at a specific point in a cell, press ALT+ENTER.
4) MERGE AND CENTRE:
This option is used to merge two or more adjacent horizontal or vertical cells, the cells become one
larger cell that is displayed across multiple columns or rows. Using the Merge & Centre command
centres the text in the merged cell.
Steps:
1. Select two or more cells that you want to merge.
2. On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click Merge and Centre.
3. The cells will be merged in a row or column, and the cell contents will be cantered in the
merged cell.

Microsoft Excel
4. To merge cells without cantering, click the arrow next to Merge and Centre, and then
click Merge Across or Merge Cells.
NUMBER GROUP:
1) NUMBER FORMAT:
By applying different number formats, you can change the appearance of numbers without changing
the number. You can choose the type of number, like date, currency, percentage, fraction or
general.
Steps:
1. Select the cell(s) you want to format.
2. Under HOME tab, in the NUMBER group, click the dropped down arrow of Number
format.
3. Select the required Number format.
(OR)
1. Select the cell(s) you want to format.
2. In the HOME tab, in the NUMBER group, click on FORMAT CELLS: NUMBER
the FORMAT CELLS dialog box appears with the NUMBER tab displayed.
3. From the CATEGORY list, select the desired number format.
4. If the format offers additional options, select the preferred options
5. Click OK. The selected cells are formatted.
2) INCREASE OR DECREASE DECIMAL:
This option is used to increase or decrease the number of places that are displayed after the decimal
point by using the Increase Decimal and Decrease Decimal buttons.
Steps:
1. Under Home tab, in Number Group Click on Increase decimal button.

2. Under Home tab, in Number Group Click on Decrease decimal button.
STYLES GROUP:
1) CONDITIONAL FORMATTING:
Conditional Formatting is a process that automatically applies formatting, such as cell shading or
font Colour, to cells if specified conditions are met.
Steps: Example: EMPLOYEE ATTENDANCE REPORT
1. Select the cells in a column which you EmployeeNIn Time OutTime Remarks
want to apply conditional formatting. Venkat 10:05AM 4:50PM
2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, Suresh 10:12AM 4:45PM
Kiran 10:15AM 5:00PM
Click on Conditional Formatting.
Mahesh 10:05AM 4:30PM

Microsoft Excel
3. Drop-Down list is displayed, From Highlight cells rules, Click on More Rules.
4. New Formatting Rule dialog box is displayed.
5. In the dialog box from Format only cells with group apply the Condition settings as
follows.
6. Click on Format button to set the font Colour, select your choice Colour and click on OK.
7. Enter the In-Time values in the column.
8. Select the cells in another column and do the same process up to the New Formatting
Rule Dialog box.
9. In the dialog box from Format only cells with group apply the Condition settings as
follows.
10. Click on Format button to set the font Colour, select your choice Colour and click on OK.
11. Enter the In-Time values in the column.
2) FORMAT AS TABLE:
This option is used to format a range of cells and convert it to a table by choosing a pre-defined table
styles.
Steps:
1. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Format as Table.
2. Under Light, Medium, or Dark, click the table style that you want to use.
3) CELL STYLES:
This option formats a cell from pre-defined cell styles.
Steps:
1. Select the cells that you want to format.
2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Cell Styles.
3. Click the cell style that you want to apply.

Microsoft Excel
CELLS GROUP:
1) INSERT CELLS:
Excel provides the ability to insert additional space within the working area of the worksheet. That
is, additional columns, rows, and cells can be inserted within the frame of the worksheet.
1. TO INSERT BLANK CELLS:
Steps:
1. Select the cell or the range of cells where you want to insert the new blank cells.
2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click the arrow next to Insert, and then click Insert
Cells.
3. In the Insert dialog box, click the direction in which you want to shift the surrounding
cells.
2. TO INSERT ROW:
Steps:
1. To insert a single row, click in the row above which you want to insert the new row.
Sheet Rows.
3. TO INSERT COLUMN:
Steps:
1. To insert a single column, click in the column to the right of where you want to insert the
new column.
Sheet Columns.
4. TO INSERT NEW WORK SHEET:
Steps:
1. To quickly insert a new worksheet at the end of the existing worksheets, click the Insert
Worksheet tab at the bottom of the screen.
2. To insert a new worksheet before an existing worksheet, select that worksheet, and then
on the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Insert, and then click Insert Sheet.
2) DELETE CELLS:
This option is used to delete selected cells, rows, columns from the work sheet or can also delete
entire work sheet from the work book.
Steps:
1. Select the cells, rows, or columns that you want to delete.
2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, do one of the following:
3. To delete selected cells, click the arrow next to Delete, and then click Delete Cells.
4. To delete selected rows, click the arrow next to Delete, and then click Delete Sheet
Rows.
5. To delete selected columns, click the arrow next to Delete, and then click Delete Sheet
Columns.

Microsoft Excel
6. If you are deleting a cell or a range of cells, in the Delete dialog box, click Shift cells left,
Shift cells up, Entire row, or Entire column.
7. To delete Work sheet, On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click the arrow next to
Delete, and then click Delete Sheet.
3) FORMAT:
This option is used to format the height or width of columns and rows, hide or unhide elements,
organize or protect cells and sheets.
CELL SIZE:
1. ROW HEIGHT:
Steps:
1. Select the Row or the range of Rows where you want to increase the height.
2. Under Home Tab, from Format Button, click on Row Height.
3. Enter the preferred row height value.
4. Click OK.
(OR)
1. Select the row which you want to auto fit.
2. Under Home Tab, from Format Button, click on AutoFit Row Height (This will
automatically set the row to the size of the data in the selected row).
3. Double-Click the separator between the Row Numbers (This will automatically set the
row height to the tallest entry in that row).
2. COLUMN WIDTH:
Steps:
1. Select the column which you want to increase the width.
2. Under Home Tab, from Format Button, click on Column Width.
3. Enter the preferred column width value.
4. Click OK
(OR)
1. Select the column which you want to auto fit.
2. Under Home Tab, from Format Button, click on AutoFit Column Width (Automatically
sets the column to the size of the largest number of characters).
3. Double-Click the separator between the column letters (This will automatically set the
column width to the widest entry in that column).
VISIBILITY:
1. HIDE AND UN-HIDE:
Steps:
1. Select the rows or columns that you want to hide.
2. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format.
3. Under Visibility, from Hide & Unhide, click Hide Rows or Hide Columns.
4. To display hidden rows or columns; Under Visibility, from Hide & Unhide, click Unhide
Rows or Unhide Columns.

Microsoft Excel
ORGANIZE SHEETS:
1. RENAME SHEETS:
Steps:
1. Open the work sheet which you want to rename.
3. Under Organize Sheets click Rename Sheet.
4. Type the New Name and press Enter.
(OR)
Steps:
1. Double click the sheet tab of the work sheet which you want to rename.
2. Type the new name of the work sheet and press Enter.
2. MOVE OR COPY SHEETS:
Steps:
1. Open the work sheet which you want to Move or Copy.
3. Under Organize Sheets click Move or Copy Sheets.
4. To create a duplicate copy of the existing sheet, click in the check box of Create Copy and
click on Ok.
5. To change the position of work sheets, click on Move to End and click on Ok.
3. TAB COLOUR:
Steps:
1. Open the work sheet which you want to change the Tab Colour.
3. Under Organize Sheets click Tab Colour.
4. Click on your choice Colour that to apply for sheet tab.
(OR)
Steps:
1. Right-Click on preferred worksheet tab.
2. Select Tab Colour.
3. Select the preferred Colour and press Enter.
PROTECTION:
1. PROTECT SHEET:
Steps:
1. Open the work sheet which you want to protect with password.
3. Under Organize Sheets click Protect Sheets.
4. In the Password to unprotect sheet box, type a password and click on OK.
5. In the Re-enter password to precede box, type the password you entered before, click on
OK.

Microsoft Excel
EDITING GROUP
1) FILL:
This option is used to fill the data in cells in any direction and into any range of adjacent cells.
Steps:
1. On the Home tab; in the editing group, click on drop down arrow to Fill the data.
a. Left: -To fills the information from Right to left side.
b. Right (Ctrl + R): -To fills the information from left to Right side.
c. Up: -To fills the information from down to up
d. Down(Ctrl + D): - To fills the information from top to down.
e. Series: - To fill the series values in to the respective rows or columns by specifying
step-value and stop value.
f. Justify: - justifying the selected cells into a single cell.
2) CLEAR:
This option is used to delete the content or formats and comments of a selected cell.
Steps:
1. On the Home tab; in the editing group, click on drop down arrow to clear the data.
a. All: To delete the all selected information including formats, contents and
comments.
b. Formats: To deletes the Formats of the selected text.
c. Contents: To deletes the Contents of the selected text.
d. Comments: To deletes the comments of the selected text.
3) SORT & FILTER:
This option is used to sort the data in ascending order and in descending order, and can filter the
specified column values.
Sort:
Steps:
1. Select a column of alphanumeric data in a range of cells, or make sure that the active cell
is in a table column containing alphanumeric data.
2. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, and then click Sort & Filter.
3. Do one of the following:
4. To sort in ascending alphanumeric order, click Sort A to Z.
5. To sort in descending alphanumeric order, click Sort Z to A.
Filter:
Steps:
1. Select a range of cells containing alphanumeric data.

2. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Sort & Filter, and then click Filter.
3. Click the arrow in the column header.
4. In the list of text values, select or clear one or more text values to filter by the list of
values of by list of text.

