Lab Report Cover Page With Instructions - IEC Lab - Spring 2023-24

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Faculty of Engineering (FE)

American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
Laboratory Experiment Report

Introduction to Electrical Circuits Laboratory
Semester: Spring 2023-24
Experiment No.: 01
Experiment Title: Familiarizing with the basic DC circuit terms & concepts: Introduction to laboratory
equipment.
Group Members
Section:
ID Name
1. 23-51072-1 Md Sohag Islam
2. 23-51073-1 Sadman Sakib Chowdhury
3. 23-51039-1 Md Sajjatul Alam
Group No: 4. 23-51922-2 Anis Mahmud Ratul
5. 23-51775-2 Atiqur Rahman
6.
Marking Rubrics for Laboratory Report (to be filled by Faculty)

Objectives Unsatisfactory (1) Good (2-3) Excellent (4-5) Mark
- No circuit diagram is - Partial results are included in this - Appropriate circuit diagrams are
included. report. included in this report with all
- No evidence of Experimental - The report lacks complete evidence of necessary specifications.
Experimental
circuit construction. experimental circuit constructions (as - Evidence of all circuit constructions is
Circuits &
- Incorrect and inconclusive image) properly included (as image).
Results
results are presented. - Part of the results seems irrelevant - All the experimental results are
and unjustified. accurately measured and are presented
in the report in proper format.
- Simulation circuit diagrams - Few simulation circuit results are - All the simulation results are included
Simulation
are not included in this included in this report. in this report with appropriate circuit
Circuits &
report. - Part of the results seems irrelevant diagrams.
Results
- Results are also inconclusive. and unjustified.
- Cannot reach meaningful - Can extract most of the accurate data. - Can extract all relevant conclusions
Comparison
conclusions from - Answers to the report questions are with appropriate answers to the report
between
experimental data. partially correct. questions.
experimental
- Cannot summarize or - Summarize findings partially. - Summarize findings in a complete &
and
compare findings to expected - The experimental results are partially meaningful way comparing the
simulation
results. validated with simulation results. experimental and simulated results
results
with proper explanations.
- Answers to all the report - Answers to a few report questions are - All the answers to the report questions
Discussion &
questions are incorrect. correct. are correct.
Answer to the
- Report format is not - The report is organized despite of few - The report is very well organized, and
Report
maintained properly. missing sections as per the all the mandatory components are
Questions
recommended format. being included as per instructions.
Assessed by Remarks: Subtotal (out of 20):
■ Late Submission ( ___ days), ■ Plagiarized ( ___ %)
Obtained marks:
(after deduction, if applicable)
■ Others:________________, Deduction: ____ mark(s)
1. Abstract
To gain experience in building DC circuits and making measurements of current and voltage. Also,
strengthen the ability to reason about how adding or removing resistors will affect the current &
potential at different locations in a DC circuit. Introduction: This lab is designed to review, solidify &
improve your understanding of DC circuits & ohms law. Research has shown that even after students
have completed their study of DC circuits, they often have difficulty with some specific concepts and
ideas. The exercises here are designed to address these difficulties in a step by step fashion and help
you learn to reason more easily & correctly about circuits. In each part of the lab, you will be given a
circuit diagram, involving a power supply. You will be asked to make some predictions about the
behavior of the circuit before you actually construct the circuit and make any necessary measurements.
Hopefully, some of the circuits will surprise you with behavior.
2. Theory and Methodology

