Artificial Intelligence in 人工智能在

Armed Forces: An Analysis 武装部队：分析

P K Mallick P K Mallick

Introduction Introduction
Today is the age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The current period 今天是第四次工业革命的时代。 本期
of rapid, simultaneous and systemic transformations driven by advances 由进步驱动的快速、同时和系统的转变
in science is reshaping industries, blurring geographical boundaries, 科学正在重塑行业，模糊地理界限,
challenging existing regulatory frameworks and even redefining what it 挑战现有的监管框架，甚至重新定义它
means to be human. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the software engine 意味着成为人类。 人工智能（AI）是软件引擎
that drives the Fourth Industrial Revolution. AI is creating targeted 这推动了第四次工业革命。 人工智能正在创造有针对性的
marketing, safer travel through self-driving cars, smarter weapons and 营销，通过自动驾驶汽车更安全的旅行，更智能的武器和
new efficiencies in manufacturing processes, supply chain management 制造流程、供应链管理的新效率
and agricultural production. It holds the promise of solving some of the 和农业生产。 它有解决一些问题的承诺。
most pressing issues facing society, but also presents challenges such as 社会面临的最紧迫的问题，但也提出了挑战，如
inscrutable “black box” algorithms, unethical use of data and potential 高深莫测的"黑盒子"算法，不道德地使用数据和潜力
job displacement. 工作位移。
Artificial intelligence comprises machine programmes that can 人工智能包括机器程序，可以
teach themselves by harnessing High Power Computing(HPC) and big 通过利用高功率计算（HPC）和大
data, and eventually mimic how the human brain thinks, supports and 数据，并最终模仿人类大脑如何思考，支持和
enables nearly every sector of the modern economy. Corporations and 使现代经济的几乎每一个部门都成为可能。 法团及
governments are fiercely competing because whoever is the frontrunner 各国政府正在激烈竞争，因为谁是领跑者
in AI research and applications will accrue the highest profits in this fast 在人工智能的研究和应用将在这个快速的过程中获得最高的利润
Major General P K Mallick VSM (Retd) was a Senior Directing Staff (SDS) at the National P K Mallick vsm少将（Retd）是国家的高级导演人员（SDS）
Defence College, New Delhi. 国防学院，新德里。

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 63 利爪杂志L冬季2018 63

P K MALLICK P K MALLICK

growing market and gain a military technological edge. AI itself will 不断增长的市场，并获得军事技术优势。 AI本身会
not manifest just as a weapon. It is an enabler that can support a broad 不仅仅是作为武器表现出来。 它是一个使能者，可以支持广泛的
1
spectrum of technologies. 技术的频谱。 1
These technologies are starting to have a transformative effect on 这些技术开始对......产生变革性影响。
defence capability. AI will have digital, physical and political security 防御能力。 人工智能将拥有数字，物理和政治安全
implications, expanding existing threats, introducing new threats and 影响，扩大现有威胁，引入新的威胁和
changing the character of threats and of war. These changes could include 改变威胁和战争的性质。 这些变化可能包括
the automation of social engineering attacks, vulnerability discovery, 社会工程攻击的自动化，漏洞发现,
influence campaigns, terrorist repurposing of commercial AI systems, 影响运动，恐怖分子重新利用商业AI系统,
increased scale of attacks, and manipulation of information availability. 攻击规模的增加和信息可用性的操纵。
This has caused countries around the world to become increasingly aware 这使世界各国日益意识到
of the impact of AI. There has been tremendous activity concerning AI AI的影响。 关于人工智能的活动非常活跃
policy positions and the development of an AI ecosystem in different 不同领域的政策立场和人工智能生态系统的发展
countries over the last 18 to 24 months. To cite a few examples, the 过去18至24个月的国家。 举几个例子，
US published its AI report in December 2016; France published its AI 美国于2016年12月发布了人工智能报告；法国发布了人工智能报告
strategy in January 2017 followed by a detailed policy document in March 2017年1月的战略，随后在3月发布了详细的政策文件
2018; Japan released a document in March 2017; China published its AI 2018年；日本于2017年3月发布文件；中国发布了AI
strategy in July 2017; India published a Task Force report in August 2017年7月的战略；印度8月发表了一份工作队报告
2017, and the UK released its industrial strategy in November 2017. 2017年，英国于2017年11月发布了产业战略。
Global investments in artificial intelligence for economic and national 面向经济和国家的人工智能全球投资
security purposes are increasingly being described as an arms race. The 安全目的越来越多地被描述为军备竞赛。 该
character of AI technology, like robotics, makes many countries well- 人工智能技术的特点，就像机器人一样，使许多国家都很好-
positioned to design and deploy it for military purposes. In Southeast 定位为军事目的设计和部署它。 在东南部
Asia, Singapore is on the cutting edge of AI investments (both military 在亚洲，新加坡处于人工智能投资的前沿（包括军事投资）
and non-military). In the military domain, South Korea has developed 和非军事）。 在军事领域，韩国发展
the SGR-A1, a semi-autonomous weapon system designed to protect the SGR-A1是一种半自主武器系统，旨在保护
demilitarised zone from attack by North Korea and others. 非军事区不受朝鲜和其他国家的攻击。
This explains that AI is increasingly becoming a key component 这解释了人工智能正日益成为一个关键组成部分
2
of national security. As India’s 2017 Task Force report states: “AI can 国家安全。 正如印度2017年特别工作组报告所述：2"AI可以
be a force-multiplier for several national security missions. Potential 成为几个国家安全任务的力量倍增器。 潜力
applications include Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and 应用包括自主水下航行器（AUVs）和

64 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 64 利爪杂志L冬季2018

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARMED FORCES 在一个RMEDF ORCES中的一个RIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE

Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) for underwater and aerial 水下和空中无人作战飞行器
defence operations as well as coastal and border surveillance; robot mules 国防行动以及沿海和边境监视;机器人骡子
for unburdening soldiers; robots for counter-IED and counter-terrorism 用于减轻负担的士兵；用于反恐和反恐的机器人
operations and close-in-protection systems against cruise missiles and 针对巡航导弹和
3
similar aerial threats […]”. In view of this, national security imperatives 类似的空中威胁[...]"。 3有鉴于此国家安全当务之急
require that technology-based force multipliers be developed. In doing 要求开发基于技术的力乘数。 在做
so, some areas where AI-based systems could be usefully deployed are: 因此，可以有效部署基于人工智能的系统的一些领域是:
autonomous surveillance and combat systems, adaptive communications 自主监视和作战系统，自适应通信
systems, AI-based cyber attack mitigation and counter-attack systems 系统、基于人工智能的网络攻击缓解和反击系统
and, multi-sensor data fusion-based decision-making systems. 以及基于多传感器数据融合的决策系统。