Microsoft Excel
5. If the list is large, clear (Select All) at the top, and then select the specific text values to
filter.
INSERT TAB:
TABLE GROUP:
1) PIVOT TABLE:
This option is used to give the detailed report to the selected information of the Workbook.
Steps:
1. Select the range of data.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Table group, click Pivot table, and then click Pivot table.
3. C eate Pi ot ta le dialog o is displa ed.
4. B sele ti g Ne orksheet then click on OK button.
5. Pivot table field list is displayed in the task panel.
6. Drag and Drop the required fields on to the page, row, column and Data.
CHARTS:
This option is used to insert the Graphical chart for selected information of the work book.
Steps:
1. Select the data which you want summarize visually.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Charts group, types of charts are displayed like Colum chart, Line
chart, Pie chart etc.
3. Select any one of the chart style from the charts group.
PAGE LAYOUT TAB:
PAGE SETUP GROUP:
1) MARGINS:
We can adjust the margins size of a page by using this option.
Steps:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page setup group, click desired margins or click custom
margins to set margins manually.
2) ORIENTATION:
This option switches the page between Portrait and Landscape layout.
Steps:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page setup group, click on the drop down arrow of
Orientation.
2. select either portrait (Vertical) or landscape (Horizontal) orientation.
3) PAPER SIZE:
This option is used to select the paper size of the worksheet.
Steps:

Microsoft Excel
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page setup group, click on the drop down arrow of Paper
size
2. select either A4 or Legal size paper.
4) PRINT AREA:
This option marks specific area of the work sheet for printing.
Steps:
1. On the worksheet, select the cells that you want to define as the print area.
2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Print Area, and then click Set Print
Area.
CLEAR PRINT AREA:
1. Click anywhere on the worksheet for which you want to clear the print area.
2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Clear Print Area.
5) BREAKS:
This option is used to break the page at required positions.
Steps:
1. To insert a horizontal page break, select the row below where you want to insert the
page break. To insert a vertical page break, select the column to the right of where you
want to insert the page break.
FORMULAS TAB:
Function is a subprogram with self-contain block of statements used to perform a specific task.
MATHEMATICAL & TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS: -
1) ABS ():
This function returns Absolute value of the given Number. (A number without its sign)
Syntax:
=abs(number)
e.g.:
=abs (-23.456)
23.456
2) SUM ():
This function adds the specified range of numbers.
Syntax:
=sum(range)
=sum(n1,n2,n3,n4,.....)
e.g.:
= sum (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
55
3) POWER ():
This function returns the result of the number raised to a power.

Microsoft Excel
Syntax:
= Power (number, power)
e.g.:
= Power (7,3)
343
4) PRODUCT ():
This function returns product or multiplication of the given values.
Syntax:
=Product(Range)
= Product (n1, n2, n3,......)
e.g.:
= product (7,7,7,7)
2401
5) TRUNC:
This function truncates the given decimal number to the specified no. of decimal places.
Syntax:
=trunc (number, no.ofdigits)
e.g.:
=trunc (24.5556789,3)
24.555
6) SIGN ()
This function returns sign of the given number
Syntax:
=sign (number)
1. If number is negative it returns -1.
2. If number is positive, it returns 1.
3. If number is 0 it returns 0.
e.g.:
1)=sign (24) 2) =sign (-23) 3) =sign (0)
1 -1 0
7) MOD ():
This function returns modulus value (remainder).
Syntax:
=mod (number, divisor)
e.g.:
=mod (10,3) =mod (6,7)
1 6
8) FACT ():
This function returns factorial of the given number.
Syntax:
=fact(number)
e.g.:
=Fact (7)
5040.

Microsoft Excel
9) SIN ():
This function returns sine value of the given angle.
Syntax:
=sin(angle);
e.g.:
=sin (45)
0.850904
10) TAN ():
This function returns tangent value of the given angle.
Syntax:
=tan(angle);
e.g.:
=tan (45)
1.619775
STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS:
1) AVERAGE ():
This function returns average of the given range of values.
Syntax:
=average(range)
=average (n1, n2, n3, ............)
e.g.:
= average (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
5.5
2) MAX ():
This function returns maximum number from given range of numbers.
Syntax:
=max(range)
=max(n1,n2,n3,............)
e.g.:
=max (10,343,0,9,76,987,1)
987
3) MIN ():
This function returns minimum number from given range of numbers.
Syntax:
=min(range)
=min(n1,n2,n3,............)
e.g.:
=min(-10,343,0,9,76,987,1)
-10
4) COUNT ():
This function counts the no.of cells that have the number in the specified range of cells.
Syntax:

Microsoft Excel
=Count(range)
e.g.:
=count (a1: a10) 45
6 65
5) COUNTBLANK (): 77
This function counts no. of empty cells in the given range of cells.
Syntax: 47
= countblank(range) 56
e.g.:
54
= countblank (a1: a10)
4
TEXT FUNCTIONS:
1) CODE ():
This function returns ASCII (American standard code information interchange) code of the given
character.
Syntax:
= code("char")
e.g.: -
=code("A")
65
2) CHAR ():
This function returns ASCII symbol of the given number.
Syntax:
=char(number)
e.g.: -
=char (65) A
3) LEN ():
This function returns length of the given string.
e.g.: -
=Len ("Satyam Computers")
16
4) UPPER ():
This function returns given string in Upper case letters
e.g.: -
=Upper ("Satyam Computers")
SATYAM COMPUTERS
5) LOWER ():
This function returns given string lower case letters
e.g.:
=lower ("SaTyaM ComPuterS")
satyam computers
6) TRIM ():

Microsoft Excel
This function removes the extra spaces from the given string.
e.g.: -
= Trim ("Satyam Computers")
Satyam Computers
DATE & TIME FUNCTIONS: -

1) DATE ():
This function returns given numbers in date format.
Syntax: -
= Date (year, month, day)
e.g.: -
=Date (2007,12,18)
12/18/07
2) TIME ():
This function returns given numbers in time format.
Syntax:
=Time (hours, minutes, seconds)
e.g.: -
=time (6,20,35)
6:20 AM
=time (18,20,35)
6:20 PM
3) TODAY ()
This function returns current system date.
e.g.: -
=today ()
4) NOW ():
This function returns current system date and time.
e.g.: -
=now ()
LOGICAL FUNCTIONS:
1) IF (): -
Syntax:
=if((condition),"True message", "false message")
Here if condition is true then true message will e return otherwise false message will be return.
Eg1:
=if ((10>12),"suresh", "naresh")
naresh
Eg2:
=if ((10>2),"Yes", "No")
Yes
Eg3:
=if(10>11,"Correct")
False

Microsoft Excel
Q) Create a student progress report by inserting student name, rno, 3 sub marks and calculate
total, average, result and grade by applying functions and formulas in MS excel Work sheet.
A B C D E F G H I
1 Rno Name Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Total Average Result Grade
2 1 Suresh 76 84 77
3 2 Hrirshi 48 76 64
4 3 Ajay 30 42 44
Total:
=sum(c2:e2)
Average:
=Average (c2: e2) (or) =f2/3
Result:
=if a d >= , d >= , e >= , Pass , Fail
Grade:
=if(and(h2= pass ,g >= , A ,if a d h = pass ,g >= , B ,if a d h = pass ,g >= , C ,if a d
h = pass ,g >= , D ,if a d h = fail , *
DATA TAB:
DATA TOOLS GROUP:
1) TEXT TO COLUMNS:
This option is used to separate the content of one cell into separate columns.
Steps:
1. Select the range of data that you want to
convert.
2. On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group,
click Text to Columns.
3. In Step 1 of the Convert Text to Columns
Wizard, click Delimited, and then click
Next.
4. In Step 2, select the Space check box,
and then clear the other check boxes
under Delimiters.
5. The Data preview box shows the first
and last names in two separate columns.
6. Click Next.
7. Click Finish.
2) REMOVE DUPLICATES:
This option is used to delete duplicate (repeated data) rows.

Microsoft Excel
Steps:
1. Select the range of cells, or make sure that the active cell is in a table.
2. On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group, click Remove Duplicates.
3. Under Columns, select one or more columns.
4. To quickly select all columns, click Select All.
5. To quickly clear all columns, click Unselect All
6. Click OK.
A message is displayed indicating how many duplicate values were removed and how many unique
values remain, or if no duplicate values were removed.
7. Click OK.
3) DATA VALIDATION:
This option is used to set the validation rule for selected cells. That is the value will be accepted in to
the respective cells when the specified validation or condition is satisfied.
Steps:
1. Select the row or column in the sheet.
2. On the Data Tab in the Data Tools group;
click on drop down arrow of Data
validation and select data validation
from the list.
3. Data validation dialog box is displayed.
4. Adjust the Settings ta as allo
Whole numbers .
5. I the Input Message ta t pe the a
title i title a d a essage i input
message .
6. Sele t a o e of the st le f o Error alert eithe Stop, a i g o i fo atio ; the
type the title and Error alert message.
7. Click on Ok.
4) CONSOLIDATE:
This option is used to calculate the different sheet values. And we note that consolidate option
should be opened in the resultant sheet.
Steps:
1. Set up the data to be consolidated on each
separate worksheet, type the data in
different work sheets.
2. To consolidate the data, make the resultant
sheet to be opened.
3. On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group,
click Consolidate.
4. In the Function box, select the function as
Microsoft Excel
Sum .
5. Select the Reference data from the other sheets and click on Add .
6. After completion of adding reference data from other sheets; click on OK .
5) GOAL SEEK:
This option is used to set the specified cell value to a target value.
E.g.: - A B
1 Item Computers
2 Qty 9
3 Rate 24500
4 Amount =b2*b3
Steps:
1. On the Data Tab in the Data Tools group; Click on

d op do a o o What if a al sis a d li k o
Goal seek.
2. Goal seek dialog box is displayed; adjust the set
ell , to alue and ha gi g cell as elo …
3. Set cell=b4
4. To value=250000
5. By changing cell=b3
6. Click on ok and Click on ok.
Note: - He e the set ell ust o tai a fo ula.
6) SUB TOTAL:
This option is used to calculate subtotals and grand totals in a list for columns of the Workbook.
Here we note that the information will be
group wise.
Steps: Course
1. Sort the data in the work

sheet to form as a group.
2. On the Data tab, in the
Outline group, Click on
Subtotal.
3. Subtotal dialog box is
displayed; adjust the settings
as At ea h ha ge i as
ou se , Use fu tio as Su a d Add su total to Fee .
4. Click on Ok.