Ohm's Law:
Ohm's Law deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal conductor. This
relationship states that: At fixed temperature in an electrical circuit, the current passing through a
conductor between two points is proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage)
across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them. In mathematical
terms, this is written as: V = IR Where I is the current in amperes (A), V is the potential difference in
volts (V), and R is the resistance measured in ohms (Ω) which is constant here. The potential difference
is also known as the voltage drop and sometimes denoted by E or U instead of V. Current: The amount
of electric current (measured in amperes) passes through a surface, e.g., a section through a copper
conductor, is defined as the amount of electric charge (measured in coulombs) flowing through that
surface over time. If Q is the amount of charge that passed through the surface in the time T, then the
average current I is:
Q
I=
T
Voltage:
Voltage (sometimes also called electric or electrical tension) is the electrical potential difference
between two points of an electrical conductor, expressed in volts. It measures the potential energy of an
electric field that causes the flow of electric current through a conductor. Depending on the difference
of electrical potential it is called extra-low voltage, low voltage, high voltage or extra-high voltage.
Between two points in an electric field, such as exists in an electrical circuit, the difference in their
electrical potentials is known as the electrical potential difference. This difference is proportional to the
electrostatic force that tends to push electrons or other charge-carriers from one point to the other.
Electrical potential difference can be thought of as the ability to move electrical charge through a
resistance. At a time in physics when the word force was used loosely, the potential difference was
named the electromotive force or EMF—a term which is still used in certain contexts.
Voltmeter:
Voltmeter is a device that is used to measure the voltage difference between two points of an electronic
component. The potential difference can be measured by simply connecting the leads across the two
points of a load.
Figure 1: Voltage measurement across the two points/ends of a resistor [1]
Ammeter:
Ammeter is a device that is used to measure the current level of the circuit. Since ammeters measure the
flow of charge, the meter must be placed in the network such that the charge will flow through the
meter. Mistakenly placing the ammeter in parallel with a circuit will blow the fuse, possibly damaging
the meter and causing injury.
Figure 2: Demonstration of measuring current using an Ammeter [2]
Wattmeter:
The wattmeter measures the power delivered by a source and to a dissipative element.
Circuit Breaker and Fuses:
The incoming power to any installation or house or machinery must be limited to ensure the current
through the line is not above the rated value. Otherwise, the instrument may be damaged or serious
hazards like fire or smoke nay result in. To limit the current level circuit breakers and fuses are used.
Fuses have an internal metallic conductor through which the current will pass; a fuse will melt if the
current through the system exceeds the rated value printed on the casing. Of course, if the fuse melts
through, the current path is broken and the load in its path is broken and the load in its path is protected.
Fuses have now been replaced by circuit breakers. In a circuit breaker, when the current exceeds rated
value an electromagnet in the device will have sufficient strength to draw the connecting metallic link
in the breaker out of the circuit and open the current path. When the conditions have been corrected the
breaker can reset and be used again.
Resistance color coding:

You will need to select the resistors from the component drawers with the values as close as you
can get to your selected theoretical values. You may decide to set them down on the table and
lose track of which resistor is which. You can determine the value either measuring it with a
meter or looking at the color coded stripes on the package. The following table shows how to
read this color code
Figure 3: Numerical values of different colors used in resistors. [3]
Multimeter: A multimeter is a device used to measure voltage, resistance and current in electronics &
electrical equipment. It is also used to test continuity between 2 points to verify if there are any breaks
in circuit or line. There are two types of multimeter Analog & Digital-
– Analog has a needle style gauge

– Digital has an LCD display
Common DMM (Digital Multi meter symbol):

Measuring resistance:
Measuring Voltage:
Measuring current:
Breadboard: A breadboard is a reusable solderless device used to build a (generally temporary)

prototype of an electronic circuit and for experimenting with circuit designs. This is, in contrast, to
stripboard (Veroboard) and similar prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build more
permanent prototypes or one-offs, and cannot easily be reused.
Figure 4: Breadboard [4]
This type of board consists of several parts-
•The first part is a metal base plate. This plate is connected to the black (ground) binding post.
This allows for some noise dampening if the circuit is built fairly close to the board.
•The second portion of the board is the binding pose area. This part of the board is typically used
to bring power supply leads onto the board. The black is typically ground and the two red posts
can be used for other power (i.e. +/- 15VDC). Unscrewing the top of the post reveals a hole used
for connecting a discrete wire. Pushing the stripped end of the wire in this hole and tightening
down the cap will make a good electrical connection. The top of the post is hollow to accept a
banana connector from a power supply.
•The third and most important part is the breadboard itself. This white plastic board contains a
series of holes with metal connector strips underneath. This allows
component leads to be pushed into the holes to make contact with other leads and wires. This
breadboard area is broken up into two areas-
➢ Power buss strips: rows W, X, Y and X. These are used to supply power to a circuit at
various points. These strips are usually jumpered to the binding posts by the user. These
are joined together internally to form busses. For example, row W columns 3 thru 31 are
joined together and row W column 34 thru 62 are joined to form another buss.
Component area: rows A-J. These holes are grouped in a set of 5 (column 1 rows A-E, column 1 rows
F-J, etc.) for placing components and making connections. The layout of the connections can be seen
in the figure below. The lines connecting the holes represent the connections made by the metal strips
under the plastic.
Figure 5: Connection patterns among the holes in a breadboard [5]
Electrical power supply: Power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a device
or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy.
Pre-lab homework:
Apparatus:
1. Trainer Board
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. AVO meter or Multi meter
5. DC source
6. Resistors
Precautions:
✓ When measuring voltage, the multimeter must be connected to the two points of a circuit in
order to obtain the desired value. Be careful not to touch the bare probe tips together while
measuring voltage, as this will create a short-circuit!
✓ Never read the value of resistance or perform a continuity test with a multimeter in a circuit that
is energized.
✓ When measuring current, the multimeter must be connected to the circuit so that the electrons
flow through the meter.
✓ Multimeters have practically no resistance between their leads. This is intended to allow
electrons to flow through the meter with the least possible difficulty. If this were not the case,
the meter would add extra resistance in the circuit, thereby affecting the current reading.
Experimental Procedure and calculation:
1. Calculate the values of the supplied resistors using the color code chart theoretically. Then
measure the values using a multimeter and complete the following table:
Table:1
Resistor Value using color code Value using
chart multimeter
R1 1.5k 1.48K
R2 3.5k 3.22K
R3 3k 2.67K
2.Construct the following circuit (Figure 6). Theoretically calculate R T (total resistance), I (total
Current), Vab, Vcd, Va and Vb. Again calculate the same quantities using the multimeter and complete
the table (Table 3) provided below
Figure 6: Circuit schematic to perform the 2nd step of the experimental procedure [6]
Table 2
Theoretical Calculation Multimeter
E readings
RT I Vab V bc Va V cd I Vab Vcd Va Vbc
10 V 7370Ω 1.36mA 2.01 4.37 10.02 3.63 1.36mA 2.03 3.66 10.16 4.43
Theoretical calculations:
Here,
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 1.48kΩ + 3.22 kΩ +2.67 kΩ = 7.37kΩ
For,
E = 10V
V 10 V
∴I= = = 1.36mA
R T 7.37 k Ω
∴ Vab = I × R1 = 1.36mA × 1.48 kΩ = 2.01V
∴ Vbc = I × R2 = 1.36mA× 3.22 kΩ = 4.37V
∴ Va = I × RT = 1.36mA × 7.37kΩ = 10.02V
∴ Vcd = I × R3 = 1.36mA × 2.67 kΩ = 3.63
Multimeter calculation:
For 10 V:
I = 1.36 mA
V ab = 2.03V
V bc = 4.43V
V cd = 3.66V
V a= 10.16V
Answer to Report Question:
1. Show the difference between your theoretical value and Multi meter Value.
Ans: There is some difference between theoretical value and multi meter value.
When,
V = 10
I = 1.36mA – 1.36mA = 0mA
V ab = 2.03 – 2.01 = 0.02 V
V bc = 4.43 – 4.37 = 0.06 V
V cd = 3.66 – 3.63 = 0.03 V
Discussion:
1. Before we began the experiment, we made sure the trainer board and multimeter
were working correctly.
2. Then, we put the resistor where the diagram showed us to.
3. After that, we slowly turned up the voltage because too much could harm the
resistors.
4. There was a problem with the voltage source, but the teacher helped us fix it.
5. We had to very careful about the connection on breadboard. Because the
connection could be broken easily,
6. Finally, we wrote down all the information we found in a table and used it with
the equations given to find the answer.
Conclusion:
In this experiment we've be learned about the basic component of the DC circuit. Also,
we have measured both theoretically and practically different terms of DC circuit such
as current voltage and resistance in Though there was a particular diagram a bit
difference between the two results due to some error in the experiment.
Reference:
[1] Robert L. Boylestad, “Introductory Circuit Analysis”, 10thEdition.

Lab Report Cover Page With Instructions - IEC Lab - Spring 2023-24

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab Report Cover Page With Instructions - IEC Lab - Spring 2023-24

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Faculty of Engineering (FE)

Laboratory Experiment Report

Marking Rubrics for Laboratory Report (to be filled by Faculty)

■ Others:____________, Deduction: mark(s)

2. Theory and Methodology

the meter and causing injury.

Figure 2: Demonstration of measuring current using an Ammeter [2]

Circuit Breaker and Fuses:

Resistance color coding:

Figure 3: Numerical values of different colors used in resistors. [3]

– Analog has a needle style gauge

– Digital has an LCD display

Common DMM (Digital Multi meter symbol):

Breadboard: A breadboard is a reusable solderless device used to build a (generally temporary)

This type of board consists of several parts-

Figure 5: Connection patterns among the holes in a breadboard [5]

Experimental Procedure and calculation:

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 1.48kΩ + 3.22 kΩ +2.67 kΩ = 7.37kΩ

Answer to Report Question:

You might also like