Changing Nature and Character of War 改变战争的性质和性质

Military professionals swear by the maxim given by Carl von Clausewitz 军事专业人士以卡尔*冯*克劳塞维茨的格言发誓
that “war’s nature does not change—only its character”. The former "战争的性质不会改变-只有它的性质"。 前者
describes ‘what war is’ and the latter describes ‘how it is actually fought’. 描述"什么是战争"，后者描述"它实际上是如何战斗的"。
From a Clausewitzian perspective, that war is human fundamentally 从Clausewitzian的角度来看，战争从根本上是人类的
4
defines its nature. In view of this, war’s nature is violent, interactive 定义其性质。 4鉴于此，战争的性质是暴力的，互动的
and fundamentally political. However, the character of war describes the 而且从根本上讲是政治性的。 然而，战争的性质描述了
changing way that war as a phenomenon manifests in the real world. War’s 改变战争作为一种现象在现实世界中表现出来的方式。 战争的
conduct is undoubtedly influenced by technology, law, ethics, culture, 行为无疑受到技术，法律，道德，文化的影响,
methods of social, political, and military organisation and other factors 社会、政治和军事组织的方法等因素
5
that change across time and place. The character of warfare changes in 这种变化随时间和地点而变化。 5战争的性质变化在
“concert with the tools that become available and how they influence the "与可用的工具协调一致，以及它们如何影响
6
ways militaries organise themselves to fight wars”. 军队组织起来打仗的方式"。 6
There is an argument that AI has the potential to go beyond shaping 有一种观点认为，人工智能有潜力超越塑造
the character of war and change the nature of war itself. The key query 战争的性质并改变战争本身的性质。 关键查询
posed is: can AI alter the nature of war itself because wars will be fought 问题是：AI能否改变战争本身的性质，因为战争将被打
by robotic systems, not people, and because of AI’s potential to engage in 通过机器人系统，而不是人，并且由于人工智能的潜力参与
7
planning and decision-making that were previously human endeavours? 以前是人类努力的计划和决策？ 7
To which, US Defence Secretary James Mattis speculated in February 美国国防部长詹姆斯*马蒂斯（James Mattis）在2月份推测
2018 that AI is “fundamentally different” in ways that raise questions 2018年，人工智能在提出问题的方式上"根本不同"

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 65 利爪杂志L冬季2018 65

P K MALLICK P K MALLICK

about the nature of war.8 Former US Deputy Secretary of Defence 关于战争的性质。 8前美国国防部副部长
Robert O. Work said, “Rapid advances in artificial intelligence and the 罗伯特*O*工作说："人工智能和
vastly improved autonomous systems and operations they will enable are 大大改进的自治系统和操作，他们将使是
pointing towards new and more novel war-fighting applications involving 指向新的和更新颖的战争应用，涉及
9
human-machine collaboration and combat teaming”. The role of 人机协作和战斗组队"。 9的作用
educated humans will begin to concentrate on the higher cognitive tasks of 受过教育的人类将开始专注于更高的认知任务
processes such as mission analysis, operational planning, and assessments. 任务分析、业务规划和评估等过程。
More specifically, in relation to future conflict, as ambiguity will increase 更具体地说，关于未来的冲突，由于模糊性会增加
despite interconnectedness, the velocity and scale of activity will make 尽管相互联系，但活动的速度和规模将使
it difficult to discern the important from the unimportant and the real 很难从不重要的和真实的中辨别出重要的
from the fake. In this scenario, adversary spoofing, deception and data 从假的。 在这种情况下，对手欺骗，欺骗和数据
manipulation and corruption will create a common operational picture 操纵和腐败将创造一个共同的操作图景
that is part fact, part fiction. This uncertainty in situational awareness will 这部分是事实，部分是虚构。 这种态势感知的不确定性将
feed decision cycles that will be compressed by pervasive data and near 饲料决策周期，将被普遍的数据和附近压缩
instantaneous communications. 瞬时通信。
With these systemic changes, the character of warfare will clearly 随着这些系统性的变化，战争的性质将明显
change, and these changes could significantly influence the Clausewitzian 变化，而这些变化可能会显着影响Clausewitzian
elements that frame our understanding of war’s nature. However, 构成我们对战争本质理解的要素。 然而,
10
autonomy will change the nature of war in several ways, as suggested: 自治将以几种方式改变战争的性质，如所建议的：10
(a) It could weaken the role of political direction by forcing response (a)它可能通过强迫反应来削弱政治方向的作用
delegation to lower echelons for faster forms of attack. (b) Autonomy 授权到较低的梯队以获得更快的攻击形式。 (b)自治
can lessen the ability of governments to gain the support and legitimacy 可以减少政府获得支持和合法性的能力
of their populations, while making it easier for foreign governments to 他们的人口，同时使外国政府更容易
manipulate their adversary’s populations. (c) Deep learning forms of AI 操纵对手的人口。 (c)人工智能的深入学习形式
will augment the intuition and judgment of experienced commanders. (d) 将增强有经验的指挥官的直觉和判断力。 (d)
Automated technologies could reduce popular support for professional 自动化技术可以减少对专业人员的普遍支持
military institutions, which, paradoxically, could free governments to 自相矛盾的是，军事机构可以让政府自由地
employ force more readily since the political consequences are reduced. (e) 更容易使用武力，因为政治后果减少了。 (e)
As with the earlier ages, friction and uncertainty will endure. (f) The age 与早期时代一样，摩擦和不确定性将持续下去。 (f)年龄
of autonomy can introduce new forms of friction while reducing human 自主性可以引入新的摩擦形式，同时减少人类
factors in tactical contexts. To which, the most significant elements of 战术背景下的因素。 其中，最重要的元素

66 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 66 利爪杂志L冬季2018

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARMED FORCES 在一个RMEDF ORCES中的一个RIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE

“war, violence, human factors, and chance, will certainly remain”, and “so "战争，暴力，人为因素和机会，肯定会继续存在"，并且"所以
11
too, will fog and friction”. War’s essence as politically directed violence 太，会起雾和摩擦"。 11战争的本质是政治导向的暴力
will remain its most enduring aspect, even if more machines are involved 将保持其最持久的方面，即使涉及更多的机器
at every level. As technology advances at a rapid pace, the nature and 在各个层面。 随着技术的快速发展，自然和
character of war will be changed. In the upcoming military revolution of 战争的性质将被改变。 在即将到来的军事革命中
autonomy, we will have to consider new sources of combat power and 自治，我们将不得不考虑新的战斗力来源和
12
assess how they impact each level of war. 评估它们如何影响每个级别的战争。 12
Given this changing nature of warfare, the US Department of 鉴于这种不断变化的战争性质，美国国防部
Defence (DoD) has developed a multi-decade strategy for applying a 国防（DoD）制定了一项为期十年的战略，用于应用
suite of advanced technologies to nearly every facet of its operations. 一套先进的技术,几乎每一个方面的运作.
In the first phase, the DoD will create a more intelligent force, using 在第一阶段，国防部将创建一个更智能的力量，使用
AI to enhance platforms, munitions and decision processes. As these 人工智能加强平台、弹药和决策过程。 作为这些
technologies mature, the US aims to create a more autonomous force, 技术成熟，美国旨在创造一支更自主的力量,
pairing AI enabled systems with human military personnel to accentuate 将AI启用的系统与人类军事人员配对以突出显示
the strengths of each, enabling faster decisions and better combat 每个优势，使更快的决策和更好的战斗
outcomes. In the more distant future, “swarms” of advanced cognitive 结果。 在更遥远的未来，"成群"的高级认知
robots may redefine combat operations in the battle space, as explained 机器人可能会重新定义战斗空间中的作战行动，正如所解释的那样
in Fig 1 below. 在下面的图1中。
Fig 1: Assessment of the Impact of AI and Robotics on 图1：评估人工智能和机器人技术对
Future US Military Operations 未来的美国军事行动