Microsoft Excel
View Tab:
WORK BOOK VIEWS GROUP:
1) NORMAL:
This option is used to view the work sheet in normal mode. (without any ruler margins).
2) PAGE LAYOUT:
In Page Layout view, Excel provides a horizontal ruler and a vertical ruler so that you can take precise
measurements of cells, ranges, objects, and page margins.
Steps:
1. Click the worksheet that you want to change in Page Layout view.
2. On the View tab, in the Workbook Views group, click Page Layout View.
3) PAGE BREAK PREVIEW:
This option is used to view a preview of where a page will break when the document is printed. We
can also adjust page break manually.
Steps:
1. Click the worksheet that you want to print.
2. On the View tab, in the Workbook Views group, click Page Break Preview.
3. To insert a vertical page break, select the row below where you want to insert the page
break.
4. To insert a horizontal page break, select the column to the right of where you want to
insert the page break.
6. Click Insert Page Break.
4) CUSTOM VIEW:
This option is used to create the Custom view for selected cells.
Steps:
1. Select the required cells or rows or columns which you want to add it to custom view.
2. On the View tab, in the Workbook Views group, click Custom Views.
3. Click Add.
4. In the Name box, type a name for the view.
Apply a custom view
5. On the View tab, in the Workbook Views group, click Custom Views.
6. In the Views box, click the name of the view that you want to apply, and then click Show.
5) FULL SCREEN:
This option is used to view the work sheet in full screen mode. (it displays the work sheet without
any tools).
Steps:

Microsoft Excel
1. To switch to full screen view, on the View tab, in the Workbook Views group, click Full
Screen.
2. To return to normal screen view, right-click anywhere in the worksheet, and then click
Close Full Screen. (Or) press ESC key from the keyboard.
MACRO:
To automate a repetitive task, you can quickly record a macro. You can run the recorded information
from the macro again if it is required.
Steps:
1. On the View tab, in the Macro group, click drop down arrow of macros and click Record
New Macro.
2. Type the information in work sheet and click on Stop recording from macro option in
macro group.
3. To run the macros; click drop down arrow of macros and click View Macro.
4. Recorded macros list is displayed, click on required macro and click on Run.

Microsoft Excel
MICROSOFT EXCEL SHORTCUT KEYS

1) Ctrl+ A  Select All
2) Ctrl+ B  Bold
3) Ctrl+ C  Copy
4) Ctrl+ D  Fill Down
5) Ctrl+ F  Find
6) Ctrl+ G  Go to
7) Ctrl+ H  Replace
8) Ctrl+ I  Italic
9) Ctrl+ K  Insert Hyperlink
10) Ctrl+ N  New Workbook
11) Ctrl+ O  Open
12) Ctrl+ P  Print
13) Ctrl+ R  Fill Right
14) Ctrl+ S  Save
15) Ctrl+ U  Underline
16) Ctrl+ V  Paste
17) Ctrl W  Close
18) Ctrl+ X  Cut
19) Ctrl+ Y  Repeat
20) Ctrl+ Z  Undo
21) F1  Help
22) F2  Edit
23) F3  Paste Name
24) F4  Repeat last action
25) F4  While typing a formula, switch between absolute/relative refs
26) F5  Go to
27) F6  Next Pane
28) F7  Spell check
29) F8  Extend mode
30) F9  Recalculate all workbooks

Microsoft Excel
31) F10  Activate Menu bar
32) F11  New Chart
33) F12  Save As
34) Ctrl+:  Insert Current Time
35) Ctrl+;  Insert Current Date
36) Ctrl+"  Copy Value from Cell Above
37) Ct l+  Copy Formula from Cell Above
38) Shift  Hold down shift for additional functions in Excel s e u
39) Shift+F2  Edit cell comment
40) Shift+F3  Paste function into formula
41) Shift+F4  Find Next
42) Shift+F5  Find
43) Shift+F6  Previous Pane
44) Shift+F8  Add to selection
45) Shift+F9  Calculate active worksheet
46) Shift+F10  Display shortcut menu
47) Shift+F11  New worksheet
48) Shift+F12  Save
49) Ctrl+F3  Define name
50) Ctrl+F4  Close
51) Ctrl+F5  XL, restore window size
52) Ctrl+F6  Next workbook window
53) Shift+Ctrl+F6  Previous workbook window
54) Ctrl+F7  Move window
55) Ctrl+F8  Resize window
56) Ctrl+F9  Minimize workbook
57) Ctrl+F10  Maximize or restore window
58) Ctrl+F11  Inset 4.0 Macro sheet
59) Ctrl+F12  File Open
60) Alt+F1  Insert Chart
61) Alt+F2  Save As
62) Alt+F4  Exit

Microsoft Excel
63) Alt+F8  Macro dialog box
64) Alt+F11  Visual Basic Editor
65) Ctrl+Shift+F3  Create name by using names of row and column labels
66) Ctrl+Shift+F6  Previous Window
67) Ctrl+Shift+F12  Print
68) Alt+Shift+F1  New worksheet
69) Alt+=  AutoSum
70) Ctrl+`  Toggle Value/Formula display
71) Ctrl+ Shift+ A  Insert argument names into formula
72) Alt+ Down arrow  Display AutoComplete list
73) Ctrl+ Shift+~  General format
74) Ctrl+ Shift+!  Comma format
75) Ctrl+ Shift+@  Time format
76) Ctrl+ Shift+#  Date format
77) Ctrl+ Shift+$  Currency format
78) Ctrl+ Shift+%  Percent format
79) Ctrl+ Shift+^  Exponential format
80) Ctrl+ Shift+&  Place outline border around selected cells
81) Ctrl+ Shift+_  Remove outline border
82) Ctrl+ Shift+*  Select current region
83) Ctrl++  Insert
84) Ctrl+-  Delete
85) Ctrl+1  Format cells dialog box
86) Ctrl+2  Bold
87) Ctrl+3  Italic
88) Ctrl+4  Underline
89) Ctrl+5  Strikethrough
90) Ctrl+6  Show/Hide objects
91) Ctrl+7  Show/Hide Standard toolbar
92) Ctrl+8  Toggle Outline symbols
93) Ctrl+9  Hide rows
94) Ctrl+0  Hide columns

Microsoft Excel
95) Ctrl+ Shift+ (  Unhide rows
96) Ctrl+ Shift+)  Unhide columns
97) Alt or F10  Activate the menu
98) Ctrl+ Tab  In a workbook: activate next workbook
99) Shift+ Ctrl+ Tab  In a workbook: activate previous workbook
100) Shift+ Ctrl+ P  Point size Drop Down List

Microsoft Power point
MICROSOFT POWER POINT

Microsoft Power point is the application software particularly used to create the presentations for
Ad e tise e t, De o lasses, Se i a s, et . The e te sio a e fo a po e poi t file is *.ppt .
 Executable Name on Run: Powerpnt.
ADD A NEW SLIDE

1. On the View tab, in the Presentation Views group, click Normal.
2. In the pane that contains the Outline and Slides tabs, click the Slides tab, and then click a
location between two slides where you want to add a new slide.
3. On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click New Slide.
4. On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then select a slide layout that will
best accommodate the content that you plan to add to the slide.
ADD TEXT TO A PLACEHOLDER
Below, the dotted border represents the placeholder that contains the title text for the slide.
To add text to a text placeholder on a slide, do the following:

Click inside the placeholder and then type or paste the text.
Note: If your text exceeds the size of the placeholder, Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 reduces
the font size and line spacing incrementally as you type to make the text fit.
ADD TEXT TO A TEXT BOX
Use text boxes to place text anywhere on a slide, such as outside a text placeholder. For example, to
add a caption to a picture, create a text box and position it near the picture.
ADDING ANIMATION, SOUND, AND MOVIES

TO APPLY PREDEFINED ANIMATIONS
Steps:
1. Click the text or object you want to animate. Then on the Animations tab, in the
Animations group, click the animate arrow, and in the list, click the animation you want.
2. To refine the animation, click the Custom Animation button, and then in the
3. Custom Animation task pane, apply the options you want.

