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
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl No TITLES AND AUTHORS Page No.

01. Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image 1-13
Metadata
 Jordi Domenech Fons, Josep Pegueroles Vallés

02. Adaptive IIR-based NEXT Canceller Using Modified PSO Algorithm 14-18
 Chii-Shyang Kuo, Yu-Chia Yen, Muh-Tian Shiue

03. Consumer Behavior Analysis in E-Commerce 19-20

 Seroualia Rania, Rhajbal Zineb

04. Geospatial Optimization of Location-Dependent Costs for Solar Photovoltaic 21-25

Plants in a Mountainous Suburban Area
 Tetsuhito Hoshino, Soumya Basu, Takaya Ogawa, Keiichi N. Ishihara, Kiyoshi
Hoshino, Hideyuki Okumura

05. Evaluation of Bacteria with Phosphate Solubilizing Ability in Agricultural Soil 26-30
Associated with The Development of Citrus Unshiu (Mandarina Satsuma) In
Huaral – Perú
 M. Falcón, J. Villanueva, J. Ramos

06. Evaluation of Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp as stimulators of root growth in 31-34

Pisum sativum seed
 M. Falcón, J. Villanueva, J. Ramos

07. Bioremediation of Soil with High Heavy Metal Concentration, at Laboratory 35-43
Scale, Using Native Microorganisms from Mining Waste in Colquijirca, Peru
 J. Ramos, A. Llanos, B. Champe, O. Soto

08. Regression-Based Deep Learning Model for Adaptive Driving Beam Headlights 44
 N.P Somasiri, S Pokhrel, S Ganesan

09. “A Study on Initiatives in Teaching Learning Practices with Special Reference to 45-50
Learnability Matrix for Increasing Student Engagement Using Kano Model of
Customer Satisfaction and Dales Cone of Learning”
 Sonali Saha, Amol Gawande


 EDITORIAL

It is my proud privilege to welcome you all to the International Research Conference

at New York, USA in association with Academics World. I am happy to see the papers from
all part of the world and some of the best paper published in this proceedings. This
proceeding brings out the various Research papers from diverse areas of Science,
Engineering, Technology and Management. This platform is intended to provide a platform
for researchers, educators and professionals to present their discoveries and innovative
practice and to explore future trends and applications in the field Science and Engineering.
However, this conference will also provide a forum for dissemination of knowledge on both
theoretical and applied research on the above said area with an ultimate aim to bridge the gap
between these coherent disciplines of knowledge. Thus the forum accelerates the trend of
development of technology for next generation. Our goal is to make the Conference
proceedings useful and interesting to audiences involved in research in these areas, as well as
to those involved in design, implementation and operation, to achieve the goal.

I once again give thanks to the Institute of Research and Journals, ISERD & URC for
organizing this event in New York, USA. I am sure the contributions by the authors shall add
value to the research community. I also thank all the International Advisory members and
Reviewers for making this event a Successful one.

Editor-In Chief

Prof. R. M. Khaire
Professor, COE,
B. V University, India


 STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOPSY MODULE FOR
AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF IMAGE METADATA
1
JORDI DOMENECH FONS, 2JOSEP PEGUEROLES VALLÉS
1,2
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain.
E-mail: jordi.domenech.fons@estudiantat.upc.edu

Abstract - The importance of cybersecurity is raising every day with the development of new technologies. Accordingly,
cybercrimes are increasing notably and more than ever qualified people is needed to protect the rest of people from these
type of infractions. Digital forensics is a very important part of the cybersecurity world, furthermore, the ultimate goal of a
digital forensics investigation is to preserve, identify, acquire and document digital evidence to be used in the court of law.
As a result, our paper will go in deep with the Digital Forensics field, especially with the analysis of image metadata
employing the most important software used by digital forensics investigators: Autopsy. Nowadays, Autopsy cannot extract
and analyze all type of metadata found in pictures, but thankfully to this paper, investigators will not be forced to run another
external software only to analyze image metadata; they will be able to do it withAutopsy.

© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Global Science and Technology
Forum Pte Ltd

Keywords - Autopsy; Image Metadata; Ingest Module; EXIF; IPTC; Digital Forensics; Cybersecurity

I. INTRODUCTION able to analyse any type of image metadata apart

As the world continues to digitize, the dependence on
technology in the personal and professional live is
increasing fast: almost everyone is involved in
technology in one way or another. However, this
rapid shift to the digital age has been accompanied by
a growing increase of cybercrimes, that is crimes
involving basically a computer and a network.
Fighting this type of infraction requires tech-savvy
sleuthing, and digital forensics does exactly that.
Digital Forensics, also known as computer forensics,
is the process of investigating crimes committed
using any type of computing device and also extends
data in transit which is transmitted across public or
private networks. The ultimate goal of a digital
forensics investigation is to preserve, identify, acquire
and document digital evidence to be used in the court
of law. To do so, there exists a lot of tools we can
use, but in this paper we are going to focus on one of
the most important digital forensic software:
Autopsy.
Autopsy was designed to be an end-to-end platform
with modules that come with the software to make
the analysis of data more portable. Apart from the
included modules, you can add others that are
available from third-parties and even more you are
able to create your own personalized modules with
Python or Java. Taking into account this huge
characteristic, the main goal of this research paper is
going to be the development of an Autopsy module
able to analyze any type of image metadata, but
especially the one called IPTC; the current Autopsy
modules are not able to do it. As I explained above,
the modules included in Autopsy by default are not
from EXIF, this is an important lackbecause many
other types of image formats including other
metadata standards are being used extensively
nowadays.
EXIF, the Exchangeable Image File Format is a
standard that defines the formats of image, audio, and
metadata tags used by cameras, phones and other
digital recording devices. Taking into account that
this type of metadata is stored mostly automatically
by the device, the probability of having EXIF data
inside the image is high enough. Accordingly, having
a tool able to analyze it should be a must.
On the other hand, the IPTC Photo Metadata
Standard is the most widely used standard to describe
photos because of its universal acceptance among
new agencies, photographers, photo agencies,
libraries, museums and other related industries. It
structures and defines metadata properties that allow
users to add precise and reliable data about images.In
that case, most IPTC metadata have to be stored
manually by the user, therefore, is less common to
find IPTC data inside an image in comparison with
EXIF. But, IPTC metadata is much more valuable
than any other type of metadata because of the
information it provides, specially to the professional
investigators. Knowing the IPTC information you
have a very clear idea of the image description.
Furthermore, fake news and fake images are growing
very fast in our digital world, for that reason the
importance of having IPTC metadata inside an image
to describe it concretely is more important nowadays.

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
1
 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata
This fact is well known by professional
photographers: over the 80% of them add metadata to
protect their images.
Due to the importance of IPTC, this paper will be
focused on thedevelopmentof a new Autopsy Python
module able to analyze the IPTC metadata found in
an image (if any) and also other types of image
metadata such as EXIF. This could be a notable
advantage for Autopsy users when they want to go
deep in the investigation of any image and its
characteristics and find evidences to use them in a
court of law.
Thankfully to the development of the module,
investigators will be able to extract all the capable
metadata stored inside the image while using the
Autopsy program during their investigations; they
will not be forced to run another external software.
II. STATE OF THE ART
2.1. Autopsy
The Sleuth Kit is a digital forensics open source tool
which works with the command line and allows you
to analyze disk images and recover files from them.
Therefore, it is not user friendly and needs expert
handling. For that reason, it is used behind the scenes
of Autopsy: an easy to use, GUI-based program that
allows you to efficiently analyze hard drives,
smartphones, logical files,
The principal benefits that Autopsy provides are the
user friendly interface, the clear detail reports
provided at the end of the investigation and, last but
not least, the plug-in architecture that allows you to
find add-on modules or develop custom modules in
Java or Python to personalize and add new features in
your professional investigation case. Besides that,
some of the available forensics modules that allow
the systematization of the analysis are:
 Time analysis: used to see when a computer was
used or which events occurred before or after a
given event.
 Hash filtering: used to identify files that are
„known‟ and can be ignored or are „known bad‟
and raise awareness.
 Keyword search: extracts text from all kind of
files to be easily searched.
 Data carving: carves files from unallocated space
in the data source, helping in that way to
discover files that were deleted.
2.1.1. Ingest Modules
Ingest Modules analyze the data in a data source, they
are configured to find user content quickly and run in
the background. They are used to post the results on
the Blackboard, so you can find them in the “Results”
area of the Tree Viewer explained in the next
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
2
section.There are different Ingest Modules available
that Autopsy gives to us, the most important are:
 Recent Activity: Allows the examiner to see
what activity has occurred in the last seven days
of usage.
 Hash Lookup: Calculates MD5 hash values for
files and looks up hash values in a database to
determine if the file is „known bad‟, „known‟ or
„unknown‟.
 File Type Identification: Identifies files based on
their internal signatures.
 Extension Mismatch Detector: Detects files that
have an extension not traditionally associated
with the file‟s detected type and someone may be
trying to hide.
 Embedded File Extraction: Expands archive files
to enable Autopsy to analyze all files on the
system. It enables keyword search and hash
lookup to analyze files inside of archives.
 Picture Analyzer: Extracts EXIF (Exchangeable
Image File Format) information from ingested
pictures.
 Keyword Search: Supports manual text
searching.
 Encryption Detection: Searches for files that
could be encrypted using both a general entropy
calculation and more specialized tests for certain
file types.
 PhotoRec Carver: Carves files from unallocated
space in the data source.
 Data Source Integrity: Verifies the hashes
associated with the data source (if any) or if there
are no hashes associated the module calculates
them.
 iOS and Android Analyzer: Allows the examiner
to analyze files from an iOS and Android device.
 GPX Parser: Allows you to import GPS data
from a GPX file.
Figure x. Configuration of Ingest Modules in Autopsy
2.1.2. User Interface Layout
As shown, the user interface is divided in fivemain
areas: Tree Viewer, Result Viewer, Content
Viewer,Keyword Search and Status Area.
 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata
Figure x. Autopsy User Interface Layout
The Keyword Search allows the examiner to search
for keywords in the data source. It uses the Keyword
Search Module explained before.
The Status Area is the region where can be seen the
status of the data source analysis.
The Tree Viewer is on the left side of the Autopsy
user interface and it contains four main areas:
 Data Sources: shows the sources added to the case.
 Views: shows specific type of files from the data
sources.
 Results: shows the results of the ingest modules.
 Reports: shows the reports generated.
The Result Viewer is on the top-right and shows the
lists of files and their corresponding attributes.
The Content Viewer is on the bottom-right side and
displays the specific selected file in a variety of
formats and options to describe the file such as
Hexadecimal, Text, Application, File Metadata,
Context, Results, Annotations and Other
Occurrences.
2.1.3. Adding your own modules
As we said, one of the most important properties of
Autopsy is the possibility to add your own
personalized Ingest Modules either in Java or Python
(Jython).Autopsy is built on top of NetBeans Rich
Client Platform, which makes easy to work with a
plug-in environment. For that reason, if you want to
develop a module in Java, you will have to download
NetBeans and work from there.
On the other hand, Autopsy also uses Jython to
enable Python scripting. Jython is like Python but
converts the script into Java byte code to be perfectly
understandable by Autopsy. Using it is very easy and
allows you to access all of the Java services and
classes that you need.To add Java or Python Modules
you have the following options in Autopsy:
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
3
Figure x. How to add Java/Python Modules in Autopsy
2.1.4. Generating a Report
When finishing your analysis of the case, the user is
able to create a report of it. Different types of Report
Modules can be chosen such as HTML, Excel, Text,
etc.After selecting the type of report, we have to
choose which information we want to include in it.
The examiner is able to include all the results found
by the Ingest Modules, however, you can then
optionally choose which type of data from the Ingest
Modules you want to add in the report. You can also
tag your results to restrict the files and results that are
going to appear.
2.2. Image Metadata
Image metadata is a set of data describing and
providing information about an image. It allows
information to be transported with an image file, in a
way that can be understood by other software and
human users.
There are three main categories of image metadata:
 Technical metadata: automatically generated by
the camera. It includes camera details and
settings such as camera brand and model, date
and time when the image was created, GPS
location where it was created, aperture, focal
range, shutter speed, ISO number, flash settings,
etc.
 Descriptive metadata: manually added by the
photographer or someone managing the image. It
includes the name of the image creator,
keywords related to the image, captions, title and
comments, among many other possibilities.
 Administrative metadata: manually added. It
includes usage and licensing rights, copyright
restrictions, contact information for the owner of
the image, etc.
Taking into account these three main categories,
several standardized formats of metadata were
created, including: Exchangeable Image File Format
(EXIF), Information Interchange Model (IPTC),
Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP), Dublin Core
Metadata Initiative (DCMI) and Picture Licensing
Universal System (PLUS).
EXIF and IPTC are the most used metadata formats
nowadays. This is because knowing the information
in both standards, you are able to figure out almost all
 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata
the knowledge available in the image: Technical,
Descriptive and Administrative metadata.
2.2.1. Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF)
The EXIF standard was managed by the Japan
Electronics and Information Technology industries
Association (JEITA) and Camera and Imaging
Products Association (CIPA). In particular, it is a
standard that defines a set of TIFF tags to describe
images used by digital cameras (including
smartphones), scanners and other systems handling
image and sound files. The EXIF metadata can be
found in TIFF, JPEG and PSD files; but it is not used
in JPEG 2000 or PNG.Furthermore, the major part of
EXIF metadata is stored automatically by the device
that took the photo; for that reason, this type of
metadata is mostly technical.
The information we can find extracting Exchangeable
Image File Format metadata is the following and it
covers four big categories:
 Date and time information. Most digital cameras
record the current date and time and save this in
the metadata.
 Camera settings. This includes static information
such as the camera brand and model, information
that varies with each image such as orientation
Figure x. List of images that contain EXIF metadata in Autopsy
2.2.2. IPTC-IIM
International Press Telecommunications Council
(IPTC) is a consortium of the world‟s major news
agencies, news publishers and news industry vendors.
It develops and promotes efficient technical standards
to improve the management and exchange of
information between content providers,
intermediaries and consumers.
In 1991 they decided to create a new standard called
Information Interchange Model (IIM). The
Information Interchange Model is a file structure and
set of metadata attributes that can be applied to text,
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
4
(rotation), aperture, shutter speed, focal length,
flash settings, and ISO information, etc.
 Information about localization. Only available
for digital cameras that have a connected GPS.
 Description and copyright information.
2.2.1.1EXIF in Autopsy
The Picture Analyzer module extracts EXIF
(Exchangeable Image File Format) information from
ingested pictures. This information can contain
geolocation data for the picture, time, date, camera
model and settings (exposure values, resolution,…)
and other information. The module also converts
HEIC/HEIF images to JPG while maintaining their
EXIF information, which will be processed and saved
as it would for normal JPG images.
The discovered attributes are added to the blackboard
and can be seen by the user in the Directory Tree of
Autopsy.In the Figure x you can see an example of
how the Picture Analyzer module works and the
results shown: the date the image was created (2016-
12-30) and the time (22:20:21 CET), the device
model (Canon EOS 1100D) and make (Canon) the
picture was taken.
images and other media types. Is the most widely
used standard to describe photos and defines
metadata properties that allow users to add precise
and reliable data about images.IIM metadata can be
found into JPEG, TIFF, JPEG2000 or PNG image
files; but other file formats such as GIF or PCX do
not support it.
Although most EXIF metadata is introduced
automatically by the device, IPTC metadata is
introduced manually by the user. Therefore, you can
find all type of descriptive properties in the image
you could imagine such as who took the photo, where
 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata
it was taken, who appear in the image, a title and
description of the image, copyright information,
contact details, etc.
2.2.2.1. IPTC in Autopsy
Unfortunately, there is still no module developed in
Autopsy to extract IPTC metadata. A big lack as you
can verify. There is a lot of information can be found
in IPTC metadata that could be very useful and key
for any digital forensics professional investigation.
We are going to solve that shortage.
2.2.3. Another software to extract EXIF and IPTC
metadata
One of the most used and powerful tools to extract
metadata is the ExifToolsoftware developed by Phil
Harvey. ExifTool is a platform-independent Perl
library plus a command-line application for reading,
writing and editing meta information in a wide
variety of files; it supports many different metadata
formats including EXIF, GPS, IPTC, XMP, JFIF, etc.
Figure x. Image Metadata Analyzer preview
Apart from analyzing image metadata, that is a big
advantage for digital forensics investigators, the
module will also be able to filter the metadata in
order to facilitate users to find specific images that
contain specific metadata they want to search for their
Filter Type Text Pattern
Simple Name1
NOT NOTName1
AND Name1 AND Name2 AND …
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
5
For the proper development of the module we are
going to take advantage of the great potential of the
ExifTool software. However, we are going to use it
only for the purpose of reading all the metadata
extracted from picture. ExifTool meets all our needs
analyzing all the metadata information in an image.
There are other programs to analyze metadata but
most of them are not platform independent and/or
open source.
III. MODULE DESCRIPTION
3.1. High Level explanation
As we said during the research, our result will be a
moduledeveloped in Python languageable to analyze
any type of metadata found in an image. Specially,
the metadata that the Picture Analyzer Autopsy own
module cannot analyze. In this way, Autopsy will
show in the Tree Viewer a new artifact called Image
Metadata Analyzer with all the analyzed images
inside and the metadata found.
case.Once the filters are entered, the results will be
shown as Interesting Items, in the Tree Viewer of
Autopsy. And you will be able to see in the
comments of the Results in which Metadata Tags the
filters have been found.
RegEx Pattern
“[a-zA-Z0-9]”
“(NOT)\s[a-zA-Z0-9]”
“[a-zA-Z0-9]\s(AND)\s[a-zA-Z0-9]”
 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata

OR Name1 ORName2 OR … “[a-zA-Z0-9]\s(OR)\s[a-zA-Z0-9]”

== MetadataTag == MetadataValue “[a-zA-Z0-9]\s(==)\s[a-zA-Z0-9]”

!= MetadataTag !=MetadataValue “[a-zA-Z0-9]\s(!=)\s[a-zA-Z0-9]”

CONTAINS MetadataTagCONTAINSName “[a-zA-Z0-9]\s(CONTAINS)\s[a-zA-Z0-9]”

DOES NOT MetadataTagDOES NOT “[a-zA-Z0-9]\s(DOES\sNOT\sCONTAIN)\s[a-

CONTAIN CONTAINName zA-Z0-9]”
Table x. Filters’ description (I)

Filter Type Description

Simple filter. The module searches if the word is in the metadata of any image analyzed in
Simple
the case.
NOT filter. The module searches if the word is NOT in the metadata of any image analyzed
NOT
in the case.