Source: Eric Gons et al. (2018).13 资料来源：Eric Gons等人。 (2018). 13

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 67 利爪杂志L冬季2018 67

P K MALLICK P K MALLICK

The DoD is bringing in key technologies from commercial industry, 国防部正在从商业工业引进关键技术,

increasing the scope of competition that prime contractors face. Prime 增加主要承包商面临的竞争范围。 素数,素数
contractors may be tempted to cede the AI and robotics market to small 承包商可能会试图将人工智能和机器人市场割让给小公司
niche players or sub-contractors. More than 60 per cent of the robotics 利基玩家或分包商。 超过60%的机器人
focussed contracts in the President’s Budget for Fiscal Year 2017 were 总统2017财年预算中的重点合同是
awarded to non-traditional defence players or small prime contractors, as 授予非传统的防守球员或小型主要承包商，
shown in Fig 2 below. 如下图2所示。
Fig 2: Estimated Share of Programmes for Unmanned, or 图2：无人驾驶计划的估计份额，或
Autonomous Technologies 自主技术

Source: Eric Gons et al. (2018).14 资料来源：Eric Gons等人。 (2018). 14

What makes AI significant is the fact that it can operate in several 人工智能之所以重要，是因为它可以在几个方面运行
dimensions, such as: 尺寸，例如:
ƒ It can be used to direct physical objects, such as robotic systems, to ƒ 它可用于将物理对象（如机器人系统）引导到
act without human supervision. Whether in tanks, planes or ships, 在没有人监督的情况下采取行动。 无论是在坦克，飞机或船舶,
AI can help reduce the need to use humans, even remotely, or as 人工智能可以帮助减少使用人类的需要，甚至可以远程使用
part of human machine teams. Swarm techniques generally involve 人机团队的一部分。 群体技术一般涉及
the creation of supervised algorithms that direct platforms such as 创建指导平台的监督算法，例如
drones. drones.
ƒ AI can assist in processing and interpreting information. Image ƒ 人工智能可以协助处理和解释信息. 图像
recognition algorithms can be used for tagging. Project Maven is a 识别算法可用于标记。 项目Maven是一个
US military programme that seeks to develop algorithms to automate 寻求开发算法以实现自动化的美国军事计划
the process of analysing video feeds captured by drones. 分析无人机捕获的视频源的过程。

68 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 68 利爪杂志L冬季2018

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARMED FORCES 在一个RMEDF ORCES中的一个RIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE

ƒ Overlapping narrow AI systems could be used for new forms ƒ 重叠狭窄的AI系统可用于新形式

of command and control, operational systems, including battle 指挥和控制，操作系统，包括战斗
management, that analyse large sets of data and make forecasts to 管理层，分析大量数据并对
direct human action or action by algorithms. 通过算法直接人类动作或动作。
ƒ Future AI systems offer the potential to continue maximising the ƒ 未来的人工智能系统提供了继续最大化
advantages of information superiority, while overcoming the limits 信息优势的优势，同时克服极限
in human cognitive abilities. AI systems, with their near endless 在人类的认知能力。 人工智能系统，其近乎无穷无尽
and faultless memory, lack of emotional investment and potentially 和完美的记忆，缺乏情感投资和潜在的
unbiased analyses, may continue to complement future military 无偏见的分析，可能会继续补充未来的军事
leaders with competitive cognitive advantages. 具有竞争认知优势的领导者。

Given the multi-dimensional nature of AI, its emerging significance 鉴于人工智能的多维性，它的新兴意义

15
will be played out in the following areas: 将在以下领域进行：15
First, military exploitation of AI and autonomous systems is inevitable. 首先，人工智能和自治系统的军事剥削是不可避免的。
The challenges and realities of big data, complex networks and systems, 大数据、复杂网络和系统的挑战和现实,
uncertain environments, ubiquitous and intense peer competition are 不确定的环境，无处不在和激烈的同行竞争是
drivers in both the commercial and military spaces and steer each toward 在商业和军事领域的司机，并引导每个方向
a common set of solutions. Once advanced AI is achieved, it will quickly 一组常见的解决方案。 一旦实现高级AI，它将很快
spiral into almost every area of the commercial, governmental and military 螺旋进入商业、政府和军事的几乎每一个领域
domains. domains.
Second, early adoption of AI enabled technology is critical because 其次，早期采用人工智能技术至关重要，因为
potential adversaries will develop and field capabilities without constraint. 潜在的对手将不受限制地发展和实地能力.
These leap ahead capabilities could be so game changing that the 这些飞跃性的能力可能会改变游戏规则，以至于
difference between finishing first and finishing next could mean years 先完成和后完成之间的差异可能意味着几年
of decisive advantage in every meaningful area of warfare. The legacy 在每一个有意义的战争领域都具有决定性的优势。 遗产
combat systems, even with version improvements and upgrades, may 战斗系统，即使有版本改进和升级，也可能
well be rendered outmatched and ineffective by AI-enabled unmanned 很好地被人工智能无人驾驶所取代和无效
autonomous systems, cyber dominance and swarms. 自治系统，网络支配和成群。
Third, significant acquisition, budget, and cultural inertia exists which 第三，存在重大的收购、预算和文化惯性。
could impact the Army’s ability to gain advantages with AI technologies. 可能会影响军队利用人工智能技术获得优势的能力。
The armed forces currently take a risk adverse approach to acquisition and 武装部队目前对获取和

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 69 利爪杂志L冬季2018 69

P K MALLICK P K MALLICK

requirements, waiting for technologies to mature before prototyping and 需求，等待技术成熟后再进行原型设计和

experimentation. In order for the armed forces to become an innovative 实验。 为了使武装部队成为一个创新的
organisation, they must promote an innovative culture, accept risk and 组织，他们必须促进创新文化，接受风险和
leverage new ideas, while collaborating and partnering on experiments to 利用新的想法，同时合作和合作进行实验，
enhance creativity. 增强创造力。
Fourth, leader development for AI technologies must begin now. 第四，人工智能技术的领导者发展必须从现在开始。
The current Army leadership requirements model addresses leader 当前的陆军领导要求模型解决领导问题
development focussed on human-to-human relationships, but the future 发展侧重于人与人之间的关系，但未来
will challenge leaders with more human-machine relationships. 将挑战具有更多人机关系的领导者。
Fifth, the moral considerations of AI technologies should be addressed 第五，人工智能技术的道德考虑应该得到解决
before the technology matures. AI technologies increasingly remove the 在技术成熟之前。 人工智能技术越来越多地消除了
soldier from the conflict. The Army must begin to mitigate the potential 冲突的士兵。 军队必须开始减轻潜力
harmful impacts of these technologies now. Operators of unmanned and 现在这些技术的有害影响。 无人及
semi-autonomous systems must understand how the AI processes moral 半自治系统必须了解AI如何处理道德
dilemmas, the potential ethical shortcomings of these decisions, and how 困境，这些决定的潜在道德缺陷，以及如何
to ensure ethical decisions are made. 确保作出合乎道德的决定。
This explains that by distancing the human from conflict, technology 这就解释了，通过使人类远离冲突，技术
lowers not only the costs and risks associated with war, but the political 不仅降低了与战争有关的成本和风险，而且还降低了政治风险。
bar to initiating hostilities as well. Legacy attributes of the Army such 禁止发动敌对行动。 军队的传统属性
as flexibility, mobility and expeditionary skills may be replaced by new 由于灵活性、机动性和远征军的技能可能会被新的技能所取代。
attributes such as predictive, continuously learning, unknowable, 属性，如预测，持续学习，不可知,
decentralised and compelling. These AI technologies have the potential 分散和引人注目。 这些人工智能技术具有潜力
to change the character of conflict. 改变冲突的性质。