Microsoft Power point
TO CHANGE THE ANIMATION ORDER
1. In the Custom Animation task pane, with an animation selected, click the Re-Order Up or
Re-Order Down button until the animation is in the position you want.
TO ADD SOUND TO AN ANIMATION
Steps:
1. In the Custom Animation task pane, click the arrow to the right of the animation, and
then click Effect Options.
2. On the Effect tab of the dialog box, click the Sound arrow, and in the list, click thesound
you want.
TO APPLY TRANSITIONS
1. On the Animations tab, in the Transition to This Slide group, click a transition. Or click the
more button, and then in the gallery, click the transition you want.
2. To apply the same transition to all the slides, in the Transition to This Slide group, click
the Apply to All button.
TO SET THE TRANSITION SPEED

1. In the Transitions to This Slide group, click the Transition Speed arrow, and then click the
speed you want.
TO INSERT A SOUND CLIP

1. On the Insert tab, in the Media Clips group, click the Sound arrow, and then click Sound
from Clip Organizer.
2. In the Clip Art task pane, click the sound you want.
3. When a message box appears, indicate whether you want to play the sound
automatically or only when clicked.
TO CREATE A CUSTOM SLIDE SHOW

1. On the Slide Show tab, in the Start Slide Show group, click the Custom Slide Show
button, and then click Custom Shows.
2. In the Custom Shows dialog box, click New.
3. In the Slide show name box of the Define Custom Show dialog box, type a name for the
custom show.
4. In the Slides in presentation list, click the slides you want, and then click Add.
TO START A CUSTOM SHOW

1. Display the Custom Shows dialog box, select the custom show, and then click Show.

C - Language
C
Language

C - Language
SOFTWARE
Software is a program or collection of programs.
This software divided into 2 parts
1. Packages
2. Languages
1) PACKAGES:
A package is set of predefined programs or commands
E.g.:
Ms-office, Notepad, calculator
2) LANGUAGES:
A language is a set of instructions arranged in a meaningful format or in systematic order.
This language further classified into following 2 types.
E.g.:
Machine language, High level language, Assembly language.
PROGRAMMING
A computer program is nothing but a set of instructions. If the instructions are correct then the
result will be correct. The process of creating program is known as programming.
To understand the features of the programming different mythologies are derived.
1. Algorithm
2. Flow chart
3. Structure
1. Algorithm: - Instructions given by user in step by step processing is called as algorithm.
2. Flow chart: - It is a diagrammatic representation of program.
3. Structure: - Executing the instructions for program in middle level language.
LANGUAGE: It is a mean used by the program to interact with the system which consists of set of
codes and symbols.
1) Machine Language:
The language which uses binary codes i.e. 0's and 1's is called Machine Language. It is Machine
dependent.
2) Assembly Language:
The language which uses English like abbreviations to write a program is called Assembly Language.
3) High Level Language:
The language which uses English words to write a program in a code level is called as High level
language.

C - Language
List of Some High-Level Languages:
 GWBASIC (Graphic Word Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
 QBASIC (Quick Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
 FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
 COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
 LOGO (Logic Oriented Graphic Organization)
 Pascal etc.
Language Translators:
1. Interpreter: It converts High Level Language program into Machine language statement by
statement
2. Compiler: It converts High Level Language program into Machine language whole at a time.
3. Assembler: It converts Assembly Language program to Machine Language.
INTRODUCTION TO C
Elementary of programming: -
1. Importance of C
2. History
3. Basic structure of C program.
4. Character set data
5. Functions and keywords.
IMPORTANCE OF C: -
1. It is Compiler based language.

2. It is Middle level language.
3. C is a Structure oriented language.
4. C allows user to define his own data types, functions.
5. Every statement terminated by semicolon (;)
6. Programming approach is from top to down.
7. It is case-sensitive language.
HISTORY OF C: -
In 1960, an international committee was constituted which came out with a language called ALGOL-
60. This language could not become popular because it was too general and highly abstract.
In 1963, a modified ALGOL-60 by reducing its generality and abstractness, a new language CPL
(Combined programming language) was developed at Cambridge University and was very big and
difficult to learn.

C - Language
In 1967, Martin Richards, at Cambridge University, stripped down some of the complexities from
CPL retaining useful features and created BCPL (Basic CPL) and it is very less powerful.
Later the language was replaced by Ke Tho pso with a language and named the language with
first letter of BCPL B as B- language.
In 1972, Dennis Ritchie , at AT & T bell labs from BCPL and CPL. And was general purpose, easy to
learn and more powerful. Dennis Ritchie is an American scientist who invented the C programming
language. The name C is collected from the second letter of BCPL.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF C LANGUAGE: -
1.Document section.
2.Link section
3.Definition section
4.Global declaration
5.Main function
6.Beginning of the program.
7.Data types and variables (Declaration part)
8.Executable part.
a. Output question
b. Input data.
c. Formula section
d. Output result.
9. Ending of the program.
1) DOCUMENT SECTION:
Document section is used for user information and it is not executed in program. Here user can
enter any information.
E.g.: - /*----Statement----*/
2) LINK SECTION:
It is used to li k the p og a ith a st u tu e a e i lude . This help to all output a d i put
statement with header file.
Syntax: - #include<header. file>
E.g.: -
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
3) DEFINITION SECTION:
This section is used to mention any variable values or any functions in short form.

C - Language
E.g.: - #define pi 3.14
#define pf printf
4) GLOBAL DECLARATION:
Global declaration is used to repeat the elements more than one time in the program.
E.g.: -
struct structure name
{
datatype elements;
datatype elements;
};
5) MAIN FUNCTION:
Function main is a special keyword which is called to run the program and the empty parenthesis
indicate that there is no information has to be passing. Where function is called main function.
E.g.: - void main ()
6) BEGINNING OF THE PROGRAM:
Beginning of the program is mentioned with open flower bracket.
E.g.: - {
7) DATA TYPES AND VARIABLES:
A data type is defined as type of the data that is which type of data we can store in to the respective
variables.
E.g.: - data type variables.
Int a, b, total;
Float avg;
Char name [10];
8) EXECUTABLE PART:
1. Output question: Here the statement displays as question to the user.
2. Input data: Here the data reads to related variables.
3. Formula section: Here the formula or condition of a program should be typed.
4. Output result: Here the statement displays as result to the user.
9) ENDING OF THE PROGRAM:
Ending of the program is mentioned with close flower bracket.
E.g.: - }
SUBPROGRAM SECTION.

C - Language
In this section, we have to design coding part for the user defined functions which is declared in the
declaration section.
printf ():
This function is used to print any messages on the output screen and it is available in a header file
alled stdio.h
Syntax: printf ("Message");
 Wap to p i t state e t Hello wo ld as output.

#include<stdio.h>
main ()
{
clrscr ();
printf ( Hello Wo ld\ ;
getch ();
}
Note: -
1. Alt + F9  to compile the program.
2. Ctrl+F9  to run the program.
3. Alt +F5  to display output result.
4. Alt + F  to open file menu.
5. F2  to save program.
6. F3  to open an existing program.
7. Alt + X  To close c program.
 Write a program to print user address.

/*Program to print User Address */
#include<stdio.h>
void main ()
{
printf ("Vara Prasad");
printf ("# 16-1-538");
printf("Hanamkonda");
printf("Warangal");
}

C - Language
clrscr ():This function is used to clears the previous output of the screen. And it is available in a
heade file alled o io.h .
getch ():
This function is used give the pause to User at run time and it is available on a header file called
o io.h .
AVAILABLE ESCAPE SEQUENCE CHARACTERS:
\n  to move the cursor to new line
\t  to produce the horizontal tab
\b  for Backspace
\a  for Beep sound
\\  for \
\ for double cotes "
Note: Here special characters \ and are non-directly printable characters.
 Write a program to implement the Escape sequence characters.

/* Program to Demo on Escape Sequence characters */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
clrscr ();
printf("Satyam");
printf ("\n\t Satyam");
printf("\n\\Satyam\\");
printf("\n\"Satyam\"");
printf("\n\bSatyam");
printf ("\n\aSatyam");
getch();
}
Output:
Satyam
Satyam
\Satyam\
"Satyam"
atyam
Satyam

C - Language
VARIABLE:
A variable is a memory location whose value changes from time to time. To identify the variable in a
program a suitable name is given for it.
CONSTANT:
A constant is also a memory location whose value does not change at any time. To identify the
variable in a program a suitable name is given for it.
DATA TYPES:
A data type is defined as type of the data that is which type of data we can store in to the respective
variables.
 Integer (int):
This data type allows an integer value and range starts from -32768 to 32767. It occupies 2Bytes of
memory space.
E.g.:
int a;
a=32767;
print a;
 short int:
This data type also allows integer values and range is less than that of "int". It occupies 2Bytes of
memory space.(Range from -32768 to +32767)
E.g.:
short int a;
a=12744;
print a;
 long int:
This data type allows integer values only range is greater than that of "int". It occupies 4B of
memory space. The Range is -2147483648 to +2147483647
E.g.:
long int a;
a=100000;
print a;
 float:
This data type allows decimal numbers. It occupies 4Bytes of memory space. Range is starts from
3.4(10**-38) to 3.4(10**+38)

C - Language
E.g.:
float a;
a=10.234;
print a;
 character (char):
This data type allows storing characters. It occupies 1Byte of memory space.
E.g.:
char a, name [10];
a= a ;
name= pa a ;
print a;
SYNTAX FOR DECLARING A VARIABLE:
datat pe a , a , a …;
RULES TO NAMING A VARIABLE:
 It should start with alphabet.

