Ákphu Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr ds fodkl esa

ukjh dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk

Dr. Vinita Dahiya
Assistant Professor
H.V.M. (P.G.) College,
Raisi Haridwar

Dr. Rita Tewari

Associate Professor
Dr. Mukti Bhatnagar Subharti
School of Fine Arts & Fashio Design
RBBSU, Dehradun
Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh ,d fof”k’V xkSjoiw.kZ in ij Áfrf’Br
gSA vk;Z iq:’k us lnk gh mls viuh v)kZfxuh ekuk gSA bruk gh
ugha O;ogkj esa iq:’k e;kZnk ls ukjh e;kZnk lnk gh mRÑ’V
ekuh x;h gSA fganw laLÑfr bl Hkkouk ls ifjiw.kZ gS&
^;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r= nsork%A
;=SrkLrq u iwT;Urs lokZLrUuQyk% fØ;k%AA
vk;Z laLÑfr esa ukjh lekt ds Áfr ;g dsoy “kkfCnd
ln~Hkkouk dk Án”kZu gh ugha gS( Hkkjrh; thou esa ix&ix ij
bldh O;kogkfjd lkFkZdrk fl) gksrh gSA ukjh ekr`nsork gSA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa mldks ekrk ds :Ik esa mifLFkr dj bl jgL; dk
mn~?kkVu fd;k tkrk gS fd og ekuo ds dkeksiHkksx dh lkexzh u
gksdj oUnuh;k ,oa iwtuh; gSA blh ukrs ekuo/keZ “kkL= esa
tuuh dk xkSjo mik/;k; ls nl yk[k xquk] vkpk;Z ls yk[k xquk rFkk
firk ls gtkj xquk c<+dj crk;k x;k gSA blhfy;s gesa vkjEHk ls gh
“kfDr dh mikluk crk;h tkrh gS] lkfo=h dh nh{kk nh tkrh gS]
x.ks”kk; ue% ds iwoZ Jh yxk;k tkrk gSA jke] Ñ’.k] f”ko] fo’.kq
dksà Hkh D;ksa u gks tc rd muds iwoZ mudh “kfDr ugha rcrd
os dqN Hkh djus esa leFkZ ughaA lhrk ds fcuk jke v/kwjs gSa]
uVs”oj ukjh ds fcuk v/kkZ³~x gSa] ukjh txnEck gS] txTTkuuh
gSA
vk;Z”kkL=ksa esa Hkxoku dks ekrk vkSj firk nksuksa dgh
x;k gSA NksVs cPps dk ftruk Lusg ekrk ls gksrk gS mruk tud
firk ls ughaA tc og iq=h cudj vkrh gS rks nks dqyksa dks
xkSjokfUor djrh gSA viuh lgt ljlrk ds dkj.k nks vifjfpr dqyksa
dks ,d esa lEcfU/kr dj nsrh gSA Hkkjro’kZ ges”kk ls ekr`oxZ dk
lsod jgk gSA blh ls dk;Z O;ogkj esa Hkh iq:’kks dh vis{kk
fL=;ksa dk lEeku vf/kd gksrk vk;k gSA O;ogkj esa Hkh igys
L=h dk uke vkrk gS ihNs iq:’k dkA tSls lhrk-jke] jk/ks&”;ke]
y{eh&ukjk;.k] xkSjh&”kadj ekrk&firk vkfnA lk/kkj.k txr esa ,d
okX/kkjk Ápfyr gS&
^ukjh fuank er djks] ukjh uj dh [kkuA
Ukkjh ls iSnk gq,] rqylh lwj joqekuAA^
Ukkjh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa vrho xkSjo dh vf/kdkfj.kh jgh
gSA Hkxoku jke&Ñ’.k] Hkh’e ;qf/kf’Bj] d.kZ] vtqZu] cq)]
egkohj] “kadj] jkekuqt] xk¡/kh] ekyoh; vkfn txr ds lHkh
cMs+&cM+s iq:’kksa dks ukjh us gh l`tu fd;k vkSj cuk;k gSA
tkfr] O;fDr lekt vkSj ns”k dk lkSHkkX; lPph fgrSf’k.kh ekrk ds
gh Åij gSA ekrk dk LFkku oLrqr% LoxZ ls Hkh Å¡pk gS&
^tuuh tUeHkwfe”p LoxkZnfi xjh;lhA^ vk;Z yksx ukjh dk cgqr
lEeku djrs Fks os ?kj dks gh ?kj ekurs Fks vkSj x`gLFk/keZ ds
ikyu esa ukjh dh gh Á/kkurk le>rs FksA muds fookg dk Á;kstu
gksrk Fkk ukjh ds lkFk jgdj /kekZuq’Bku vkSj ;KlaiknuA
Oksn pkj gSa& _x] lke] ;tq% vkSj vFkoZA buesa _Xosn esa
dqN ,slh ckrsa ik;h tkrh gSa tks Ákphudky ls pyh vkus okyh
vk;Z ukjh dh lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr ij Ádk”k Mkyrh gSaA dqN
fonq’kh ukfj;ka vius ln~xq.kksa ds dkj.k rFkk eU=ksa dk
lk{kkRdkj djus okyh _f’kdkvksa ds :Ik esa Áfrf’Br gqà gSaA
/ku dh nsoh y{eh] “kfDr dh nqxkZ vkSj fo|k dh nsoh ljLorh gS]
oSls gh vfnfr Å’kk] bUnzk.kh] byk] Hkkjrh] gksyk] J)k vkfn
oSfnd nsfo;ka vusd rRoksa dh vf/k’Bk=h nsoh gSaA bUgsa
dgha nsoekrk vkSj dgha nsodU;k crk;k x;k gSA oSfnd lkfgR; ds
vuq”khyu ls ;g Hkh fofnr gksrk gS fd igys dh fL=;ka osn i<+rh
Fkha] ;Kksiohr Hkh /kkj.k djrh FkhaA lqyHkk] eS=s;h vkSj
xkxhZ vkfn dh fo}rk Áfl) gSA okYehfd jkek;.k ds vuqlkj lhrk th
oSfnd ÁkFkZuk djrh FkhaA ons bfrgkl] iqjk.k vkfn Ákphu
Ákekf.kr xzUFkksa esa loZ= gh ukjh dk czãfon :Ik Hkh feyrk
gSA o`gnkj.;d mifu’kn~ esa tud dh Hkjh lHkk esa xkxhZ
vkSj ;kKoYD; dk laokn gqvk gSA ftlesa ;kKoYD; dh ijh{kk
ysdj xkxhZ us fu.kZ; fn;k fd ;kKoYD; ij dksà fot; ÁkIr ugha dj
ldrkA jktk tud dh lHkk] cãoknh _f’k;ksa dh HkhM+] czãKku
ppkZ ;kKoYD; dh ifj{kk vkSj ijh{kd xkxhZA ;g gekjh vk;Zukjh
ds czãKku dh fot; oSt;Urh ugh rks vkSj D;k gSA oSfnd dky esa
xkxhZ ds vfrfjDr lqyHkk] v:U/krh] vk=s;h] vuqlw;k] vkfn
czãokfjuh Hkh FkhaA dbZ L=h _f’k;ksa us osnea= cuk;sA
egkjkt n”kjFk dh e/;e jkuh dSds;h nsoklqj laxzke esa muds lkFk
jFk ij cSBdj bUnznso dh lgk;rk ds fy;s x;h vkSj tc n”kjFk ds jFk
dk ,d vax VwVk rks mldks cka/k djds muds fot; dh dkj.k
gqÃA ,sls gh JhÑ’.k ds le; esa _f’k;ksa dh ifRu;ka czkãe.k ÁÑfr
dh gqÃA Jh Ñ’.k dh iRuh lR;Hkkek muds lkFk x:M+ uked okgu
ij cSBdj nsoklqj ;q)ksa esa tk;k djrh Fkha ,oa vtqZu dh iRuh
JhÑ’.k dh cgu lqHknzk ;q) esa lkjfFk cudj vtqZu dk jaFk gkadrh
FkhA blh Ádkj viuha larku :Ik nsorkvksa dh j{kk djus ds fy;s
nqxkZ nsoh us efg’kklwj vkSj “kqEHk&fu”kqEHk dk lagkj fd;k
ftuls fo’.kq vkSj f”koth Hkh gkj x;s FksA egkjkuh “kr:ik us vius
iq=&iqf=;ksa dks Kku ,oa lnkpkj dh ,slh mRre f”k{kk nh Fkh fd
mlds ÁHkko ls os vius thou esa lnk ;”kLoh vkSj ijksidkjh cudj
eks{k ds vf/kdkjh gq,A ekrk lrh nsogwfr us vkfn fo}ku dfiy dks
tUe fn;k ftUgksaus lka[;n”kZu dk Á.k;u dj lalkj dks dSoY; dk
ekxZ lq>k;kA ekrk v:U/krh txr dh leLr ukjh tkfr ds fy;s ifrozr
/keZ dk mins”k nsdj vej gks x;h gSaA ekrk dqarh us ik.Moksa
dks /keZ ij n`<+ jgrs gq, “kkL=] /keZ vkSj Átkikyu dk mins”k
vkSj vk”khokZn fn;k FkkA /keZÁk.kk xkU/kkjh us vius
nqjkxzkgh iq= lq;ks/ku dks vlr ekxZ ls gVkdj lUekxZ ij ykus ds
fy;s jktuhfrd vkSj /keZuhfr ds mÙkeksÙke mins”k fn;s FksA
ekrk dkS”kY;k dks Hkxoku jke dh tuuh adgykus dk lkSHkkX;
ÁkIr gqvkA iq= jke ds ou tkrs le; Hkko tfur nq%[k ls O;kdqy
gksdj Hkh /keZ dk fopkj dj mUgksusa iq= dks ou tkus dh vkKk
Ánku dhA ekrk dSds;h vkSj lqfe=k us Øe”k% Hkjr vkSj
y{e.k&”k=q?u tSls iq=ksa dks tUe fn;k ftUgksaus /khjrk] ohjrk]
Hkkr`Áse vkSj Hkxon~HkfDr dk thrk tkxrk vkn”kZ LFkkfir dj
lalkj dk egku midkj fd;k gSA ekrk nsodh us ‘kksM”k dykorkj
mu Hkxoku JhÑ’.k dks tUe fn;k] ftUgksaus Hkxon~ xhrk ds
lnqins”k ,oa ikou pfjrksa ls HkDr dks Hkolkxj ls ikj mrjus dk
ekxZ fn[k;kA
_Xosn ds vusd lwDrksa dk vkfo’dkj fL=;ksa }kjk gh gqvk
gSA czãeokfnuh ?kks’kk ds }kjk lk{kkRÑr lwDrksa esa
dqN ,sls ea= gSa ftuls L=h dh ml le; dh ifjfLFkfr dk Kku gksrk
gSA yksx L=h dh Ák.k j{kk vkSj e;kZnk j{kk ds fy;s Hkkjh ls
Hkkjh d’V lgu djus ls Hkh ihNs ugha gVrs FksA fL=;ka ;K dk;Z
esa fu;qDr gksrh FkhaA dqM ea=ksa ls ;g Hkh lwfpr gksrk gS
fd ml le; fL=;ka Hkh ;q) esa Hkh tkrh FkhaA okYehfd jkek;.k
¼5@15@48½ ds vuqlkj lhrk th oSfnd ÁkFkZuk djrh FkhaA
dkS”kY;k ds fo’k; esa Hkh ,slk vk;k gS fd os ea=ikB iwoZd
vfXugks= djrh FkhaA
Hkkjrh; lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr ds vk/;kfRed laLdkj Mkyus okys
dkSu gSa os gSa gekjh vk;Zekrk,aA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds
Ik;kZos{k.k vkSj xos’k.kk ls irk pyrk gS fd vk;Zekrkvksa dh n;k
ls gh geesa FkksM+h Hkh vk/;kfRedrk “ks’k jg ik;h gSA ;fn
gekjs thou esa vk/;kfRed va”k dk lekos”ku gks rks og thou
cksyus pkyus okys Ik”kqvksa dk thou gSA vk;Zekrk,a gh gekjs
lekt dh “kfDr ,oa Ák.k gSaA Hkkjr ds egku iq:’kksa dks tUe
iq:’kksa dks tUe nsus okyh vk;Zekrk,a gh gS ftUgksaus vius
fo”kq) vk/;kfRed thou ds vfeV laLdkj muds ân; vkSj thou ij
vafdr fd;s gSaA vtqZu] d.kZ] Hkh’efirkeg] vfHkeU;q vFkok
i`Fohjkt] f”kokth] xq:xksfoUn flag dk pfj= if<+;sA muesa
vlk/kkj.k ohjrk FkhA ;s ohjjRu ekrk ds mnj ls gh egku laLdkj
ÁkIr djds mRiUu gq, FksA ekrkvksa dh ifo=] mPp vkSj ohjRo
dh Hkkouk dk muds thou ij vÁfrgr ÁHkko iM+k gSA
xHkkZoLFkk esa Hkxoku cq) dks f”k{kk nsus okyh mudh ifo=
vUr% dj.k okyh ekrk FkhA n/khfp] ofl’B] ;kKoYD; vkfn esa tks
vykSfdd ;ksx cy Fkk mldk dkj.k mudh ekrk,a FkhA /kqzo
Ág~ykn] ukjn] jkenkl vkSj ujflga esgrk esa tks vnHkqr HfDrcy
Fkk og lc vk;Ztuuh dh Ácy bPNk vkSj vk/;kfRed laLdkjksa dk
Áek.k FkkA enkylk nsoh vius iq=ksa dks tc ikyus esa lqykrh
Fkh] ml le; dSlh vk/;kfRedrk ls iw.kZ yksfj;ka mudks lqukrh
FkhA muds xys esa ,sls ea= dk ;a= cka/k nsrh Fkh fd ?kksj
foifRr ds le; ml rkoht dks [kksydj mlesa ls vewY; mins”k vius
ân; iVy ij vafdr dj e`R;q ls fuHkZ; gks tkrs vkSj viuk dÙkZO;
n`<+rk ls ikyu djrs ;Fkk&
“kq)ks·fl cq)ks·fl fujatuks·fl] lalkjek;k ifjoftZrks·flA
Lkalkj LoIua R;t eksgfunzka] enkylk okD;eqokp iq=e~AA
gs iq= rw “kq) gS] cq) gS] fujatu gS] lalkj dh ek;k ls jfgr gSA ;g
lalkj LiIu ek= gS tkx`r gks] eksgfUknzk dk R;kx djA rw
lfPpnkuUn vkRek gSA enkylk ds ;s okD; fdruh fuHkZ;rk Ánku
djus okys gSaA
tc ;kKoYD;a _f’k lalkj ds thou ls Fkddj lalkj ls fojDr gks] vj.;
esa tkus yxs rks mUgksaus viuh iRuh eS=s;h ls fonk pkgh]
eS=s;h dks oSHko] ,s”o;Z] /ku&nkSyr nsus yxs vkSj eS=s;h ls
dgk fd rqe lalkj esa jgdj Jheku tSlk lEiUu] “kkfUre; thou O;rhr
dj ldksxhA eS=s;h ls dgk&;sukga uke`rk L;ka rsukag fda
dqekZe~A ¼o`gnkj.;d½ D;k eSa bl /ku&nkSyr ls vej gks
tkÅaxh \ ftlls eq>s vejrk gh ÁkIr u gks] ml oLrq dks ysdj eSa
D;k d:axh\ Hkksxksa esa “kkafr gSaA Lo0 johUnzukFk th dgrs
gSa fd eS=s;h ds bu “kCnksa esa fdruk thou ek/kq;Z vkSj lR;
Hkjk gqvk gSA D;k ,slk mnkgj.k vU;= fey ldrk gSA
vkt D;k “kq: dh gha ckr ysa] ftu dk;ksZ dks iq:’k dj ldrs
Fks mUgsa fL=;ka Hkha dj ysrh FkhaA i<+us fy[kus esa fL=;ka
iq:’k ls ihNs ugha Fkha] nsf[k;s _Xosn 1@126@7 eU= dh
_f’k;ka eU= cukus okyh jkse”kk ;k ykse”kk _Xosn 10@40 lwDr
dh _f’k ?kks’kk] 5@28 lwDr dh _f’k fo”okokjk] _0 10@45
lwDr dh _f’kbUnzk.kh _0 10@159 lwDr dh _f’k Áykseru;k
lfp ,oa _0 5@9 lwDr vikyk FkhaA fL=;ka laxzke Hkh fd;k djrh
Fkh] jFk gakdk djrha Fkha] eqn~xyiRuh bUnzlsuk us cM+h
[kwch ls jFk gkadk Fkk vkSj bUnz ds “k=qvksa dk fouk”k
cM+h ohjrk ls fd;k FkkA vL= lapkyu dyk esa og ikjaxr FkhA
viuh ohjrk ls mlus “k=qvksa ds NDds NqM+k fn;s Fks vkSj
vig`r xkSvksa dks muls NqM+k;k Fkk ¼_0 10@102@2&11½A
nkSR;dk;Z Hkh fL=;ksa }kjk lEikfnr fd;k tkrk FkkA bUnz dh
vksj ls if.k vlqj ds ikl nwrh cudj ljek xà FkhA ljek vkSj if.k dk
laokn i<+ dj rRdkyhu fL=;ksa dh cqf) Á[kjrk ij fdls vk”;pZ u
gksxk ¼_0 10@108½ gekjs “kkL=dkjksa us fL=;ksa dks j{k.kh;
vo”; dgk gS fdUrq mis{k.kh; dHkh ugha dgk gSA
/keZ”kkL=ksa us lkQ “kCnksa esa vkKk ns j[kh gS fd tgka
fL=;ksa dk lRdkj gksrk gS] iwtk gksrh gS ogha nsoHkko dk mn;
gksrk gSA mlh ?kj esa LoxZ fuokl djrk gSA
ifrozrk f”kjksef.k v:U/krh dk uke rhuksa yksdksa esa fo[;kr
gS ;s czãf’kZ ofl’B th dh /keZ iRuh gSa buds vuqie ikfrozR; dh
dgha Hkh rqyuk ugha gks ldrhA bles {kek n;k d:.kk “kkafr
vgadkj “kwU;rk] yTtk fou; fo|k] foosd] KkufoKku vkfn xq.kksa
dk lgt fodkl gS] bldk thou ukjh txr ds fy;s vkn”kZ gSA v:U/krh
dh efgyk dk o.kZu loZ= feyrk gSA vikyk vf=eqfu ds oa”k esa
mRiUUk gqà FkhA dgrs gS fd vikyk dks dq’B jksx gks x;k Fkk
blls buds ifr us bUgsa ?kj ls fudky fn;k Fkk] ;s czãokfnuh FkhA
_Xosn ds v’Ve e.My ds 91osa lwDr dh 1 ls 7 rd _pk,a bUgha dh
ladfyr gSaA oSfnd lkfgR; txr esa czãokfnuh fonq’kh xkxhZ dk
uke cgqr Áfl) gSA buds firk dk uke opDuq Fkk mudh iq=h
gksus ds dkj.k budk uke ^okPkDuoh^ iM+ x;kA xxZ xks= esa
mRiUk gksus ls gh yksx bUgsa xkxhZ dgrs FksA jktk tud ds
njckj esa xkxhZ dgrs FksA jktk tud ds njckj esa xkxhZ
us ;kKoYD; ls “kkL=kkFkZ fd;k FkkA og Hkkjro’kZ dh
fL=;ksa esa jRu FkhA vkt Hkh muds tSlh fonq’kh ,oa rifLouh
dqekfj;ksa ij bl ns”k dks xoZ gSA blh Øe esa czãokfnuh eS=s;h
dk uke Hkh vkrk gSA eS=s;h ;kKoYD; dh T;s’B iRuha FkhaA
Hkkjro’kZ dh lrh lk/oh fL=;ksa esa vulw;k th dk LFkku
cgqr Å¡pk gSA budk tUe cgqr mPp dqy esa gqvk FkkA
Lok;EHkqo euq dh iq=h nsoh nsogwfr budh ekrk vkSj czãf’kZ
dnZe buds firk FksA vulw;k th esa vius oa”k ds vuq:Ik gh lR;
/keZ”khy lnkpkj] fouez] yTtk] {kek] lfg’.kqrk rFkk riL;k vkfn
lnxq.kksa dk LokHkkfod :i ls fodkl gqvk FkkA ijeriLoh egf’kZ
vf= dks bUgksaus ifr :Ik esa ÁkIr fd;k FkkA ifrozrk rks Fkh gh]
riL;k esa Hkh cgqr c<+h p<+h Fkh fdUrq ifr dh lsok dks gh ;s
ukjh ds fy;s ek= dY;k.k dk lk/ku ekurh FkhA Hkkjro’kZ
esa ,sls ;ksX; iq= rks cgqr gq, gSa ftUgksaus vius lRdeksZ ls
ekrk&firk dk m)kj djds iq= uke dks lkFkZd fd;k gks ijarq ,slh
ekrk tks ije mRre Kku dk mins”k nsdj iq=ksa dk Hkh lalkj lkxj
ls m)kj dj ns] dsoy enkylk gh FkhA mlus iq=ksa dk gh ugh] viuk
vkSj ifr dk Hkh m)kj fd;k FkkA enkylk vkn”kZ fonq’kh]
vkn”kZ lrh vkSj vkn”kZekrk FkhA
jko.k us vusd nso] xU/koZ ,oa ukxdU;kvksa ls fookg fd;k