Effect of AI Technology on Warfare AI技术对战争的影响

Sophisticated AI programmes can now manipulate sounds, images and 先进的人工智能程序现在可以操纵声音、图像和
videos, creating impersonations that are often impossible to distinguish 视频，创建通常无法区分的模拟
from the original. Deep learning algorithms can, with surprising accuracy, 从原来的。 深度学习算法可以以惊人的准确性,
read human lips, synthesise speech and, to some extent, simulate facial 阅读人的嘴唇，合成语音，并在某种程度上模拟面部
expressions. Given the emerging role of AI technologies, their effect is most 表情。 鉴于人工智能技术的新兴作用，它们的影响最大
potent in the field of warfare, wherein the areas to witness the impact are: 在战争领域是有效的，其中见证影响的领域是:

70 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 70 利爪杂志L冬季2018

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARMED FORCES 在一个RMEDF ORCES中的一个RIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE

ƒ Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance: Command, ƒ Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance: Command,
Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and 控制、通讯、电脑、情报、监察及
Reconnaissance (C4ISR) are reaching new heights of efficiency that 侦察（C4ISR）的效率达到了新的高度。
enable data collection and processing at an unprecedented scale and 以前所未有的规模实现数据收集和处理，
speed. AI is useful in intelligence due to the large data sets available for 速度。 人工智能在智能方面很有用，因为它有大量的数据集。
analysis and helps automate the work of human analysts who currently 分析并帮助自动化目前人类分析员的工作
spend hours sifting through videos for actionable information. 花几个小时筛选视频以获取可操作的信息。
ƒ Military Drones for Surveillance: Military units across the world ƒ 用于监视的军用无人机：世界各地的军事单位
are employing drones to: (a) channel remote communication, both 使用无人机来：（a）通道远程通信，两者都是
video and audio, to ground troops and to military bases; (b) track 视频和音频,地面部队和军事基地;(b)轨道
enemy movement and conduct reconnaissance in unknown areas 敌人的移动和在未知区域进行侦察
of a war zone; (c) assist with mitigation procedures after a war by (c)在战争结束后，通过
searching for lost or injured soldiers and giving recovery insights for 寻找失散或受伤的士兵，并为
a terrain and; (d) aid with operations like peace-keeping and border (d)协助维持和平和边界等行动
surveillance. While drones help in guarding aerial zones, robots can 监视。 虽然无人机有助于保护空中区域，但机器人可以
be deployed on land to assist soldiers in ground operations. Robot 部署在陆地上，协助士兵进行地面行动。 机器人
fleets function like soldier units and carry out collaborated armed 舰队的功能就像士兵单位一样，进行协同武装
activities using multiple techniques. They are self-reliant, adaptable, 使用多种技术的活动。 他们是自力更生的，适应性强的,
and have their fault tolerant systems, all of which contribute to their 并有他们的容错系统，所有这些都有助于他们的
ability to make and execute decisions swiftly and competently. 能够迅速和胜任地做出和执行决策.
ƒ AI-Assisted Decision-Making: AI assisted decision-making could ƒ 人工智能辅助决策：人工智能辅助决策可以
help leaders at all levels rapidly design, plan and evaluate operations. 帮助各级领导快速设计、规划和评估运营。
Through a continuous deliberative planning process, the AI could 通过持续的审议规划过程，人工智能可以
update and evaluate the plans against the operational environment. The 根据操作环境更新和评估计划。 该
AI would continuously monitor the environment and warn planners 人工智能将持续监测环境并警告规划者
when assumptions are no longer valid or if there is an opportunity to 当假设不再有效或有机会
improve the plans. The true power of AI will be in the teaming of the 改进计划。 人工智能的真正力量将在于
human mind with the AI mind. This type of man-machine teaming 人类的头脑与人工智能的头脑。 这种人机组合
will combine human strengths of goal setting, creativity, and ethical 将结合人类在目标设定、创造力和道德方面的优势
thinking with AI strengthening the rational thought through self- 人工智能思维通过自我强化理性思维-
taught experience, intuition and deep forecasting. 传授经验，直觉和深刻的预测。

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 71 利爪杂志L冬季2018 71

P K MALLICK P K MALLICK

ƒ AI-Assisted Common Operating Picture (COP): AI would ƒ 人工智能辅助共同操作图（COP）：人工智能将

catalogue and display a disposition of friendly and enemy forces, 编目和展示友军和敌军的处置情况,
automatically built and updated through a big data approach. Despite 通过大数据方法自动构建和更新。 尽管如此
incomplete intelligence, an AI supported COP could tell where an 不完整的情报，AI支持的警察可以告诉哪里
enemy should be with a corresponding level of confidence. In real 敌人应该有相应的信心水平。 真实的
time, the AI would continuously interpret the situation, explore 随着时间的推移，人工智能将不断地解释情况，探索
multiple lines of effort and determine which is most likely to meet 多行的努力，并确定哪些是最有可能满足
the given success criteria. Based on this, the COP would recommend 定的成功标准。 基于此，缔约方会议将建议
16
the next actions and predict likely enemy responses. 接下来的行动和预测可能的敌人反应。 16
ƒ Cyber Space: AI systems play a powerful role in cyber space for ƒ 网络空间：人工智能系统在网络空间中发挥着重要作用。
both defensive and offensive measures. AI systems can perform 防御和进攻措施。 AI系统可以执行
predictive analytics to anticipate cyber attacks by generating dynamic 预测分析，通过生成动态预测网络攻击
threat models from available data sources that are voluminous, ever- 来自大量可用数据源的威胁模型-
changing and often incomplete. These data include the topology 变化，往往不完整。 这些数据包括拓扑
and state of network nodes, links, equipment, architecture, protocols 网络节点、链路、设备、体系结构、协议的状态
and networks. AI may be the most effective approach to interpreting 和网络。 人工智能可能是最有效的解释方法
these data, proactively identifying vulnerabilities and taking action to 这些数据，主动识别漏洞并采取行动
prevent or mitigate future attacks. 防止或减轻未来的攻击。
ƒ Logistics: AI is expected to play a crucial role in military logistics ƒ 物流：人工智能有望在军事物流中发挥关键作用
and transport. The effective transportation of goods, ammunition, 和运输。 货物、弹药的有效运输,
armaments, and troops is an essential component of successful military 军备和部队是成功军事的重要组成部分
operations. AI has the potential to help the larger Army reshape its 行动。 人工智能有可能帮助更大的军队重塑其
tooth-to-tail ratio and free up additional soldiers for critical areas like 牙齿与尾巴的比例和释放额外的士兵的关键领域，如
combat arms and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. 作战武器和情报，监视和侦察。
ƒ Intelligence: The Intelligence Community (IC) faces daunting ƒ 情报：情报界（IC）面临艰巨的任务
challenges of volume and velocity as well as an everincreasing 体积和速度的挑战以及不断增长
17
complexity of variety of data. This results in an inability to fuse data 各种数据的复杂性。 17这导致无法融合数据
to create multi-sourced intelligence as early in the intelligence cycle 在智能周期的早期创建多源智能
and as close to the point of collection as possible. In this regard, AI and 并尽可能接近收集点。 在这方面，AI和
machine learning will be instrumental in increasing the effectiveness 机器学习将有助于提高效率
of the future intelligence analyst workforce, improving the odds of 未来的情报分析人员队伍，提高

72 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 72 利爪杂志L冬季2018

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARMED FORCES 在一个RMEDF ORCES中的一个RIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE

gaining and sustaining a competitive or temporal advantage. Digital 获得并保持竞争或时间优势. 数码产品

transformation, methodical multi-domain data integration, and 转换、有条不紊的多域数据集成和
algorithmic warfare will be the heart of the intelligence enterprise’s 算法战将是智能企业的核心。
18
role in sustaining a long-term competitive advantage. In doing 在保持长期竞争优势方面的作用。 18在做
so, intelligence challenges should be addressed in a two-fold way: 因此，情报挑战应该以双重方式解决:
embracing machine-learning algorithms that can parse data, learn 拥抱可以解析数据的机器学习算法，学习
from the data, and then respond and, encouraging creativity and 从数据，然后回应，鼓励创造力和
19
deep thinking by intelligence professionals. 情报专业人士的深刻思考。 19
ƒ Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS): AWS offer potential ƒ 自主武器系统（AWS）：AWS提供潜力
advantages in future warfare but also present many legal and ethical 在未来战争中的优势，但也提出了许多法律和道德
challenges in addition to the inherent risk in turning over decision- 除了移交决策的内在风险之外的挑战-
making to machines. Queries such as, if an AWS engages and kills 制造机器。 查询，例如，如果AWS参与并杀死
civilians, then who is responsible? What role does the military perform 平民，那么谁负责？ 军方扮演什么角色
in making ethical decisions if machines and algorithms are executing 在机器和算法执行的情况下做出道德决策
them? In this regard, the ethical question of whether or not Lethal 他们？ 在这方面，是否致命的伦理问题
Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) should be permitted to make 应允许自主武器系统（法律）使
life and death decisions is receiving much attention. Several countries 生死攸关的决定受到了广泛的关注。 几个国家
continue to develop LAWS that would be capable of completely 继续制定能够完全
independent operation if desired. In view of this, the Vice Chairman 独立操作，如果需要的话。 有鉴于此，副主席
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, US Air Force, Gen Paul Selva, has argued 在参谋长联席会议上，美国空军保罗*塞尔瓦将军辩称
that humans should be kept in the decision-making loop. The UK’s 人类应该被关在决策循环中。 英国的
Foreign Office did not support an explicit prohibition on the use of 外交部不支持明确禁止使用
LAWS because it felt International Humanitarian Law (IHL) provided 法律，因为它认为国际人道主义法（IHL）提供
sufficient regulation. The UK armed forces, however, only operate 充分的监管。 然而，英国武装部队只运作
weapons systems that are subject to human oversight and control. 受人类监督和控制的武器系统。
ƒ Drones: The recent drone attack on Venezuelan President Nicolas ƒ 无人机：最近对委内瑞拉总统尼古拉斯的无人机袭击
Maduro has brought to the fore a new aspect of terror attack by 马杜罗给恐怖袭击带来了一个新的方面。
unmanned aircraft. This incident suggests how easy drones are to use 无人驾驶飞机。 这一事件表明无人机使用起来有多容易
and how difficult they are to defend against. The use of weaponised 他们是多么难以防御。 武器化的使用
drones by lone individuals and small groups, some acting as proxies 单独的个人和小团体的无人机，一些人充当代理人
of nation-states, is no longer just a concern for the future, but also 民族国家，不再只是对未来的关注，也

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 73 利爪杂志L冬季2018 73

P K MALLICK P K MALLICK

very much for the present.20 Countries are now using armed drones 现在非常重要。 20个国家正在使用武装无人机
in combat—Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey have recently done so— 在战斗中-尼日利亚，巴基斯坦和土耳其最近这样做了—
and the chances for sophisticated drone technology getting into the 以及先进的无人机技术进入
21
wrong hands increases exponentially. If a terrorist group can steal or 错手成倍增加。 21如果恐怖组织可以偷窃或
purchase a drone from a rogue state or corrupt military or intelligence 从流氓国家或腐败的军事或情报部门购买无人机
officials, then they could rely on the myriad online videos posted that 官员，那么他们可以依靠发布的无数在线视频
essentially demonstrate how these unmanned systems may be used to 从根本上展示了这些无人系统如何被用来
22
conduct an attack. 进行攻击。 22
ƒ Swarms: Specifically, with the armed forces, the advantage lies in ƒ 成群：具体来说，与武装部队，优势在于
adopting a ‘swarm mindset’. To argue, such a change would largely 采用"群体心态"。 可以说，这样的变化在很大程度上会
be seen in the movement away from the single, exquisite weapons 在远离单一精致武器的运动中可以看到
platforms to those that are small, cheap, unmanned, expendable and 面向小型、廉价、无人、消耗性和
fast. There are many operational advantages of swarms in terms of 快。 在以下方面，群的操作优势很多。
autonomy, quantity and speed. Unmanned systems can take greater 自主性，数量和速度。 无人系统可以采取更大的
risks by reducing survivability while maintaining lethality and 风险通过降低生存能力，同时保持杀伤力和
increasing deployability. increasing deployability.

AI in Indian Context 印度背景下的人工智能

At the event of the DefExpo on April 11, 2018, Indian Prime Minister 在2018年4月11日举行的DefExpo活动上，印度总理
Narendra Modi categorically stated that “[n]ew and emerging 纳伦德拉*莫迪断然指出，"[n]ew和新兴
technologies like AI and robotics will perhaps be the most important 人工智能和机器人技术可能是最重要的
determinants of defensive and offensive capabilities for any defence force 任何国防军防御和进攻能力的决定因素
in the future. India, with its leadership in the information technology 在未来。 印度在信息技术方面处于领先地位
23
domain, would strive to use this technology tilt to its advantage”. This 域，将努力利用这项技术倾斜到它的优势"。 23这
reflects India’s inclination to develop artificial intelligence-based weapon 反映了印度发展人工智能武器的倾向
and surveillance systems for future use. 以及未来使用的监控系统。
Owing to the emerging role of AI in national security, the 2017 由于人工智能在国家安全中的新兴作用，2017年
24
Task Force report has made some significant propositions: First, a 专责小组的报告提出了一些重要的建议：24首先，一个
consortium of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) industries 微型、中小型企业（MSME）产业联盟
to be created for the development of autonomous systems such as 为发展自治系统而设，例如
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Underwater Unmanned Vehicles 无人飞行器（Uav）和水下无人飞行器

74 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 74 利爪杂志L冬季2018

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARMED FORCES 在一个RMEDF ORCES中的一个RIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE

(UUVs), including sub-systems and components. Second, provision of （UUVs），包括子系统和组件。 二、提供

grants, realistic data and cyber security tools to develop methodologies 赠款、现实数据和网络安全工具来开发方法
for protecting digital assets and data from external cyber threats and 保护数字资产和数据免受外部网络威胁，以及
attacks. Third, existing infrastructure, including the National Intelligence 攻击。 第三现有基础设施包括国家情报
Grid (NATGRID), Human Intelligence (HUMINT), Signal Intelligence 格（NATGRID），人类智能（HUMINT），信号智能
(SIGINT), Communication Intelligence (COMINT), imagery data and (SIGINT)、通讯情报(COMINT)、影像资料及
video surveillance from aircraft, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) data 来自飞机的视频监控，闭路电视（CCTV）数据
from urban areas and critical infrastructure locations, and radar data and 来自城市地区和关键基础设施位置，以及雷达数据和
satellite imagery to be integrated on a unified platform. This suggests 卫星图像要集成在一个统一的平台上. 这表明
that India seeks to embed AI-based techniques in the backbone of the 印度试图将基于人工智能的技术嵌入到
platform to provide need-based real-time information to various security 为各种安全提供基于需求的实时信息的平台
agencies involved in threat mitigation. 参与威胁缓解的机构。
Although there is no official military strategy document on the 虽然没有官方的军事战略文件
usage of AI in the battlefield, there are several potential applications AI在战场上的使用，有几个潜在的应用
in the “low-hanging fruit.” Among these applications are logistics 在"低垂的果实。"这些应用包括物流
and supply chain management, cyber operations, intelligence and 及供应链管理、网上运作、情报及
25
reconnaissance. Furthermore, Research and Development (R&D) on 侦察。 25此外，研究及发展
defence applications of AI is conducted under the Centre for Artificial 人工智能的防御应用是在人工中心下进行的
Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), established by the Defence Research 情报和机器人（CAIR），由国防研究建立
and Development Organisation (DRDO) in 1986. Over three decades, 及发展组织(DRDO)于1986年。 三十多年,
CAIR has worked on building integrated, networked information CAIR致力于建立集成的网络信息
systems, data mining tools, robotics, and other AI-enabled products for 系统、数据挖掘工具、机器人和其他人工智能产品
the Indian military. 印度军队。
For India, AI would significantly help improve the ability of Indian 对印度来说，人工智能将大大有助于提高印度的能力
forces to secure the 8,600 miles of land border it shares with other 部队，以确保它与其他共享的8,600英里陆地边界
countries. For instance, the Border Security Force (BSF) is working 国家。 例如，边境安全部队（BSF）正在工作
on a pilot programme called the Comprehensive Integrated Border 在一个名为全面综合边界的试点方案上
Management System (CIBMS), which would put in place an electronic 管理系统（CIBMS），这将到位的电子
surveillance system monitored by BSF personnel. Similarly, integrating BSF人员监控的监控系统。 同样，集成
AI-enabled image recognition and automated alerts into the system 人工智能图像识别和自动警报进入系统
would greatly aid in the speed and efficiency of a BSF response. 将大大有助于BSF响应的速度和效率。

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 75 利爪杂志L冬季2018 75

P K MALLICK P K MALLICK

Another practical application of AI is in improving battlefield operations 人工智能的另一个实际应用是改善战场作战

using all-terrain reconnaissance. In February 2018, the DRDO successfully 使用全地形侦察。 2018年2月，DRDO成功
tested the Rustom 2 UAV, and is reportedly developing a “Multi-Agent 测试了Rustom2无人机，据报道正在开发"多代理
Robotics Framework” (MARF), a system that will enable the Indian Army’s 机器人框架"（MARF），一个系统，将使印度军队的
many battlefield robots to collaborate with each other on surveillance 许多战场机器人相互协作进行监视
and reconnaissance. Likewise, the DRDO is also developing Chemical, 和侦察。 同样，DRDO也在开发化学,
Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) UAVs to detect 生物、放射、核和爆炸物(CBRNE)无人机检测
radiation, as well as Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) for surveillance 辐射，以及用于监视的遥控车辆（Rov）
and Improvised Explosive Device (IED) disposal. 和简易爆炸装置（IED）处置。
In order to fully exploit their potential, the Indian military needs to 为了充分发挥其潜力印度军方需要
build a close working relationship with the vibrant private technology 与充满活力的私人技术建立密切的工作关系
sector in India, and especially with start-ups working in the AI domain. 印度的行业，特别是在人工智能领域工作的初创企业。
However, this will involve handing over potentially sensitive data to private 但是，这将涉及将潜在的敏感数据移交给私有
firms so as to enable the building of AI systems that can meet the specific 企业，以建立符合具体要求的人工智能系统
needs of the Indian armed forces. This is entirely an uncharted territory. In 印度武装部队的需要。 这完全是一个未知的领域。 在
view of this, to assuage the valid concerns that may arise with sensitive data 鉴于此，以缓解敏感数据可能出现的有效担忧
being in private hands, a unique legal ‘trust model’ needs to be built that 在私人手中，需要建立一个独特的法律"信任模式"。
accounts for the needs of the military and technological innovation. While 考虑到军事和技术创新的需要. 而
the development of such a model may, in fact, prove to be a tougher task 事实上，开发这种模式可能是一项更艰巨的任务
than the simple integration of AI technologies, it needs to be done if the 除了简单的人工智能技术集成，如果
26
Indian military is to prepare itself for warfare in the 21st century. 印度军队将为21世纪的战争做好准备。 26

Conclusion Conclusion
Big-data analysis and machine-learning algorithms are already available 大数据分析和机器学习算法已经可用
and vastly expand information processing capabilities. AI is already a 并大幅扩展信息处理能力。 AI已经是一个
military reality. Automated decision-making will play an increased role 军事现实。 自动化决策将发挥更大的作用
at every level of the command and control process, from swarming 在命令和控制过程的各个层面，从蜂拥而至
miniature UAVs to the national command authority. Genuine AI in the 微型无人机到国家指挥当局。 真正的AI在
scientific sense may still be years away, but it is not too early to begin 科学意识可能还有几年的时间，但现在开始还不算太早
establishing normative limits for LAWS through IHL and military rules 通过国际人道法和军事规则为法律制定规范性限制
27
of engagement, in anticipation of this eventuality. 在预期这种可能性的情况下，参与。 27

76 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 76 利爪杂志L冬季2018

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARMED FORCES 在一个RMEDF ORCES中的一个RIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE

In addition to these battlefield roles, AI will transform other military 除了这些战场角色，AI将改造其他军事

activities, including logistics, intelligence and surveillance and even 活动，包括后勤、情报和监视甚至
weapons design. Collectively, these activities, mostly tactical in nature, 武器设计。 总的来说，这些活动，主要是战术性质的,
will have a transformative effect on the strategy of those states employing 将对这些国家的战略产生变革性影响
them. This is because militaries that can successfully develop and utilise 他们。 这是因为能够成功发展和利用的军队
them will experience a dramatic increase in fighting power relative to 他们将经历相对于战斗力的急剧增加
those that cannot. 那些不能的。
At present, many pertinent AI technologies are immature. Modern 目前，许多相关的人工智能技术还不成熟。 现代
unmanned aircraft in service can operate autonomously, but cannot 在役的无人驾驶飞机可以自主运行，但不能
yet execute the sorts of complex missions that manned equivalents can 然而，执行载人等价物可以执行的各种复杂任务
achieve. Land robots are clumsy on uneven terrain. Sceptics rightly 实现。 陆地机器人在不平坦的地形上笨拙。 怀疑论者正确
point to previous bursts of enthusiasm for AI, followed invariably by 点之前对AI的阵阵热情，不约而同地
disappointment and stagnation as concepts fail to deliver significant 失望和停滞，因为概念无法产生重大影响
breakthroughs in autonomous decision-making. There is considerable 自主决策的突破。 有相当大的
wariness that the hype and publicity surrounding deep learning will not 警惕围绕深度学习的炒作和宣传不会
pan out as dramatic breakthroughs. Nevertheless, the rapid progress 作为戏剧性的突破。 尽管如此，进展迅速
in AI research, especially of hybrid approaches that utilise multiple AI 在人工智能研究中，特别是利用多种人工智能的混合方法
techniques, along with increasingly powerful hardware on which to run 技术，以及在其上运行的日益强大的硬件
algorithms, suggests the potential for AI to significantly affect existing 算法，表明人工智能可能显着影响现有的
military activities in the short to medium term, even if it falls short of 短中期的军事活动，即使达不到
simulating human level cognition any time soon. 很快模拟人类水平的认知。
Technological innovations could have large scale consequences 技术创新可能产生大规模的后果
for the global balance of power and international conflict. Yet their 为了全球力量平衡和国际冲突。 然而，他们的
impact is generally determined by how people and organisations use the 影响通常取决于个人和组织如何使用
technology rather than by the technology itself. Militaries around the 技术，而不是由技术本身。 周围的军队
world will have to grapple with how to change recruiting and promotion 世界将不得不努力解决如何改变招聘和晋升
policies to empower soldiers who understand algorithms and coding, as 赋予理解算法和编码的士兵权力的政策，如
well as potential shifts in force structure to take advantage of AI-based 以及部队结构的潜在变化，以利用基于人工智能的优势
coordination on the battlefield. It is too early to tell what the impact of 战场上的协调。 现在说什么影响还为时过早
AI will be, but technology development suggests it will have at least some 人工智能将是，但技术发展表明它至少会有一些
effect. effect.

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 77 利爪杂志L冬季2018 77

P K MALLICK P K MALLICK

Notes Notes
1. Manju Bansal, “AI is the New Black,” MIT Technology Review, February 27, 2017, at 1. Manju Bansal，"AI是新的黑色，"麻省理工学院技术评论，2017年2月27日，在https://
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603748/ai-is-the-new-black/. www.technologyreview.com/s/603748/ai-is-the-new-black/。
2. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, “Report of the Artificial Intelligence 2. 产业政策及推广部，"人工智能专责小组报告"，2017年8月，于http://dipp.nic.in/whats
Task Force”, August 2017, at http://dipp.nic.in/whats-new/report-task-force-artificial- -new/report-task-force-artificial 情报。
intelligence.
3. Ibid., p. 6. 3. Ibid., p. 6.
4. Michael E. Howard and Peter Paret, eds., On War: Carl von Clausewitz (Princeton, NJ: 4. Michael E.Howard和Peter Paret，eds。,On War:Carl von Clausewitz(Princeton,NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1989). 普林斯顿大学出版社，1989年）。
5. F. G. Hoffman, “Exploring War’s Character and Nature: Will War’s Nature Change in the 5. F.G.Hoffman，"探索战争的性质和性质：第七次军事革命中战争的性质会改变吗"，Para
Seventh Military Revolution”, Parameters, Vol. 47, No. 4, 2017, p. 23, at https://ssi. meters，Vol。 47,No.4,2017,p.23,在https://ssi... armywarcollege.edu/pubs/parameters
armywarcollege.edu/pubs/parameters/issues/Winter_2017-18/5_Hoffman.pdf /issues/Winter_2017-18/5_Hoffman.pdf
6. Michael C. Horowitz, “Artificial Intelligence, International Competition and the Balance 6. Michael C.Horowitz，"人工智能，国际竞争和权力平衡"，德克萨斯国家安全评论，Vol
of Power”, Texas National Security Review, Vol. 1, No. 3, May 2018, pp. 46-47, at 。 1,No.3,May2018,pp.46-47,at file:///C:/Users/JASH/Downloads/TNSR-Vol-1-Iss-3_h
file:///C:/Users/JASH/Downloads/TNSR-Vol-1-Iss-3_Horowitz.pdf. orowitz.pdf。
7. Ibid., p. 47. 7. Ibid., p. 47.
8. Ibid. 8. Ibid.
9. Robert O. Work and Shawn Brimley, “20YY: Preparing for War in the Robotic Age”, 9. Robert O.Work和Shawn Brimley，"20yy：为机器人时代的战争做准备"，新美国安全中
Centre for a New American Security, January 2014, at https://fortunascorner.com/wp- 心，2014年1月，https://fortunascorner.com/wp 内容/上传/2014/05/cnas_20yy_workbriml
content/uploads/2014/05/cnas_20yy_workbrimley.pdf. ey.pdf。 10. Kareem Ayoub和Kenneth Payne，"人工智能时代的战略"，战略研究杂志，Vol
。 39，No.5-6，2016，第793-819页。 11. 霍夫曼,ñ.5,p.31. 12. 同上。 13. 在Eric Gons等
10. Kareem Ayoub and Kenneth Payne, “Strategy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence”, Journal 人中引用。，编辑。，"人工智能和机器人将如何破坏国防工业"，波士顿咨询集团，2018年
of Strategic Studies, Vol. 39, No. 5-6, 2016, pp. 793-819. ，第2页，http://k1.caict.ac.cn/yjts/qqzkgz/zksl/201804/P020180426375927121069。pdf
11. Hoffman, n. 5, p. 31. 。 14. 同上。，第3页。 15. 见"未来战争的作战环境和不断变化的性质"，网址为http://ww
w.arcic.army.mil/App_Documents/The-Operational-Environment-and-the 改变未来战争的
12. Ibid.
特征。pdf。 16. Sean Kimmons，"凭借多领域概念，陆军旨在'优势之窗'"，美国陆军，2016
13. Cited in Eric Gons et al., eds., “How AI and Robotics will Disrupt the Defense Industry”, 年11月14日，在https://www.army.mil/article/178137/with_multi_ domain_concept_army_
The Boston Consulting Group, 2018, p. 2, at http://k1.caict.ac.cn/yjts/qqzkgz/ aims_for_windows_of_superiority。 17. IC面临着跨机构获取、管理、关联、融合和分析越
zksl/201804/P020180426375927121069.pdf. 来越多的数据的挑战。 IC中的数据以太多不同的格式生成，在太多的断开或无法访问的系统
中生成，没有标准化的结构，也没有对本体的总体一致。 这种情况可能造成收款浪费、缺乏
14. Ibid., p. 3.
及时性、遗漏指示和警告以及对决策缺乏相关性。 18. Cortney Weinbaum和John N.T.Shanah
15. See “The Operational Environment and Changing Character of Future Warfare”, at an，"数据驱动时代的情报"，联合部队季刊，Vol。 90,2018,在http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Port
http://www.arcic.army.mil/App_Documents/The-Operational-Environment-and-the- als/68/Documents/
Changing-Character-of-Future-Warfare.pdf.
16. Sean Kimmons, “With Multi-Domain Concept, Army Aims for ‘Windows of Superiority’”,
U.S. Army, November 14, 2016, at https://www.army.mil/article/178137/with_multi_
domain_concept_army_aims_for_windows_of_superiority.
17. The IC is challenged to acquire, manage, correlate, fuse, and analyse ever increasing
amounts of data across agencies. Data in the IC are generated in too many diverse formats,
in too many disconnected or inaccessible systems, without standardised structures and
without overarching agreed upon ontology. This situation risks wasted collections, lack of
timeliness, missed indications and warnings and lack of relevance for decision-making.
18. Cortney Weinbaum and John N.T. Shanahan, “Intelligence in a Data-Driven Age”, Joint
Force Quarterly, Vol. 90, 2018, at http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/