 It should not contain spaces.
 It should not contain special ha a te s E ept u de s o e _
 The maximum length is180 characters.
FORMATTED OUTPUT FUNCTIONS:
printf ():
This is formatted output function and used to print any messages or values of the variables.
Syntax:
p i tf "Fo at st i gs/Messages , a , a , a … ;
FORMAT STRINGS OR FORMAT SPECIFIES:
Data type Format strings

int %d or %i
short int %sd
long int %ld
float %f
long float or double %lf
char %c
String (group of characters) %s

C - Language
FUNCTION:
A function is a subprogram defined with set of statements and used to perform a specific task.
There are following two types of functions in C-language.
1) LIBRARY FUNCTIONS OR BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS:
Functions which are developed by the developers for the support of user are known as library
functions.
E.g.:
abs (), sqrt (), pow (), strlen (), printf (), scanf () etc.
2) USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS:
Functions which are developed by the user according to his program are known as user defined
functions.
E.g.:
add (), sub (), mul () ........
 Write a program to calculate the addition of the 2 values.

/*Program to find the addition of 2 numbers*/
#include<stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b, c;
a=10;
b=20;
c=a+b;
printf ( \n Value of a= %d , a);
printf ( \n Value of b= %d , );
printf ("\n Addition = %d", c);
getch();
}
 Write a Program to print Square and Cube Values of given Number

/* program to print Square and Cube Values */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int n, square, cube;
clrscr ();
n=5;
square=n*n;
cube=n*n*n;

C - Language
printf ("Value of N = %d\n , );
printf ("Value of Square = %d\n , s ua e);
printf ("Value of Cube = %d\n , u e);
getch();
}
FORMATTED INPUT FUNCTION:
scanf ():
This is formatted input function and used to accept the values in to the respective variables at run time.
(Ctrl+f9)
Syntax:
scanf ("Fo at st i gs , &var1, &var2....)
Here '&' indicates address of the respective variables.
 Write a program to calculate the addition of the 2 values and accept the values at run time.
/*Program to find the addition of 2 numbers*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b, c;
clrscr ();
printf ( E te Numbers\n ;
scanf ( %d%d , &a, &b);
c=a+b;
printf ("Addition = %d , );
getch();
}
 Write a program to print the square value and cube value of the given number
/*Program to print Square value and Cube Value*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int n;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter any number");
scanf ("%d , &n);
printf ("Square: %d\n , *n);
printf ("Cube: %d\n , *n*n);
}

C - Language
OPERATORS IN C -LANGUAGE:
1) ARITHMETICAL OPERATORS:
These operators are used to perform all types of mathematical calculations.
Operator Description
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division (Quotient)
% Division (Remainder)
2) UNARY OPERATORS:
If an operand or variable is given with a single operator, then it is called Unary operator.
E.g.:
+a, -a ....
3) BINARY OPERATORS:
If a single operator is given with 2 operands or 2 variables, then it is called as binary operator.
E.g.:
a+b, a-b, a*b, ....
4) COMPARISON OPERATORS: (OR RELATIONAL OPERATORS)
These operators are used to provide the relationships or to compare the values of the variables.
< Less than
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
== Equal to
!= Not Equal to
5) LOGICAL OPERATORS:
An expression containing logical operator returns expression either true or false. Logical operators
are commonly used in decision making in C programming.

C - Language
&& Logical and
|| Logical or
! Logical not
6) ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR: (=)

This Operator Assigns or stores the value or expression results in to the left side variable.
E.g.:
a=10;
It eads as "a assig s " o a sto e .
7) INCREMENT OPERATOR: (++)
This operator increments the value of the variable by one
1) Post increment operator (a++)
This operator first assigns the value and then increment the value.
E.g.:
a=10;
p=a++;
p a
[10] [11]
2) Pre-Increment Operator: (++a)
This operator first increments the value and after words assigns the value.
E.g.:
a=10;
p=++a;
p a
[11] [11]
8) DECREMENT OPERATORS: (- -)
This operator Decrements the value of the variable by one
1) Post decrement operator (a--)
This operator first assigns the value and then Decrement the value.
E.g.:
a=10;
p=a--;
p a
[10] [9]
2) Pre-Decrement Operator: (- -a)
This operator first decrements the value and after words assigns the value.
E.g.:
a=10;
p=--a;

C - Language
p a
[9] [9]
9) COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR:
a=a+b  a+=b; a=a-b  a-=b;
a=a*b  a*=b; a=a/b  a/=b;
a=a%b  a%=b;
 Wap to Demo on Binary Operators

/* Program to Demo on Binary Operations*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b, c;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter any 2 Numbers");
s a f "%d%d , &a, &b);
c=a+b;
printf ("Addition = %d\n , ;
c=a-b;
printf ("Subtraction =%d\n , );
c=a*b;
printf ("Multiplication= %d\n , );
c=a/b;
printf ("Quotient =%d\n , );
c=a%b;
printf ("Remainder =%d\n , );
getch();
}
 Write a program to Calculate the Area and perimeter of the circle.

/*Program to Calculate Area and perimeter of the Circle */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
# define pi 3.14 /*Constant Declaration*/
void main ()
{
int r;
float a, p;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter radius of the circle");
scanf ("%d , &r);

C - Language
a=pi*r*r;
p=2*pi*r;
printf ("Area = %.3f , a);
printf ("\n Perimeter = %.3f , p);
getch ();
}
sizeof ():
This operator is used to return the memory size occupied by the specified variable / data type.
Syntax:
sizeof (datype or variable);
CONTROL STATEMENTS:
These statements are used to control the compiler execution at run time and execute the statements
according to the given conditions.
These are of following 4 types.
1. Conditional statements
2. Select statement
3. Jumping statement
4. Iterative statements (or loops)
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS:
These statements are executes given the statements depending up on given condition.
There are following 4 types of conditional statements.
1. Simple if
2. if ... else
3. Nested if
4. else...if ladder
1) Simple if:
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
Statements;
}
In the above structure the statements are executed when the specified condition is true otherwise
compiler avoids the statements from execution.
2) if...else:
Syntax:
if(condition)

C - Language
{
statements1;
}
else
{
statements2;
}
In the above structure if specified condition is true then statements1 are executed otherwise
statements2 are executed.
 Wap to find the big number of 2 numbers using simple if statement.
/* Program to find Big Number */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b;
clrscr ();
scanf ("%d%d , &a, &b);
if(a>b)
{
printf ("\n %d is big", a);
printf ("\n %d is Small", b);
}
if(b>a)
{
printf ("\n %d is big", b);
printf ("\n %d is Small", a);
}
if(a==b)
{
printf ("Both Are Equal");
}
getch ();
}
Points to remember:
1. A control statement should not be terminated by semicolon (;)
2. For multiple statements boundaries ({,}) are compulsory but for a single statement
boundaries are optional.
 Wap to find whether the given Year Leap year or not
/* program to Demo on if. else*/

C - Language
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int year;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter any Year Number");
scanf ("%d , &year);
if(year%4==0)
{
printf ("It is a Leap year");
}
else
{
printf ("It is not a Leap year");
}
getch ();
}
 Wap to find whether the given Number is Even or odd

/* program to Demo on if. else*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int num, r;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter any Number");
scanf ("%d , &num);
r=num%2;
if(r==0)
{
printf ("It is Even Number");
}
else
{
printf ("It is Odd Number");
}
getch ();
}

C - Language
NESTED IF:
If a simple if. else statement is given with in another if then it is called Nested if.
Syntax:
if(con-1)
{
if(con-2)
{
statements1;
}
else
{
statements2;
}
}
else
statements3;
In the above structure if con-1 is true then control will enter into the if block. Here if con-2 is true
then statements1 are executed otherwise it will execute statemetns2. But statements3 are executed
when con-1 is false.
ELSE IF LADDER:
If a simple if…else statement is given with in the else block, then it is called else if ladder.
Syntax:
if(con-1)
{
statements1;
}
else
if(con-2)
{
statements2;
}
else
{
statements3;
}
In the above structure if con-1 is true then control will execute statements1 otherwise control will
enter into the else block, here if con-2 is true then control will execute statements2 otherwise
statements3.
 Write a program to demo on Nested if and Else if ladder.

C - Language
/*Program to find the Big Number from given 3 numbers*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b, c;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter any 3 Numbers\n");
scanf ("%d%d%d , &a, & , &c);
if((a>b) &&(a>c))
{
p i tf A is Big\ ;
}
else
if(b>c)
{
p i tf B is Big\ ;
}
else
(
p i tf C is Big\ ;
}
getch ();
}
SELECT STATEMENT:
By using select statement, we can provide individual results for individual conditions.
E.g.:
SWITCH-CASE.
Syntax:
switch (variable)
{
case 1:
statements1;
break;
case 2:
statements2;
break;
case 3:
statements3;
break;
C - Language
...
case n:
statements n;
break;
default:
statements;
}
In the above structure the value of the variable matched with any one of the given cases then that
respective case statements will be executed; otherwise control will execute the default statements.
Here "break" statement is given b/w the cases to break the continuity of the switch-case.
 Wap to illust ate o explai switch-case co cept.

/* Program to demo on switch-case */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int choice;
clrscr ();
printf ("\n1. Red Colour");
printf ("\n2. Blue Colour");
printf ("\n3. Green Colour");
printf ("\n4. Yellow Colour");
printf ("\n5. White Colour");
printf ("\n Enter your Colour Number");
scanf ("%d", &choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
printf ("You Have Selected Red Colour");
break;
case 2:
printf ("You Have Selected Blue Colour");
break;
case 3:
printf ("You Have Selected Green Colour");
break;
case 4:
printf ("You Have Selected Yellow Colour");
break;
case 5:
printf ("You Have Selected White Colour");
C - Language
break;
default:
printf ("Sorry! There is no such Colour, please t agai …");
}
getch ();
}
 Wap to perform all arithmetical operations by accepting arithmetical operator.