ijarq eanksnjh loZÁ/kku rFkk jko.k dks lnk fÁ; jghA eUnksnjh
us lnk jko.k dk dY;k.k pkgk] vkSj mls lnk lR;iFk ij cuk;s j[kus
ds Á;Ru esa jghA mlus jko.k ds nq’VÑR;ksa dk lnk uezrkiwoZd
fojks/k fd;kA tc jko.k us Ny ls Jh tudufUnuh dk gj.k fd;k rks
eUnksnjh us cM+h uezrk ,oa f”k’VrkiwoZd mls le>k;k fd lhrk
dks Jh jke ds lehi igqapk nsa] ;g cSj vkids fy;s ;ksX; ughaA vusd
ckj pj.k idM+dj eUnksnjh us ifr dks le>k;kA viuh iRuh dh ckr u
lquus ds dkj.k gh jko.k dk var gqvk FkkA
 bl Ádkj ge ns[krs gSa fd Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr ds fodkl
esa Ákphu ukjh dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA ukjh us vius
R;kx] la;e vkSj Lusg ls ekuo lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr ds mRFkku esa
xkSjoiw.kZ in ÁkIr fd;k FkkA vukfn dky ls og ekuo tkfr esa
laLÑfr ds fodkl dk dk;Z djrh vk;h gSA mlds R;kx ls ekuo esa
Ik”kqrk ijkftr gqÃ] mlds Áse ls ekuo /kU; gqvk gS] mlds nku]
R;kx vkSj ri ls gh lekt cu ldk gSA Áse dh ve`r “kfDr ls ukjh us
fgald Áo`fRr;ksa dks ijkftr dj ekuo lUrfr dks Js’B laLÑfr dh
nh{kk nhA xq:tuksa esa ekrk dk xkSjo lokZf/kd crkdj “kkL=ksa
us ukjh tkfr ds lEeku dks gh loksZifj lwfpr fd;k gSA iq:’k tuuh
gksus ds dkj.k og lnk gh oUnuh; gSA uj ;fn lw;Z :Ik cudj txr dks
Ádkf”kr djrk gS rks ukjh |kS cudj mldks voyEc nsrh gSA ;fn uj
bUnz cudj tyo`f’V djrk gS rks ukjh i`Foh cudj ml ty ls Ákf.k;ksa
dk iks’k.k djrh gSA ;fn uj nkrk gS rks ukjh ikfydk gSA uj ;fn jke
cudj jko.k ls ;q) djrs gSa rks ukjh tudufUnuh cu vius ifrozr :ih ri
ls mudh lgk;rk djrh gSA uj ;fn Øks/k gS rks ukjh “kkfUr gSA uj
x`g ifr gS rks ukjh x`gy{eh gSA

lanHkZ&xzUFk&lwph
1& _Xosn

2& jkek;.k ¼okYehfd½

3& egkHkkjr

4& Hkkjrh; ukjh] MkW0 Hkxoku nkl th] dY;k.k] ukjh vad]
xksj[kiqj ÁslA

5& oSfnd lkfgR; esa ukjh] iafMr Jh jke xksfoUn th f=osnh]

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6& mifu’knksa esa ukjh] Jh c`toYyHk “kj.k th] osnkUrkpk;Z]

fo|k foHkw’k.k] lka[; rhFkZ xksj[kiqj ÁslA

7& vk;Z efgykvksa esa vk/;kfRedrk] MkW0 Jh nqxkZ “kadj th

uxj] xksj[kiqj ÁslA

8& Ákphu Hkkjr esa ukfj;ka &Pune Research.com.

9& Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh orZeku fLFkfr dh oSfnd rFkk e/;dky

dh fLFkfr dh rqyukRed lkekftd foospuk &Bala Devi in Journal
of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education,
Multidisciplinary Academic Research.

10& https://hi.m.wikipedia.org