78 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 78 利爪杂志L冬季2018

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARMED FORCES 在一个RMEDF ORCES中的一个RIFICIAL I NTELLIGENCE

jfq/jfq-90/jfq-90_4-9_Weinbaum-Shanahan.pdf?ver=2018-04-11-125441-307. jfq/jfq-90/jfq-90_4-9_weinbaum-Shanahan。pdf？ver=2018-04-11-125441-307。 19.

19. The following actions need to be taken: intelligence analysts need to be trained on how 需要采取以下行动：情报分析员需要接受培训，了解如何识别对手使用改变或操纵数据的企
to recognise attempts by an adversary to use altered or manipulated data, including 图，包括了解如何利用人工智能发挥最大优势，以防止更复杂的影响操作影响预期的操作结
果。 数据不应该被视为IT问题；相反，IT系统应该由它们解决的操作问题构成框架。 快速数
understanding how to use AI to maximum advantage to prevent even the more sophisticated 据访问需要有效的数据管理，这需要新的技能集和专业知识，如数据架构师和数据科学家。
influence operations from affecting the desired operational outcomes. Data should not 跨所有安全域的网络访问、对所有相关数据类型的访问以及颠复性技术的敏捷集成是实现和
be treated as an IT problem; instead, IT systems should be framed by the operational 维持决策优势的关键。 公开可用的信息和开源信息将提供我们情报知识基础的第一层。 20.
恐怖分子，罪犯或叛乱分子的单独行动者或小细胞可以有效地利用小型无人机的战术灵活性
problems they solve. Rapid data access requires effective data management, which calls for
来造成严重破坏，包括可能使用无人机击落客机。 国家赞助恐怖组织也增加了无人机袭击的
new skill sets and expertise, such as data architects and data scientists. Network access across 可能性，因为各国可以提供必要的设备和培训，确保以武器化无人机为特色的恐怖袭击在不
all security domains, access to all relevant data types and agile integration of disruptive 远的将来几乎是既成事实。 21. Colin P.Clarke，"接近a;新常态'：委内瑞拉无人机袭击预示着
technologies are key to achieving and sustaining decision advantage. Publicly available 什么"，外交政策研究所，8月13，2018，at https://www...fpri。 组织/文章/2018/08/接近-
a-new-normal-what-the-drone-attack-in-venezuela预示着/22。 执法和安全部门普遍担
information and open source information will provide the first layer of the foundation of
心的情况是使用小型无人机在攻击中提供化学或生物制剂。无人机可能被用来在体育场或公
our intelligence knowledge. 共集会场所驱散致命的毒剂或病毒，这是一个悲惨的前景。 见同上。. 23. 引用于"印度希望
20. Lone actors or small cells of terrorists, criminals, or insurgents can effectively harness the tactical 加强其Ai防御游戏"，Dailyhunt，2018年7月6日，在https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/englis
flexibility of a small drone to wreak havoc, including potentially using a drone to take down an h/business+world-epaper-bizworld/india+l ooking+to+step+up+its+ai+game+in+defense-n
ewsid-91709767. 24. n.2． 25. R.Shashank Reddy，"AI如何帮助印度武装部队"，Livemint，
airliner. State sponsorship of terrorist groups also increases the likelihood of drone attacks, since
2018年3月5日,
states can provide the necessary equipment and training, ensuring that terrorist attacks featuring
weaponised drones is a near fait accompli in the not so distant future.
21. Colin P. Clarke, “Approaching a ;New Normal’: What the Drone Attack in Venezuela
Portends”, Foreign Policy Research Institute, August 13, 2018, at https://www.fpri.
org/article/2018/08/approaching-a-new-normal-what-the-drone-attack-in-venezuela-
portends/
22. A scenario universally feared by law enforcement and security services is the use of a small
drone to deliver chemical or biological agents in an attack.The possibility that drones could
be used to disperse deadly agents or viruses over a sports stadium or public gathering place
is a harrowing prospect. See Ibid..
23. Quoted in “India Looking to Step up its AI Game in Defence”, Dailyhunt, July 06, 2018,
at https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/business+world-epaper-bizworld/india+l
ooking+to+step+up+its+ai+game+in+defence-newsid-91709767.
24. n. 2.
25. R. Shashank Reddy, “How AI can Help the Indian Armed Forces”, Livemint, March 05,
2018, athttps://www.livemint.com/Opinion/EzKziDVFvruJ0KLJF7ySQM/How-AI- athttps://www.livemint.com/Opinion/EzKziDVFvruJ0KLJF7ySQM/How-AI can-help-The-In
can-help-the-Indian-Armed-Forces.html dian-Armed-Forces.html26. Amber Sinha等人。,"AI in India:A Policy Agenda",The Centre Fo
26. Amber Sinha et al., “AI in India: A Policy Agenda”, The Centre for Internet and Society, r Internet and Society,September05,2018,athttps://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog
/ai-in-india-a policy-agenda. 27. Kenneth Payne，"人工智能：战略事务的革命？"，生存：
September 05, 2018, athttps://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/ai-in-india-a- 全球政治与战略，Vol。 60,No.5,十月-十一月2018,pp.7-32,在
policy-agenda.
27. Kenneth Payne, “Artificial Intelligence: A Revolution in Strategic Affairs?”,
Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 60, No. 5, October–November 2018, pp. 7-32,
at https://www.iiss.org/publications/survival/2018/survival-global-politics-and-
strategy-octobernovember-2018/605-02-payne. strategy-octobernovember-2018/605-02-payne.

CLAWS Journal l Winter 2018 79 利爪杂志L冬季2018 79