/* Program to Demo on Switch – case */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b;
char ch;
clrscr ();
puts ("Enter 2 values");
s a f "%d%d , &a, & ;
printf ("Enter any arithmetical operator");
s a f "% , & h ;
switch(ch)
{
ase '+ :
p i tf "Additio =%d , a+ ;
break;
case '- :
p i tf "Su t a tio =%d , a-b);
break;
case '* :
p i tf "Multipli atio =%d , a*b);
break;
ase '/ :
p i tf "di isio =%d , a/ ;
break;
ase '% :
p i tf "Re ai de =%d , a% ;
break;
default:
printf ("Sorry! Invalid Operator");
}
getch ();
}
C - Language
JUMPING STATEMENT: (OR BRANCHING STATEMENT)
These are Control statements used to control the compiler or controller at run time.
E.g.:
GOTO.
It is an iterative statement or control statement used to move the compiler or control position to the
specified label name.
Syntax:
label name:
Statement;
goto label name;
 write a program to print the given statement for 10 times.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
Int i=1;
clrscr ();
abc: /* He e abc is the label name */
p i tf Wel o e to C la guage\ , i ;
i++;
if(i<=10)
{
goto abc;
}
getch ();
}
ITERATIVE STATEMENTS (LOOPS):
These statements are control statements used to repeat the set of statements for n number of
times. This concept is called as looping or conditional branching. This can be implemented by using
following 3 control statements.
1) for
2) while
3) do. while
1) WHILE LOOP:
This control statement used to repeat the same set of statements for n number of times.
Syntax:
C - Language
Initializations:
while(condition)
{
Statements;
Incr/Decr;
}
In the above structure compiler check for the result of the condition if it is true then it executes the
statements again check for the result of the condition, if it is true again it execute the statements.
This procedure will continue until the given condition is false.
 Wap to print n natural numbers.

/*Program to Demo on While Loop */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int n, i=1;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter any Number");
s a f "%d , & ;
while(i<=n)
{
printf ("%d\t , i ;
i++;
}
getch ();
}
 Wap to find if the given number is perfect or not.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int n, i=1, sum=0;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter a Number");
s a f "%d , & ;
printf ("Factors of %d:\ , ;
while(i<=n/2)
{
if(n%i==0)

C - Language
{
printf ("%d\t , i ;
sum=sum+i;
}
i++;
}
if(sum==n)
{
printf ("It is a Perfect Number\n");
}
else
{
printf ("It is Not a Perfect Number\n");
}
getch ();
}
 Wap to find the factorial of the given number

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
long int n, i, f=1;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter a Number");
s a f "%ld , & ;
i=1;
while(i<=n)
{
f=f*i;
i++;
}
printf ("\ %ld! =%ld , , f ;
getch ();
}
 Wap to print mathematical Tables in the given range.
/*Program to Demo on Nested While Loop */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
C - Language
int i=1, n, j=1;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter Range\n");
s a f "%d , & ;
while(i<=n)
{
printf ("Mathematical Table of %d:\ , i ;
while(j<=10)
{
printf ("\n\t%d*%d=%d , i, j, i*j);
j++;
}
printf ("Press Any Key to Continue....\n");
getch ();
clrscr ();
i++;
}
getch ();
}
 Write a program to check whether the given no is Armstrong or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int s=0, r, n, temp;
clrscr ();
p i tf E te a u e\ ;
s a f %d , & ;
temp=n;
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
s=s+(r*r*r);
n=n/10;
}
if(s==temp)
{
p i tf Gi e o is A st o g\ ;
}
else

C - Language
{
p i tf Gi e o is ot A st o g\ ;
}
getch ();
}
 Write a program to print the given number in reverse order.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int rev=0, r, n;
clrscr ();
s a f %d , & ;
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
rev=(rev*10) +r;
n=n/10;
}
p i tf Rev of the given no is %d\n , e );
getch (;
}
 Write a program to check whether the given no is Palindrome or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int rev=0, r, n, temp;
clrscr ();
s a f %d , & ;
temp=n;
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
rev=(rev*10) +r;
n=n/10;
}

C - Language
if(rev==temp)
{
p i tf Gi e o is Pali d o e\ ;
}
else
{
p i tf Gi e o is ot Pali d o e\ ;
}
getch ();
}
2) DO WHILE:
Syntax:
Initializations:
do
{
Statements;
Incr/Decr;
}
while (condition);
In the above structure for the first time the statements are executed without any condition. Next it
checks for the result of the condition if it is true again it execute the statements. This procedure will
continue until the given condition is false.
Points to remember:
1) A do...while statement end with semicolon (;)
2) The condition is given at ending level.
 Wap to print the n natural numbers using do-while loop
/*Program to Demo on do...while loop */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int i=1, n;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter n value\n");
s a f "%d , & ;
do
{
printf ("%d\t", i);
i++;
}

C - Language
while(i<=n);
getch ();
}
 Wap to print sum of the digits of given number.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int n, sum=0, r;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter any value");
scanf ("%d , &n);
do
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+r;
n=n/10;
}
while (n! =0);
printf ("Sum of the digits:%d\n , su );
getch ();
}
 Wap to find big number in given number.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int n, big=0, r;
clrscr ();
scanf ("%d , &n);
do
{
r=n%10;
if(big<r)
big=r;
n=n/10;
}
while (n! =0);
C - Language
printf ("Big: %d\n , ig);
getch ();
}
 Wap to print reverse order of given number and also find whether it is palindrome or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int n, rev=0, r, temp;
clrscr ();
scanf ("%d , & ;
temp=n;
do
{
r=n%10;
rev=(rev*10) +r;
n=n/10;
}
while (n! =0);
printf ("Reverse: %d\n , e ;
if(rev==temp)
{
printf ("palindrome: Yes\n");
}
else
{
printf ("Palindrome: No\n");
{
getch ();
}
3) FOR LOOP:
Syntax:
for (initialization; condition; Incr/Decr)
{
Statements;
}

C - Language
In the above structure, Control first enter into the initialization part. Next check for the result of the
condition, if it is true it will execute the statements. Next it moves to the Incr/Decr position and
again check for the result of the condition if it is true again it execute the statements. This procedure
will continue until the given condition becomes false.
 Wap to print n natural numbers.
/*Program to Demo on For loop */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int n, i;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter N Number");
scanf ("%d , &n);
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf ("%d\t , i);
}
getch ();
}
 Wap to print mathematical table for a given number
/*Program to Demo on For loop */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int i, n;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter any Number\n");
scanf ("%d , &n);
printf ("\t----***Mathematical Table of %d***----\n , );
printf("\n-----------------------------------------------\n");
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf ("%d x %d= %d\n , , i, *i);
}
getch ();
}
 Wap to print General mathematical table.
/*Program to Demo on Nested For loop */

C - Language
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int i, j;
clrscr ();
printf ("\n\t***General Mathematical Table***");
printf("\n-----------------------------------------------\n");
for (i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
printf("\n");
for (j=1; j<=10; j++)
printf ("%4d , i*j);
}
printf("\n-----------------------------------------------");
getch ();
}
 Write a program to print even and odd numbers from 1 to 10.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int i;
clrscr ();
printf ( EVEN \t ODD\ ;
printf ( --------\t --------\ ;
for (i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
p i tf %d\n , i ;
}
else
{
p i tf %d\t , i ;
}
}
getch ();
}

C - Language
STRINGS
A string is defined as a group of characters and it is also called as a single dimensional character array.
Declaring a string in the program:
Syntax:
char name[size];
(Or)
char *name;
E.g.:
char name [10];
(Or)
char *name;
Memory Map diagram:
S A T Y A M \0
Note: A st i g al a s te i ated Null Cha a te a d it is De oted B \ .

There are several string functions that are available in a header file called "string.h".
1) strlen ():
This function returns string length
Syntax:
strlen(string1);
2) strcmp ():
Compares the 2 strings
Syntax:
strcmp (string1, string2);
if string1= =string2 then it returns 0
if string1 > string2 then it returns +1
if string1 < string2 then it returns -1
3) strcpy ():
This function copies second string into the first string
Syntax:
strcpy (string1, string2);