AND AND filter. The module searches if all the words are inside the metadata of any image.

OR filter. The module searches if at least one of the words is inside the metadata of any
OR
image.
Filter by specific metadata tag and value. The module searches if a specific metadata value is
== inside any image. Remember that the MetadataTag must match perfectly accordingly to the
exiftool tag names [16].
Filter by specific metadata tag and value. The module searches if a specific metadata value is
!= NOT inside any image. Remember that the MetadataTag must match perfectly accordingly
to the exiftool tag names [16].
Filter by specific metadata tag. The module searches if any image contains the word in the
CONTAINS metadata value of a specific MetadataTag. Remember that the MetadataTag must match
perfectly accordingly to Exiftool tag names [16].
Filter by specific metadata tag. The module searches if any image does NOT contain the
DOES NOT
word in the metadata value of a specific MetadataTag. Remember that the MetadataTag must
CONTAIN
match perfectly accordingly to the exiftool tag names [16].
Table x. Filters’ description (II)

For example, if the user want to know which are the
images that were made with an iPhone, the module
will search this specific word inside the metadata to
filter and show only the images made with that
specific device. After that, you will be able to see in
which Metadata Tags the word has been found. This
is also a big advantage that can facilitate and save a
lot of time to investigators. Furthermore, you can
insert more than one filter simultaneously to make
your image search more precise (see Figure x).

Figure x. Image Metadata Filter preview

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata

Figure x. Image Metadata Analyzer Module GUI (I)

Figure x. Image Metadata Analyzer Module GUI (II)

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 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata

Figure x. Module’s flux diagram

3.2. Figure of Merit

The creation of our module enables efficient and
automated analysis of image metadata, including an
optimized filter to find the exact images the user is
searching for. In this section, I will show you the
efficiency that the module has analyzing and filtering
image metadata. In that way, we will see the
advantages that digital forensics investigators are
going to have when using the module in their
professional cases.

3.2.1. Image Metadata Analyzer

Firstly, we are going to test the basic functionality of
the module, that is, only using the Image Metadata
Analyzer Mode. For that reason, we do different Figure x. Image Metadata Analyzer behavior (I)
analysis and test up to 500 images (approximately
900 MB), in that way we see how the module reacts
to that amount of data.

In the next figures we can see the results. On the one

hand, the Figure xshows us the amount of time that
the module takes to analyze a specific number of
images. We notice that the behavior is linear: if the
number of images grow, the time will proportionally
grow.

On the other hand, in the Figure x, there is the time

that takes the module to analyze different amount of
images‟ Megabytes. The behavior is also linear as in
the first graph: when the number of MB analyzed
Figure x. Image Metadata Filter behavior (II)
grow, the time will also grow.

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 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata
3.2.2. Image Metadata Filter
Secondly, we test the other functionality of our
module: Image Filtering. In that case, we have the
image metadata analysed and now we only want to
make use of the filter. We are going to analyse the
same amount of images analysed before and see if
our module is efficient enough.
On the one hand, in the Figure x, we can see how the
time taken to analyse a specific number of images
using filters do not vary so much, it is almost
constant. That is a very good information because the
time that takes to filter a specific number of images
will not change too much when increasing the
number of filters used.
On the other hand, watching the Figure xwe confirm
the behavior explained before. The time taken to
analyze a number of images is practically the same
when we raise the number of filters used and
logically, it is directly proportional with the number
of images analyzed: if the number of images analyzed
grow, the time will also increase.
Figure 36. Image Metadata Filter behaviour (I)
Figure x. Image Metadata Filter behaviour (II)
All in all, with the figures explained above we
conclude that the module is efficient enough. The
module only takes nearly 4 minutes to analyze the
image metadata of approximately 1 GB of data. But,
the biggest advantage is when we have all the
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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metadata analyzed and we only want to make use of
the filter, the time taken to analyze and filter the
images is incredibly fast and constant when adding
new filters; in 1 minute we have filtered 500 images.
Accordingly, when using the module you do not have
to be scared of adding new filters, the module will
respond to it perfectly and the difference of time lost
using 1 filter or 10 filters will be insignificant.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Digital forensics is a very important field for society,
any little contribution you can do is a major
improvement and a big advantage that investigators
can take in a professional case. This paper has tried to
help investigators to have an efficient and automated
tool to analyse image metadata and reveal clear
evidences in a court of law while using the same
software they are used to employ in other
investigations: Autopsy. According to the results, we
have shown that the Image Metadata Analyzer
Module works perfectly in real cases. Furthermore,
the usability of the filters is very powerful and makes
the software more user friendly and comfortable to
work with. For that reason, the time you can spend
using this module instead of other programs that are
not specifically automated for the analysis of all the
image metadata found in a picture is huge, and since
now, we had not known about any other software that
fits with these needs.
V. FUTURE WORK
The metadata field in digital forensics is very big as
well as important, in this thesis we only have focused
on a little section, that is metadata in pictures. But,
any digital file contain metadata inside that can also
help investigators to find clear evidences in their
professional cases. For that reason, the module can
continue growing in that way, creating a general
metadata analyser module able to examine any digital
file (for example: music files, text files, video files,...)
and obtain all the metadata found. Furthermore, as I
am not a professional digital forensic investigator, the
module could have weaknesses; accordingly, any
feedback got of any user will be taken into account
for further versions of the module. In that way, we
will be able to make a module that fits in perfectly
with any digital forensics investigation case, taking
metadata analysis into the next level.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
These and the Reference headings are in bold but
have no numbers. Text below continues as normal.
REFERENCES
[1] Cedeño Mata, Michelle and Miñano Belvis. “Cybersecurity &
Digital Forensics Clinic”.
 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata
[2] Benallal Akhdar Mohamed-Reda and Pablo Sánchez
Carmona. “Estudio del estado del arte en procedimientos
forenses digitales”.
[3] Álvaro Borreguero Beltrán. “A Forensics Approach to
Blockchain”.
[4] IPTC standard. https://iptc.org/standards/photo-metadata/.
[5] Metadata Working Group. “Guidelines for Handling Image
Metadata”. Version 2.0, November 2010.
[6] Phil Harvey, Exiftool software. https://exiftool.org/.
[7] Get IPTC Photo Metadata.
https://getpmd.iptc.org/getiptcpmd.html.
[8] Autopsy Documentation.
http://sleuthkit.org/autopsy/docs/user-docs/4.18.0/.
[9] Sleuth Kit Library. http://sleuthkit.org/sleuthkit/docs/jni-
docs/4.6.0/index.html.
[10] Christine Deschaseaux. “State of Image Metadata in 2018”.
https://blog.imatag.com/state-of-image-metadata-in-2018.
[11] María Andrea Vignau. “Computer Autopsies: Use Free
Forensic Software”.
[12] Sven Marnach, PyExiftool library.
http://smarnach.github.io/pyexiftool/.
[13] DFIR.Science. “Introduction to Digital Forensics”.
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJu2iQtpGvv-
2LtysuTTka7dHt9GKUbxD.
[14] Photo Metadata. https://www.photometadata.org/.
[15] EXIF Metadata. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif.
[16] Exiftool Tag Names. https://exiftool.org/TagNames/.
[17] Jython software. https://www.jython.org/download.
[18] Image Metadata Analyzer Module github repository.
https://github.com/jdom05/TFG.git.
APPENDIX A. Module Installation Procedure
For the proper installation of the module you will
have to install first of all the Jython Installer on your
computer from the following URL [17].

Figure x. Jython download

We only have to follow the installation procedure. In

my case, I installed the Standard version on the
C:\jython2.7.2 folder of my computer.

Figure x. Jython Installation (II)

Once the installation of Jython is done, we are going

to install the Exiftool command-line tool developed
Figure x. Jython Installation (I) by Phil Harvey [6].

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 Figure x. Exiftool download

A zip file will be downloaded with the .exe inside.
We will only need to copy it and paste on the proper
directory: C:\Windows\ . Once the executable is
copied, we will have to rename it to “exiftool.exe” for
command-line use; our module uses the Exiftool
software as a command-line.
Figure 47. Exiftool Installation (II)
After installing both Jython and Exiftool we are ready
to install the Image Metadata Analyzer Module in
Autopsy. For doing this, we will download the
module code from my following public repository in
GitHub as a ZIP file [18].

Figure x. Image Metadata Analyzer Module github repository

When we have downloaded it, we only have to copy

Figure 46. Exiftool Installation (I)
the folder “image_metadata_module”, that contains
the module code, to the “python_module” folder of
Autopsy (Tools > Python Plugins,seeFigure xand
Figure x). Look at chapter 2 and 3 to learn how to add
new Python modules in Autopsy.

Figure x. Image Metadata Analyzer Module Installation

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 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata
Once the Image Metadata Analyzer Module is
installed in the proper path, we are finally able to use
it in our case! For doing so, we will go to Tools >
Run Ingest Modules (see Figure x) and select the
Data Source we want the module to run. We can
search the module in the pull of modules that
Autopsy has and we will find it as Image Metadata
Analyzer Module (see Figure xx and xx).
CAUTION - The module works with Jython 2.7.2,
exiftool 12.25 and Autopsy 4.18.0. It is not checked if
it also runs with further versions of the programs.
Figure x. Analyzer Menu output in Autopsy
Secondly, once the metadata of each image is
analyzed, we are going to filter images by its
metadata. For doing so, we will load again the
module but this time using the “Filter Menu”. In the
Filter Menu we will select the box “Use only the
Image Metadata Filter”, because we have used and
analyzed the image metadata before and we do not
want to do it again. Afterwards, we will add as much
filters as we want (clicking on the “+” button) and we
will load the module again (“Load Module” button).

Appendix B - Module usage example

Once we have downloaded the module, we are ready
to use it. In this section I will show you a basic
example of how to properly employ it. We are going
to analyze a folder that contains 6 different images.
First of all, we start analyzing only the metadata of
each image. Accordingly, we select in the Analyzer
Menu of the GUI the type of metadata we want to
analyze and the type of image file; we select all the
boxes because we want to analyze all the available
Figure x. Filter Menu GUI (I)
metadata of the 5 different type of images (jpg, png,
tiff, gif and heic). After that, we load the module just
The results will be shown as Interesting Items in the
clicking on the button “Load Module”.
Tree Viewer of Autopsy. You can see that the name
of the interesting item is the filter used. Apart from
CAUTION: It is important to click on the “Load
that, in the images filtered there is a section of
Module” button every time we want to load the
comments that specifies you the metadata fields
module. If we do not do it, the changes will not be
where the filters have been found and its value.
saved and the module will not be executed correctly.

Figure x. Filter Mode ouput in Autopsy (I)

If we want to insert new filters we only have to

Figure x. Analyzer Menu GUI
follow the same procedure, making use only of the
After loading the module, the results of the analyzed Image Metadata Filter in the Filter Menu:
images will appear in the main page of Autopsy.

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 Study and Development of An Autopsy Module for Automated Analysis of Image Metadata
Figure x. Filter Menu GUI (II) Metadata Analyzer section of the Directory Tree
every time the module is executed and it would be an
absolutely mess. When we select the box, we are
saying that we do not want to analyze image metadata
anymore (maybe, because we already did it before)
and we only want to make use of the filter.

RECOMMENDATIONS

When we want to analyze and also filter images, the

best option is to first analyze only one time the
metadata of the images and once we have it, load
Figure x. Filter Mode output in Autopsy (II)
again the module but this time only using the filter
mode (“Use only the Image Metadata Filter” box
CAUTION: The “Use only Image Metadata Filter”
selected).
box is created to avoid images to be analyzed every
time the module is loaded. If the box is NOT selected,
the images would be repeatedly added in the Image



Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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 ADAPTIVE IIR-BASED NEXT CANCELLER USING MODIFIED PSO
ALGORITHM
1
CHII-SHYANG KUO, 2YU-CHIA YEN, 3MUH-TIAN SHIUE
1,2,3
Department of Electrical Engineering in National Central University,
No. 300, Zhong-Da Rd., Zhong-Li District, Tao-Yuan City 320317, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Email: 1rkffabcd.ncu@g.ncu.edu.tw, 2velation5858@gmail.com, 3mtshiue@ee.ncu.edu.tw

Abstract - The multiple wireline communication system suffers some issues from echo and crosstalks. This work discusses
the filter architectures of the near end crosstalk canceller and simulation that based on the IEEE 802.3bz™-2016
specification standard [1]. Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) can be suppressed in twisted-pair cable, but it has influence between
different twisted-cable pairs. In high-speed circuits, there is a higher requirement for signal quality, so the near-end crosstalk
problem needs to be solved. Generally, the adaptive filter used in the near-end crosstalk canceller is an adaptive finite
impulse response filter (FIR filter), which has the characteristics of simple structure and easy algorithm. However, as the
NEXT channel response becomes longer due to the higher data rate, the order of the finite impulse response filter increases
in order to match it, which increases the cost significantly. In this work, the adaptive filter will be implemented in both of
FIR and the IIR filter with suitable algorithms to simulate the NEXT channel in different lengths to confirm that the
operation speed and function meet the specifications of IEEE 802.3bz™-2016 standard. To implement FIR filter, the LMS
algorithm is a well-known method to mimic the NEXT channel impulse response, and the adaptive infinite impulse response
filter adopts an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to overcome the problem of multiple local minima in the
error plane, to converge to the global minimum value and make the filter performance meet the specifications. Comparing
the results, the conclusion shows that the infinite impulse response filter could be employed to replace the finite impulse
response filter due to its impulse response properties that the infinite impulse response filter can model channels with fewer
orders. [2]

Keywords - NEXT canceller, FIR filter, IIR filter, least mean square (LMS), particle swarm optimization (PSO), Ethernet

I. INTRODUCTION interference between twisted pair cables due to

In now modern society, the Internet has become a
part of daily life. Through the various applications
have been invented, such as cloud storage, video
streaming and other applications. With the
advancement of technology, the amount of data
transmission is increasing, so the requirements for
transmission speed of Ethernet are also higher. For
applying on different specifications, the multi-gigabit
system is used. The Ethernet specifications such as
1000BASE-T and 10GBASE-T are formulated and
actual products are launched. However, when
replacing 1G Ethernet with 10G Ethernet, the
replacement cost is greatly increased due to copper
cable problems.
The copper cables of 1G Ethernet are CAT5e and
CAT6, but the copper cables of 10G Ethernet are
CAT6A and CAT7. To replace 1G Ethernet with 10G
Ethernet, all cables must be replaced, resulting in
expensive replacement. Due to the widespread use of
CAT5e and CAT6, this issue has been taken
seriously, resulting in the birth of intermediate
specifications, 2.5 GBASE-T and 5 GBASE-T, which
are defined in IEEE 802.3bz™-2016 [1]. The copper
cables of 2.5 Gbps and 5 Gbps Ethernet are the same
as those of 1 Gigabit Ethernet. Instead of replacing
copper cables between different systems, to design
the adaptive system is needed. The performance of
these systems in such high speed is constrained by
electromagnetics coupling in high frequencies.
In this work, the infinite impulse response filter is
designed for handling the near-end crosstalk
interference with a lower cost than the traditional FIR
approach. . Because of the channel effect length, the
finite impulse response filter needs to be lengthened
to achieve an acceptable crosstalk cancellation effect,
so the order number of required multipliers will also
be increasing and resulting in an increase in the
circuit cost. With that, an infinite impulse response
filter would be the better solution in terms of
performance and cost. In addition, referring to the
methods in the literature a suitable algorithm should
be induced to overcome the problem of multiple local
minima in the error plane and to converge to the
global minimum value.
This work presents the receive-side circuit to handle
the NEXT cancellation with automatically adapting to
different channel environments. Section II gives an
overview of the proposed NEXT cancellation model
and the NEXT channel model which is simulated in
this work. The adaptive NEXT cancellation method
utilizes an IIR filter instead of an FIR filter for
efficient crosstalk cancellations are both detailed in
Section III. Both of FIR and IIR simulation results are
shown and compared in Section IV. Finally, the
Section V concludes the paper.

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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 Adaptive IIR-based NEXT Canceller Using Modified PSO Algorithm

II. NEAR-END CROSSTALK CANCELLER
In the IEEE 802.3 bz™-2016 [1] standard, four
twisted pairs are used to transmit and receive data.
The principle of near-end crosstalk (NEXT) is shown
in Figure 1. Due to the spatial proximity of different
pairs of twisted pairs, inductive and capacitive
coupling occurs to induce near-end crosstalk, which
causes errors in the received signal. To solve this
problem, the near-end crosstalk signal can be
estimated by the near-end crosstalk canceller, and the
near-end crosstalk component in the received signal
can be eliminated.

Figure 1: The principle of NEXT.

A. Near-end crosstalk Channel Model

The oversampled near-end crosstalk channel model is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Near-end crosstalk channel model

B. NEXT canceller system Architecture
In order to solve the influence of NEXT interference,
it is necessary to estimate the channel signal of the
NEXT path through the NEXT canceller, and then
eliminate the NEXT interference signal at the
receiving end. The system architecture of NEXT
canceller is shown in Fig 3. Adaptive digital filter is
used to estimate the near-end crosstalk noise. The
digital filter can be composed of Finite impulse
response (FIR) or Infinite impulse response (IIR)
filter.

d[n] +
x[n] NEXT channel e[n]
-
y[n]
Adaptive filter

Algorithm
NEXT canceller

Figure 3: NEXT canceller simplified diagram.

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 Adaptive IIR-based NEXT Canceller Using Modified PSO Algorithm
III. DESIGN OF ADAPTIVE FILTER
A. Impulse Response Filter
In the adaptive filter part, the choice of filter
architecture will depend on the complexity and speed
of the hardware as a consideration. Finite impulse
response filter is shown in Figure 4, which is highly
dependent on the channel response length [3].
x[n] Z-1 Z-1 Z-1
a0 a1 a2
Figure 4: Direct form FIR filter
Infinite impulse response filter is shown in Figure 5,
which can be divided into direct form and transposed
form. [4] [10]
Instead of using an FIR filter to find the channel
response of the crosstalk, the IIR filter would be a
better choose. If the channel length switching from
long to short or the speed goes slower due to system
changes, a considerable large number of taps will be
wasted that makes the cost meaningless. Because of
the feedback characteristics, the infinite impulse
response filter can obtain the channel effect with a
very long length with only a small amount cost.
Therefore, compared with the finite impulse response
filter, the use of the infinite impulse response filter as
the NEXT canceller can greatly reduce the cost of
hardware [5].
b0
x[n]
Z-1 b1 -a1 Z-1
Z-1 b2 -a2 Z-1
Z-1 bM -aN Z-1
Figure 5: IIR filter
B. Least Mean Square Algorithm
To implement the finite impulse response algorithm,
the Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm is a low-
complexity adaptive algorithm [6], which is
characterized by the training mode and the
information d(k) obtained through the NEXT
channel, and for the received signal x(k), the expected
error e(k) is calculated, and then the parameters in the
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
NEXT canceller are adjusted appropriately through
the step size (μ). The algorithm process is shown in
Fig3 and the following equations:
y k = wE (k) ∙ x(k) (1)
e k = y k − d(k) (2)
wE k + 1 = wE k − μe(k)x(k) (3)
If a larger step value is selected, the convergence
speed will be very fast, but the stability of the LMS
will decrease, and the amount of change will be large
so that the MSE increase, vice versa. The algorithm is
used to automatically adjust the coefficients of the
aN digital filter circuit.
y[n] C. Particle Swarm Optimization
Since the error surface of the adaptive IIR filter has
multiple local minimums, the gradient descent class
algorithm cannot be useful for general searching. In
this work we use the particle swarm optimization
(PSO) algorithm to estimate the IIR order and its
coefficients. PSO algorithm was proposed by Dr.
Eberhart and Dr. Kennedy. It mainly simulates the
foraging behaviour of birds. [2]
The following equation is the PSO algorithm to
update the coefficient:
Vi n + 1 = iw ∙ Vi n + C1 ∙ Rand1 ∙ Gbest n −
Pi n + C2 ∙ Rand2 ∙ (Pbest i n − Pi n )(4)
Pi n + 1 = Pi n + Vi n + 1 (5)
The cost function of its algorithm:
1 N−1
J = E εN εN = E |εN |2 = e[k]2 (6)
N k=0
Where the error vector is defined as follows:
εN = {e 0 , e 1 , … , e[N − 1]} (7)
y[n]
And the error signal at time n is
e n = d n − y[n] (8)
Start
Initialize parameter
C1, C2, number of iterations, number of particles,
and position and velocities of particles
Evaluate the cost of particles,
initialize gbest and initialize pbest of particles
Calculate and update the position and
velocities of particles
Evaluate the cost of particles
Update pbest of particles and gbest
NO
Termination=true
YES
Determine the best solution
END
Figure 6: PSO Algorithm flow chart
16
 Adaptive IIR-based NEXT Canceller Using Modified PSO Algorithm

In the case of adaptive NEXT canceller, the position

represents the weights (coefficients) of NEXT
canceller.

Particle swarm optimization algorithm usually uses

the mean square error (MSE) as the cost function, but
for hardware circuits, the multiplier represents a
larger area and higher power consumption
component, so that the mean absolute error (MAE)
could be used as the cost function. The following
equation is mean absolute errorfunction Figure 7:Convergence curve of FIR (up) and IIR (down)
e n = d n − y[n] (9)
εN = {e 0 , e 1 , … , e[N − 1]} (10) In Figure 7, both adaptive FIR and adaptive IIR
1 N−1
JMAE = E |εN | = k=0 |e[k]| (11) solutions were simulated with the same length with
N
the worst case of phase, and the MSE are also met the
where 𝑒(𝑛) is the error, 𝑑(𝑛) is the desired signal, requirement. The time of convergence speed could
E ˙ represents the expected value operation, 𝐽𝑀𝐴𝐸 is satisfy the specification of hand-shaking.
the mean square error, and 𝑁 is the number of errors
counted by a particle evaluation in the algorithm.

III. SYSTEM SIMULATION

A. System Environment

According to IEEE Std 802.3bz™-2016, The

transmission rate is 200/400 MBaud (2.5/5 GBASE-
T). The Tx signal uses PAM-2 encoding and PAM-16
encoding as input data stream [9], and the NEXT
channel model is shown in Fig.2 and both of FIR and Figure 8: MSE result of IIR in different lengths
IIR are under the same architect with their own
weighting updating algorithm, and suitable iteration In Figure 8, both 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T
times for comparing the MSE result till the channels were simulated with the same taps with the
convergence status. proposed modified particle swarm optimization
algorithm, and the MSE met the requirement. The
B. Simulation Result parameters of both numerator and denominator can
be compared in Figure 9. The number of numerators
For both 2.5 GBASE-T and 5 GBASE-T in IEEE Std is 26 and the denominators is 9. Hence, 26+9=35 is
802.3bz™-2016 standards, Figure 7 shows the shown in Table 2.
simulation results of MSE under different sampling
phase in different channel length. All the results were
much lower than -40 dB which is accepted in IEEE
Std 802.3bz™-2016. [9]

To fairly compare the adaptive IIR and FIR

architectures, the design of adaptive IIR will be
presented with different NEXT channel situations.

Figure 9:The IIR order for 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T: the

upper for 2.5G and the lower for 5G. The numerator on the left
and the denominator on the right-hand side.

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 Adaptive IIR-based NEXT Canceller Using Modified PSO Algorithm
Figure 10: Overlap of impulse responses
Figure 10 shows the NEXT channel's impulse
response model overlap with the adaptive IIR NEXT
canceller's impulse response. It can be seen from
these two simulation results that this proposed NEXT
canceller can effectively copy the channel impulse
response of the NEXT path and the performance is
acceptable.
Table 1: The table of FIR’s tap number with desired MSE in
5GBASE-T system
Therefore, the FIR filter can reach the NEXT
channel’s impulse response theatrically, but relatively
more cost will be paid. In case for multi-gigabit
systems, the performance of 5GBASE-T system
could be also satisfied while switching to 2.5GBASE-
T system. For a reasonable design, the number of
taps, which the FIR filter is adopted and depends on
the worst case’s MSE result. Table 1 shows the
needed tap’s number in the simulation of the nearest
value of MSE to the IIR filter’s worst case, that

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
18
means the minimum number of FIR taps is no less
than 61.
Table 2: IIR filter Design result
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the NEXT canceller is designed and
implemented in accordance with the IEEE 802.3
bz™-2016 specification. After analysis the different
structures, and according to the NEXT channel
response model shows the cost can be reduced
efficiently by replacing finite impulse response filters
with infinite impulse response filters in Table 2.
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Standard for Ethernet Amendment 7: Media Access
Control Parameters, Physical Layers, and Management
Parameters for 2.5 Gb/s and 5 Gb/s Operation, Types
2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T.
[2] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization,"
Proceedings of ICNN'95 - International Conference on
Neural Networks, 1995.
[3] N. J. Fiege, “Multirate digital signal processing: multirate
systems, filter banks, wavelets”, 1994.
[4] J.J. Shynk, "Adaptive IIR filtering, " IEEE ASSP Magazine,
vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 4-21, April. 1989.
[5] S. Singh, A. Ashok, T. R. Rawat and M. Kumar, "Optimal
IIR System Identification Using Flower Pollination
Algorithm", IEEE First International Conference on Power
Electronics Intelligent Control and Energy Systems, pp. 1-6,
2016.
[6] N. J. Fiege, “Multirate digital signal processing: multirate
systems, filter banks, wavelets”, 1994.
[7] Zhi-Hui Zhan, Jun Zhang, Yun Li, Yu-Hui Shi, "Orthogonal
Learning Particle Swarm Optimization, " IEEE Trans. Evol.
comput., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 832-847, Dec. 2011.
[8] https://www.ieee802.org/3/efm/public/nov01/khermosh_3_1
101.pdf
[9] C. Y. Tsai, “Design of Adaptive Equalizer and Timing
Recovery Circuit with Particle Swarm Optimization
Algorithm,” Jun 2021.
[10] S. S. Huang, “A High Cost-Effective Echo Canceller Design
for 2.5G/5GBASE-T Ethernet Transceiver” Jun 2021
 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS IN E-COMMERCE
1
SEROUALIA RANIA, 2RHAJBAL ZINEB
1
Student Researcher, Fsjes Souissi Rabat
2
Research Professor, Fsjes Souissi Rabat
E-mail: 1rania.seroualia@um5r.ac.ma, 2Zineb.rhajbal@um5s.net.ma

Abstract - The integration of technology and digitization into the purchasing processes has empowered consumers to
increasingly engage in online shopping. This study explores the intersection of consumer behavior in e-commerce and
neuromarketing, delving into the impact of technology on the decision-making process.
The aim of e-commerce is to reduce the distance between consumers and products/services. This article first seeks to
understand consumer behavior while identifying purchase motivations and barriers. Neuromarketing is introduced as a
complementary method to traditional marketing, delving deep into consumer behavior and purchase intentions.

Keywords - Digitalization, E-Commerce, Neuromarketing

I. INTRODUCTION website for purchases or exploring the latest fashion

Beyond a simple analysis enabling businesses to
understand consumer behavior and identify their
needs, companies aim to highlight and prioritize
customer expectations. The integration of sciences to
comprehend the consumer purchasing process has
become a necessity.
Neuromarketing involves the use of neuroscience
alongside traditional marketing techniques to
diagnose consumer behavior. It assists companies in
understanding and analyzing the needs and desires of
customers, providing explanations through scientific
methods.
It is essential to note that the purchasing process
comprises five phases: triggering a need, searching
for a product or service, evaluating alternatives,
making a purchase decision, and post-purchase
behavior. Companies placing their products and
services online enter a phase of creating mystery,
instilling a genuine need in the consumer that can
only be satisfied through the provision of the product
or service.
II. BRAIN IMAGING AND CONSUMER
BEHAVIOR IN E-COMMERCE
Brain imaging is a technique that identifies activated
areas related to smells, colors, and shapes. Details
such as respiration, heart rate, sweating, or muscle
contractions all have distinct meanings, prompting
companies to research and understand consumer
behavior in this regard.
Creating negative emotions through advertising aims
to enhance the memorization of a specific product.
The more time a consumer spends on a particular
shopping site, the less aware they are of the
manipulation, entering a magical realm.
Emotion and reflection zones, two fundamental parts
of the human brain, come into play when using a
trends. The emotion zone influences irrational
decisions and the click-to-purchase action.
Consumers, when browsing a site, seek more than
just a product to fulfill a specific need; they aim to
purchase a scenario. The more a brand emphasizes its
scenario, the higher the likelihood of increased
purchases. Colors, shapes, and design are all crafted
to highlight a scenario that the consumer wants to
experience emotionally.
Affective relationships are what websites aim to
stimulate in consumers. The use of neuromarketing is
explained by the need to study consumer behavior
rather than manipulate purchase decisions.
III. ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN
E-COMMERCE
In today's tech-driven era, consumers seek
distinction. Beyond its utility, online shopping is
often used by internet users to showcase their social
status. Neuromarketing comes into play at this point,
aiming to comprehend consumers' real use of e-
commerce.
The question arises: Can we quantify loyalty to a
specific brand or site, or should we focus solely on
behavior analysis? A case study will help understand
consumer purchasing trends in e-commerce while
analyzing motivations and barriers.
IV. CASE STUDY
To delve deeper into the subject, it is crucial to
address the obstacles that hinder online purchasing.
One of the most commonly cited obstacles includes
concerns about online payment security, protection of
personal information, after-sales service, and the
intangibility of products.
The study aims, firstly, to examine the factors that
drive consumers to make online purchases, as well as
the barriers to online shopping. The research is
conducted on a sample of 25 individuals through a

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
19
 Consumer Behavior Analysis in E-Commerce
questionnaire. This survey is conducted in Morocco
and aims to understand consumer behavior when
making online purchases.
Indeed, more than 60% of individuals admit to an
increasing use of the internet, anticipating even more
frequent use in the coming years. People tend to
purchase specific types of products, including
cosmetics and clothing, electronics and appliances,
and ultimately, food products.
Responses highlight various advantages, such as time
savings, increased time spent on product exploration,
and no disturbances during product comparisons. The
reported usage barriers often revolve around concerns

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
20
about personal data confidentiality, the intangibility
of products, and the security of payment information.
V. CONCLUSION
The number of internet users has surged from 2
billion in 2010 to over 5 billion in 2022, according to
INTERNET WORLD STATS. This growth is
justified by consumers' widespread use of digital
tools in their lives.
Purchase motivations on websites can be summarized
as follows: time savings, no staff inconvenience, ease
of comparison between items, and home delivery
service. However, e-commerce barriers include
privacy concerns, lack of trust, and payment
insecurity.
This article paves the way for research and constitutes
a new link in several upcoming studies by introducing
neuromarketing techniques to gain deeper insights
into consumer behavior.
REFERENCES
[1] T. BHALLA, “les modèles et les préférences des achats en
ligne et les influence du covid-19” p. 1452.
[2] K. CHIKHI, andS. OURLIS, “consumer behavior in the face
of e-commerce in algeria:what digital marketing strategies?”
ISSN:2665-7414,e-ISSN:2665-7341.
[3] W. WANNYN, “Le marketing du neuromarketing Analyse
sociologique de l’intégration des savoirs et des techniques
neuroscientifiques à la recherche scientifique sur le
consommateur” 2016
[4] D . CIRNECI, “The Use of Neuromarketing in the Study of
Brand Related Mental Processes. Case Study – Romanian
Food Brands”, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2014
[5] A. Stasia, G. Songab , M. Maurib , A. Cicerib , F. Diotallevic
,G. Nardonea , V. Russob, “Neuromarketing empirical
approaches and food choice: A systematic review”,
 GEOSPATIAL OPTIMIZATION OF LOCATION-DEPENDENT COSTS
FOR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANTS IN A MOUNTAINOUS
SUBURBAN AREA
1
TETSUHITO HOSHINO, 2SOUMYA BASU, 3TAKAYA OGAWA, 4KEIICHI N. ISHIHARA,
5
KIYOSHI HOSHINO, 6HIDEYUKI OKUMURA
1,2,3,4,6
Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Japan
5
School of Science and Technology, Meiji University / University of Tsukuba, Japan
E-mail :1hoshino.tetsuhito.77r@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp, 2soumyabasu@rocketmail.com, 3ogawa.takaya.8s@kyoto-u.ac.jp,
4
ishihara.lab.equipment@gmail.com, 5okumura.hideyuki.4e@kyoto-u.ac.jp, 6hoshino@esys.tsukuba.ac.jp

Abstract - Recent advancements in materials science and technology have facilitated a reduction in the cost of solar panels.
Optimization of location-specific geospatial of SPV (Solar Photovoltaic) is important. Through a multi-factor spatial
parameterization (MUFSP) model, based on socioeconomic parameters for the city of Fukuoka, Japan,it is revealed thatthe
transmission cost and the land cost are significant for determining SPV locations in suburban area.The cause of this resultis
discussed.

I. INTRODUCTION mountainous terrain and freight transportation

In the pursuit of mitigating the effects of
human-induced climate change, renewable energy
sources, particularly solar photovoltaics (SPV), have
emerged as the primary solution. Recent
advancements in materials science and technology
have facilitated a reduction in the material expenses
associated with solar panels. There are instances
where the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for solar
power has decreased below that of fossil fuel
generation [1]. However, costs influenced by societal
factors like land use, labor, and supply chain
expenses have only recently garnered attention in
literature. Several concepts have been introduced to
mitigate the non-hardware costs of SPV. For instance,
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) reductions have been
proposed [2]. Discussions have also revolved around
technological advancements aimed at reducing labor
hours [3]. Studies heavily explore the reduction of
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) [4]. A model is
presented focused on optimizing grid expenses by
identifying the most efficient supply points [5].
However, these studies overlook the impact of
geospatially diverse socio-economic factors on the
location-specific costs associated with SPV plant
installation.A method is introduced to optimize
location-specific geospatial expenses related to
suburban SPV plants, through a multi-factor spatial
parameterization (MUFSP) model, based on
socioeconomic parameters for the city of Kolkata,
India [6]. It reveals realistic implications for SPV
locations in suburban planning. However, this case
may not be applicable to all geographic
characteristics in all countries.
Japan is one of the most energy insecure countries, and
quite often suffers from solar curtailment.
Transmission costs are significantly higher than that of
India. The major difference is that Japan has a
networks are not well developed in mountainous
areas.The forest area accounts for 68.4% of Japan's
total land area, while the forest area accounts for
24.4% of India's total land areain 2021 [7].As a result,
the suburban areas are forested, in addition to being
mountainous, which can affect the geospatial nature of
SPV plant costs. Moreover, most of the flat land is
residential land, and land prices in Japan tend to be
high [8].Considering these differences, the main
objective of this study is to identify
thelocation-dependent factors for suburban SPV plants
in Japan and compare to the MUFSP model in [6] for
India.
II. METHODS
2.1 Simulation Area
The simulated areais a square area of 2,500 km2
situated to the southeast of Fukuoka City. This area is
predominantly mountainous and encompasses
portions of Oita and Kumamoto prefectures. Table 1
details the explanations corresponding to the marked
points depicted in Figure 1. Fukuoka is chosen as the
focal point because it is located in Kyushu, an area
where SPV is very prevalent due to its abundant solar
irradiation [9].
Like the Kolkata City case study presented in [6], this
study also defines Center Business District (CBD) and
Load Distribution Center (LDC). The manufacturing
plants for SPV is anSPV factory of Tokyo Electron
Kyushu Limited, which manufactures solar panels for
utility-scale SPV plants.Flat Points (FPs) are defined
to replicate the characteristics of the suburban area of
Fukuoka City more accurately. It is assumed that a
radius of 3 km from the FP is plain land, with a
constant gradient as we recede from this radius to the
boundary of the simulation area. Three substations
(SSs)are assumed to be evenly distributed within the

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
21
 Geospatial Optimization of Location-Dependent Costs for Solar Photovoltaic Plants in a Mountainous Suburban Area
points based on actual locations.Figure 1 illustrates the
simulation boundary, with the aforementioned points,
delineating the MUFSP model's scope in the Fukuoka
case study.
2.2 Location-Dependent Cost functions
The 2,500 km2 simulation area, in Figure 1, is
programmed into MATLAB and SIMULINK R2023a
environment, is divided into a 500x500 mesh (each
Figure 1: 2,500 km2 simulation area around Fukuoka
Points
CBD
LDC
Manu
SS
FP
Table 1: List of Marked Points
Ctot (x) = Cloc (x) + Cnon −loc # 1
where Ctot includes the total installation costs, Cloc are
the location-dependent costs while Cnon-loc are the
costs that are not spatially variable in a limited
geography, and x represents a spatial influencing
variable. Equation 2 below represents the objective
function of the MUFSP model, with the focus on land,
transmission, and supply chaincosts, which are all
spatial in nature, due to socio-economic and technical
factors.
Cloc x = Ctrans x + Cland x + Csc x # 2
where Ctrans is the transmission cost, Cland is the land
cost, and Csc is the supply chain cost in the suburban
location. Each of the location-dependent cost
functions are constructed based on relevant geospatial
socio-economic parameters (x). Using 3D simulation
and GIS, the MUFSP model empirically determines
each of the costs at each of the 500x500 locations,
within the limited suburban simulation boundary. The
modelling problem is defined to identify which of the
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
element having a 100 m2 geographical resolution).
Each of the 250,000-mesh elements is programmed to
contain the objective function of equation 2, and the
values are stored in the form of a 500x500 matrix
[Cloc]. The total cost function for installing a SPV
plant may be written as in equation 1:
Meanings
Center Business District
Load Distribution Center
Manufacturing plants for SPV
Substation (1~3)
Flat Point (1~7)
prime spatial factors (x) can minimize the total
location-dependent costs Cloc(x).
The transmission cost function is composed of the
various costs that are needed for joining a power
supply source to the substation, which includes
conductor, labor, grid upgradation and land-use costs
as well as taxes associated with the costs. According to
a report by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism, the cost of constructing 1 km
of 66 kV transmission line in Japan is 35 million yen in
general [10]. Equation 3 is the transmission line cost
function for each element of the matrix [Cloc].
Ctrans x = cckt −km ∙ Lmin # 3
where cckt-km is the cost of transmission per km of a
circuit (JPY/km), and Lmin is the horizontal distance
in km to the nearest substation from the mesh element.
Additionally, the peak-capacity of the SPV
installation, centered at each point of simulation area,
will be influenced by the voltage rating and properties
of the transmission line. Aluminum Cable Steel
Reinforced (ACSR) conductors are considered for the
22
 Geospatial Optimization of Location-Dependent Costs for Solar Photovoltaic Plants in a Mountainous Suburban Area

66 kV transmission lines. The resistances and the
length of transmission line are used to calculate the
peak-capacity as Equation 4 at each mesh element for
a given transmission line voltage.The area required
for the SPV plant is expressed as in Equation 5.
V2
Ppeak x = # 4
2 R ∙ Lmin x
A = 0.0125Ppeak x # 5
where Ppeak is peak capacity of SPV plant at each
element of the mesh (MW), V is the maximum
continuous operable voltage of transmission line (kV),
and R is the resistance per km of the line (Ω/km), and
A (km2) is the required area of aSPV plant in capacity
of Ppeak(MW)[11]. Thus, the capacity of the SPV plant
is determined by the parameters and limitations of the
transmission line, making the capacity endogenous in
the model.
The land cost of the MUFSP model is guided by the
principle of Hedonic pricing, which is an Ordinary
Least Squares (OLS) regression model for
determining property/land prices. Several studies have
established the hedonic method to estimate the land
costs in urban and suburban areas, as a function of
distance from the CBD of a city along with other
socio-economic predictors of land costs [12, 13, 14,
15]. It is presented in [6] that a land value calculation
method for metropolitan suburbs that is based on
distances from CBD as the principal factor of the OLS
model. Equation 6 below represents the basic structure
of the hedonic land cost function.

Variables Reg. Coefficient Standard Error P-Value

Intercept 12.392 0.0921 0.0000
Distance from CBD (𝐗 𝟏 ) 0.108 0.0400 0.0068
Distance from LDC (𝐗 𝟐 ) -0.136 0.0367 0.0002
Distance from 2nd CBD (𝐗 𝟑 ) -0.00128 0.0056 0.0819
R-Square: 0.88
Table 2: The Hedonic Land cost function results

Param Value center of Kurume city in Fukuoka prefecture, which is

Content
eter the second-most populated city in the area.
V Transmission line voltage (kV) 66
Resistance per km of the line 0.2621 Equation 7, for supply chain costs, represents the
R process of first transporting the materials from the
(Ω/km)
𝐅𝐋 Freight load (ton/MW) 105.8 factory to the nearest flat point of each simulation
Unit cost (JPY/km-t) for 15.952 point, and then transporting the materials from there to
𝐜𝐟𝐭−𝐤𝐦 the mountainous area while constructing new roads.
transportation by trucks
Unit cost (JPY/km) for new road 85,000, The 3 km radii of the flat points, representing plains,
𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐝−𝐤𝐦 do not contain the road-construction factor. The
construction 0003
Table 3: Assumptions for the supply chain cost function k-nearest neighbor method of MATLAB is used to find
n the nearest neighbor flat points. A factor of 2.05 is
ln Cland = β0 + βi Xi + ε0 # 6 applied to convert the horizontal distances to road
i=1 distances, assuming curved lines on mountainous
terrain. This is an average of the ratio of the road
where Cland is a vector consisting of 934 samples of distance to the horizontal distance for the four sides
land prices, corresponding to public notice of land and two diagonals of the 50x50 km2 target area, using
prices in all areas of Fukuoka Prefecture integrated Google Maps.
into GIS interface (Google Earth on web). The β0 is
the intercept, the βi correspond to regression
coefficients for Xi respectively, and ε0 is the
standard error for regression. The results of the where Csc is the total supply chain cost (JPY) at each
hedonic regression model are tested with the Analysis point of simulation area according to peak-capacity
of Variance (ANOVA) regression interface and Ppeak, FL (ton/MW) is the load of material to be
displayed in Table 2. The 2nd CBD in the Table 2 is the transported, Dmanu(km) is the distance from the
manufacturing plant, and Dmsc(km) is the distance
from the nearest flat points to a simulation area point,
1
Transmission Cables in Japan: where the SPV plant site will be centered.The values
http://www.hst-cable.co.jp/products/pdf/cableg3_2.pdf. (Dec 15, of each coefficient are shown in Table 3. The estimates
2023) for the load of the SPV plant equipment is obtained in
2
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: Standard [16].
Freight Rates for General Cargo Trucking Business
3
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: 3.
Estimation Methodology for Each

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
23
 Geospatial Optimization of Location-Dependent Costs for Solar Photovoltaic Plants in a Mountainous Suburban Area
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The spatial variation of cost functions across the 2,500
km² simulation area is showed in Figure 2 within the
MUFSP model. This variation reflects the consistent
peak capacity of 1 MW SPV plant distributed across
all 500x500 points within the simulation area, with
transmission line voltage of 66 kV. The perspective of
the 3D visualization is positioned from the southwest
of Figure 2. The order of Ctrans and Cland(108) is roughly
the same, with Csc(105) being insignificant. Cloc is the
sum of the cost functions in (a), (b), and (c), and like
Ctrans, its cost is small near the three substations.
Figure 3 represents the existence of the minimum cost
location in terms of local-dependent costs. While the
location is quite close to the substation, it is quite
significant. Around the minima, the contours are
densely packed, showing that the cost increases
significantly, as we recede from the minima. Moreover,
the estimation of the land and transmission costs
interplay in [6], holds for Fukuoka City as well. The
minima lie on the extrapolation of a line connecting
the CBD and SS nearest to the CBD.
Figure 2: Variation of (a) transmission (109), (b) land (108~9), (c)
supply chain (105), (d) location dependent cost (109) costs across
the 500x500 simulation area for a 1 MW SPV plant with 66 kV
transmission line.
Figure3: The theoretical existence of a minimum point of
location-dependent costs for constructing a SPV plant in a
suburban mountainous geography.
It can be inferred that even in a mountainous region,
the cost of land and transmission for SPV far
outweighs the cost of supply chain. With Fukuoka
being in a developed economy having mountainous
suburban areas, and Kolkata, being in a developing
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
24
economy with flatland suburban areas, the case studies
are socioeconomically opposite. Yet, existence of the
minima indicates that the MUFSP model of
transmission and land cost optimization (Figure 3) can
be a guiding model for energy planners considering
the suburban societal design.
This study is limited by assumption regarding land
costs and supply chain costs, and by the availability of
data. Future studies can try to extract factors that are
significant for the MUFSP optimization of other
renewable energy technologies, like wind, storage, etc.
IV. CONCLUSION
This study employs a multi-factor spatial model to
determine the geospatial costs of a suburban SPV plant
in Japan. While a previous study [6] was based in India,
the economic and geographical differences of Japan
make this study imperative. The results based on the
case study of Fukuoka city, Japan, indicate that the
minimum cost location is dependent on land and
transmission costs. The hypothesis of the minimum
cost location point being on an extrapolation of a line
connecting the central business district with a
substation in the suburban area of the city is
confirmed.
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V.K., T., S.O.S., 2017.Multiple criteria decision making
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[5] Siali, M., Flazi, S., Stambouli, A.B., Fergani, S., 2016.
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Energy 97, 169–176.
[6] Basu S., Ogawa T., Okumura H., Ishihara K. N.: Assessing the
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solar photovoltaic plants, Energy Report 7 (2021) 4882-4894.
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Environmental Research Letters, Volume 15, Number 4.
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Global, Direct, and Diffuse Solar Radiation in Japan Using
Artificial Neural Network, International Journal of Machine
Learning and Computing, vol. 10, No.2, February 2020,
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Housing Prices within a Hedonic Model, Journal of Regional
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Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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 EVALUATION OF BACTERIA WITH PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING
ABILITY IN AGRICULTURAL SOIL ASSOCIATED WITH THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CITRUS UNSHIU (MANDARINA SATSUMA) IN
HUARAL – PERÚ
1
M. FALCÓN, 2J. VILLANUEVA, 3J. RAMOS
1
Universidad Ricardo Palma
2
Instituto de Control y Certificación de la Calidad e Inocuidad Alimentaria ICCCIA-URP
3
Grupo de investigación en Microbiología, Inocuidad Alimentaria y Protección de Alimentos
E-mail: 1miluska.falcon@urp.edu.pe, 2jose.villanuevasuarez@urp.edu.pe, 3Juan.ramos@urp.edu.pe

Abstract - The purpose of this investigation is to identify the main bacterial genera which present the physiological ability to
solubilize phosphates, with the objective of using this information in future strategies for sustainable agronomic
development, as well as in the production of bioinputs and bioproducts. Soil samples were collected from Satsuma tangerine
cultivation areas in Perú’s Huaral province, and strains were selected based on macroscopic morphology in selective and
differential media as well as with microscopic observation via GRAM differential stain focused mainly on the Bacillus sp.
and Pseudomonas sp. genera. Out of the 95 assessed strains, 57 were picked as having a superior phosphate solubilizing
capacity in NBRIP culture medium with bromophenol blue, presenting a halo between 10 mm and 30 mm in diameter. The
results revealed that the Pseudomonas sp genus exhibited a wider halo diameter when compared with Bacillus sp., which
suggests a superior phosphate solubilizing capability in Pseudomonas sp.

Keywords - Bacillus Sp, Pseudomonas SP, Phosphate Solubilization, Citrus Unshiu

I. INTRODUCTION microorganisms which aid in biogeochemical cycles

The Satsuma tangerine, also known as Citrus unshiu
or Mikan, belongs to the Rutacea family and is
originally from East Asia. During Japan’s Edo period
(1603-1868), its consumption was avoided due to its
lack of seeds, which was considered a sign of
decadence, but in the Meiji era (1868-1912), the
absence of seeds turned it into a distinctive Japanese
citrus fruit.
This plant prospers in subtropical areas with warm
and temperate climates, with temperatures ranging
between 12ºC and 26ºC and humidity of 80%, and it
is recommended for it to be cultivated in well-drained
soil. In the last decade, Perú has emerged as one of
the main tangerine producers globally, owing to its
high quality standards and the expansion of its
production. In the year 2022, a total of 30,720 tons of
Satsuma tangerine were exported for a value of 29
million dollars, consolidating it as the most exported
tangerine variety exported nationally (Agraria.Pe,
2023).
Despite good agricultural practices, tangerine
cultivation has faced challenges such as plagues,
disease and fluctuations in climate conditions, which
has impacted its physiology. One of the main sanitary
challenges in its production is pathogenic bacteria
and fungi, such as Alternaria and Botryosphaeria,
which affect the development of plants. Constant
application of fertilizers, pesticides and other
chemical inputs in agriculture negatively affect soil
quality through the exposure of diverse
(Beltrán, 2014).
The rhizosphere harbors a large biodiversity of
bacteria and fungi which play a fundamental role in
the transformation of organic compounds and
minerals. In this region, up to 200 million individual
organisms can be found per gram of soil (Benítez et
al., 2007). These microorganisms interact in the
rhizospheric zone, which is influenced by exudations
from roots and composed of diverse organic
substances, according to Albareda et al. (2006). In
order to address the challenges in the production of
Citrus unshiu (Satsuma tangerine), it is fundamental
to assess the phosphate-solubilizing ability of the soil
bacteria associated with the development of this
tangerine species. This approach will allow for a
better understanding of the relationship between soil
microorganisms and Satsuma tangerine growth in this
region.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil collection and physico-chemical parameters
The collection of the samples took place in the month
of April, 2023 in Fundo Cabuyal, located in the
province of Huaral, Perú. In the field study, collection
of soil samples was carried out in accordance with a
specific protocol in line with directives detailed in
“Perú’s soil sampling guide - N°002-2013-MINAM"
(MINAM, 2013). A total of six 1 kg samples were
collected, taken from a depth of 20 to 45 cm as close
as possible to the rhizosphere of the crops. They were
then placed in airtight bags, labeled and transported
to the Applied Microbiology Research Laboratory in

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
26
 Evaluation of Bacteria with Phosphate Solubilizing Ability in Agricultural Soil Associated with The Development of Citrus Unshiu
(Mandarina Satsuma) In Huaral – Perú
Universidad Ricardo Palma, in order to carry out the
corresponding analyses. The samples’ physico-
chemical parameters were provided by the “Labs and
Technological Services” company, which issued a
report with the measurements required for the
project’s presentation. Through the use of
electrometry techniques, the soil’s electric
conductivity was analyzed with a result of 0.24 dS/m,
and the pH measured at 8,37. Furthermore,
granulometry indicated that the soil is composed of:
Clay (< 2 µm): 4% , Silt (2-50 µm): 4%, and Sand
(50-2000 µm): 92%.
Isolation of bacteria
The main objective of using different agar medium
types was to achieve selective isolation of
microorganisms. For the isolation of Bacillus and
Pseudomonas bacteria, plates with nutrient agar as
well as cetrimide agar were prepared. Progressive
dilutions were carried out on each soil sample.
The representative dilution (10-1, composed of 225
mL of peptone water with 25 grams of soil) was used
for the spread on cetrimide agar, while 0.1 mL or 100
μL of the final dilution (10⁻ ⁴ ), was extracted for
spreading on the surface of each type of agar using a
Drigalski spatula. Following this, the samples were
stored in an incubator at 37ºC during a period of 24 to
48 hours in order to allow for bacterial growth and to
facilitate the interpretation of the results.
Bacterial Identification
 Macroscopic description: Test tubes were
prepared for the selected microbial strains by
adding 100 μL of each to 5 mL of nutrient
growth medium solution. Nutrient agar was
utilized for the morphological assessment of the
selected colonies, medium used for growing
nutritionally non-demanding bacteria, by
inoculation through the use of the stab technique,
which were then incubated in inverted position at
37ºC for a total of 24 hours to then observe the
morphology of the colonies.
 Microscopicdescription and identification: The
Gram stain technique was used for the
assessment of microscopic characteristics in
order to differentiate between Gram positive (+)
and Gram negative (-) bacteria within the
selected group of bacterial strains.
Determination of Phosphate Solubilization
In order to determine the bacteria’s phosphate
solubilizing ability, NBRIP (National Botanical
Research Institute Phosphate) growth medium was
prepared, which is composed of 10 g Glucose, 5 g
Ca3PO4, 5 g MgCl26H2O, 0,2 g KCl, 0.1 g
(NH4)2SO4, 20 g Agar and 1 L of distilled water
(Nautiyal 1999), adding bromophenol blue at a 0.025
g/L concentration. The medium was poured into
50x15 mm Petri plates, after which previously
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
27
autoclaved, 1 cm tall steel cylinders were placed on
the center of the plates for the formation of the wells
where 250 μL of the different strains were inoculated
to facilitate the determination of their phosphate
solubilizing ability.
These plates were then incubated at 37ºC for a period
of 24 hours, taking into account the density of 106
bacteria found per 1 mL of sample used to predict the
amount of bacteria per 250 μL added into the NBRIP
media.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Out of a total of 95 bacterial strains from the Bacillus
and Pseudomonas genera isolated from soil samples,
57 strains were optimal for assessment of their
phosphate solubilizing ability (Table 1). To do this,
the methodology established by Nautiyal (1999) was
employed, in which an efficient microbiological
growth medium is formulated in order to detect
phosphate solubilizing microorganisms.
Table 1. Gram bacteria (+/-) with phosphate solubilizing ability
The presence of phosphate solubilizing bacterias in
the NBRIP medium was evidenced by the presence of
translucent and/or yellowish halos around the zone
inoculated with the bacterial strain (Fig. 1 and 2). In
the context of bacterial activity in the rhizosphere, the
generation of organic acids as a mechanism which
drives the solubilization of normally insoluble
phosphorus complexes has been documented, which
then facilitates their uptake by the surrounding plants
(Richardson et al., 2009).
This property, then, is responsible for the formation
of the halo observed in the culture medium and that
which is mentioned by researchers such as Hernández
et al. (2013) who observed such a phenomenon in
NBRIP medium caused by bacteria of the Bacillus
genus.
Halos which indicate the solubilization of phosphates
were observed in the inoculated strains, which were
classified in 3 categories: halos smaller than 10 mm
(10>), halos smaller than 20 mm (20>), and halos
smaller than 30 mm (30>) (Table 2). In accordance
with this classification, percentages of 7.02%,
89,47% and 3,51% were measured for the 10>, 20>
and 30> categories respectively.
 Evaluation of Bacteria with Phosphate Solubilizing Ability in Agricultural Soil Associated with The Development of Citrus Unshiu
(Mandarina Satsuma) In Huaral – Perú
Table 2. Number of strains according to halo diameter in
NBRIP medium
Figure 1. Solubilization halo for Pseudomonas sp in NBRIP
medium
Figure 2. Solubilization halo for Bacillus sp in NBRIP medium
The reading of the differential Gram stain was carried
out under a microscope in order to identify the
bacteria present in the analyzed strains. Out of these,
82.46% of the strains were found to be Gram
negative, which corresponds to the findings of the
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
28
research carried out by Brito, J. and Ulla, E. (2012),
in which a presence of 14% Gram positive bacteria
and 86% Gram negative bacteria was found.
The phosphate solubilization index (PSI) was
determined following the method laid out by
Restrepo et al. (2015), which consists of measuring
the total diameter of the solubilization halo and
dividing it by the diameter of the inoculum. This
index was averaged for both the Gram positive and
Gram negative variants of Bacillus and Pseudomonas
bacteria and then compared (Table 3).
Table 3 Halo diameter means and solubilization indexes
Source: Original
PSI = Solubilization halo diameter / Inoculum
diameter
Despite the predominance of strains belonging to the
Pseudomonas genus among the samples, PSI
averages for both Pseudomonas and Bacillus were
similar (2.578 and 2.733 respectively), with only a
difference of 0.155, or a 6% edge for Bacillus over
Pseudomonas (Fig. 3). PSI measurements average at
similar levels as those mentioned by C. Lara et al.
(2011), whose research found values of 1.5 up to 4.2
for bacteria of the Bacillus genus and a presence of
Gram negative bacteria of 93%.
As forparametersor factors not controlled in this
experiment, a clear correlation is drawn by Ruizet al.
(2021) between PSI values (and thus solubilization
capacity) and temperature. Their work described a
relationship between higher PSI of a given isolated
strain and higher temperatures in their originating
region, and viceversa. Souchie et al. (2007) on the
other hand determined that the disparity between the
amount of phosphate solubilizers is conditioned by
climate aspects and the soil’s nutritional state. This
phenomenon, as well as other characteristics
observed when analyzing this study’s samples, could
be attributed in part to the factors pointed out by these
authors.
 Evaluation of Bacteria with Phosphate Solubilizing Ability in Agricultural Soil Associated with The Development of Citrus Unshiu
(Mandarina Satsuma) In Huaral – Perú
Figure 3. Mean graph for Halo diameter (mm) and phosphate
solubilization index between Bacillus and Pseudomonas,
divided between Gram positive and Gram negative strains.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this research document regarding the phosphate
solubilization ability of soil bacterias associated with
the cultivation of Citrus unshiu in Huaral, Perú;
successful isolation and identification of the Bacillus
sp and Pseudomonas sp genera was achieved.
Evidence of phosphate solubilizing activity by these
genera suggests outstanding potential to improve the
availability of soil phosphorus, which is a crucial
aspect in the optimal development of these crops.
Furthermore, these findings back the relevance of soil
bacteria in the nutritional cycle of Citrus unshiu, and
suggest a positive contribution to its development,
which presents an opportunity for optimization and
improvement of cultivation practices of this fruit at an
industrial level.
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patógenos del suelo. Nova, 5(8), 147-153.Disponible en:
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Costa, L. (2020). Caracterização morfofisiológica de
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producir compuestos indólicos e influyen en parámetros de
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& Cruz, G. (2013). Uso de fertilizantes orgánicos para la
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y del crecimiento del cítrico Citrange troyer. Universidad y
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[17] Kumar, U., Verma, K., Annapurna, K., Mishra, B., & Adhya,
T. (2018). Advances in Soil Microbiology: Recent Trends
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Interaction. Springer.
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[19] Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM). (2013). Guía de
muestreo de suelos del Perú - N°002-2013-MINAM.
[20] Ministerio del Ambiente. Guía para el Muestreo de Suelos /
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Ambiental. -- Lima: MINAM, 2014.
[21] Nautiyal, C. (1999). An efficient microbiological growth
medium for screening phosphate solubilizing
microorganisms. FEMS microbiology Letters, 170(1), 265-
270.
[22] Restrepo, G., Marulanda, S., De la Fe, Y., Díaz, A., Lucia,
V., & Hernández, A. (2015). Bacterias solubilizadoras de
fosfato y sus potencialidades de uso en la promoción del
crecimiento de cultivos de importancia económica. Revista
CENIC. Ciencias Biológicas, 46(1), 63-76.
[23] Richardson, A., Barea, J., Mc Neill, A., & Prigent, C. (2009).
Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere
and plant growth promotion by microorganisms.
[24] Ruiz, J., Berdúo, J., Sacbajá, A., Kalousová, M., Lojka, B.,
Fernández, E., & Sánchez, A. (2021). Eficiencia de
solubilización de fósforo de aislados nativos guatemaltecos
de Pseudomonas fluorescens. Ciencia, Tecnología y Salud,
8(2), 184-201.
[25] Soto, H., Zavala, J., Pérez, J., & Camargo, S. (2012).
Estacionalidad de bacterias y hongos en la rizósfera de dos
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(Mandarina Satsuma) In Huaral – Perú
[26] Disponible en:Estacionalidad de bacterias y hongos en la [28] Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/278330
rizósfera de dos especies de plantas en el Valle semiárido de [29] Tejera, B., Heydrich, M., & Rojas, M. (2013). Aislamiento
Zapotitlán, Puebla (scielo.org.mx) de Bacillus solubilizadores de fosfatos asociados al cultivo
[27] Souchie, E., Barea, J., Saggin, O., & Ribeiro, E. (2007). del arroz. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 24(2), 357-364.
Indolacetic acid production by P-solubilizing microorganisms Disponible en: Aislamiento de Bacillus solubilizadores de
and interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. fosfatos asociados al cultivo del arroz (scielo.sa.cr)



Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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 EVALUATION OF BACILLUS SP AND PSEUDOMONAS SP AS
STIMULATORS OF ROOT GROWTH IN PISUM SATIVUM SEED
1
M. FALCÓN, 2J. VILLANUEVA, 3J. RAMOS
1
Universidad Ricardo Palma
2
Instituto de Control y Certificación de la Calidad e Inocuidad Alimentaria ICC CIA-URP
3
Grupo de investigación en Microbiología, Inocuidad Alimentaria y Protección de Alimentos
E-mail: 1miluska.falcon@urp.edu.pe, 2jose.villanuevasuarez@urp.edu.pe, 3Juan.ramos@urp.edu.pe

Abstract - The genera Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp, rhizobacteria that promote plant growth, have an impact on plant
development through various mechanisms. Due to farming, we were forced to develop new strategies.The objective of this
research was to evaluate the promotion of root growth in Pisum sativum seeds by inoculating strains of Bacillus sp and
Pseudomonas sp as irrigation treatments for 15 days, in conditions without light.

Variations in root growth were observed throughout the study period, highlighting the positive impact of Pseudomonas sp
(M6-11-C3) with a growth rate of 25% compared to the water control, thus underlining the beneficial influence of
Pseudomonas sp in the accumulated root growth of Pisum sativum.

Keywords - Bacillus Sp, Pseudomonas sp, Root Growth, Pisum Sativum.

I. INTRODUCTION of biofertilizers has been proposed as an alternative to

The soil concentrates a great diversity of
microorganisms that are of great importance that will
interact or be related to plants, of which there are
rhizospheric microorganisms, where the plants will
benefit from nutrients, obtaining stimulatory
substances, as well as performing various functions in
biochemical processes. The rhizosferic
microorganisms or rhizobacteria will enrich the
quality of the soil, thus achieving the productivity of
the plants. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria play
a number of important direct and indirect
mechanisms, such as attracting bacteria to the
rhizospheric zone in order to fulfill the associative
symbiosis with the plant, giving way to a hormonal
balance in the plant. Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp
have direct mechanisms in the plant, such as: nitrogen
fixation, solubilization of nutrients, produce growth-
regulating hormones (AIA, ABA, gibberellic acid)
and regulate phytohormones levels (Gupta et al.,
2022). The production of pea (Pisum sativum) is of
utmost importance in the social sphere due to its high
nutritional value, in addition to being considered as
the main source of self-consuption. The cultivation of
this legume will benefit the population as a source of
income and source of consumption, this legume will
occupy 31,214 ha of territory, resulting in a yield of
9512 kg (MINAGRI, 2017), thus forming one of the
main sources of self-consumption in Perú. The
sustainability of agricultural fields is the main reason
for implementing microorganisms as root growth
biostimulants, instead of using chemical liquid
fertilizers that have negative impacts on agricultural
soil. These impacts include changes in pH, damage to
soil structure and composition, which affects the
plant's ability to absorb nutrients (González, 2019).
The constant and economical use of fertilizers has
created dependency song farmers. Therefore, the use
organic production that not only preserves the
environment but also improves the performance of
the roots. The aim of this study is to determine the
efficacy of Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp as
promoters of root growth in pea cultivation (Pisum
sativum).
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Obtaining strains of Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas
sp
The research was carried out at the Applied
Microbiology laboratory of the Ricardo Palma
University, located in Lima, Perú. The strains of
Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp used in the project
were previously isolated, classified and characterized
in previous research carried out in the same
laboratory. These strains were maintained following a
cryopreservation protocol.
Biological material and culture conditions
The biological sample was obtained in October 2023
at the Gran Mercado Mayorista de Lima, located in
the district of Santa Anita, Lima, Perú, which has the
geographical coordinates (12°02'18.6"S
76°56'49.1"W).
In order to provide the pea seeds with a source of
phosphates, rocks were collected from the soil to be
used as a substrate. This substrate becomes more
accessible as it degrades through crushing, until
finally obtaining a shape similar to sandstone, which
is subjected to a sterilization process at 121°C for 15
minutes. The pea seed was selected, washed
superficially with distilled water and disinfected with
0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes.
Subsequently, the seeds are placed in 50 mL conical
plastic tubes, so that they can grow in closed boxes.

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
31
 Evaluation of Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp as stimulators of root growth in Pisum sativum seed
The conical plastic tubes were placed in an upright
position to encourage root growth, stimulated by the
presence of bacteria and sources of phosphates
present in the grit, in addition to the addition of
cotton as a support for the biological sample and the
sand.
Description of treatments for root development
 Obtaining biomass
To reactivate the strains, the same protocol was
performed, transferring each strain of Bacillus sp and
Pseudomonas sp, separately to a tube with 5 mL of
nutrient broth. The procedure for obtaining biomass
was repeated twice for both Bacillus sp and
Pseudomonas sp.In each repetition, 100 μL of the
reactivated strain was taken and 400 μL was
inoculated into a glass jar containing 300 mL of
nutritious broth. This bottle was placed in a
bacteriological oven at a temperature of 37°C for 24
hours in order to promote bacterial growth, obtaining
a biomass of 106 CFU/mL of Bacillus sp and
Pseudomonas sp.
Application of biomass in biological treatments
 Application of Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas
sp biomass
The application of the biomass of Bacillus sp and
Pseudomonas sp was carried out at 5-day intervals
during the irrigation of the pea seeds. Using a sterile
pipette, approximately 3 x 106 CFU/mL of each
Table 1
Root growth in mm at 5, 10 and 15 days
Treatment Strain
Pseudomonas sp
M6-11-C3
M6-11-C7
Bacillus sp
M6-8-C2
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
32
biomass was absorbed and then deposited in the
treatment. This procedure was carried out in a sterile
environment consistently.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During the first 5 days of measurement, variations in
the root growth of Pisum Sativum seeds were
observed in response to different treatments.
Treatment with Pseudomonas sp (M6-11-C3) showed
an initial growth of 3 mm (Fig.2), while control with
only water showed a growth og 6 mm. Other
treatments, such as with Bacillus sp (M6-5-C5) and
the combination of Bacillus sp (M6-8-C12) and
Pseudomonas sp (M6-11-C3), also showed varied
responses, with values of 3 mm and 6 mm,
respectively. During the first 10 days, significant
changes in root growth were observed. Treatment
with Pseudomonas sp (M6-11-C3) showed
continuous growth, reaching 11 mm. Bacillus sp
(M6-5-C5) showed a growth of 6 mm, while the
combination of Bacillus sp (M6-8-C12) y
Pseudomonas sp (M6-11-C3) exhibited a growth of 9
mm. The control recorded a remarkable increase of
15 mm in this period. For the 15 days of
measurement, additional trends in root growth were
observed. Pseudomonas sp (M6-11-C3) continued to
stimulate growth, reaching 30 mm (Fig. 3). The
control showed cumulative growth of 24 mm.
However, some treatments and controls did not have
specific measurements (Table 1).
Time (DAYS)
5 10 15
3 11 30
6 9 -
5 - -
 Evaluation of Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp as stimulators of root growth in Pisum sativum seed

M6-5-C5 3 6 -

B+P

M6-8-C12 (B) + M6-11-C3 (P) 3 9 13

M6-5-C14 (B) + M6-1-C1 (P) 1 3 -

Control 6 15 24

Source: Original
M= Soil sample number, followed by the plate number, C=Colony

For the selection of Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp,

the species with the highest yield in NBRIP medium
described by Nautiyal (1999), which establishes an
effective microbiological culture medium for the
detection of microorganisms capable of solubilizing
phosphates, the same methodologies that followed.
Romero (2017) for its bacterial selection and also
Quesquén (2020) for the selection of growth-
promoting bacteria.
In order to calculate the effectiveness of our
treatments, the formula established by Carreño (2009)
to calculate the effectiveness of our treatments was
taken into account (Fig.1). In our case, the
calculation was made for the end of the 15 days,
obtaining the highest value with Pseudomonas sp.
resulting in an IEI of 25% although works such as
Hernández et al. (2015) mention higher percentages
of IEI related to other bacterial species such as
Fig. 3. Treatment with Pseudomonas sp (M6-11-C3) after
Pantoea sp, Klebsiella sp. or Serratia sp. but with the fifteen days.
difference that they were with dry biomass
measurements and not just height measurements. In the work of Olivas & Rueda (2017), Salicornia
bigelovii with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was used to
IEI% = ( ( TREATMENT - CONTROL ) / induce root growth, taking into account more
CONTROL ) x 100 variables than the time and length of the initial roots,
calculations such as dry weight, wet weight or even
Fig 1. Formula for calculating effectiveness
the number of cuttings could be relevant for an
analysis of variance although this last variable could
not be applied because this preliminary work was
done on a smaller scale.

IV. CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that the presence of

bacterial strains, especially Pseudomonas sp, may
have a positive impact on the root growth of Pisum
sativum seeds. The combination of Bacillus sp and
Pseudomonas sp also showed beneficial effects
compared to controls. However, the variability
observed in some treatments and the absence of
Fig. 2. Treatment with Pseudomonas sp (M6-11-C3) in the first measurements in certain controls indicate differential
five days. responses of plants to experimental conditions. These

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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 Evaluation of Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp as stimulators of root growth in Pisum sativum seed
findings highlight the complexity of the plant-
microorganism interaction and highlight the need to
consider the diversity of the soil microbiome when
developing strategies to stimulate root growth in
specific crops such as Pisum sativum.
REFERENCES
[1] Carreño, C.(2009). Efecto de la inoculación de bacterias
nativas solubilizadoras de fósforo en el desarrollo y
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Lambayeque, Perú.
[2] Cornetero, J., & Segura, J. (2018). Enterobacterias aisladas de
rizoplano y rizósfera y su potencial como promotoras de
crecimiento de Asparagus officinalis L.
[3] Gakegne, E., Plasencia, O., Hernández, A., de La Fe, Y., y
Martínez, B. (2017). Actividad antagónica de Pseudomonas
spp. fluorescentes ante Alternaria solani Sorauer, patógeno de
la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.). Revista de Protección
Vegetal, 32(3).1 13.
http://200.14.50.70/index.php/RPV/article/view/924/974
[4] González, P. (2019). Consecuencias ambientales de la
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[5] Gupta, A., Bano, A., Rai, S., Mishra, R., Singh, M., Sharma,
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2022.100073
[6] Hernández, F., Velásquez, K., Carreño, C., Gonzales, H. L.,
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enterobacterias en el desarrollo vegetativo de Zea mays en
invernadero. UCV Hacer, 4(1), 10-19.
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[7] INEI (2013). Resultados definitivos: IV Censo Nacional
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[8] MINAGRI. (2017). Boletín estadístico de producción
agrícola y ganadera, I trimestre 2017. Ministerio de
Agricultura y Riego. Lima, Perú. 159 p.
[9] Nautiyal, C. (1999). An efficient microbiological growth
medium for screening phosphate solubilizing
microorganisms. FEMS microbiology Letters, 170(1), 265-
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[10] Núñez, A. (2023). Bacillus spp. y Pseudomonas spp. aisladas
de la rizósfera de Echinopsis pachanoi “San Pedro hembra”
en Lambayeque como potenciales promotores de crecimiento
de Solanum lycopersicum L. bajo estrés hídrico.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12893/11487
[11] Olivas, E. & Rueda, E.(2017). Enraizamiento de esquejes de
Salicornia bigelovii por efecto de la bacteria promotora de
crecimiento vegetal Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
[12] Ortíz, R., Valencia, E., & López, J. (2009). Participación de
las citocininas en la estimulación del crecimiento vegetal por
Bacillus megaterium. Revista Biológicas No, 65.
[13] Quesquén, N.(2020). Influencia de bacterias promotoras del
crecimiento vegetal en la aclimatación de plántulas de
Cinchona Officinalis. Lambayeque–Perú. 2019.
[14] Romero, K. (2018). Especies de Pseudomonas aisladas de
rizoplano y rizósfera de Asparagus officinalis L. y su
potencial como promotoras de crecimiento en plantas.
[15] Rojas, B., Santoyo, G., Delgado, P., & Rocha M. (2022).
Bacillus spp. Endófitos promueven diferencialmente el
crecimiento de tres variedades de zarzamora (rubus
subgénero eubatus). Bioagro, 34(2), 99-110.
https://doi.org/10.51372/bioagro342.1
[16] Sánchez, B., Santoyo, G., Valerio, P., & Granados, M.
(2022). Bacillus spp. Endófitos promueven diferencialmente
el crecimiento de tres variedades de zarzamora (rubus
subgénero eubatus). Bioagro, 34(2), 99-110.
 BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL WITH HIGH HEAVY METAL
CONCENTRATION, AT LABORATORY SCALE, USING NATIVE
MICROORGANISMS FROM MINING WASTE IN COLQUIJIRCA,
PERU
1
J. RAMOS, 2A. LLANOS, 3B. CHAMPE, 4O. SOTO
1
Universidad Ricardo Palma
1,2,3,4
Laboratorio de Investigación en Microbiología Aplicada
2,3
Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas
4
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería
E-mail: Juan.ramos@urp.edu.pe, u20201b065@upc.edu.pe, u20201c329@upc.edu.pe , Oscar.soto.b@uni.pe ,

Abstract - This study aims to evaluate the bioremediation potential of indigenous microorganisms from areas impacted by
mining. Following this approach, two soil samples were extracted from mining sites in Colquijirca, Pasco. Subsequently, 1
kg of each sample was sent to the CEIMIC S.A.C laboratory for mass spectrophotometry analysis to determine the initial
concentration of all heavy metals present in the samples. Prior to the isolation of native soil microorganisms, a pre-
enrichment was conducted to ensure the presence of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and fungi. Two strains with potential growth
were identified: strain CP-11 (extracted from a culture medium for Bacillus sp.) and CP-08 (extracted from a culture medium
for Pseudomonas sp.), which were isolated and cryo-preserved. Then, using bioaugmentation technique, biomass broths were
prepared for each strain. For the laboratory-scale bioremediation stage, two soil systems were prepared with the collected
samples to simulate the piles of mining waste material. Soil system 1 and soil system 2 were treated with the bioaugmented
solutions of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp., respectively. The treatment lasted for one month with constant mechanical
ventilation. Finally, a mass spectrophotometry analysis was conducted for each post-treatment sample, determining that the
removal efficiency of CP-11 in sample 1 for heavy metals (As, Cu, Pb, Hg, Cr, and Cd) was 8.2%, 29.6%, 56.8%, 57.2%,
20.8%, respectively. Similarly, the elimination efficiency of CP-08 in M2 for the same metals was 12.2%, 22.7%, 52.8%,
13.2%, 76.6%, and 36.3%, respectively.

Keywords - Bioremediation, native microorganisms, mining-affected soils, heavy metals, bioaugmentation, removal
efficiency, mass spectrophotometry.

I. INTRODUCTION problem (Rodríguez et al., 2019). Adverse health

The expansion of soil pollution, primarily derived
from human activities, especially in the mining
sector, constitutes an urgent global environmental
problem. Mining activity has had significant
consequences on soil, water, and biodiversity since
ancient times (Rodríguez et al., 2019). The growing
environmental concern regarding the presence of
heavy metals mainly originates from abandoned
mining tailings and ongoing extractive operations,
including those of a small and informal nature. Both
mining and smelting facilities emit significant
amounts of heavy metals and other toxic elements,
and these contaminants persist for extended periods,
even after the corresponding activities have ceased.
The persistence of contaminating residues, known as
mining environmental liabilities (PAM), leads to the
release of high levels of metals and acidic drainages
in soils and freshwater bodies, posing a constant
threat to human health and the natural environment
(Chang Kee et al., 2018). This persistence of heavy
metals presents a significant challenge in addressing
environmental pollution, as it not only affects the
quality of air, water, and crops but also poses a risk to
human health and wildlife, accumulating in the
tissues of living organisms. Unlike many organic
compounds, these metals are not subject to metabolic
degradation, further exacerbating the severity of the
impacts have reached critical levels in extractive
regions of Peru, especially among children residing in
the Pasco region. Hair analyses reveal significantly
elevated concentrations of Aluminum (Al), Antimony
(Sb), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr),
Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Tin (Sn), and Thallium (Tl).
This exposure to heavy metals contributes to the
development of severe diseases, including cancer, as
well as respiratory, neurological, and renal disorders
(Piñeiro et al., 2021). The heavy metals, Zinc (Zn),
Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Copper (Cu) exhibit
higher relative toxicity to plants, while Arsenic (As),
Cd, Pb, Cr, and Mercury (Hg) are more toxic to
higher animals. In the context of the food chain,
certain critical elements, such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and
Selenium (Se), raise significant concerns regarding
contamination, highlighting that sources of Arsenic
(As) in the soil include agrochemical compounds and,
more significantly, activities related to mining and
smelting (Rodríguez et al., 2019). Internationally,
environmental regulations have been implemented
that establish soil quality standards, defining limits
for the presence of various elements according to the
intended use of the soil, whether for agricultural,
residential, or extractive purposes. In Peru, the
Environmental Quality Standards (ECA) for soil
specify permissible limits for concentrations of
various substances, including heavy metals. These

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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 Bioremediation of Soil with High Heavy Metal Concentration, at Laboratory Scale, Using Native Microorganisms from Mining Waste in
Colquijirca, Peru
limits are established to ensure that their presence in
the soil does not represent a significant risk to human
health or the environment. Among the heavy metals
considered in these standards are, but not limited to,
As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn (MINAM, 2017).
In response to environmental regulations, mining
companies have made a significant commitment to
socio-environmental responsibility, launching
specific initiatives to address mining liabilities.
Although chemical techniques are conventional for
remediation, bioremediation stands out for its
effectiveness in preventing the leaching or
mobilization of heavy metals in the ecosystem while
facilitating a more efficient extraction of these metals.
The ability of indigenous microorganisms to restore
contaminated environments can play a crucial role in
recovering such soils. Microorganisms such as
Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., and Aspergillus
spp. have demonstrated outstanding resistance to
metals and significant bioremediation potential,
achieving rates of up to 98% efficiency (Saha et al.,
2021). Furthermore, Micrococcus sp. and
Acinetobacter sp. have exhibited the ability to oxidize
the hazardous arsenide As(III), converting it into a
less soluble and non-toxic form, thereby reducing its
toxicity. The successful use of genetically modified
strains such as Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia
coli strain M109 for the effective removal of mercury
from contaminated soils and sediments has been
documented (Pande et al., 2022). These advances in
bioremediation offer efficient solutions for heavy
metal pollution.
The effectiveness of bioremediation varies according
to specific ecosystem conditions, such as climatic and
chemical factors. Identifying resistant native
organisms, such as plants and microorganisms, is
crucial to optimizing remediation processes in
challenging environments like mining extraction and
smelting areas. In this context, preserving the
bacterial population is crucial, and indigenous
microorganisms adapted to the climatic conditions of
the impacted zones emerge as a valuable option
(Chang Kee et al., 2018). In this study, the extraction
of native microorganisms from mining soils in the
Pasco region was carried out, with the purpose of
implementing a bioaugmentation approach for
subsequent laboratory-scale bioremediation. The
main objective was to measure the efficacy of the
Parameter Unit
Aluminum (Al) mg/kg
Antimony (Sb) mg/kg
Arsenic (As) mg/kg
Barium (Ba) mg/kg
Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg
Calcium (Ca) mg/kg
Cobalt (Co) mg/kg
Copper (Cu) mg/kg
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
isolated strains in the remediation of heavy metals
such as As, Al, Hg, Cd, Cu, and Pb. The technique of
mass spectrophotometry was used to accurately
determine the concentrations of these metals in
contaminated soil samples, both before and after the
bioremediation process. This analysis allowed not
only to evaluate the metal removal capacity of the
isolated strains but also to compare the results
obtained with previous studies in the field. The
purpose of this research is, therefore, to provide a
deeper understanding of the efficiency of native
microorganisms in the remediation of contaminated
soils, thus contributing to a more effective and
sustainable strategy in the management of mining
liabilities in Peru.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Soil Sample Collection for Treatment
The contaminated soil to be remediated comes from
mining liabilities resulting from extractive activities
carried out in the district of Colquijirca, located at
coordinates 10°46'20"S 76°17'22"W in the Pasco
region. In August 2023, sampling was conducted,
selecting two soil samples, each weighing
approximately 2.5 Kg. The first sample was collected
from the center of an accumulated soil pile, identified
as sample 1, while the second, named sample 2, was
extracted from the periphery, specifically from the
circumference that marks the boundary of the pile's
extension. For each sample, a pit of dimensions 20∙20
cm was excavated, extracting soil up to a depth of 20
cm. The total sampling area covered approximately
10 m2, corresponding to the soil pile located in the
mining liabilities deposit area. Subsequently, the
samples were carefully transported to the laboratory
in sterile ziplock bags, maintaining a controlled
ambient temperature to preserve their integrity.
B. Analysis of Samples by Mass
Spectrophotometry
For a thorough characterization of the soil
composition, particularly in terms of heavy metals, an
analysis was conducted using mass
spectrophotometry. This analysis was performed on
approximately 1 Kg of each soil sample at the
CEIMIC PERU S.A.C. laboratory. The rigor of the
process ensured an accurate determination of the
concentration of heavy metals.
Sample 1 Concentration Sample 2 Concentration
433.185 662.687
2.246 2.911
855.444 622.638
53.745 61.993
0.51 0.422
269.613 424.762
3.594 2.067
3157.507 1615.2
36
 Bioremediation of Soil with High Heavy Metal Concentration, at Laboratory Scale, Using Native Microorganisms from Mining Waste in
Colquijirca, Peru
Chrome (Cr) mg/kg 2.204 3.502
Tin (Sn) mg/kg 70.309 24.978
Strontium (Sr) mg/kg 9.331 9.564
Iron (Fe) mg/kg 86099.569 57873.953
Lithium (Li) mg/kg 0.336 0.485
Magnesium (Mg) mg/kg 36.63 52.35
Manganese (Mn) mg/kg 37.072 28.9
Mercury (Hg) mg/kg 0.901 0.386
Molybdenum (Mo) mg/kg 1.23 2.867
Silver (Ag) mg/kg 12.148 11.656
Lead (Pb) mg/kg 599.243 747. 985
Potassium (K) mg/kg 329.027 506.55
Selenium (Se) mg/kg 3.886 3.541
Sodium (Na) mg/kg 602.765 824.608
Thallium (Tl) mg/kg 1.799 1.852
Titanium (Ti) mg/kg 8.048 6.219
Thorium (Th) mg/kg 0.061 0.073
Uranium (U) mg/kg 0.681 0.508
Vanadium (V) mg/kg 23.262 20.093
Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 272.714 155.897
Table I. Initial Mass Spectrophotometry Results for Soil Samples
Source: Reporte del laboratorio CEIMIC S.A.C

The detailed results in Table I provide a quantitative
perspective on the concentration of heavy metals in
the analyzed samples, illustrating the significant
differences between the two samples.
C. Isolation of Native Microorganisms
Initially, a pre-enrichment phase was developed to
recover the maximum number of microorganisms.
Cetrimide broth was prepared for Pseudomonas sp.,
Nutrient broth for Bacillus sp., and for Fungi, Meat
Peptone broth with 5% glucose was prepared. For soil
sample 1, three 250 ml dilution flasks were prepared,
each flask containing a type of enrichment broth, and
two repetitions were performed for each flask. The
same procedure was followed for soil sample 2. Each
flask was added with 50 g of the corresponding soil
sample (Fig. 1). Subsequently, the 18 dilution flasks
were autoclaved at 121°C for 15 minutes. Finally, the
flasks were left in an incubator at a temperature of
37°C for 24 h.

Fig 1. Pre-Enrichment Flasks for Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and Fungi sp. with Their Respective Culture Plates

In the culture medium preparation phase for
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Fungi, flasks containing
Pseudomonas Agar, Cetrimide Agar, and Potato
Dextrose Agar (PDA) solutions were prepared,
respectively. These flasks were then autoclaved for
04 hours. Afterward, each liquid medium was poured
into 18 Petri dishes. Half of these dishes were labeled
with the name of the growth medium they contained
and the name of soil sample 1 from which the
inoculum would be extracted. The other half of the
plates were labeled using the same method, but this
time for soil sample 2. Additionally, a duplicate was
considered for each plate, making a total of 36. The
plates were left to rest until the medium solidified.
In the stage of cultivation on plates, the streak plate
technique was utilized as the initial step for the
solidified agar media. This procedure was conducted

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 Bioremediation of Soil with High Heavy Metal Concentration, at Laboratory Scale, Using Native Microorganisms from Mining Waste in
Colquijirca, Peru
in a previously sterilized environment. The
inoculating loop was dipped into each of the 18
flasks, then used to inoculate the surface of the solid
medium on each plate, performing zigzag streaks.
Following the seeding, the 36 Petri dishes were
incubated in an autoclave at 37 ºC for 48 h.
D. Selection of Bacterial Strains and Fungi for
Cryopreservation
For the selection of strains, an inspection of the Petri
dishes was carried out to recognize microbial
colonies. The identification of Pseudomonas,
Bacillus, and filamentous fungi strains was based on
specific morphological criteria in selective medium:
Cetrimide Agar (CA), Nutrient Agar (NA), and
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), respectively. During
the inspection, the presence of colonies was only
recorded in NA and CA as seen in Fig. 2.
Fig 2. Development of Colony Forming Units (CFU) on
Selected Agars.
Twenty-one colonies were selected, which were
scraped using a sterile metal spatula to suspend the
inocula in a cryoprotective solution of Brain Heart
Infusion (BHI) with 25% glycerin contained in sterile
vials, labeling each strain for precise identification.
The vials were stored at -20°C to ensure the long-
term conservation and viability of the strains, totaling
21 vials (see Fig. 3a). After 3 days, the vials were
visually inspected, determining that out of the total of
seven strains with growth (see Fig. 3b), strain CP-08
and strain CP-11 would be used in the
bioaugmentation stage as they showed the most
significant growth. A duplicate of each strain was
made to ensure its preservation.
Fig 3. Vials with Strains Recovered.
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
38
E. Remediation by Bioaugmentation Technique
Preparation of Culture Medium and Biomass
Generation
In this phase, the bioaugmentation technique was
employed. It began with the inoculation of strains
CP-11 and CP-08 into a 250 ml Nutrient Broth
solution for each strain. The solution was incubated at
37°C for 48 h to allow exponential cell growth. After
the incubation period, a concentrated solution of
microorganisms was obtained with a final
concentration of 25 x 10^7 CFU/mL, ready to be
applied to the impacted soil.
Bioremediation Treatment
In the treatment stage, 2 containers were prepared,
each containing 1 kg of soil from both soil sample 1
and soil sample 2 (see Fig. 3a). Subsequently, the
solution with enhanced Bacillus sp. biomass was
applied to the homogenized soil substrate of soil
sample 1, and the biomass of Pseudomonas was
applied to soil sample 2. This followed an
experimental design that ensures a uniform
distribution of bacteria in the soil matrix as shown in
Fig. 3b. To promote microbial activity and treatment
efficacy, manual aeration mechanisms were
employed every 48 h as shown in Fig. 3c. The
treatment lasted for a period of 30 days, keeping the
soil samples at room temperature.
Fig 4. Bioremediation procedure in the piles of contaminated
soil.
Upon completion of the treatment, samples were
taken and sent to the CEIMIC PERU S.A.C.
laboratory for analysis using mass spectrophotometry,
allowing for the quantification of the effectiveness of
bioaugmentation of indigenous microorganisms in
reducing the concentration of heavy metals in the
soil.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The bioremediation process through the application
of CP-11 Bacillus sp. and CP-08 Pseudomonas sp.
strains yielded significant results, reducing the
concentrations of heavy metals in both soil samples 1
and 2, extracted from the mining site. The soil system
 Bioremediation of Soil with High Heavy Metal Concentration, at Laboratory Scale, Using Native Microorganisms from Mining Waste in
Colquijirca, Peru
1, treated with the bioaugmented solution of Bacillus treated with the bioaugmented solution of
sp., showed notable decreases in concentrations, as Pseudomonas sp., presented detailed results in Table
exemplified in Table 2. Similarly, the soil system 2, 3.
Parameter Units Sample 1
Sin tratamiento Con tratamiento
Aluminium (Al) mg/kg 433.185 143.035
Arsenic (As) mg/kg 855.444 785.18
Barium (Ba) mg/kg 53.745 28.544
Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg 0.51 0.404
Cobalt (Co) mg/kg 3.594 3.57
Copper (Cu) mg/kg 3157.507 2222.486
Chrome (Cr) mg/kg 2.204 0.894
Tin (Sn) mg/kg 70.309 17.406
Iron (Fe) mg/kg 86099.569 56926.675
Lithium (Li) mg/kg 0.336 0.156
Manganese (Mn) mg/kg 37.072 36.58
Mercury (Hg) mg/kg 0.901 0.386
Silver (Ag) mg/kg 12.148 9.006
Lead (Pb) mg/kg 599.243 258.931
Potassium (K) mg/kg 329.027 313.398
Selenium (Se) mg/kg 3.886 3.887
Sodium (Na) mg/kg 602.765 260.998
Thallium (Tl) mg/kg 1.799 1.194
Titanium (Ti) mg/kg 8.048 3.407
Thorium (Th) mg/kg 0.061 0.015
Uranium (U) mg/kg 0.681 0.378
Vanadium (V) mg/kg 23.262 13.409
Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 272.714 235.28
Table 2.Comparison of Mass Spectrophotometry Results for Soil Sample 1.
Source: CEIMIC S.A.C Laboratory Report

Parameter Units Sample 2

Sin tratamiento Con tratamiento
Aluminium (Al) mg/kg 662.687 215.011
Arsenic (As) mg/kg 622.638 546.76
Antimony (Sb) mg/kg 2.911 2.014
Barium (Ba) mg/kg 61.993 41.073
Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg 0.422 0.269
Cobalt (Co) mg/kg 2.067 1.714
Copper (Cu) mg/kg 1615.2 1248.28
Cromo (Cr) mg/kg 3.502 0.819
Tin (Sn) mg/kg 24.978 43.374
Strontium (Sr) mg/kg 9.564 4.589
Iron (Fe) mg/kg 57873.954 39972.92
Lithium (Li) mg/kg 0.485 0.063
Manganese (Mn) mg/kg 28.9 22.266
Mercury (Hg) mg/kg 0.386 0.335
Molybdenum (Mo) mg/kg 2.867 0.81
Silver (Ag) mg/kg 11.656 9.768
Lead (Pb) mg/kg 747.985 353.337
Potassium (K) mg/kg 506.55 198.787
Selenium (Se) mg/kg 3.541 4.372
Sodium (Na) mg/kg 824.608 288.252
Thallium (Tl) mg/kg 1.852 1.172
Titanium (Ti) mg/kg 6.219 2.957
Thorium (Th) mg/kg 0.073 0.001
Uranium (U) mg/kg 0.508 0.438
Vanadium (V) mg/kg 20.093 17.561
Zinc (Zn) mg/kg 155.897 159.918
Table 3. Comparison of Mass Spectrophotometry Results for Soil Sample 2.
Source: CEIMIC S.A.C Laboratory Report

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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 Bioremediation of Soil with High Heavy Metal Concentration, at Laboratory Scale, Using Native Microorganisms from Mining Waste in
Colquijirca, Peru
Comparison with Environmental Quality
Standards
According to the Environmental Quality Standards
(EQS) for soil in Peru, there are permissible limits for
the concentration of elements. After initially
analyzing the soil samples using mass
spectrophotometry, it was observed that the
concentrations of arsenic exceeded the limits.
However, after the treatment, these concentrations
decreased significantly, falling below the allowed
limit of 100 mg/kg for agricultural soils (Ministry of
the Environment, 2017). The effectiveness in
reducing arsenic suggests that the strains used could
be viable candidates for bioremediation applications
in real situations of heavy metal contamination.
Evaluation of Bioremediation Efficiency
In the comparative analysis of metal removal
efficiency for both samples, the discussion focused on
the results for arsenic, mercury, chromium, cadmium,
lead, and silver. In this process, the reduction
percentages of each metal were calculated to evaluate
the effectiveness of bioremediation with different
strains.
The results from soil system 1 treated with Bacillus
sp. demonstrate an 8.21% reduction in As
concentration, decreasing from 855.444 mg/kg to
785.18 mg/kg. This efficiency is notably higher than
that achieved in the study by Liu, Zhang, Chen, and
Sun (2011), where genetic engineering was applied to
express the arsM gene in bacteria. In that study,
expressing arsM in strains like Sphingomonas
desiccabilis and Bacillus idriensis achieved an arsenic
elimination of between 2.2% and 4.5% in soil
systems over 30 days. This contrast highlights the
superior efficacy of native microorganisms,
especially those from an environment highly
contaminated by a specific element, as demonstrated
in the study with Bacillus firmus L-148. This arsenic-
hypertolerant bacterium, isolated from the soil of
Lonar Lake, achieved an As(III) oxidation rate of
77% in 15 days in a microcosm mimicking arsenic-
contaminated groundwater, using sodium acetate and
Fe ions (Bagade et al., 2020). Although the modified
microorganisms in Liu et al.'s study did not achieve a
significant reduction in As, it is important to
recognize the ongoing advances in biogenetics, which
are progressively replicating genes with potential
reduction comparable to that of native
microorganisms.
The remarkable performance of strain CP-11 is
highlighted, achieving a 59.44% reduction in
chromium (Cr) concentration, decreasing from 2.204
mg/kg to 0.894 mg/kg. This performance
significantly surpasses that obtained in the research
by Ayangbenro et al. (2020), where the NWUAB01
strain of Bacillus cereus, despite having
biosurfactants, reached a 43% efficiency in chromium
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
40
removal. It is important to note that although strain
CP-11 does not produce biosurfactants, its ability to
significantly reduce chromium by 59.44% highlights
its effectiveness and evidence. Furthermore, it is
emphasized that, although strain CP-11 shows lower
efficiency compared to Bacillus aryabhattai CTSI-07
(MG757377), which achieved a 96.7% reduction,
strain CP-11 demonstrates considerable capacity for
chromium bioremediation in contaminated soils.
In the present research, a mercury removal of 57.2%
was achieved using enhanced biomass of Bacillus
spp. This efficiency contrasts with the findings of
Yao et al. (2023), who reported that strain LBA119 of
Bacillus, isolated from molybdenum-lead mining
soils in Henan, demonstrated a greater capacity for
Hg removal, achieving a 62.35% removal after 30
days of treatment. It should be noted that strain
LBA119 underwent heavy metal tolerance tests,
where it was found that maximum efficiency was
achieved with a Hg concentration of 100 mg/L, an
optimal pH of 7, and a temperature of 30°C.
Although the duration of the treatment was identical
in both studies, the experimental conditions differed.
These findings suggest that modifying the
environmental conditions to replicate the natural
habitat of strain CP-11 could lead to an increase in its
mercury bioremediation capacity.
The efficiency in reducing the cadmium (Cd)
concentration was 20.8%, evidenced by the final
concentration of 0.404 mg/kg compared to the initial
0.51 mg/kg. In contrast to the results obtained by
Ayangbenro et al. in 2020, the NWUAB01 strain of
Bacillus cereus, known for its ability to produce
biosurfactants, achieved a 54% reduction in Cd
concentration, highlighting its superior efficacy.
Although the CP-11 strain of Bacillus sp, applied to
sample 1 and without the production of
biosurfactants, significantly reduced cadmium by
20.8%. This result underscores the intrinsic relevance
of the CP-11 strain, suggesting the existence of other
mechanisms at play in the reduction of cadmium. The
copper concentration experienced a reduction of
29.6%, decreasing from 3157.507 mg/Kg to 222.486
mg/Kg. This removal efficiency is superior to that
observed in the research by Wang et al. (2023), where
the Bacillus sp. Z1 bacteria extracted from the soil of
the Zaamar gold mine in Mongolia was used,
achieving an efficiency of 18.38% in removing
copper in a solution with an initial concentration of
65.34 mg/L. This demonstrates the efficiency of the
CP-11 strain belonging to Bacillus sp, which has
shown greater reduction compared to the bacteria
used by Wang.
The CP-11 strain (Bacillus sp.) also managed to
reduce the Pb concentration by 56.8%, decreasing by
340.12 mg/Kg. Unlike the results obtained by Kumari
et al. in 2021, who achieved a Pb remediation
 Bioremediation of Soil with High Heavy Metal Concentration, at Laboratory Scale, Using Native Microorganisms from Mining Waste in
Colquijirca, Peru
efficiency of over 90% using the TWSL_4 strain,
selected through a detailed analysis of the 16S rRNA
sequence by PCR (1384 bp), a significant difference
is evident. The TWSL_4 strain was chosen after
identifying a complete match with the SA1 strain of
Bacillus megaterium. The genetic identity supports
the efficiency of the TWSL_4 strain in lead
remediation, compared to the CP-11 strain, which
was not subjected to exhaustive analysis. Despite this,
the CP-11 strain achieved a significant reduction in
lead concentration. This contrast underscores the
relevance of genetic analyses in understanding and
supporting the bioremediation capabilities of bacterial
strains, such as TWSL_4. Finally, while the removal
percentages for Arsenic do not reach the highest
levels reported in the literature, the results obtained in
Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, and Lead
provide significant evidence of the potential of strain
11. However, the resistance to heavy metals observed
in the test organisms highlights the existence of
various mechanisms to reduce high concentrations of
these metals. These mechanisms, specific to one or
several metals, emphasize the adaptability and
diversity of responses to heavy metal contamination.
Fig 5. Percentage of Heavy Metal Removal Evidenced by Each
Extracted Strain
The CP-08 strain, represented by the enhanced
biomass of Pseudomonas sp., applied to soil sample
2, also demonstrated a significant reduction in the
metals As, Hg, Cr, Cu, Cd, and Pb.
A decrease in As concentration from 622.638 mg/kg
to 546.76 mg/kg was observed. This equates to a
reduction of 12.19%, suggesting a considerable
remediation efficiency. Compared to the CP-11
strain, the Pseudomonas strain used in soil system 2
shows a higher remediation potential. It is important
to highlight that Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for
example, has been shown to be a significantly
efficient bacterium in heavy metal remediation,
present in almost all contaminated sites and often
resistant to antibiotics, heavy metals, detergents, and
organic solvents (Chellaiah, 2018). Similarly, another
relevant study for comparison is that of Chen, et al.
(2013), where the genetic reconfiguration of
Pseudomonas putida KT2440, with the inclusion of
the ArsM gene, has illustrated the possibility of
converting inorganic arsenic into less hazardous
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
41
organoarsenic forms through methylation. This
progress demonstrates the substantial potential of
such bacteria in the bioremediation of arsenic in the
environment. Thus, the notable decrease in As
concentration observed in soil sample 2 after the
application of CP-08 reinforces the viability of these
bacteria for the decontamination of soils affected by
mining activities.
For Pb, a reduction efficiency of 52.8% was
evidenced, decreasing the lead concentration by
394.648 mg/Kg. This result surpasses the efficiency
obtained in the study of Oziegbe et al. (2021), where
a reduction of 33.67% of Pb in landfill soils was
evidenced using native Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
using the same methodology in an 08-day treatment
process. The outstanding bioremediation capacity
observed in the CP-08 strain highlights its potential to
address lead contamination more effectively.
Additionally, the reduction efficiency of Cr by the
CP-08 strain when interacting with soil system 2 was
76.6%, reducing 2.683 mg/Kg. In comparison to the
research by Kang et al. (2017) where Pseudomonas
aeruginosa CCTCC AB93066 was used, known for
its ability to reduce hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)),
which was acquired from the China Center for Type
Culture Collection at Wuhan University. The purpose
of the study was to identify binding sites and
distribution of chromium in resting P. aeruginosa
cells, using various analytical techniques to
demonstrate the reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III). This
supports and affirms that Pseudomonas sp, especially
P. aeruginosa, presents in its cells the capacity for
biosorption of Chromium in its most toxic state
(Cr(VI)), evidencing the bioremediation capability.
Key factors, such as pH, temperature, initial Cr(VI)
concentration, sodium acetate, and cell density,
significantly influenced the reduction of Cr(VI).
Despite this, the CP-08 Pseudomonas sp strain
demonstrated significant reduction.
Additionally, in soil system 2, a lower efficacy in
mercury removal was observed, with a reduction of
13.2%. This result contrasts with the study of
Sánchez Dávila, J. and Hurtado Custodio, J. (2009)
that reported six strains of Pseudomonas, extracted
from soil at informal gold mining sites in Peru, that
reduced up to 97% of mercury present in evaluation
solutions. However, our study shows a significantly
lower efficacy, which could be due to factors such as
the specific conditions of the soil, the presence of
other contaminants, or differences in the genetic
composition of the strains used. In this context, a
study found that the combination of Bacillus subtilis
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures achieved a
biosorption of Hg of 78.5% and 99.3% respectively,
indicating a slight superiority in Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (Tarangini, 2009). Pseudomonas spp.
processes involve multiple and collaborative
 Bioremediation of Soil with High Heavy Metal Concentration, at Laboratory Scale, Using Native Microorganisms from Mining Waste in
Colquijirca, Peru
metabolic systems at the transcriptional level. This
suggests that CP-08 strains may have more diverse
and effective metabolic capabilities in certain aspects
of bioremediation compared to CP-11.
The research by Chellaiah et al. in 2018 supports that
the Pseudomonas aeruginosa KUCd1 strain is
efficient in Cd removal, demonstrating its resistance,
versatility, and high tolerance to this metal. Its
potential as a biosorbent for removing cadmium and
other heavy metals from various sources is
highlighted. In addition to its biosorption capacity, P.
aeruginosa, used as a bioinoculant, shows activities
such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, biofilm
and biosurfactant production, playing a crucial role in
phytoextraction of metals. The research supports the
significant role of the CP-08 Pseudomonas sp strain
applied in sample 2, achieving a reduction of 0.153
mg/Kg of disposed Cd, evidencing a removal
efficiency of 36.3%.
In the study, the CP-08 strain also demonstrated a
22.7% efficiency in copper (Cu) removal, achieving a
reduction of 366.92 mg/Kg of the metal in sample 2.
This finding supports the remediating role of
Pseudomonas sp., backed by the research of Pardo et
al. (2003), which evaluated the accumulation of
Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) with Pseudomonas
putida, obtaining effective elimination at mg/L
concentrations in diluted aqueous solutions. The
meticulous analysis considered the optimal pH values
for the biosorption of each metal, achieving an 80%
elimination for all metals. The successful description
of the process through the Langmuir model, which
predicts adsorption and is key in bioremediation and
environmental purification, are important tools to
consider when evaluating the CP-08 strain.
CONCLUSION
In this study conducted in Colquijirca, Peru, on the
removal of heavy metals, we highlight the successful
isolation and identification of microorganisms with
remarkable bioremediation efficacy. The strains CP-
08 Pseudomonas sp. and CP-11 Bacillus sp. proved to
be particularly efficient, emphasizing their
importance for the removal of heavy metals from the
soil. This is crucial for meeting the Environmental
Quality Standards (EQS) and improving
environmental sustainability.
The limitations of the study included maintaining the
natural conditions of the soil samples, such as
variations in chemical and mineralogical
composition, permeability, pH, texture, among other
properties. Careful conservation procedures were
implemented to avoid causing drastic changes in the
physical characteristics of the soil and to prevent
chemical reactions that could be a source of error.
Despite the described control, it is not ruled out that
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
42
environmental conditions may have affected the
metabolism of the microorganisms and, therefore, the
efficiency of metal removal.
According to the results obtained, the most efficient
microorganism in the bioremediation of soil samples
impacted by heavy metals in terms of Bacillus was
strain CP-11, with a significant reduction in initial
concentration, with a removal percentage of 59.44%
of chromium (Cr), 57.2% of mercury (Hg), and
56.8% of lead (Pb) in sample 1. On the other hand,
regarding Pseudomonas sp., strain CP-08, with a
significant reduction in initial concentration, achieved
a removal percentage of 76.6% of chromium (Cr) and
52.8% of lead (Pb) in sample 2. The mechanisms
used by Bacillus sp. include the formation of
complexes with organic acids that reduce the toxicity
and mobility of the metals, and redox processes that
convert them into less soluble and harmful forms. As
for Pseudomonas sp., these microorganisms employ
enzymes such as siderophores to chelate metal ions
and reduce their toxicity, in addition to
bioaccumulation and biotransformation to convert
metals into less harmful forms.
It is concluded that strains CP-08 and CP-11 are
promising for bioremediation applications in soils
affected by mining activities. These findings open
possibilities for future research and practical
applications in the field of bioremediation and
environmental protection.
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 REGRESSION-BASED DEEP LEARNING MODEL FOR ADAPTIVE
DRIVING BEAM HEADLIGHTS
1
N.P SOMASIRI, 2S POKHREL, 3S GANESAN
1
Head of the Programme, Department of Computer Science, York St John University, London, United Kingdom
2
Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, York ST John University, London, United Kingdom
3
Senior Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, York St John University, London, United Kingdom
E-mail: n.somasiri@yorksj.ac.uk

Abstract - The future of adaptive driving beam headlights (ADB), as the world moves toward automated driving (AD), is
quickly coming into focus. To meet driver requirements for safety and visibility, engineers, developers, and designers are
continuously researching the best combination of components. In automotive headlight systems, ADB automatically adjusts
the beam pattern to provide the best visibility to the driver while reducing glare for oncoming drivers. Using cameras,
sensors, and algorithms, the system detects the presence of other vehicles on the road and adjusts the headlight beams
accordingly. As a result, the driver will have the highest level of visibility while minimizing the risk of dazzling other drivers.
Many vehicles, including those in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, are equipped with ADB. In addition to revealing
critical objects such as lane markings, pedestrians, and oncoming cars, adaptive capabilities help avoid temporarily blinding
drivers of oncoming vehicles with full high beams. Designing and developing a solution for real road conditions is time-
consuming, expensive, and complex. Thus, adaptive driving beam headlights are needed to detect oncoming vehicles and
reduce glare for oncoming drivers. Fast, accurate, and easy-to-integrate detection solution is required for automotive vehicles.
The purpose of this paper was to compare different detection methods that could be used to implement adaptive headlamps
and to apply Machine Learning techniques for predicting fast and accurate object detection.

CONCEPTS • Computing methodologies • Computer vision and pattern recognition • Object detection

Additional Keywords and Phrases - Adaptive Driving Beam, Adaptive Front Lighting System, Convolutional Neural
Network, Region-Based Deep Learning, Single Shot Multi Box Detector

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
44
 “A STUDY ON INITIATIVES IN TEACHING LEARNING
PRACTICES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LEARNABILITY
MATRIX FOR INCREASING STUDENT ENGAGEMENT USING
KANO MODEL OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND DALES CONE
OF LEARNING”
1
SONALI SAHA, 2AMOL GAWANDE
1
Professor, Faculty of Management, Dr. D. Y. Patil B-School, India
2
Professor, Faculty of Management Head of International Relations Director, Dr. D. Y. Patil B-School, India
E-mail: 1sonali.saha@dpu.edu.in, 2director.bschool@dpu.edu.in

Abstract - ―The true test of education is not what one gets from it; but what one becomes through it‖. Educators are in
constant search for more efficient and effective ways to advance student learning. Globalizations and growing technology,
environment, demographic and economic changes influence education in society, thus imposing greater challenges for
Management Education. The purpose of this paper is to apply Kano Model and Dales Cone of Learning framework to
understand the context within which Management Institutes should strive to provide streamline educational processes for
systematic quality improvement and excellence in developing effective Management Education by preparing students to
‗become successful learners, confident and creative individuals.

This paper is an attempt to understand the key elements of quality teaching by evolving teaching learning Pedagogy with
reference to Learnability Matrix to make Student centric Learning, Participative Learning and overall Inclusive growth of the
students.

Keywords - Student centric Learning, Participative Learning, Inclusive growth,Kano Model and Dales Cone of Learning
framework.

I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Technological advances, heightened student
expectations, shifting student demographics,
stakeholder demands for accountability and new
vehicles for educational delivery are all current
challenges driving the need for innovation in
Management Education. It is extremely difficult to
meet these challenges given the environment of
limited financial resources, and is clear that
institutions must reexamine traditional methods of
teaching and innovate in order to remain viable now
and in the future.
Since the late 20th Century, the government of India
has aggressively sought international assistance to
overcome the critical shortage of management
resources. India identified a lack of efficient and
effective management education program as one of
the major obstacles in its endeavor towards
modernization. Efforts over more than one decade
have still not resulted in achieving it.
Driving innovation and implementing sustained
improvements are often extremely difficult for
Management Institutes. To some degree, each
institution in its own way may consider itself to be
somewhat innovative. Every Management Institute
and university can produce an array of press releases
describing new programs and activities that are
different from the academic norms and break new
ground (at least for that institution) and that talented
people have designed for good purposes.
This paper is an attempt to understand the application
of the Kano Model in knowing the need of the hour
with respect to the industry and the students and
Dales Cone of Learning to outline what constitutes
effective professional learning and how to implement
professional learning processes that are most likely to
result in improving teaching practices and student
learning outcomes. The context within which
Management Institutes should strive to provide
streamline educational processes for systematic
quality improvement and excellence in developing
effective Management Education by preparing
Learnability matrix which would help students to
‗become successful learners, confident and creative
individuals. To fulfill this purpose the teachers will
need to keep abreast of research findings of relevance
to their professional role and of the practices that
emerge from an increasing understanding of young
people, their context and how learning takes place
and be able to incorporate these practices into their
institutes.
The study comprises of two parts. The first part is the
study of formulating the Kano model for
understanding the expectations of the Industry from
the students. What are the customer (here students)
requirements and to identify and classify them into
the Must be, One Dimensional and Attractive
requirements. So that Institute can provide the Must

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
45
―A Study On Initiatives In Teaching Learning Practices With Special Reference to Learnability Matrix For Increasing Student Engagement
Using Kano Model of Customer Satisfaction and Dales Cone of Learning‖
be requirements (M) and should focus on fulfilling
the One Dimensional requirements (O) and can even
think of providing the Attractive requirements (A).
Second part: how the required skills need to be
developed in students to meet those
Industryexpectations using Dale Cone of Learning.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Every Management Institute now a day is facing
challenges of getting students enrolled. The survey
says that the Management Institutions especially
which are started in recent years have been facing
heavy competition due to rapid changing environment
for survival. Therefore management education needs
to rethink on it because of its diversity, profound
cultural base, collective thinking changing role and
involvement of stakeholders, purpose of education
and process (Curriculum, resources, Strategy) which
would help in improving the learnability of students.
So this study is attempt to find out the expectations of
the Industry from the students using Kano model and
how these skills need to be developed in students to
meet those Industry requirements using Dale Cone of
Learning.
III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
An educational institute plays a vital role in shaping
the career of the students, which in turn proves to be
an asset for the recruiters. Students enter the
professional courses to make out their bright career
with lot of expectations from institutes. Educational
institutes are service providers who have to satisfy
their customers (students) in order to keep their
goodwill and prestige intact in the list of top business
schools.
Institute must cater to the needs of industry by
providing quality employees. This can be done by
understanding the need of the hour with respect to the
industries and the studentsIn the 1993 The Center of
Quality Management Journal described the Kano
model of customer satisfaction model and which has
three requirements: Must be requirements, one
dimensional requirements, Attractive requirements
and Indifferent requirements. Must be requirements
refers to those requirements if which are not fulfilled,
the customer will be extremely dissatisfied. on the
other hand, as the customer takes these requirements
for granted, their fulfillment will not increase
satisfaction. Fulfilling the must-be requirements will
only lead to a state of not dissatisfied. These
requirements are not explicitly expressed by
customer.
One Dimensional requirements regards to these
requirements, customer satisfaction is proportional to
the level of fulfillment — the higher the level of
fulfillment, the higher the level of customer‘s
Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
46
satisfaction and vice versa. These requirements are
explicitly demanded by customer. Attractive
requirements are those requirements which are having
the greatest influence on customer satisfaction.
Fulfilling these requirements leads to more than
proportional satisfaction. If they are not met, there is
no feeling of dissatisfaction. These requirements are
neither explicitly expressed nor expected by the
customer. Indifferent requirements are not having
much influence on either satisfaction or
dissatisfaction among the students. So these are least
bothered requirements of the students.
The complexity of today‘s global society and the
accelerating rate of change requiresa person
thatcontinuously learns, computes, thinks, creates,
and innovates. That translates into a critical need
tobecome extremely efficient in the use of the time
we spend learning, since we are being required
tocontinuously learn throughout our lives.One of the
bottlenecks to efficient learning is our own
physiology – the way our brains are wiredseverely
limits our capacity to learn. It is precisely this
limitation that educators mustovercome through
informed design of learning environments, curricula,
instruction, assessmentsand resources.
Educators are continuously redesigning learning
experiences in order to increase and deepenlearning
for all students, as evidenced by the recent literature
on differentiated learning. Theirefforts are much
more likely to succeed when their work is informed
by the latest research from theneurosciences (how the
brain functions), the cognitive sciences (how people
learn), and researchon multimedia designs for
learning.
Educators have been interested in the often-quoted
saying that:
We remember…
10% of what we read
20% of what we hear
30% of what we see
50% of what we see and hear
―A Study On Initiatives In Teaching Learning Practices With Special Reference to Learnability Matrix For Increasing Student Engagement
Using Kano Model of Customer Satisfaction and Dales Cone of Learning‖
70% of what we say
90% of what we say and do

Figure.5. Types of Memory

Three types of memory:

Working memory: Working memory is where
thinking gets done. While it is represented as a box in
Figure 5, it is actually more brain function than
location. The working memory is dual coded with a
buffer for storage of verbal/text elements, and a
Figure. 1Cited by a U.S. Company
second buffer for visual/spatial elements

Sensory memory: Experiencing any aspect of the

world through the human senses causes involuntary
storage of sensory memory traces in long-term
memory as episodic knowledge.

Long-term memory: The short-term memory acts in

parallel with the long-term memory.Long-term
memory in humans is unlimited estimated to store up
to 109 to 1020 bits of information over a lifetime –
equivalent to 50,000 times .

Figure2Cited by a Major U.S. University

How People Learn – The Cognitive Sciences

Research over the last two decades has revealed
volumes on the subject of how people best learn.
A 2001 publication from the National Academy of
Sciences, How People Learn, 29 outlines important
principles upon which institutes should consider
redesigning learning:

 Student preconceptions of curriculum must be

Figure3. An Adaption by a Private University
engaged in the learning process.
Students have preconceptions and prior experiences
with many of the areas of study included in the
academic standards. These are stored in long-term
memory. Often some of those preconceptions turn out
to be misconceptions. Student learning is greatly
enhanced when each student‘s prior knowledge is
made visible (that is, cued from long-term memory
into working memory). It is at that point the student
has the opportunity to correct misconceptions, build
on prior knowledge, and create schemas of
understanding around a topic. Learning is optimized
when students can see where new concepts build on
Figure4. Cited in a Presentation by an E-Learning Company
prior knowledge.

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―A Study On Initiatives In Teaching Learning Practices With Special Reference to Learnability Matrix For Increasing Student Engagement
Using Kano Model of Customer Satisfaction and Dales Cone of Learning‖
feel if ‗X‘ feature is present if ‗Y‘service, and
 Expertise is developed through deep dysfunctional question: How do you feel if ‗X‘feature
understanding. is not present ¡n the service? Customer can answer
Students learn more when the concepts are personally each question with any one of five alternative
meaningful to them. In order to deeply understand a answers like Ilike it that way, It must be that way, I
topic, learners not only need to know relevant facts, am neutral, I can livewith it, I dislike it. The response
theories, and applications, they must also make sense to functional anddysfunctional question is been
of the topic through organization of those ideas into a mutually correlated andtabulated to determine the
framework (schema) of understanding. The Kano requirement like. A-Attractive, M-Must be, 0-
development of schema requires that students learn One Dimensional, R-Reverse, Q-Questionable I-
topics in ways that are relevant and meaningful to Indifferent
them. This translates into a need for authentic
learning in classrooms, (Note: Authentic learning is
defined here to include three key concepts: depth of
academic concept or deep learning, relevance to
person(s) outside the classroom

 Learning is optimized when students develop

―metacognitive‖ strategies.
To bemetacognitive is to be constantly ―thinking
about one‘s own thinking,‖ in search of
Table1. Sample Kano Question
optimizingand deepening learning. Students who are
metacognitive are students who approach problems
by automatically trying to predict outcomes,
explaining ideas to themselves, noting and learning
from failures, and activating prior knowledge. The
real challenge before educators today, is to establish
learning environments, teaching practices, curricula,
and resources that leverage what we now know about
the limitations of human physiology and the capacity
explained by the cognitive sciences to augment deep
learning in students

IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study put to test the hypothesis ―The preferences

for Attractive requirements, One Dimensional
requirements and Must be requirements. The
Objectives of the study are set as to find out factors
influencing student‘s satisfaction for the MBA
course, to classify these factors as per Kano Model
with respect to gender and to design the Kano model
for the three Management education Institutes. The
study has used diagnostic research design and
Structured codified close ended Schedule was used to
coiled required primary data. For the finite population
sampling units were taken the students pursuing
MBA two years full time program from three
Management Institutes. 172 samples were taken using
the convenient samplingmethod.The collected data
was screened, categorized, coded and then fed ¡n Ms-
Excel forevaluation and analysis by Kanoevaluation
table, Extent of satisfaction and Extent
ofdissatisfaction.
The questionnaire consists of functional and
dysfunctionalquestions for each product or service
attribute. Functionalquestion has positive tone and
dysfunctional question hasnegative tone towards the
requirement. The functionalquestion: How do you
Table2. Kano Attribute Analysis for the total respondents
N=172
Data Analysis and Discussion
The Table 1 and Table 2 shows the tabulation of the
responses, maximum response percentage, based on it
Kano attribute category, extent of satisfaction and
extent of dissatisfaction. Data Analysis of Students of
the Three Management Institutes. The table shows,
Presentation parameter and Case Study Analysis are
the only must be requirement. So students are
expecting that the Management Institutes must
conduct activities leading to enhance Presentation and
analytical skills. Organising such activities will only
lead to a state of ‗not dissatisfied‘ and will not
increase satisfaction. But the absence of such
activities will lead students to a state of
dissatisfaction instantly.
The various parameters like Personal Interview,
Aptitude Improvement and News Analysis are
categorized under one dimensional requirements

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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―A Study On Initiatives In Teaching Learning Practices With Special Reference to Learnability Matrix For Increasing Student Engagement
Using Kano Model of Customer Satisfaction and Dales Cone of Learning‖
which are having linear relationship with the For transforming students into a Performing
satisfaction. Student Development Programs Manager:
parameters are categorized under the Attractive
requirements. It means that these parameters are not How do we do this?
expected and if are absent it will not dissatisfy but if
they are made available then they will increase
satisfaction tremendously. The Extent of Satisfaction
when indicates high positive value, student
satisfaction will increase tremendously when the
requirements are fulfilled. The low value of Extent of
Satisfaction indicates the satisfaction of students will
be less increased due to fulfilling the requirements. In
the extent of dissatisfaction, the negative sign just
indicates the opposite of satisfaction i.e.
dissatisfaction. The greater value of extent of
dissatisfaction indicates student satisfaction level will
decrease tremendously if these are not provided. The
less values of extent of dissatisfaction indicate as the
level of fulfilment of these parameters decrease there
will be less increase in student dissatisfaction.

FINDINGS

It was found that majority of students have given
more preferences to Presentation and Case Study
analysis as must be factors. They are of the opinion
that these activities will help in boosting their
confidence, improve communication skills and
enhance analytical skills.Student Development
Programs parameters are categorized under the
Attractive requirements. The Learnability Matrix can
result in significant gains in basic and higher-order
learning.
 SAMA - Self Assessment of Managerial Ability -
framework should be implemented with a view
to get feed-back from participants on every CMA
unit about their ability to put it to use.
 This results in building high level of confidence
in participants about their ability to perform.
Learning-Ability Matrix

SUGGESTIONS

Keeping in mind that there are basically two types of

students. Student type A: Bright, reading speed 450+
words per minute, can read 40 pages document and
grasp what is the problem and how to solve them
using concepts, methods and technology. Student
type B: Struggles to read, grasp problem and at a loss
in designing solution. Therefore Designing practice
based learning which focuses development of skill to
apply concepts, methods and technology in designing
best-fit solutions.

DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Critical Analytical Thinking:

 Study, analyze and understand a problem
 Develop a logical approach to solution using a
framework

Proceedings of International Research Conference on Science Technology, Engineering and Management (IRCSTEM), New York, USA, 22nd January, 2024
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―A Study On Initiatives In Teaching Learning Practices With Special Reference to Learnability Matrix For Increasing Student Engagement
Using Kano Model of Customer Satisfaction and Dales Cone of Learning‖
 Considering all the Facts and Evidences that are
critical
 Develop a solution
 Synthesize and build an argument for a decision
based on analyses for buy-in by stakeholders
Professional Character:
 Professionalism is a way of life and foundation
of success.
 Traits that generate confidence in customers,
superiors, peers and others that they can depend
on the professional.
 Requires formal training and development of
sensitivities.
 Workshops for building Professional Character
that will prove life-changing for every
participant.
 Typical components of this training include:
– Professional behavior - communication,
punctuality, etiquette
– Demonstration of commitment and
diligent fulfillment
– Sensitiveness to others' needs and
expectations
– Negotiation skills among other skills.
Critical Managerial Abilities:
• For every course, about 10 CMAs should be
identified
• Thus, the participants will learn about 250 CMA
units that will become part of their managerial
competence
• The CMAs will enable participants to deliver
superior performance based on use of:
 Concepts
 Methods
 Tools and Technology

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V. CONCLUSION
The complexity of teaching and learning becomes
increasingly apparent as the physiological, cognitive,
social, and emotional aspects of learning become
known. The percentages related to the cone of
learning were a simplistic attempt to explain very
complex phenomenon. The reality is that the most
effective designs for learning adapt to include a
variety of media, combinations of modalities, levels
of interactivity, learner characteristics, and pedagogy
based on a complex set of circumstances.
In general, Learnability Matrix has been shown to be
more effective than traditional learning. Adding
visuals to verbal (text and/or auditory) learning can
result in significant gains in basic and higher-order
learning. The Learnability Matrix in this report
provide insights into when interactivity augments
multimodal learning of moderately to complex topics,
and when it is advantageous for students to work
individually when learning or building automaticity
with basic skills.
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(2006). Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-based Guidelinesto
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[5] Vishwakarma Institute of Management Vîshwakarma
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[6] Astin, A. (1993). What matters in college? four critical years
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