C - Language
4) strlwr ():
This function returns given string in lower case letters
Syntax:
strlwr(string1);
5) strupr ():
This function returns given string in upper case letters
Syntax:
Strupr (string1);
6) strcat ():
This function adds the 2 strings
Syntax:
strcat (string1, string2);
7) strrev ():
This function reverses the given string.
Syntax:
strrev(string);
INPUT AND OUTPUT STRING FUNCTIONS:
1) puts ():
This function is used to print the string on the screen in a new line.
Syntax:
puts("String");
2) gets ():
This function is used to accept a string in to the respective String variable.
Syntax:
gets(String_var);
 Wap to print the given string in lower case, upper case, reverse order and its length.
/*program to Demo on Strings */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main ()
{
char name [10];
clrscr ();
C - Language
puts ("Enter your name");
gets(name);
printf ("In lower case: %s\n , st l a e ;
printf ("InUpper case: %s\n , st up a e ;
printf ("In reverse order: %s\n , st e a e ;
printf ("Length = %d\n , st le a e ;
getch ();
}
 Wap to find whether the given string is palindrome or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main ()
{
char s1[10], s2[10];
clrscr ();
puts ("Enter any string");
gets(s1);
strcpy (s2, s1);
strrev(s1);
if (strcmp (s1, s2) ==0)
{
puts ("It is Palindrome");
}
else
{
puts ("It is not Palindrome");
}
getch ();
}
 Write a program for Password Testing.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main ()
{
char pwd [20];
clrscr ();
C - Language
puts ("Enter password ");
gets(pwd);
if (strcmp ( Sat a , pwd) ==0)
{
puts ("Welcome to Satyam Computers");
}
else
{
puts ("Sorry Invalid Password");
}
getch ();
}
 Write a program to demo on strcat () function.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main ()
{
char fname [20], lname [20];
clrscr ();
puts ("Enter your First Name");
gets(fname);
puts ("Enter your Last Name");
gets(lname);
strcat (fname,lname));
p i tf The Co ate ated st i gs a e %s\ , f a e ;
getch ();
}
ARRAYS:
According to programs sometimes he requires to declare no of Variables. This is a problem to the
user to access those variables in the program and this will produce complexity for the program. To
avoid this complexity of the program user should implement arrays concept.
An array is a group of similar data elements. Array stores number of values. To access the array
elements, we must use subscript reference starts from 0 to n-1.
Types of Arrays:
1) Single dimensional arrays
2) Double dimensional arrays
3) Multi-dimensional arrays
C - Language
1) SINGLE DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS:
In this type of array, we can store values in a single dimension that is linearly. (One by one)
Syntax:
Datatype Array_name [size];
Note: Size should be a positive integer number and it should not be a Negative or Float number.
E.g.:
int a [5];
No e a sto e alues i to a a a .
Memory map diagram:
10 20 30 40 50
1 2 3 4 5 indexes
Sum=a [1] +a [2] +a [3] +a [4] +a [5];
=150
 Wap to accept 10 values into an array and print them.
/*Program to Demo on Arrays */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a [10], i;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter 10 numbers\n");
for (i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
s a f "%d , &a[i] ;
}
puts (" Array values:");
for (i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
printf ("a[%d] =%d\ , i+ , a[i] ;
}
getch ();
}
 Wap to accept the n values into an array and find big number in the array.
/*Program to Find Big Number in the given Array values*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

C - Language
void main ()
{
int a [50], i, n, big=0;
clrscr ();
puts ("Enter size of the array");
s a f "%d , & ;
printf ("enter %d values\ , ;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
s a f "%d , &a[i] ;
}
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
if(big<a[i])
{
big=a[i];
}
}
printf ("Big =%d\n , ig ;
getch ();
}
2) DOUBLE DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
In this type of array, we can store the values in two dimensions that is in the form of rows and
columns like Matrix.
Syntax:
Datatype Arrayname [size1] [size2];
E.g.:
int a [3][3];
Now we can store 9 values.
Memory map diagram:
00 01 02
10 11 12
20 21 22
Diagonalsum=a[0][0]+a[1][1]+a[2][2]

C - Language
 Wap to accept 9 values in to double dimension array and print them in a Matrix Form and print
the transpose matrix Form.
/*program to Demo on Double Dimensional Array */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ()
{
int a [3][3], i, j;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter 9 Elements");
for (i=1; i<=3; i++)
for (j=1; j<=3; j++)
s a f "%d , &a[i][j] ;
puts ("Array Values in Matrix Form:");
for (i=1; i<=3; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=3; j++)
{
printf ("%5d , a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
}
puts ("Array values in Transpose Matrix Form:");
for (i=1; i<=3; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf ("%d\t , a[j][i]);
printf("\n");
}
}
getch ();
}
 Wap to calculate the sum of the given two matrices.
/* Program to demo on Double Dimensional Arrays */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ()
{
int a [3][3], b [3][3], c [3][3], i, j;
clrscr ();

C - Language
printf ("Enter 9 values in to A \n");
for (i=1; i<=3; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=3; j++)
scanf ("%d , &a[i][j]);
}
printf ("Enter 9 values in to B \n");
for (i=1; i<=3; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=3; j++)
scanf ("%d , &b[i][j]);
}
for (i=1; i<=3; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=3; j++)
c[i][j] =a[i][j] +b[i][j];
}
puts ("Matrix Addition is");
for (i=1; i<=3; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=3; j++)
printf ("%4d , [i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch ();
}
 Wap to calculate the Multiplication of 2 Matrices
/* Program to Calculate multiplication of 2 Matrices */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ()
{
int a [10] [10], b [10] [10], c [10] [10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter r1 and c1 of matrix A\n");
scanf ("%d%d , &r1, &c1);
printf ("Enter r2 and c2 of matrix B\n");
scanf ("%d%d , &r2, &c2);
if (c1! =r2)
{
printf ("Matrix Multiplication is not possible\n");

C - Language
return; /* To Stop the Program */
}
printf ("Enter %d values in to A \n , 1*c1);
for (i=1; i<=r1; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=c1; j++)
scanf ("%d , &a[i][j]);
}
printf ("Enter %d values in to B \n , 2*c2);
for (i=1; i<=r2; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=c2; j++)
{
scanf ("%d , &b[i][j]);
}
}
for (i=1; i<=r1; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=c2; j++)
{
c[i][j] =0;
for (k=1; k<=r2; k++)
{
c[i][j] =c[i][j] +a[i][k] *b[k][j];
}
}
}
printf ("Matrix multiplication is\n");
for (i=1; i<=r1; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=c2; j++)
printf ("%4d , [i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch ();
}
POINTERS
In previous programs we access the variables through its name or identifier, but to access these
variables through its address is the concept of pointers.

C - Language
We note that a simple variable cannot assigns address of other variables. There is one and only one
variable that can holds the address of the other variables that is pointer variable.
Always a pointer variable prefixed by " * "
Declaring a pointer variable
Syntax:
int *var;
Assigning address of the other variables
Syntax:
int a, *p;
p=&a;
Access the pointer variable
1. To print the value "*p";
2. To print the assigned address "p"
 Wap to demo on pointers concept.
/*Program to demo on Pointers*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ()
{
int a=10, *p;
clrscr ();
p=&a;
puts ("Properties of variable Using Its Name:");
printf ("Value of A= %d", a);
printf ("\n Address of A= %d", &a);
puts ("\n Properties of variable Using Its Address:");
printf ("Value of A= %d , *p);
printf ("\n Address of A= %d", p);
getch ();
}
 Wap to calculate the Multiplication of given 3 numbers using pointers.
/* program to Demo on pointers */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ()
{
int a, b, c, *p, *q, *r;
p=&a;

C - Language
q=&b;
r=&c;
clrscr ();
scanf ("%d%d%d , &a, & , &c);
printf (" \n Multiplication = %d , *p * *q * *r);
getch ();
}
 Wap to swap the 2 values using pointers

/*Program to demo on Pointers*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ()
{
int a, b, *p, *q;
clrscr ();
p=&a;
q=&b;
printf ("Enter any 2 Numbers\n");
scanf ("%d%d , &a, &b);
printf ("Before Swapping a=%d \t b=%d\n , a, );
*p=*p+*q;
*q=*p-*q;
*p=*p-*q;
printf ("After Swapping a=%d \t b=%d\n , a, );
getch ();
}
UNFORMATTED I/P AND O/P CHARACTER FUNCTIONS:
These functions will not allow the format strings or format specifies like %d, %f etc.
1) i/p functions:
1. getch ():
This function is used to accept the character in to the respective variable at run time, which is not
visible. (Simply it will echo the character)
Syntax:
charvar = getch ();
2. getchar ():
This function is used to accept the character in to the respective variable at run time, which is
visible.

C - Language
Syntax:
char_var = getchar ();
2) o/p functions:
1. putch ():
This function is used to print the character of the respective variable on the screen. It will not
allow any Escape sequence character.
Syntax:
putch (charvar);
2. putchar ():
This function is used to print the character of the respective variable on the screen. It will allow
the Escape sequence characters.
Syntax:
putchar (charvar);
USER DEFINED DATA TYPES:

C allows user to define his own way of data types. These are all secondary data types. In c –
Language we can design our own data types by using following key words.
1. struct
2. union
3. typedef
4. enum
STRUCTURES
A structure is a secondary data type and it is also considered as user defined data type. It works like
a single dimensional array with a set of different types of elements. Structures are especially used to
maintain the records. To declare a structure, we have to use a key word called "struct".
1) The declaration will be in declaration section or in the main section
Syntax:
struct structname
{
datatype1 ele1;
datatype2 ele2;
..........................
};

C - Language
2) Declaring a structure variable:
Syntax:
struct structname structvar;
3) Accessing Structure elements:
Syntax:
structvar. ele1;
structvar. ele2;
 Write a program to display student progress by inserting student name, rno, 3 sub marks and
calculate total and average of n no of students by using structure datatype.
/*Program to Demo on structures*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct stu
{
int rno, sub1, sub2, sub3, total;
char name [10];
float avg;
};
void main ()
{
struct stu s [30];
int i, n;
clrscr ();
printf ( E te ho a stude t p og ess do ou want? \ ;
scanf ( %d , &n);
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf ( E te o a d a e of stude t %d\n , i);
scanf ( %d%s , &s[i]. rno, &s[i].name);
printf ( E te su a ks of stude t %d\n , i);
scanf ( %d%d%d , &s[i]. s1, &s[i]. s2, &s[i]. s3);
s[i]. total=s[i]. s1+s[i]. s2+s[i]. s3;

C - Language
s[i]. avg=s[i]. total/3;
}
puts ( RNO\tNAME\tSUB1\tSUB2\tSUB3\tTOTAL\tAVERAGE");
puts ( ----\t----\t----\t----\t----\t----\t-------- );
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf ( %d\t%s\t , s[i]. rno, s[i].name);
printf ( %d\t%d\t%d\t , s[i]. s1, s[i]. s2, s[i]. s3);
printf ( %d\t %f\n , s[i]. total, s[i]. avg);
}
getch ();
}
UNIONS:
A Union is a User defined data type or secondary data type that can share the memory for all the
elements of union and it occupies memory as size of the union element whose size is maximum than
other variables. The declaration, accessing of a Union is same like as Structures.
 Wap to Demo on unions
/* Program to Demo on unions */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
union emp
{
int eno;
char name [10], job [8];
float sal;
};
void main ()
{
union emp e;
clrscr ();
printf ("\n------------Employee Details---------\n\n");
e.eno=1234;
printf ("\t Empno\t: %d \ , e.e o ;
strcpy(e.name,"Naresh");
printf ("\tEmp Name\t: %s \ , e. a e ;
strcpy(e.job,"Manager");
C - Language
printf ("\tEmp Job\t: %s \ , e.jo ;
e.sal=10000.0;
printf ("\tEmp Salary\t: %.3f \n , e.sal);
printf ("\nUnion occupies %d Bytes of Memory space , sizeof(e));
getch ();
}
TYPEDEF:
This is also secondary data type used to define the new name for specified data type.
Syntax:
typedef datatype namenew name;
 Wap to demo on typedef.
/* Program to Demo on typedef */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
typedef int satyam;
void main ()
{
satyama, b, c;
clrscr ();
a=10;
b=20;
c=a+b;
printf ("Addition=%d\n , );
getch ();
}
ENUMERATIONS:
Enumeration is a secondary data type used to declare the constants in C-language. To declare a
e u e atio e ha e to use a ke o d alled e u .
Syntax:
enum name
{
var , a , a ….
};
Eg1:
enum demo
{

C - Language
a, b, c,
};
Default a=0, b=1, c=2, d=3
Eg2:
enum demo
{
a=10, b, c,
};
Now a=10, b=11, c=12, d=13
 Wap to demo on Enumerations.
/* Program to Demo on enumerations */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
enum demo
{
a=10, b=22, c=16, d=102
};
void main ()
{
printf ("\n a=%d , a);
printf ("\nb=%d , );
printf ("\nc=%d , );
printf ("\nd=%d , d);
getch ();
}
FILES MANAGEMENT
A file is a collection of information. We can also create files using C-programming and store the
information on to specified file.
FILE MANAGEMENT INCLUDES
1. Creating a File
2. Reading a file
3. Copying a File
4. Merging File
5. Renaming a File
6. Deleting a File
TYPES OF FILES:

C - Language
There are following 2 types of files
1. Text files
2. Sequence files or Random files
To implement files concept, we have to follow following 3 Steps
1) Declaring a file pointer:
Syntax:
FILE *filepointer;
2) To open a file following statement is used
Syntax:
fp = fopen ("filename","mode");
Different types of file modes:
Mode Description
r To open a file in read mode and to read the information
w To open a file to write mode and write information on to a file.
a To open a file in append mode and to extend the information of a file.
3) To close a file:
Syntax:
fclose (fp);
TEXT FILES:
It is collection of different types of characters which are stored in a sequential order. To create a text
file following functions are used.
putc ():
This function prints a character on to a specified Text formatted file. whose extensions like *.txt, *.c,
*.cpp, etc.
Syntax:
putc (charvar, fp);
getc ():
This function accepts a character from a specified text Formatted file whose extensions like *.txt,
*.c, *.cpp, etc.
Syntax:
charvar = getc (fp);
EOF: This keyword indicates that end of the file.
 Wap to create a text file
/* Program to Create a Text File */

C - Language
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
clrscr ();
fp=fopen("Sample.txt","a");
printf ("Enter the Information and Press F6 to Save:\n");
ch=getchar ();
while (ch! =EOF)
{
putc (ch, fp);
ch=getchar ();
}
fclose(fp);
printf ("Text File Created Successfully");
getch ();
}
 Wap to read the information of a Specified text formatted file.
/*Program to Read a Text File*/
#include<stdio.h>
void main ()
{
char ch, fname [10];
FILE *fp;
clrscr ();
puts("Enter File Name");
gets(fname);
fp=fopen(fname,"r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
puts ("\t Sorry File Not Found");
getch ();
return;
}
puts ("Your Data:");
ch=getc(fp);
while (ch! =EOF)
{
putchar(ch);

C - Language
ch=getc(fp);
}
fclose(fp);
printf ("End of the Text File\n ");
getch ();
}
 Wap to Copy the Information of one File to another File.
/* Program to Copy the Text File */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
clrscr ();
char ch, sfile [10], tfile [10];
FILE *fp1, *fp2;
puts ("Enter Source File Name");
gets(sfile);
puts ("Enter Target File Name");
gets(tfile);
fp1=fopen(sfile,"r");
if(fp1==NULL)
{
puts ("\n\t source File Not Found");
getch ();
return;
}
fp2=fopen(tfile,"w");
ch=getc(fp1);
while (ch! =EOF)
{
putc (ch, fp2);
ch=getc(fp1);
}
fp1.close();
fp2.close();
puts ("\nFile Copied Successfully");
getch ();
}

C - Language
SEQUENCE FILES:
Here records are stored in a sequence order. to Create the sequence following functions Are Used.
fprintf ():
This function is used to print the formatted outputs on to a specified file.
Syntax:
fprintf (filepointer, "fo atst i gs , a ia les);
 Wap to create a sequential file to store the student records in a file called stud.txt.
/*Program to create a Sequence File */
#include<stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int rno, s1, s2, s3, tot;
char name [10], res [5], ch;
float avg;
FILE *sf;
clrscr ();
sf=fopen("Stud.txt","w");
do
{
printf ("Enter Rno, Name and 3 subject Marks");
scanf ("%d%s%d%d%d , & o, & a e, &s1, &s2, &s3);
tot=s1+s2+s3;
avg=(float)tot/3;
if(s1>=35&&s2>=35&&s3>=35)
{
strcpy(res,"Pass");
}
else
{
strcpy(res,"fail");
}
fprintf(sf,"%d\t%s\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%.2f\t%s\n , o, a e,s1,s2,s3,tot,
avg,res);
puts ("Do You Want to Enter One More record...(Y/N)?");
fflush(stdin);
ch=getchar ();
}
while(ch=='y'||ch=='Y');
puts ("\nSequence File Created...");

C - Language
fclose(sf);
getch ();
}
fscanf ():
This function is used accept the information of the specified sequence file in to the respective
variables.
Syntax:
fscanf (filepointer, "format strings", &variables);
feof ():
This function states that the sequence file or random file is at end position or not.
If file is at end position, then it returns true (1).
If file is not at end position, then it returns false (0)
Syntax:
feof(filepointer)
 Wap to ead the eco ds of a se ue tial file called stud.txt (A d cou t the no. of records).
/*Program to Read a Sequence File*/
#include<stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int rno, s1, s2, s3, tot, nor=0, i;
char name [10], result [10];
float avg;
FILE *fp;
clrscr ();
fp=fopen("stud.txt","r");
printf ("Rno\tName\tTel\tHin\tEng\tTotal\tAvg\tResult\n");
fs a f fp, %d%s%d%d%d%d%f%s , & o, & a e, &s1, &s2, &s3, &tot, &avg, &result);
while (! feof(fp))
{
nor++;
printf("%d\t%s\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%.2f\t%s\n , o, a e,s1,s2,s3,tot,avg, result);
fscanf(fp, %d%s%d%d%d%d%f%s ,& o,& a e,&s1,&s2,&s3,&tot,&avg, &result);
}
fclose(fp);
printf ("\n %d Records Are Sele ted , o );
getch ();
}

C - Language
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

C - Language
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

C - Language
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

C - Language
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

C - Language
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

C - Language
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

C - Language
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Pramod

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pramod

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

This Book

WHERE WE ARE USING COMPUTERS:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 1 | 130

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE COMPUTER:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 2 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 3 | 130

C.P.U (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT):

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 4 | 130

GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTERS:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 5 | 130

1) PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 6 | 130

Memory Units (Memory Measurement sequence)

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 7 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 8 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 9 | 130

TO CHANGE BACKGROUND OF DESKTOP AND SCREEN SAVER:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 10 | 130

DESK TOP ICONS:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 11 | 130

Title Bar Minimize

Working Area Vertical

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 12 | 130

HIDE AND UNHIDE A FOLDER/ FILE

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 13 | 130

DIALOG BOX KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS:

MICROSOFT NATURAL KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

SHORTCUT KEYS FOR CHARACTER MAP

REMOTE DESKTOP CONNECTION NAVIGATION:

71) CTRL+ALT+END Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box.

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 16 | 130

STARTING MICROSOFT WORD:

QUICK ACCESS TOOL BAR:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 17 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 18 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 19 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 20 | 130

1) BULLETS AND NUMBERING:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 21 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 22 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 23 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 24 | 130

TABLE TOOLS: (DESIGN TAB):

TABLE TOOLS: (LAYOUT TAB):

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 25 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 26 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 27 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 28 | 130

1) INSERT PICTURE FROM A FILE:

B usi g this Pi tu e Fo at ta e a adjust the ight ess, o t ast, pi tu e styles, picture

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 30 | 130

1) HYPERLINK: (CTRL + K):

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 31 | 130

HEADER AND FOOTER GROUP:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 32 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 33 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 34 | 130

PAGE LAYOUT TAB

PAGE SETUP GROUP:

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 35 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 37 | 130

#2-2-132, Main Road, Naimnagar, Hanamkonda. Cell: 9059981526. P a g e 38 | 130

1) SPELLING AND GRAMMAR CHECK: