L - 3rd Sem (Hindi Notes) Law of Property Hindi

KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)

NH-24, Jindal Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
LL.B. – 3rd Sem

Subject - LAW OF PROPERTY & EASEMENT ACT, 1882
lEifÙk ds vUrj.k (Transfer of Property)
lEifÙk ds vUrj.k dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Definition of Transfer of Property½
lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e] 1882 dh /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj] lEifÙk vUrj.k ls rkRi;Z ml
dk;Z ls gS] ftlds }kjk dksbZ thfor O;fä ,d ;k vf/kd vU; thfor O;fä;ksa dks] Lo;a
dks ;k Lo;a vkSj ,d vFkok vf/kd vU; thfor O;fä;ksa dks orZeku ;k Hkfo"; esa viuh
lEifÙk dks vUrfjr djrk gSA
vf/kfu;e esa ^lEifÙk ¼Property½ 'kCn dk ç;ksx cgqr gh foLr`r vFkZ esa fd;k x;k gS
blds vUrxZr
1- py ,oa vpy oLrq;sa]
2- ,sls vf/kdkj ftudk ç;ksx vpy oLrqvksa ij fd;k tkrk gS tSl]s mi;ksx djus rFkk
dEtk j[kus dk vf/kdkj]
3- ,sls vfHkdkj] ftudk ç;ksx fdUgha vpy oLrqvksa ij ugha fd;k tkrk tSls _.k dh
iqu% vnk;xh dk vf/kdkj 'kkfey ugha gSA
Example & ,d O;fä fdlh dkjiksjs'ku dk lnL; gksus ds ukrs viuh gh lEifÙk dks
dkjiksjs'ku ds vU; lnL;ksa ds lkFk vUrfjr dj ldrk gSA
lEifr vUrj.k ds vko';d rÙo ¼Essentials of Transfer of Property½
1- thfor O;fä ¼Living Person½ & vUrj.k ds O;ogkj ds vUrxZr lEifÙk dk
vUrj.k djus okyk rFkk vUrfjrh nksuksa gh O;fä;ksa dks thfor gksuk pkfg;sA fdUrq
thfor O;fä;ksa ds vUrxZr dkuuh O;fäRo j[kus okyh lHkh laLFkk;sa tSl%s dEikfu;k¡]
fuxfejk ;k vfuxfer fudk; vkfn 'kkfey gSa] bu laLFkkvksa }kjk ;k buds fgr esa fd;s
x;s vUrj.k Hkh oS/kkfud ekus tk;sx
a sA
2- lEifÙk ¼Property½ & lkekU; ^lEifÙk dk rkRi;Z ml Bksl oLrq ls gS tks LokfeRo
ds vf/kdkj dk fo"k; gksrh gSA bl çdkj blds vUrxZr iêkdrkZ }kjk iêk dh xbZ
oLrq dks okil ysus dk vf/kdkj] pkjkxkg ij i'kq pjkus dk vf/kdkj vkfn 'kkfey gSA
1
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
3- lEifÙk dk vUrj.k ¼Transfer of Property½ & ladqfpr vFkZ esa ^vUrj.k “kCn
Hkwfe ds vf/kdkjksa ls lEcfU/kr dk;ksZ ds fy;s ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq foLr`r vFkZ esa
vUrj.k ds vUrxZr thfor O;fä;ksa ds chp gksus okys lHkh laO;ogkj 'kkfey gksrs gSa
tSls iêk ,oa cU/kd vkfnA bl 'kCn dks fofHkUu oknksa esa gkbZ dksVksZ }kjk O;kid vFkZ esa
ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
Example & lksuh jke cå }kjdk HkkbZ esa foHkktu dks lEifÙk dk vUrj.k ekuk gSA
blds foijhr fdlh efUnj dks lEifÙk dk nku djuk] lq[kkf/kdkj dk l`tu] lEifÙk
ij Hkkj dk mRiUu djuk] ikfjokfjd cUnkscLr ;k le>kSrk] leiZ.k ¼Surrender½
rFkk ifjR;kx ¼Release½ dks lEifÙk dk vUrj.k ugha ekukA
vUrj.kh;rk ds viokn ;k dkSu&lh lEifÙk;ksa vUrfjr ugha dh tk ldrh \
¼Exception to the rule of transferability or what properties may
not be transferred ?½
fof/k'kkL= ds fl)kUrksa ds vuqlkj lkekU;r;k çR;sd çdkj dh lEifÙk vUrfjr dh
tk ldrh gS D;ksfa d vUrj.kh;rk lEifÙk dk çeq[k y{k.k gSaA ;fn dksbZ lEifÙk vUrkj.kh;
ugha gS rks ,slh lEifÙk dks lEifÙk gh ugha ekuk tkrkA
Example & lw;Z dk çdk'k] ok;q rFkk çk‟frd lkSUn;Z dk mi;ksx ekuo ds fy;s
ykHknk;d gS fdUrq fQj Hkh ;s lEifÙk;ka ugha gSa] D;ksafd buesa vUrj.kh;rk ds xq.k dk
vHkko gSA bl çdkj lEifÙk ds vUrj.kh;rk ds viokn fuEufyf[kr gS&
1- fgUnw fof/k ds vUrxZr & fgUnw fof/k ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj] nsoksÙkj vkSj 'ksck;r
lEifÙk;k¡ vkfn vUrj.kh; ugha gksrhA
2- eqfLye fof/k ds vUrxZr & eqfLye fof/k esa eqroYyh dk in oDQ dh lEifÙk vkfn
vUrj.kh; ugha gksrhA
3- LFkkuh; O;oLFkkvksa ds vUrxZr & mÙkj çns'k esa lhjnkjh] vlkeh vkSj vf/koklh
vf/kdkj] cEcbZ çkUr esa oru Hkwfe vkSj ?kVoky bR;kfn vUrj.kh; ugha gksrhA
vpy laifÙk (Immovable Property)
bl vf/kfu;e ds varxZr vpy laifÙk dh ifjHkk"kk dk Lo:i udkjkRed gSA blds
vuqlkj [kM+k dk’B] mxrh Qlysa rFkk ?kkl vf/kfu;e esa py laifÙk ekuh tk;sxhA bUgsa
vpy ugha laifÙk;k¡ laifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e esa Hkh vpy laifÙk gh ekuh tk,xhA vpy
2
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
laifÙk esa rhu ckrs 'kkfey gS rhu 'kkfey ugha gS Hkwfe] Hkwfe ls gksus okys ykHk o Hkqc)
oLrq;s ifjHkk"kk esa 'kkfey dh xbZ gS tcfd [kM+s dk’B mxrh Qlysa ,o ?kkl 'kkfey ugha
gS
[kM+k dk’V fdls dgrs gSa \
lkekU;r% [kM+s gq, gjs Hkjs o`{k vpy laifÙk gh gksrs gSa ijarq [kM+s dk’B bl fl)kar ds
viokn gSa bl Hkko esa ,slh dksfV ds gh o`{k 'kkfey gksx
a s ftudh mi;ksfxrk çeq[kr% Hkou
fuekZ.k ds fy, bekjrh ydfM+;ksa dks nsus ds fy, rFkk ?kj dh ejEer QuhZpj] ukSdk
fuekZ.k] tykus ds fy, ydM+h vkfn ds :i esa gksrh gS ;k nwljs 'kCnksa esa ftudk çeq[k
mi;ksx Qy çkfIr ugha gksrk AU;k;ky;h; vo/kkj.kkvksa ds vuqlkj uhe] 'kh'ke] ccwy Vhd]
ckal vkfn ds isM+ [kM+s dk’B ekus x, gSaA
dk’B nsus okys o`{k ,oa [kM+s dk’B esa varj
;g dguk xyr gS fd lHkh dk"B nsus okys o`{k [kM+s dk’B gSA ek'kZy cuke xzhu ds ekeys
esa o`{kksa ds foØ; dk lkSnk gqvk Fkk lkSns esa of.kZr 'krksZa ds vuqlkj dsz rk ds o`{k dkV dj
rqjar mBk ys tkuk FkkA ;g vHkhfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd ;g Hkwfe ds fdlh fgr dk varj.k
ugh Fkk cfYd ;g ek= dk’B dk foØ; Fkk tks py laifÙk ds varj.k dh fo"k; oLrq FkkA
;g fl)kar çfrikfnr fd;k x;k Fkk fd Qynkj o`{k vpy laifÙk gksrs gSa ;fn i{kdkjksa
dk vk”k; o`{k ds Qy çkIr djuk gks ijarq ;fn foØ; ds i{kdkjks dk vk”k; dk’V dh
Hkkafr o`{k dks dkVuk gks rks os py laifÙk gksxa sA
gjs Qynkj o`{k
,sls o`{k [kM+s dk’B ugha dgs tk ldrs ftudk çeq[k mi;ksx Qy nsus ds fy, gksrk gS
tSls vke] tkequ] egqvk] dVgy] rkM+] [ktwj rFkk uhacw vkfnA ,sls o`{k tc rd Qy nsus
yk;d gks] vpy laifÙk gksaxsA ;fn os “kq’d gks tk, ;k dkV fn, tk,s rks py laifÙk gks
tk,axsA mxrh Qlysa py laifÙk gSA
?kkl py laifÙk gS
bl vf/kfu;e esa /kkjk 2 py laifÙk dk fooj.k nsrh gS ftlesa [kM+s dk’B mxrh Qlysa
?kkl py laifÙk dgs x, gSA o`{kksa ds Qy o jl py laifÙk gSA
lk/kkj.k [kaM vf/kfu;e 1897 bZ0 ds varxZr vpy laifÙk
vpy laifÙk esa gS D;k ;g tkuus ds fy, jftLVªs'ku ,DV tujy Dytst ,DV o laifÙk
varj.k vf/kfu;e rhuksa dks feykdj gh Li"V ifjHkk"kk curh gS
3
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
1- Hkwfe vpy laifÙk gS & Hkwfe 'kCn ds varxZr Hkwfe dk Åijh /kjkry tehu ds varxZr
fLFkr [kfut vkfn oLrq,a /kjkry ij fLFkr vU; ,slh oLr,q tks Hkwfe ls tqM+h gqbZ gks
vkSj /kjkry ij fLFkr lkxj ufn;ka o rkykc vkfn vpy laifÙk gSA
2- Hkwfe esa gksus okys Qk;ns vpy laifÙk gSA
3- Hkwfe ls laxyu oLrq,a & ftudh tM+as tehu esa gks tSls Qynkj o`{k] ftudh uhao
tehu esa gks tSls nhokj edku ;k dqvka rFkk tks Hkwfe esa uhao okyh laifÙk ds LFkkbZ ;k
ykHkçn ç;ksx ds fy, edku esa laxBu gksrh gS tSls edku ds njokts >jks[kk ia[kk
edku esa layXu gS vpy laifÙk;ka gksxhA
/kkjk 13 vtkr O;fä ds Qk;ns ds fy, vUrj.k (Transfer to Unborn Person)

tgk¡ fd lEifr ds vUrj.k ij ml lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr mlh vUrj.k }kjk l`"V fdlh
iwfoZd fgr ds v/;/khu ,sls O;fä ds Qk;ns ds fy,] tks vUrj.k dh rkjh[k dks vfLrRo
esa u gks] l`"V fd;k tkrk gSA ogk¡ ,sls O;fä ds Qk;ns ds fy, l`"V fgr çHkkoh u gksxk
tc rd fd mldk foLrkj lEifÙk esa vUrjd ds lEiw.kZ vof'k"V fgr ij u gksA
Example – ^d^ ml lEifÙk dk] ftldk og Lokeh gS] ^[k^ dks vuqØe'k% vius vkSj
viuh vk'kf;r iRuh ds thoui;ZUr ds fy, vkSj mÙkjthoh dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ vk'kf;r
fookg ds T;s"B iq= ds thoui;ZUr ds fy, vkSj mldh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ ^d^ ds nwljs iq=
ds fy, U;kl ds :i esa vUrfjr djrk gSA T;s"B iq= ds Qk;ns ds fy, bl çdkj l`"V
fgr çHkko'kkyh ugha gksrk gS D;ksfa d mldk foLrkj ml lEifÙk esa ^d^ ds lEiw.kZ vof'k"V
fgr ij ugha gSA
Li’Vhdj.k
lkekU;r;k lEifÙk dk vUrj.k ,d vtkr ¼vtUes½] O;fä dks lh/ks&lh/ks ugha fd;k tk
ldrk D;ksfa d lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj lEifÙk dk vUrj.k thfor
O;fä;ksa ds chp gh lhfer gSA thfor O;fä;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk ds vUrxZr vtkr O;fä ugha
vkrkA vtkr O;fä ls rkRi;Z ml O;fä ls gS tks vfLrRo esa ugha gSA ijUrq bl /kkjk ds
çko/kkuh ds vuqlkj vtkr&O;fä ds ykHk ds fy, lEifÙk dk vUrj.k fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
vtkr O;fä ds ykHk ds fy, vUrj.k ,d U;kl ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc
lEifÙk vUrfjr dh tk;sxh rks og U;kl esa fufgr gks tk;sxh vkSj U;klh blds fof/kd
Lokeh gksaxs ijUrq os lEifÙk dks vtkr O;fä ds ykHk ds fy, /kkfjr djsx
a sA /kkjk vtkr
4
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
O;fä mls ekurh gS tks lEifÙk ds vUrj.k dh frfFk dks vfLrRo esa u gks] ijUrq og cPpk
oks xHkZ esa gS mls vXy ,oa fgUnw nksuksa fof/k;ksa esa vuqlkj vfLrRo esa ekuk tkrk gSA vr%
og cPpk tks xHkZ esa gS] og ,d l{ke vUrfjrh gks ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa og O;fä tks
xHkZ esa gS mls lEifÙk dk vUrj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vtkr O;fä dks lEiw.kZ fgr
/kkjk 13 dh nwljh vko';drk ;g gS fd vktkr O;fä dks tc fgr çkIr gksxk rks mls
lEiw.kZ fgr çkIr gksxkA tc vtkr O;fä esa lhfer fgr dk l`tu fd;k tkrk gS] rc ;g
/kkjk gLr{ksi djrh gS vkSj dgrh gS fd vki ,slk ugha dj ldrsA vkidks vtkr O;fä
dks lEiw.kZ fgr nsuk gksxkA
/;ku jgs tc jksxifÙk dk vUrj.k ml O;fä dks fd;k tkrk gS tks vUrj.k dh frfFk ij
thfor gS rks mlds i{k esa vkthou fgr dk l`tu fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq vtkr O;fä
ds i{k esa vkthou fgr dk l`tu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
Example – ^v^ viuh lEifÙk dk vUrj.k ^^c^^ dks thou&dky ds fy, vkSj mlds
i'pkr~ ^l^ dks thou dky ds fy, vkSj rRi'pkr~ ^n^^ dks thou dky ds fy, djrk gS
rks ,slk vUrj.k oS/k gksxk ;fn] ^c^ ^^l^ ,oa ^n^ rhuksa vUrj.k dh frfFk ij thfor gSaA ;g
/kkjk ,sls vUrj.k dks çfrcaf/kr ugha djrhA
/kkjk 14 'kk'orrk ds fo:) fu;e (Rule against Perpetuity)
dksbZ Hkh lEifÙk&vUrj.k ,slk fgr l`"V djus ds fy;s ço`Ùk ugha gks ldrk tks ,sls
vUrj.k dh rkjh[k dks thfor ,d ;k vf/kd O;fä;ksa ds thou&dky ds vkSj fdlh O;fä
dh] tks ml dkykof/k ds volku ds le; vfLrRo esa gks] ftls ;fn og iw.kZ O;; çkIr
djs rks og l`"V fgr feyuk gks] vçkIro;rk ds i'pkr~ çHkkoh gksuk gSA
fo'ks"krk,¡
1- 'kk'orrk dh fu/kkZfjr vof/k & 'kk'orrk ds fl)kar ds v/kkj ij ,d O;oLFkkRed
vof/k dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gS] ftlds ckn vHkh"V vUrj.k 'kwU; gksxkA /kkjk 14 ds
vuqlkj ;g vof/k thfor O;fä rFkk vfUre vUrfjrh dh vo;Ldrk rd dh vof/k
gSA
2- 'kk'orrk ds fo:) fl)kar dsoy Hkkoh vUrj.kksa ij gh ykxw gksxk & fgr ds orZeku
vUrj.kksa dks 'kk'orrk ds fo#) fu;e ykxw ugha gksxk
5
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
3- Hkkoh fgr dk vUrj.k oS/k ,oa çorZuh; gksuk pkfg;s & ,sls vUrj.k dk fooj.k lEifÙk
vUrj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 13 esa fn;k x;k gS ftlds vuqlkj vKkr O;fä dks vUrj.k
djus ds fy, dqN vko';d 'krksaZ dk vuqikyu vfuok;Z gS( tSls & iwokZfgr dk l`tu
rFkk vtkr O;fä dks iw.kZ fgr dk vUrj.k /kkjk 14 ds fl)kar ds çorZu ds fy, bu
nksuksa 'krksaZ dh mifLFkfr okaNuh; gSA
/kkjk 14 ds vko';d rRo
1- vUrj.k & /kkjk 14 rHkh ykxw gksxh ;fn fdlh lEifÙk dk foØ; ;k nku vkfn fd;k
tk;A Þolh;r ds ekeyksa esa lDls'ku ,sDV ykxw gksxkA blh rjg ikfjokfjd
cUnkscLr] [kkunkuh caVokjk] leiZ.k vkfn esa Hkh /kkjk 14 ugha ykxw gksxh] D;ksfa d ,sls
dk;Z lEifÙk&vUrj.k vf/kfu;e esa vUrj.k ugha ekus x;s gSaA
2- lEifÙk esa fgr dk l`tu & /kkjk 14 mUgha vUrj.kksa esa ykxw gksxh tks fdlh fgr ds
l`tu dh {kerk j[krs gksa vkSj og fgr fdlh lEifÙk esa fn;k tkuk gksA lEifÙk ls ijs
fgr dk l`tu /kkjk 14 ds nk;js ls ckgj gksxk;( tSls & oS;fäd lafonk;s]
vxzdz;ksf/kdkj] foØ; ds fy, djkj vkfnA
3- ,d thfor O;fä ;k vusd thfor O;fä & iwoZfgr pkgs ,sd O;fä dks fn;k tk;]
pkgs vusd O;fä;ksa dks fn;k tk;] pkgs lHkh dks Øe'k% ,d&,d djds fn;ks tk; ;k
la;qä :i esa miHkksx ds fy;s fn;k tk;] 'kk'orrk ds fo#) fl)kUr ds ç;ksx esa
dksbZ vUrj ugha iM+ ldrkA
4- vfUre vUrfjrh dh vo;Ldrk 18 o"kZ ;k 21 o"kZ & vo;Ldrk rd 'kk'orrk oS/k

djkj nh xbZ gSA ;fn vfUre vUrfjrh ukckfyx gks ;k vtkr gks ijUrq vkxs of.kZr
vgZrk ekin.M ij [kjk mÙkjs rks lEifÙk dk vrj.k ml O;fä dh o;Ldrk rd oS/k
gksxkA o;Ldrk dk fu/kkZj.k bafM;u estkWfjth ,DV ds vuqlkj gksxk ftlesa 18 o"kZ
dh vk;q o;Ldrk ds fy;s ekU; gSA
5- vo;Ldrk dk ykHk vUrj.k ds vUr esa ugha çkIr gksxk & Hkkjrh; fof/k ds vuqlkj
vfUre vUrfjrh ;fn vo;Ld gks rks dkuwu mlds fgrksa ds laj{k.k dk fo/kku djus
ds fy;s ‟r ladYi gS ijUrq vtkr O;fä;ksa dks vUrj.k fuf'pr fof/k ds vuqlkj
fd;s tkus ij gh oS/k gksxkA Hkkjrh; fof/k esa 'kk'orrk ds çkjEHk esa xHkZLFk f'k'kq dk
vof'k"V xHkZdky Hkh tksM+k tk;sxk vkaXy fof/k esa vo;Ldrk dk le; 'kk'orrk ds
çkjEHk esa Hkh tksM+k tkrk gS rFkk vUr esa Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gS]
6
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
mnkgj.kkFkZ] baXyS.M esa 'kk'orrk dk vf/kdre le; fuEu çdkj dk gksxkA tSls
lEifÙk X ds lcls cM+s cPps dks thou Hkj ds fy, nh xbZA mlds ckn vof'k"V fgr
X ds lcls cM+s ikS= dks 21 o"kZ gks tkus ij fn;k x;kA vU=j.k ds le; X dk cM+k
cPpk xHkZ esa gSA vUrj.k oS/k gh jgsxk] Hkys gh X dk cM+k cPpk viuh iRuh ds xHkZ esa
vfUre vUrfjrh dks NksM+dj ej tk;A X dk cM+k cPpk rks thfor O;fä ekuk
tk;sxk vkSj X ds ikS= ds xHkZ dky rd foLr`r fgr oS/k gh jgsxkA nksuksa rjQ ds
xHkZdky ekU; jgsx a sA
6- Hkkjrh; fof/k esa vof/k ds ckn xHkZdky dk ykHk vUrfjrh dks ugha çkIr gksrk & pafd
Hkkjrh; fof/k esa vof/k ds ckn xHkZ dky dk ykHk vUrfjrh dks ugha çkIr gksrk] vr,o
vf/kdre 'kk'orrk vof/k fuEu çdkj gksxh& iwoZfgr çkIr O;fDr $ vUrfjrh dk
xHkZdky $+ vfUre vUrfjrh dk vo;Ldrk xHkZdky dk ykHk lkekU; fu;e ds
vuqlkj ugha feyrkA oLrqr% bls ml fLFkfr esa fn;k tkrk gS tc fd vUrfjrh rF;r%
xHkZLFk gksA
7- 'kk'orrk vof/k dh x.kuk ,oa çkjEHk & 'kk'orrk vof/k lh x.kuk fdl le; ls
gksxh\ bl ç'u dk gy foys[k dh ç‟fr ds vuqlkj fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA olh;r ds
ekeyksa esa bl fl)kar dk ç;ksx olh;rdrkZ dh e`R;q ds le; orZeku rF;ksa ,oa
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA ijUrq nku ;k vU; çi=ksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys
vUrj.kksa esa LokfeRo rqjUr gh vUrfjr gks ldrk gSA vr,o] ,slk vUrj.k 'kk'or gS
;k ugha\ bldk fu/kkZj.k] dkxtkr ,oa foys[ku dh frfFk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn
vUrj.k 'kk'or gS rks voS/k gSA
8- 'kk'orrk dk fu/kkZj.k okLrfodrkvksa ij fuHkZj ugha gksrk & 'kk'orrk ds fl)kar dk

ç;ksx okLrfod ?kVukvksa ij fuHkZj ugha gksxkA ;fn orZeku vUrj.k 'kk'orrk ds
v/kkj ij voS/k gks rks mls ckn esa bl vk/kkj ij ns; ugha ekuk tk ldsxk fd
okLrfod ?kVuk 'kk'orrk dk çorZu ugha dj jgh gSA
Example – v us c dks thoufgr vUrfjr fd;kA c ds ckn lEifÙk esa iw.kZ fgr
mldh Hkkoha iRuh dks fn;k x;kA mlds ckn mu cPpksa dks ogh lEifÙk nh xbZ tks c
;k mldh iRuh dh e`R;q ds le; ¼nksuksa esa ftldh e`R;q ckn esa gks½ orZeku gksA D;k
vUrj.k oS/k gS\ c dk fookg Hkh lEHko gSA cPps Hkh lEHko gSaA c dk mldh iRuh dh
e`R;q ds le; thfor jguk Hkh lEHko gks ldrk gSA bl rjg c ¼iwoZfgr½ ds jgrs gq,
gh vfUre vUrfjrh ¼cPpksa dk thfor jguk½ gks ldrk gSA fQj Hkh cPpksa dks fd;k
7
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
x;k vUrj.k 'kwU; gksxk D;ksafd cPpksa ds thou esa vkus ds igys gh c dh e`R;q gks
ldrh gSA
'kk'orrk ds fo:) fu;e ds viokn (Exceptions)
¼1½ nku & 'kk'orrk ml fLFkfr esa oS/k gksxh tc fdlh lEifÙk dk vUrj.k tufgr]
f'k{kk] /keZ] okf.kT;] LokLF;] lqj{kk rFkk ekuo&tkfr ds fy, fgrdj vU; mís';ksa ds
fy, fd;k x;k gksA ,sls ekeyksa esa vUrfjr lEifÙk lnk ds fy, lkalkfjd ç;ktuksa
,oa okf.kT; ls i`Fkd eku yh tkrh gSA
¼2½ oS;fäd çfrlafonk,¡ & uQj pUn cuke dSyk'k pUæ esa -v fdlh Bkdqj ifjokj dk
FkkA mlus c] tks pVthZ ifjokj dk Fkk] mls eafnj dk iqtkjh fu;qä fd;k vkSj dqN
tehu mlds Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy;s vyx dj nhA lkFk esa ;g 'krZ j[kh fd c rFkk
mlds ifjokj okyksa dks gh ih<+h&nj&ih<+h efUnj dk iqtkjh fu;qä fd;k tk;sxk tc
rd fd mUgsa fdlh nqO;Zogkj dk nks"kh u ik;k tk;A D;k ;g 'krZ oS/k Fkh\ bl 'krZ
dk lEcU/k fdlh lEifÙk ls u gksdj O;fä;ksa rd gh lhfer Fkk] vr,o rTtfur
'kk'orrk oS/k ekuh tk ldrh gSA
¼3½ fufgr fgr & fl)kar mu ekeyksa esa Hkh ugha ykxw gksxk ftuesa fgr dk vUrj.k gh u
gks tSls çHkkjA blds vfrfjä pkgs o fgUnw gks ;k eqlyeku] lEifÙk py gks ;k vpy
/kkjk 14 fcuk fdlh dfBukbZ ds ykxw gksrh jgsaxhA
lEifÙk varj.k esa lwpuk dk egRo (Doctrine of Notice)
;fn fdlh O;fä dks fdlh rF; dk Kku gks ;k lEcfU/kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mls Kku gksuk
gh pkfg;s rks oS/kkfud ifjdYiuk gksrh gS fd ml rF; ls mRiUu gksus okys lkjs nkf;Ro
,oa vf/kdkj ml ij gksx a sA
lwpuk ds Hksn (Kinds of Notice)
¼1½ okLrfod lwpuk (Actual Notice)
okLrfod lwpuk ds vko';d rRo & okLrfod lwpuk ds fuEufyf[kr vko';d rRo gSaA
1- fuf'pr KkuA
2- fuf'pr Kku fdlh ,sls O;fä }kjk djk;k tkuk vko';d gS tks lEifÙk esa fgr
j[krk gksA
3- Kku mlh laO;ogkj esa gh feyuk pkfg;s & blh çdkj v us c dks viuk edku
cspkA edku cspus ds iwoZ mlus dqN ugha crk;kA jftLVªh gks tkus ds ckn v us c
8
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
ls dgk fd edku esa dPps xkjs dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA ;g uksfVl ugha gSA o blls
ck/; ugha ekuk tk;sxkA v }kjk ;g okLrfod lwpuk ugha gSA c vxj diV ds
vk/kkj ij foØ; fujLr djuk pkgs rks vkjksi ds tokc esa v] c dks okLrfod
lwpuk gksus dk cpko ugha ys ldrkA
uksfVl ds lEcU/k esa Hkxor flag cuke fnYyh fodkl çkf/kdj.k dk okn mYys[kuh;
gSA blesa fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; us ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd /kkjk 106 lEifÙk vUrj.k
vf/kfu;e ds leqfpr ç;ksx ds fy, fof/kr% lwpuk nsuk vko';d gS] vkSj bl lwpuk esa
;g Li"V gksuk pkfg, fd fdl vpy lEifÙk ds lEcU/k esa çLrqr lwpuk gS bldk mís';
,oa {ks= Li"V :i ls of.kZr gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugha gS rks ,slh lwpuk voS/kkfud gksxh
vkSj {kqC/k i{kdkj }kjk dk;Zokgh ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij bl ij vkifÙk dh tk ldrh gSA
lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 106 ds lEcU/k esa leqfpr uksfVl nsuk vkns'kkRed gS
ftldk mYya?ku iwjh dk;Zokgh dks 'kwU; djokus ds fy, dkQh gksxkA
¼2½ çyf{kr lwpuk (Constructive Notice)
çyf{kr lwpuk ml fLFkfr dks dgrs gSa ftlesa lEcfU/kr i{kdkj dks rF; dk çR;{k
Kku rks ugha dgk tk ldrk] ijUrq og ,slh fLFkfr esa vo'; gksrk gS fd ;fn okLrfod
fLFkfr dk irk yxkuk pkgs] rks ek= {kf.kd ç;kl ls ;FkkfLFkfr dh tkudkjh çkIr dj
ldrk gSA
jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; ds le{k gjdpUn cuke lksgu jkt] ds ekeys esa çFke
dsrk A us Hkw[kaM [kjhnus ds fy, foØsrk C ls djkj fd;kA foØsrk C vgenkckn esa Fkk
tgk¡ og viuk dkjckj djrk Fkk vkSj og Hkw[kaM foØsrk C dks dHkh ugha jgkA f}rh; Øsrk
B us Hkh ogha Hkw[kaM [kjhnus ds fy, C ls djkj fd;kA ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd ;g ugha
dgk tk ldrk Fkk fd f}rh; Øsrk B dks A vkSj C ds chp gq, iwoZ djkj dh tkudkjh
Fkh ij B us tk¡p djus esa ?kksj mis{kk cjrh FkhA
vuqizek.kd ¼gkf'k;k xokg½ mi;qZä lwpuk ls ck/; ugha gksrk & mi;qZä fu;e vUrj.k ds
i{kdkjksa rd gh lhfer gSA vuqiek'ku ds lk{kh bl fl)kar ls ckgj gksrs gSa] D;ksafd mUgsa
nLrkost dh fo"k;&oLrq ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gksrkA
çyf{kr lwpuk ds Hksn (Kinds of Constructive Notice)
¼v½ rF; o fy[kr dh çyf{kr lwpuk & Hkkj ;k vU; nkf;Roksa ds fo"k; esa ;fn i{kksa dks
okLrfod lwpuk çkIr gks xbZ gS rks fof/k dh O;oLFkk }kjk ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd ml
çHkkj ;k nkf;Ro ds fo"k; esa gh ugha vfirq mls mi;qäZ laO;ogkj ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh vk;s
vU; foys[k tSls & cU/kd foys[k] fdjk;kukek] iV~Vk vkfn dk Hkh Kku gksxkA
9
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
¼c½ çHkkj ,oa nkf;Ro dh fLFkfr dh çyf{kr lwpuk & ;fn ;g çekf.kr fd;k tk lds fd
lEcfU/kr i{k us lwpuk ls cpus ds fy, gh tku&cw>dj ,slk vkpj.k fd;k gS ftlls fd
mls okLrfod lwpuk ugha fey ldh] rks mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa çHkkj rFkk vU; nkf;Roksa dk
lkadsfrd Kku ml ij Fkksi fn;k tkrk gSA
çyf{kr lwpuk dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡
izyf{kr lwpuk fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gksrh gS &
1- izekn ;k ?kksj izekn
2- jftLVªh
3- okLrfod dCtk
4- vH;kjksfir lwpuk
5- lEifÙk dh ekSds ij fLFkfr ,slh ik¡p ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gS ftuesa izyf{kr lwpuk ekuh tk
ldrh gSA
¼/kkjk 5½ lEifÙk dk vUrj.k (Transfer of Property)
lEifÙk ds vUrj.k dh ifjHkk"kk
vkxkeh /kkjkvksa esa ÞlEifÙk ds vUrj.k^^ ls ,slk dk;Z vfHkçsr gS ftlds }kjk dksbZ
thfor O;fä ,d ;k vf/kd vU; thfor O;fä;ksa dks ;k Lo;a dks vFkok Lo;a vkSj ,d ;k
vf/kd vU; thfor O;fä;ksa dks orZeku esa ;k Hkfo"; esa lEifRr gLrkUrfjr djrk gS vkSj
ÞlEifÙk dk vUrj.k djuk^^ ,slk dk;Z djuk gSA
bl /kkjk esa ^thfor O;fä ds vUrxZu daiuh ;k laxe ;k O;fä;ksa dk fudk;] pkgs
og fuxfer gks ;k u gks] vkrk gS] fdUrq ,rfLeu~ vUrfoZ"V dksbZ Hkh ckr daifu;ksa] laxeksa
;k O;fä;ksa ds fudk;ksa dks ;k ds }kjk fd;s tkus okys lEifÙk vUrj.k ls lEcfU/kr fdlh
Hkh rRle; ço`Ùk fof/k ij çHkko] u MkysxhA
lEifRr vUrj.k ds vko';d rRo
1- thfor O;fä & vUrj.k ds O;ogkj ds vUrxZr lEifRr dk vUrj.k djus okyk rFkk
vUrfjrh nksuksa gh O;fDr;ksa dks thfor gksuk pkfg;sA fdUrq thfor O;fDr;ksa ds
vUrxZr dkuwuh O;fDrRo j[kus okyh lHkh laLFkk;sa tSls & dEifu;k¡] fuxfer ;k
vfuxfer fudk; vkfn “kkfey gSA bu laLFkkvksa }kjk ;k buds fgr esa fd;s x;s
vUrj.k Hkh oS/kkfud ekus tk;sx
a sA
10
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
2- lEifRr & lkekU; lEifRr dk rkRi;Z ml Bksl oLrq ls gS tks LokfeRo ds vf/kdkj
dk fo’k; gksrh gSA bl izdkj blds vUrxZr iV~VkdrkZ }kjk iV~Vk dh xbZ oLrq dks
okil ysus dk vf/kdkj] pkjkxkg ij i”kq pjkus dk vf/kdkj vkfn “kkfey gSA
3- lEifRr dk vUrj.k & ladqfpr vFkZ esa vUrj.k “kCn Hkwfr ds vf/kdkjksa ls lEcfU/kr
dk;ksZa ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq foLr`r vFkZ esa vUrj.k ds vUrxZr thfor
O;fDr;ksa ds chp gksus okys lHkh laO;ogkj “kkfey gksrs gSa tSls & iV~Vk ,oa cU/kd
vkfnA
^vuq;ksT; nkos^ (Actionable claim)
/kkjk 3 ds vuqlkj] okn;ksX; nkos ls rkRi;Z fdlh ,sls _.k ds nkos ls gS tks&
1- vpy lEifÙk ds cU/kd }kjk çfrHkwr ¼Secured½ ugha fd;k x;k gS] ;k
2- py lEifÙk ds vkMeku ¼Hypothecation½ ;k fxjoh ¼Pledge½ }kjk çfrHkwr
ugha fd;k x;k gS] ;k
3- py lEifÙk esa fdlh ykHknk;d fgr dk ,slk nkok gks tks nkosnkj ds okLrfod ;k
jpukRed dCts esa u gks rFkk ftls nhokuh vnkyrsa vuqrks"k fnykus okyk vk/kkj
ekurh gSa Hkys gh ,slk _.k ;k ykHknk;d fgr] orZeku] Hkkoh ns;] ¼Accured½]
l'krZ ;k lEHkkfor gksA
vr% la{ksi esa ,d okn;ksX; nkos dk vFkZ gS&
1- fdlh vçfrHkwr _.k ¼Unsecured Debt½ dk nkokA
2- py lEifÙk esa fdlh ykHknk;d fgr dk nkokA
3- ,slk _.k ¼Debt½ ;k ykHknk;d fgr ¼Beneficial Interest½ dk nkok tks
orZeku] Hkkoh ns;] l'krZ ;k lEHkkfor gksA
os tks okn;ksX; gSa ¼Claims which are actionable½
1- fdlh QeZ ds ikVZuj }kjk Hkax dh gqbZ QeZ dh lEifÙk dk fglkc ek¡xus dk
vf/kdkjA
2- chek ikfylh ds v/khu ns; jde dk nkok ¼';kenkl cå lkfo=h ckbZ½A
3- eky [kjhnus ds fy;s dh xbZ lafonk ds ykHk ds çfr nkos dk vf/kdkj ¼tQj lnj
vyh cuke ctct twV feYl½A
4- cdk;k fdjk;s ds fy;s nkok ¼ghjkyky cå f=iqjkpju½A
5- Hkfo"; fuf/k ds fy;s nkokA
6- c;ukek elwa[k gks tkus ij Øsrk dk #i;k çkIr djus dk vf/kdkjA
11
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
nkos tks okn;ksX; ugha gSa ¼Claims which are not actionable½
1- ;|fi ,d _.k okn;ksX; nkok gS fdUrq ;fn U;k;ky; }kjk _.k dh vkKfIr
¼Decree½ ikfjr dj nh xbZ gS rks og okn;ksX; nkok ugha jg tkrk ¼vQty cå
jkedqekj½
2- lafonk&Hkax gsrq {kfriwfrZ dk vf/kdkj ¼bUnj cå j?kqohj] 1930½A
3- e/;orhZ ykHkksa ¼Mesne Profit½ dks çkIr djus dk vf/kdkj ¼t; ukjk;.k cå
fd'uwnÙk½A
4- fglkc djus ds fy;s nkos dk vf/kdkj rFkk fglkc esa ns; jde ds Hkqxrku dk nkok
¼{ks= eksgu cå fo'oukFk½ A
5- dkihjkbV ¼lkfo=h cå }kjdk½A
okn;ksX; nkos dk vUrj.k ¼Transfer of Actionable Claim½ &
/kkjk 130 ds vuqlkj] okn;ksX; nkos dk vUrj.k pkgs og lçfrQy gks ;k
çfrQyghu gks dsoy fyf[kr&i= ds fu"iknu }kjk gh] ftl ij vUrj.kdrkZ ds gLrk{kj
gks]a çHkkfor fd;k tk;sxkA bl nLrkost dk jftLVªhdj.k vko';d ugha gSA ;fn
gLrkUrj.k djus dk bjknk Li"V gS rks gLrkUrj.k dks çHkkfor djus ds fy;s fo'ks"k 'kCnksa
dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] gLrkUrj.k iw.kZ ekuk tk;sxk Hkys gh _.kh dks bldh lwpuk u
nh xbZ gksA
Example – thou chek ikfylh ,d okn;ksX; nkok gSA vr% bldk vUrj.k dsoy ,d
fyf[kr nLrkost ds }kjk] ftl ij vUrj.kdrkZ ;k mlds oS| çfrfuf/k ds gLrk{kj gks]a gh
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
pquko dk fl)kUr ¼Doctrine of Election½
lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e 1882 dh /kkjk 35] fuokZpu ;k pquko ds lkfE;d
¼Equitable½ fl)kUr dks LFkkfir djrh gS] ftldk çHkko lHkh çdkj dh lEifÙk;ksa]
mÙkjHkksxh vf/kdkjksa] nwjLFk vkSj rkRdkfyd vUrj.kksa esa fof/k ds Åij gksrk gSA fuokZpu ls
rkRi;Z nks oSdfYid ;k vlaxr vf/kdkjksa ds chp ls ,d dk pquko djuk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;fn fdlh O;fä ds lkeus nks fodYi ekStwn gksa vkSj og nksuksa esa ls
fdlh ,d gh pquus dk vf/kdkjh gks ;k nks vlaxr voLFkk gksa ftuesa ls fdlh ,d dk
pquko ;k nwljs dk [k.Mu djuk vko';d gks rc ,slh voLFkk esa pquko dh vko';drk
iM+rh gSA
12
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
Example & lqyrkuiqj dk ,d [ksr l dh lEifÙk gS vkSj og 801 #i;s ewY; dk gSA
v ,d nku i= }kjk ml [ksr dks c dks vUrfjr djus dh çfrKk djrk gS vkSj mlh
nku&i= }kjk l dks 1]000 #i;s nsus dk oknk djrk gSA l vius [ksr dks vius ikl
cuk;s j[kus dk fodYi ysrk gSA ,slh n'kk esa l 1]000 :i;s dk nku çkIr ugha dj
ldrk D;ksfa d nku rHkh çkIr gks ldrk gS tcfd l viuk [ksr c dks lkSai nsA
fl)kUr ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of the Doctrine½
pquko dk fl)kUr ykxw gksus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr 'krksaZ dk iwjk gksuk vko';d gS&
1- vukf/k‟r lEifÙk dk vUrj.k gksuk pkfg;s ¼Transfer must be of
unauthorised property½ & vUrj.kdrkZ fdlh vU; O;fä dks lEifÙk dk
vUrj.k d ftls vUrj.k djus dk og vf/kdkjh u gks vFkkZr fuokZpu dsoy mlh
lEifÙk ldrk gS ftldk vUrj.kdrkZ Lokeh u gksA
2- fuokZpu ds fy;s ck/; O;fä dk vukf/kdr :i esa vUrfjr lEifÙk esa fgr gkuk pkfg;s
& ftl lEifÙk dk vf/k‟r :i ls vUrj.k fd;k tkuk gks mlesa fuokZpd dk LokfeRo
fgr gksuk pkfg;sA tSls & v] 1000 #i;s c dks- nsrk gS vkSj blds cnys v] c dk
edku l dks nsrk gSA fuokZpu dk ç'u rHkh iSnk gksxk tcfd ml edku esa c dk
LokfeRo ¼Ownership½ gksA
3- ogh laO;ogkj gksuk pkfg;s ¼Transaction must be the same½ & vukf/k‟r
vkSj vf/k‟r vUrj.k ,d gh nLrkost ds nks Hkkx gksus pkfg;sA ;fn v us viuh
lEifÙk c dks nh gks vkSj nwljs LorU= nLrkost }kjk c dh lEifÙk l dks nh gks rks os
LorU= vkSj lEc) vUrj.k gSaA ,slh n'kk esa fuokZpu dk fl)kUr ykxw u gksxkA ;fn
lEifÙk ds nksuksa vUrj.k vyx&vyx nLrkost }kjk fd;s tkrs gSa rks buesa vf/k‟r
lEifÙk dk vUrj.k rks oS/k gksxk fdUrq vukf/k‟r lEifÙk dk vUrj.k 'kwU; ¼Void½
gksxkA
4- lEifÙk ds Lokeh dks çR;{k ykHk fn;k tkuk pkfg;s ¼Direct benefit must be
given to the owner of the property½ & bl fl)kUr ds }kjk lEifÙk ds
okLrfod Lokeh dks ykHk nsdj pquko ds fy;s çsfjr fd;k tkrk gS tSls & v dks 1]000
#i;s dh lEifÙk ds LFkku ij 1]000 :i;s dk ykHk vUrj.kdrkZ ns jgk gSA tc rd
,slk ykHk vukf/k‟r :i ls vUrfjr dh tkus okyh lEifÙk ds Lokeh v dks ugha fn;k
tkrk rc rd v dks mldh gh lEifÙk dk voS/kkfud :i ls vUrj.k fd;s tkus ij
vkifÙk djus ls jksdk ugha tk ldrkA
13
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
5- fl)kUr dk fØ;k'khy Hkkx & ;fn mijksä 'krZ ekStwn gks rks ykHk çkIr djus okys
O;fä ij ;g nkf;Ro gksxk fd ;k rks ,sls nLrkost dks iw.kZr% Lohdkj djs ;k vLohdkj
djsA ;fn og nLrkost dks vLohdkj djrk gS rks mldh lEifÙk mlh ds ikl jgsxh
rFkk fn;k x;k ykHk iqu% vUrj.kdrkZ ds ikl pyk tk;sxkA ,slh voLFkk esa
vUrj.kdrkZ ij fujk'k vUrfjrh ¼Disappointed Donee½ dh {kfriwfrZ dk çHkkj
gksxkA fdUrq {kfriwfrZ dk ;g nkf;Ro dsoy mUgha ekeyksa esa gksxk ftuesa çfrQy u
fn;k x;k gksA çfrQyghu okys ekeyksa esa {kfriwfrZ dk nkf;Ro dsoy rHkh gksxk tcfd
vUrj.kdrkZ dh e`R;q gks pqdh gks ;k u;k vUrj.k djus dh mlesa {kerk u jg xbZ gksA
,slh voLFkk esa vUrj.kdrkZ ds mÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa ij eqvkotk nsus dk vfuok;Z nkf;Ro
gksxkA
6- vUrj.kdrkZ dk fo'okl ¼Confidence of Transferor½ & fuokZpu fl)kUr ds

ç;ksx esa vUrj.kdrkZ dk vukf/k‟r :i esa vUrj.k dks tkus okyh lEifÙk ds Lokeh esa
fo'okl gks ;k u gks] ijUrq pquko dk fl)kUr çR;sd fLFkfr esa ykxw gksxk ;fn gkfu
nksuksa mlh O;fä ij vk jgh gksaA
7- Lrj dh fHkUurk ¼Different Capacity½ & ;g fl)kUr ogk¡ ykxw ugha gksrk tgk¡
,d O;fä vius O;fäxr Lrj esa ykHk çkIr djs rFkk vU; fdlh Lrj tSl]s VªLVh ;k
laj{kd esa vUrj.k ds nkf;Ro okys Hkkx dks vLohdkj djs nsA nwljs 'kCnksa esa tc ,d
O;fä dks dksbZ ykHk ,d Lrj esa rFkk gkfu nwljs Lrj esa çkIr gksrh gS rks ,slh voLFkk
esa fuokZpu dk fl)kUr] ykxw ugha gksrkA bl çdkj ;g fl)kUr dsoy rHkh ykxw gksrk
gS tc fdlh O;fä dks ykHk vkSj gkfu ,d gh Lrj esa çkIr gks vU;Fkk ughaA
Hkkjrh; rFkk vaxzsth fof/k esa pquko lEcU/kh vUrj ¼Distinction betwee Indian
and English Law of Election½
tgk¡ rd pquko nLrkost ds vuqdwy x;k gS ogk¡ rd Hkkjrh; ,oa vkaXy fof/k esa
dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA fdUrq tgk¡ nLrkost ds f[kykQ gS ogk¡ nksuksa fof/k;ksa esa fuEufyf[kr
vUrj gS&
1- 'kCnkoyh esa vUrj & vkaXy fof/k esa ykHk fn;s tkus okys O;fä dks gBh vUrkjrh
¼Refractory Donee½ rFkk vukf/k‟r :i ls nh tkus okyh lEifÙk ds çkIrdrkZ
dks fujk'k vUrfjrh ¼Disappointed Donee½] dgk tkrk gS tcfd blds
foifjr Hkkjrh; fof/k esa ykHk fn;s tkus okyk i{k fujk'k vUrfjrh rFkk vukf/k‟r
14
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
:i ls lEifÙk dks çkIr djus okyk gBh vUrfjrh dgykrk gSA bu nksuksa oxksaZ dks
nksuksa fof/k;ksa esa vyx&vyx vf/kdkj çkIr gSaA
2- gBh vUrfjrh dks çkIr vf/kdkj & vk¡Xy fof/k esa fuokZpu eqvkots
¼Compensation½ ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA vr% gBh vUrfjrh ;fn pkgs rks
ykHk /kkj.k dj ldrk gSA ,slh voLFkk esa mls viuh lEifÙk Hkh feyh jgsxh] ykHk
Hkh çkIr gks tk;sxk rFkk fuokZpu Hkh ugha djuk gksxk c'krsZ fd og fujk'k vUrfjrh
dks iwjk eqvkotk nsA blds foijhr Hkkjrh; fl)kUr tCrh ¼Foriciture½ dh uhfr
ij vk/kkfjr gSA vr% gBh vUrfjrh çLrkfor ykHkksa dks /kkj.k ugha dj ldrkA
3- fujk'k vUrfjrh ds vf/kdkj & vkaXy fof/k esa fujk'k vUrfjrh dks gBh vUrfjrh dks
fn;s tkus okys ykHk ij çHkkj ¼Charge½ dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; fof/k esa
fujk'k vUrfjrh dk nkok vUrj.kdrkZ ds mÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj vUrj.kdrkZ ds fo#)
gksrk gS u fd gBh vUrfjrh ds fo#)A
4- pquko dk LFkxu ¼Suspension of Election½ & Hkkjrh; fof/k esa fuokZpd

;fn ukckfyx ;k vleFkZ gks rks pquko dks rc rd LFkfxr dj fn;k tk;sxk tc
rd fd rFkkdfFkr vleFkZrk [kRe u gks tk;s ;k fuokZpd dh vksj ls fdlh vU;
vf/k‟r O;fä;ksa }kjk fuokZpu u dj fy;k tk;s tcfd vkaXy fof/k esa ukckfyxksa dh
vksj ls U;k;ky; Lo;a pquko djrk gSA
diViw.kZ vUrj.k dk fl)kUr ¼Doctrine of Fraudulent Transfer½
/kkjk 53 ds vuqlkj] _.knkrkvksa dks ijkftr ;k foyfEcr djus ds mís'; ls fd;k
x;k vUrj.k ,sls ijkftr ;k foyfEcr _.knkrkvksa ds fodYi ij 'kwU;dj.kh; gksrk gSA
/kkjk 53 ds nks Hkkx gSa&
1- /kkjk ds çFke Hkkx ds vuqlkj] ÞçR;sd ,slk vUrj.k tks vpy lEifÙk dk gS rFkk
vUrj.kdrkZ ds _.knkrkvksa ds fgr dks ijkftr ;k foyfEcr djus ds mís'; ls fd;k
x;k gS- rks og ,sls ijkftr ;k foyfEcr dtZnkjksa esa ls fdlh ds Hkh fodYi ij
'kwU;dj.kh; gksxkA ;gk¡ ij _.knkrk 'kCn dks O;kid vFkksZ esa ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS vkSj
blds vUrxZr os lHkh O;fä vkrs gSa tks vUrj.k dh rkjh[k dks _.knkrk gSa vkSj tks
ckn esa _.knkrk cu tkrs gSaA bl çdkj os O;fä tks fMØhnkj gSa vkSj ftuds nkos
U;k;ky; esa fopkjk/khu gSa _.knkrk gSaA^^
15
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
Example – tks cqjh rjg ls _.kxzLr gS vkSj ftu O;fä;ksa dh vksj ls _.kksa dh
vnk;xh ds eqdnesa mlds fo#) 'kq: fd;s tkus gSa] muls vius edku dks uhykeh ls
cpkus ds mís'; ls viuk edku [k dks csp nsrk gSA ;fn [k lEifÙk dk [kjhnkj d
lEifÙk ds Lokeh ds diViw.kZ vk'; dks tkurk Fkk] rks _.knkrkvksa ds fodYi ij [k
ds uke fd;k x;k foØ; [kkfjt fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- /kkjk 53 ds nwljs Hkkx ds vuqlkj] Þvpy lEifÙk dk çR;sd ,slk vUrj.k tks fcuk
çfrQy ds vkSj bl mís'; ls fd;k x;k gS fd mÙkjHkkoh vUrfjrh ¼Subsequent
Transferce½ dks /kks[kk fn;k tk lds rks og vUrj.k ,sls vUrfjrh ds fodYi ij
'kwU;dj.kh; ¼Voidable½ gSAß
Example & v viuh lEifÙk dk fuiVkjk vius cPpksa esa djrk gSA rRi'pkr~ v
ml lEifÙk dks c dks csp nsrk gSA ;fn c ;g fl) dj lds fd og foØ; mls /kks[kk
nsus ds mís'; ls fd;k x;k gS rks og fuiVkjk [kkfjt fd;k tk ldsrk gSA
diViw.kZ vUrj.k ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of the Fraudulent Transfer½
diViw.kZ vUrj.k dks 'kwU;dj.kh; Bgjkus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr rRoksa dk iwjk gksuk vko';d
gS&
1- vpy lEifÙk ¼Immovable Property½ & loZçFke ;g vko';d gS fd vUrj.k
vpy lEifÙk dk fd;k x;k gks u fd py lEifÙk dkA vpy lEifÙk ds vUrxZr Hkwfe]
Hkwfe dh Åijh lrg] [kfut] edku] nhokj rFkk Hkwfe ls layXu isM+ vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
2- oS/k vUrj.k ¼Valid Transfer½ & vUrj.k 'kCn ds vUrxZr fcØh] cU/kd] iêk] nku
rFkk fofue; vkfn 'kkfey gSaA diViw.kZ vUrj.k dks 'kwU; ?kksf"kr rHkh djk;k tk ldrk
gS tcfd vpy lEifÙk dk vUrj.k oS/k vkSj çorZuh; gksA ;fn fdlh ekeys esa vUrj.k
vkjEHk ls gh 'kwU; gks rks mls fof/k dk laj{k.k ugha feysxk vkSj u gh ;g 'krZ ykxw
gksxhA
3- diViw.kZ mís'; ¼Fraudulent Intention½ & lkekU;r;k diViw.kZ mís'; ls

vUrj.k ml voLFkk esa gksrk gS tc vUrj.kdrkZ leLr vpy lEifÙk dks egktuksa ds
_.kksa ds vk/kkj ij tCrh ;k uhykeh ls cpkus ds fy;s mls csp dj #i;ksa esa cny
ysrk gS ftlls mlds egktuksa ds dtZ dh olwyh u gks lds vkSj lEifÙk vUrj.kdrkZ
ds fgr esa lqjf{kr jgsA
16
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
diViw.kZ vUrj.k ds fl)kUr dk çHkko ¼Effect of the Doctrine of Fraudulent

Transfer½
bl fl)kUr dk çeq[k mís'; fdlh _.kh O;fä }kjk fd;s vUrj.k ls mlds fcuk
Hkqxrku fd;s egktuksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks lqj{kk çnku djuk gSA ;g lqj{kk ml voLFkk esa Hkh
dh tkrh gS tc dtZnkj vius egktu dks dtZ pqdkus esa nsjh djrk gSA
Example & v tks c dk 20 gtkj #i;s dk dtZnkj gS rFkk ftlds ikl ,d edku
gS vkSj 300 #i;s ekfld osru ij QSDVªh esa ukSdjh djrk gSA v us bl bjkns ls fd c dk
dtZ nsjh ls pqdk;k tk lds] viuk edku fdlh vU; O;fä dks csp fn;kA ;fn v ;g
rdZ is'k djs fd og vius osru ls 50 #i;s ekfld nsuk pkgrk gS rks ,slh voLFkk esa ;g
ekuk tk;sxk fd mlus vius edku dk vUrj.k c ds Hkqxrku dks nsj djus ds mís'; ls
fd;k gSA vr% ;g vUrj.k c ds fodYi ij 'kwUdj.kh; gksxkA
/kkjk 53 dh mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds vuqlkj] ;g fl)kUr dtZnkj ds fnokfy;k gksus dh n'kk esa Hkh
egktu ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djrk gSA
Example & ;fn dksbZ egktu _.kh ij ;g eqdnek pyk;s fd ml ij bruk vf/kd
dtZ gS fd mldh leLr lEifÙk ls Hkh mlds _.k dk Hkqxrku ugha gks ldrkA vr%
_.kh dks fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr fd;k tk;sA ;fn _.kh bl okn ds nkSjku viuh lEifÙk fdlh
vU; O;fä dks csp ns vkSj ckn esa mls fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tk;s rks vUrfjrh ds
i{k esa dh xbZ fcØh egktu ds fodYi ij 'kwU;dj.kh; gksxhA
viokn ¼Exception½ & diViw.kZ vUrj.k dk fl)kUr fuEufyf[kr nks voLFkkvksa esa
ykxw ugha gksrk&
1- ln~Hkko vkSj çfrQy nsus okyk vUrfjrh ¼Transferee in Good Faith and
for Consideration½ & tc varfjrh us fdlh lEifÙk dks çfrQy ds ,ot esa
ln~HkkoukiwoZd [kjhnk gks rFkk mlus u rks vUrj.kdrkZ dh diViw.kZ ;kstuk esa lg;ksx
gh fn;k Fkk vkSj u gh mls mldh ;kstuk dh tkudkjh gh Fkh] rks ,slh voLFkk esa
mlds vf/kdkj lqjf{kr jgsaxs Hkys gh vUrj.kdrkZ us vUrj.k diViwoZd gh D;ksa u fd;k
gksA ,slk vUrj.k vUrj.kdrkZ ds egktu ds fodYi ij 'kwU;dj.kh; ugha gksxkA
2- fnokfy;kiu fof/k ¼Insolvency Law½ & diViw.kZ varj.k dk fl)kUr ,sls ekeyksa
esa ykxw ugha gksrk tgk¡ fnokfy;kiu lEcU/kh fof/k ykxw gksrh gSA fnokfy;kiu dh fof/k
ds vUrxZr fdlh fu.khZr fnokfy;s ds }kjk ,d egktu dks nwljs ds eqdkcys esa
çkFkfedrk ¼Preference½ nsuk diViw.kZ gksrk gSA blh çdkj ;fn vUrj.k dh rkjh[k
17
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
ds ckn nks lky dh vof/k esa vUrj.kdrkZ U;k;ky; }kjk fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k
tkrk gS rks vUrj.k] fcuk ;g fl) fd;s fd vUrj.kdrkZ dk vk'k; diViw.kZ ugha Fkk]
fujLr le>k tk;sxk
vkaf'kd ikyu dk fl)kUr ¼Doctrine of Part Performamce½
vkaf'kd ikyu ds lkfE;d fl)kUr dk eq[; mís'; ln~Hkkoh vUrfjrh ¼Bonafide
Transferee½ ds vf/kdkjksa dks laj{k.k çnku djuk gSA /kkjk 53 dk dguk gS fd ;fn
dksbZ vUrj.kdrkZ] fdlh vpy lEifr dk vUrj.kdrkZ gS ;k vUrfjr djus dk ,slk lafonk
djrk gS&
1- tks fyf[kr ¼Written½ gks rFkk vUrj.kdrkZ ;k mldh vksj ls vf/k‟r O;fä }kjk
gLrk{kfjr ¼Signed½ gks] rFkk
2- vUrfjrh ,sls vUrj.k ds cnys esa çfrQy nsrk gks] rFkk
3- vUrj.k dh tkus okyh lEifÙk dk dCtk çkIr djrk gS ;k ;fn ,slh lEifÙk lafonk
gksus ls iwoZ gh mlds dCts esa gks rks og vius dCts dks lqjf{kr j[krk gks] rFkk
4- blds lkFk gh og vUrfjrh vius lafonkRed nkf;Ro dks ;k rks iwjk dj pqdk gks ;k
og ,sls nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus dk bPNqd gks] rFkk
5- mlus lafonk ds dqN Hkkx dk ikyu Hkh dj fy;k gks]
rc ,slh voLFkk esa vUrj.kdrkZ ;k mlds fdlh v/khuLFk O;fä dks ;g vf/kdkj ugha
gS fd og vUrfjrh ;k mlds v/khuLFk fdlh O;fä dks dsoy bl vk/kkj ij fd vUrj.k
nLrkost jftLVMZ ugha gqvk gS ;k lafonk dk çk:i ¼Form½ ugha gS] dCts ls csn[ky
ugha dj ldrkA
Example & v vkSj c vkil esa ,d fyf[kr lafonk djrs gSa ftlds vuqlkj v viuk Z
uked IykV c dks iês ij nsrk gSA c igys ls gh Z IykV ds dCts esa FkkA lafonk dh 'krZ
ds vuqlkj c us ml IykV ij edku cuk fy;kA rRi'pkr~ ;fn v] c dks ml edku ls
csn[ky djus gsrq okn pykrk gS rks og lQy ugha gks ldrk D;ksfa d lafonk fyf[kr gS
vkSj c igys ls gh IykV ds dCts esa gS rFkk lafonk dh 'krZ ds vuqlkj gh mlus edku
cuk;k gSA vr% /kkjk 53-A dh vko';drk;sa iw.kZ gksus ds dkj.k v }kjk c dks csn[ky
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
18
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
vkaf'kd ikyu ds fl)kUr ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of Doctrine of Part

Performance½
/kkjk 53-A ds vuqlkj] vkaf'kd ikyu ds fl)kUr dks ykxw gksus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr 'krksZa
dk iwjk gksuk vko';d gS&
1- lafonk ¼Contract½ & vUrj.kdrkZ vkSj vUrfjrh ds chp ,d ,slk fyf[kr lafonk
gksuk pkfg;s] ftldh 'krsZ vkSj rF; Li"V :i ls le>us ;ksX; gks]a rFkk i{kksa ;k muds
çfrfuf/k;ksa }kjk gLrkf{kjr gksuk pkfg;sA vr% fl)kUr dks ykxw gksus ds fy;s vko';d
gS fd i{kksa ds chp ,d fyf[kr lafonk gks rFkk ,slk lafonk Li"V gksuk pkfg;sA ekSf[kd
laO;ogkjksa ds lEcU/k esa ;g fl)kUr dksbZ laj{k.k çnku ugha djrkA
2- vpy lEifÙk ¼Immovable Property½ & bl fl)kUr dks ykxw gksus ds fy;s
nwljh vko';d 'krZ ;g gS fd vUrj.k vpy lEifÙk dk gksuk pkfg;s u fd py
lEifÙk dkA vpy lEifÙk esa Hkwfe ij [kM+s isM+ o mxh Qlysa rFkk ?kkl ds vykok vU;
lHkh oLrq;sa tks Hkwfe ls layXu gSa rFkk Hkwfe ls çkIr gksus okys ykHk tSl]s fdjk;k ,oa
yxku vkfn Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
3- lçfrQy vUrj.k ¼Transfer for Consideration½ & lEifÙk dk vUrj.k

çfrQy dh ,ot esa gksuk pkfg;sA ;fn vUrj.k çfrQyghu fd;k x;k gS rks /kkjk 53-
A ykxw ugha gksxhA
Example – nku] lEifÙk dk foHkktu rFkk ikfjokfjd cUnkscLr D;ksfa d çfrQyghu

vUrj.k gksrs gSa vr% buesa vkaf'kd ikyu dk fl)kUr ykxw ugha gksrkA fdUrq blds
foijhr iês rFkk Hkksx&cU/kd esa pwfa d vUrj.k çfrQy ds fy;s gksrk gS vr% buesa-
vkaf'kd ikyu dk fl)kUr ykxw gksrk gSA
4- dCtk ¼Possession½ & ;fn vUrfjr dh xbZ lEifÙk ij Øsrk dk dCtk vUrj.k
dh rkjh[k ls igys gh gS rks mldk ,slk dCtk Lor% gh lafonk dk vkaf'kd ikyu ugha
gksxk tc rd fd mldk ,slk dCtk vU; vkpj.kksa }kjk çekf.kr u dj fn;k tk;sA
vkaf'kd ikyu ds fl)kUr dks- ykxw gksus ds fy;s vko';d gS fd Øsrk us [kjhnh xbZ
lEifÙk dks ,d ckj çkIr dj fy;k gks Hkys gh mls eqdnes dh rkjh[k ij dCts ls
csn[ky dj fn;k x;k gksA
5- vUrfjrh }kjk lafonk dk vkaf'kd ikyu ¼Part Performance of contract by
transferee½ & vUrfjrh }kjk lafonk dk ;k rks vkaf'kd ikyu fd;k tk pqdk gks
19
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
;k og ikyu djus ds fy;s rS;kj gksA lkFk gh vUrfjrh }kjk lafonk dks iwjk djus ds
fy;s dqN vU; dk;Z tSl(s [ksr ij edku cukuk] Qly cksuk] ekyxqtkjh nsuk] [ksr ij
isM+ yxokuk vkfn] Hkh fd;s tkus pkfg;saA
fofue; ¼Exchange½
fofue; dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Definition of Exchange½
/kkjk 118 ds vuqlkj] ^^tc nks O;fä ,d oLrq dk LokfeRo fdlh vU; oLrq ds
LokfeRo ds fy;s ijLij vUrfjr djrs gSa] ftu nksuksa oLrqvksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh dsoy /ku ugha
gS ;k nksuksa oLrq;sa dsoy /ku gSa rc og laO;ogkj fofue; dgykrk gSA^^ fofue; dks iwjk
djus ds fy;s lEifÙk dk vUrj.k dsoy mlh çdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS tSlk fd lEifÙk
ds foØ; }kjk vUrj.k ds fy;s fu/kkZfjr gSA
Example –
1- v viuk edku c dks vius [ksr ds cnys esa vUrfjr djrk gSA ;g fofue; dk
laO;ogkj gSA
2- ^v* c dks vius 2000 #- dh dher ds edku dks vUrfjr djrk gS vkSj c v dks
1]000 #- dh dher dk ,d [ksr vkSj 1]000 #å uxn nsrk gSA ;g laO;ogkj
fofue; gh dgyk;sxk D;ksfa d 1]000 #- tks uxn fn;s gSa og fofue; dh lEifÙk dh
dher dks cjkcj djus ds fy;s fn;s x;s gSaA
j.k/khj vå j.k/khj esa dgk x;k fd tgk¡ dksbZ Lokeh viuh lEifÙk dk LokfeRo nwljs
dks vkaf'kd :i ls lEifÙk ds cnys vkSj vkaf'kd :i ls /ku ds cnys esa vUrj.k djs ogk¡
Hkh laO;ogkj fofue; gh dgyk;sxkA
fofue; ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of Exchange½
/kkjk 118 ds vuqlkj] ,d oS/k fofue; ds vko';d rRo fuEufyf[kr gSa
1- i{kdkj ¼Parties½ & nku] fcØh vkfn lafonk dh rjg fofue; lafonk esa Hkh nks i{kksa
dk gksuk vko';d gS vkSj lkFk gh i{kksa dk l{ke vkSj LoLFkfpr gksuk vko';d gSA
vr% ,d ukckfyx ¼Minor½ vkSj ikxy O;fä ¼Lunatic½ }kjk fd;k x;k fofue;
voS/k gksrk gSA
2- lEifÙk;ksa ¼Properties½ & fofue; ds vUrxZr vUrfjr dh tkus okyh nksuksa

lEifÙk;k¡ vfLrRo esa gksuh pkfg;sA ;fn nksuksa lEifÙk;k¡ ,d leku gksa rks ,sls laO;ogkj
20
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
dh jftLVªh djuk vko';d ugha gS] Hkys gh lEifÙk;ksa dk ewY; dqN Hkh D;ksa u gksA
ysfdu ;fn vUrfjr dh xbZ oLrqvksa esa ls ,d py gS vkSj nwljh vpy rFkk mldk
çLrkfor ewY; 100 #å ;k blls vf/kd gS rks laO;ogkj dh jftLVªh djkuk vfuok;Z
gSA
3- LokfeRo dk ikjLifjd vUrj.k ¼Mutual Transfer of Ownership½ &

fofue; ds laO;gkj ds fy;s vko';d gS fd bldk ,d i{k viuh oLrq ds LokfeRo dks
nwljs i{k dh oLrq ds LokfeRo ds cnys esa lkSai nsA vr% fofue; esa LokfeRo dh
vnyk&cnyh ,d nwljs dh ,ot esa gksuh pkfg;sA fuEufyf[kr laO;ogkj vUrj.k gksus
ij Hkh fofue; ds vUrxZr ugha vkrs&
 ikfjokfjd cUnkscLr ¼Family Settlement½A
 dsoy ,d gh Lokeh }kjk fd;k x;k LokfeRo dk vUrj.kA
 LoRo dk vUrj.k ¼Transfer of Title½A
 ifr }kjk] iRuh dks fd;k x;k thou fgr dk vUrj.kA
4- ,d:irk ¼Uniformity½ & ftu lEifÙk;ksa dh vnyk&cnyh dh tk;s os ,d :i

vFkkZr~ ,d leku gksuh pkfg;sA vr% lEifÙk ds cnys esa lEifÙk vkSj eqæk dk eqæk ds
cnys esa fd;k x;k vUrj.k fofue; dgykrk gSA
5- iathdj.k ¼Registeration½ & ;fn 100 #i;s ;k blls vf/kd ewY; dh py

lEifÙk;ksa dk fofue; djuk gks rks mldk iathdj.k vfuok;Z gSA fdUrq 100 :i;s ls
de ewY; dh py lEifÙk;ksa ds fy;s iathdj.k vko';d ugha gSA ,slh oLrqvksa dk
fofue; dCts ds ifjnku }kjk iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
6- fofue; ewY;ghu gksrk gS ¼Exchange is made without price½ & fofue; esa
oLrq ds LokfeRo ds cnys esa ewY; ugha fn;k tkrkA ;fn ewY; fn;k tkrk gS rks ,slk
laO;ogkj fcØh gks tkrk gS fdUrq ;fn ewY; fofue; dks cjkcj djus ds fy;s fn;k x;k
gS rks og laO;ogkj Hkh fofue; gh dgyk;sxkA
Example – v vius ,d edku dk vUrj.k c dks djrk gS vkSj blds çfrQy esa
c] v dks viuk ?kksM+k vkSj 1000 #-nsrk gSA ;g laO;ogkj fofue; gS D;ksafd /ku ds
:i esa c }kjk fn;k x;k ewY; fofue; dks cjkcj djus ds fy;s fn;k x;k gSA
21
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
nku (Gift)
nku dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Definition of Gift½
/kkjk 122 ds vuqlkj] ^^nku^^ fdlh orZeku py ;k vpy lEifÙk dk og vUrj.k gS
tks ,d O;fä }kjk] tks nkrk ¼Donor½ dgykrk gS] nwljs O;fä dks tks vknkrk
¼Dunce½ dgykrk gS] LosPNk vkSj çfrQy ds fcuk fd;k x;k gks vkSj vknkrk }kjk ;k
mldh vksj ls fdlh vU; O;fä }kjk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gksA ,slh Loh‟fr nkrk ds
thoudky esa vkSj tc rd og nsus ds fy;s leFkZ gks nsuh gksxhA ;fn Loh‟fr ls igys
vknkrk dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS rks nku 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA vr% Li"V gS fd lEifÙk vf/kfu;e
ds vUrxZr dsoy thfor n'kk esa gh nku dk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA olh;r }kjk fd;k
x;k nku blds ckgj gSA
oS/k nku ds vko';d rÙo ¼Essentials of a Valid Gift½
1- LokfeRo dk vUrj.k gksuk pkfg;s ¼Ownership must be transferred½ &
foØ; dh Hkkafr] lEifÙk esa nkok }kjk vknkrk ds uke esa lEiw.kZ vf/kdkjksa dk vUrj.k
gksuk pkfg;sA ,d 'krZ;qä nku Hkh ekU; gks ldrk gS c'krsZ fd ;g vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk
10 vkSj 34 ds micU/kksa ds çfrdwy u gksA
2- lEifÙk dks vfLrRo esa gksuk pkfg;s ¼Property must be in Existence½ &
nku dks fo"k;&oLrq fo|eku py ;k vpy lEifÙk gksuh pkfg;sA Hkfo";dkyhu lEifÙk
vFkkZr tks nku dh frfFk dks vfLrRo esa ugha gS] dk nku /kkjk 124 ds vUrxZr 'kqU;
¼Void½ gksxkA
3- nku çfrQyghu gksuk pkfg;s ¼Gift must be without Consideration½ &

nkrk }kjk nku dh lEifÙk dk vUrj.k fcuk fdlh çfrQy ds gh fd;k tkuk pkfg;s A
;fn vUrj.k çfrQy ds fy;s fd;k x;k gS rks ,slk laO;ogkj fcØh ekuk tk;sxkA
4- vUrj.k LosPNk ls gksuk pkfg;s ¼Transfer must be made Voluntarily½ &

QwypUæ cå yqDd] esa dgk x;k gS fd LosPNk dk vFkZ fcuk fdlh ncko ds LorU=
bPNk ls gSA tgk¡ vuqfpr ncko ;k çHkko nkrk ij Mkyk x;k gS] ogk¡ ;g Li"V gS fd
nkrk us LosPNk ls nku ugha fd;k gSA okftn [kku cå ,ot vyh esa dgk x;k gS fd
;fn nku djus okyh dksbZ inkZu'khu L=h gSa rks ;g lkfcr gksukA pkfg;s fd ml
efgyk us leLr laO;ogkj dks le> fy;k Fkk rFkk mldks viuh lgefr nsus dk
mfpr volj çkIr FkkA
22
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
5- vknkrk }kjk nku dh Loh‟fr nh tkuh pkfg;s ¼Donee must give

Acceptance for Gift½ & nku dh Loh‟fr vknkrk ;k mldh vksj ls fdlh O;fä
}kjk nh tkuh vko';d gSA ;g Loh‟fr nkrk ds thoudky esa vkSj ml le; rd nh
tkuh pkfg;s tc rd fd og iqu% nku nsus dh lkeFkZ~; j[krk gSA ;fn vknkrk nku
dks Lohdkj djus ls igys gh ej tkrk gS rks nku 'kwU; ¼Void½ gks tk;sxkA fdUrq ;fn
nku Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gS- ij nkrk foys[k ds jftLVMZ gksus ds iwoZ ej tkrk gS rks
;g vUrj.k nkrk dh e`R;q ds ckn iw.kZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
nku dc fuyfEcr ;k jí fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ¼When can a Gift be
Suspended or Revoked?½
¼v½ djkj }kjk ¼By Agreement½ & nkrk vkSj vknkrk ds vkilh le>kSrs }kjk ,slh
fdlh fof'k"V ?kVuk ¼Specified Event½ ds ?kfVr gksus ij tks nkrk dh bPNk ij
fuHkZj ugha djrh] nku fufyEcr ;k jí gks tk;sxkA
Example & d dks ,d yk[k #i;k] [k dh vuqefr ls viuk ;g vf/kdkj lqjf{kr
j[krs gq, fd og mu yk[k #i;ksa esa ls nl gtkj #i;k tc th pkgs rc ys ysxkA
;gk¡ 90]000 #i;s ds ckjs esa nku oS/k gSA fdUrq 10]000 #i;s ds fo"k; esa tks ds ds gh
cus jgrs gSa- 'kwU; ¼Void½ gSA
¼c½ ealw[kh }kjk ¼By Rescession½ & ,d lafonk dh rjg nku Hkh ealw[k ¼jnn~½ fd;k
tk ldrk gSA lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 19 ds vuqlkj] tgk¡ fdlh le>kSrs dh
Loh‟fr] Hkwy] vuqfpr çHkko] diV ;k feF;k dFku }kjk yh tkrh gS] ogk¡ cg djkj
ml i{k ds fodYi ij ftldh Loh‟fr mä çdkj ls yh xbZ Fkh 'kwU;dj.kh; gksrk
gSA
nku fdl çdkj fd;k tk ldrk \ ¼How Gilt is Effected ?½
/kkjk 113 ds vuqlkj] nku djus dh fof/k fuEu çdkj gS&
1- py lEifÙk dk nku ¼Gift of Movable Properly½ & fdlh py lEifÙk dk
nku jftLVMZ nLrkcst] ftldks nkunkrk ;k mlds vf/k‟r ,tsUV us gLrk{kj fd;k gks
;k nkuxzghrk dks lEifÙk ds ifjnku }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
2- vpy lEifÙk dk nku ¼Gilt of Immovable Property½ & fdlh Hkh vpy
lEifÙk dk nku Hkys gh mldh fdruh Hkh dher gks] jftLVMZ nLrkost }kjk fd;k tk
23
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
ldrk gS] ftldks nkuxzghrk us ;k mlds vf/k‟r O;fä us gLrk{kj fd;k gks rFkk nks
xokgksa us lk{kh fd;k gksA vr% ,slk ifjnku mlh çdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS tSls foØh
fd;k gqvk eky fn;k tkrk gSA
vtkr O;fä ds i{k esa lEifÙk dk nku ¼Gift of Property in Favour of
Unborn Person½
fdlh vtUesa O;fä ¼tks xHkZ esa u gks½ dks nku fd;k tk ldrk gS iqtkjh ;k vU; dksbZ
O;fä mlds laj{kd ds :i esa nku xzg.k djrk gSA c'krsZ fd vtUesa O;fä ds i{k esa nku
djus ds fy;s igys fdlh thfor O;fä ds i{k esa ml le; rd ds fy;s nku djuk
pkfg;s tc rd fd vtUek O;fä tUe u ys ysA vtUesa O;fä ds tUe ij gh nku
çHkko'kkyh gks ldrk gSA /kkjk 14 ds vUrxZr lEifÙk dk fufgr gksuk ukckyxh rd
LFkfxr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s vkSj /kkjk 13 ds vUrxZr 'ks"k lEiw.kZ fgr vtUesa vknkrk dks
fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
nqHkZj nku ¼Onerous Gift½
tgka fd nku] ,d gh O;fä dks ,slh dbZ phtksa ds ,dy vUrj.k ds :i esa gS ftuesa ls
,d ij ck/;rk dk cks> gS vkSj vU;ksa ij ugha gS] tgka vknkrk ml nku }kjk dqN ugha ik
ldrk tc rd fd og mls iw.kZr% çfrx`ghr ugha djrkA
tgka fd dksbZ nku dbZ phtksa ds ,d gh O;fä dks nks ;k vf/kd i`Fkd~ vkSj LorU=
vUrj.kksa ds :i esa gS] ogka vknkrk muesa ls ,d dks çfrx`ghr djus ds fy, vkSj vU;ksa dks
ysus ls bUdkj djus ds fy, Lora= gS pkgs iwoZ dfFkr Qk;nkçn gks vkSj i'pkRdfFkr nqHkZj
gksA
fujfgr O;fä dks nqHkZj nku‟tks vknkrk lafonk djus ds fy, v{ke gS vkSj fdlh ,slh
lEifÙk dks] ftl ij ck/;rk dk cks> gS] çfrx`ghr dj ysrk gS og vius çfrxzº.k ls
vkc) ugha gSA fdarq ;fn lafonk djus ds fy, l{ke gksus ds i'pkr~ vkSj ck/;rk dh
tkudkjh j[krs gq, og nh gqbZ lEifÙk dks çfr/kqr dj ysrk gS] rks og ,sls vkc) gks tkrk
gSA
Example
¼d½ d ds ,d le`) la;qä LVkd dEiuh Hk esa va'k gS vkSj dfBukb;ksa esa xzLr ,d la; qä
LVkd dEiuhe esa Hkh mlds va'k gSA e esa ds va'kksa e)s Hkkjh ekaxksa dh çR;k'kk gS A d
la;qä LVkd dEifu;ksa esa ds vius lc va'k [k dks ns nsrk gSA e esa va'kksa dks çfrx`ghr
djus ls [k bUdkj djrk gS og Hk esa ds va'kksa dks ugha ys ldrkA
24
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
¼[k½ d ,sls x`g dk iêk [k dks nsrk gS tks dqN o"kksaZ dh vof/k ds fy, iês ij ml }kjk
,sls HkkVd ij fy;k gvk gS] ftl HkkVd dks vof/k Hkj rd nsus ds fy, og vkSj mlds
çfrfuf/k vkc) gSa] vkSj tks mrus ls vf/kd gS ftrus ij fd x`g iês ij p<+k;k tk ldrk
gS] vkSj ,d i`Fkd~ vkSj Lora= laO;ogkj ds :i esa mls ,d /kujkf'k Hkh nsrk gS A [k iês
dks çfrx`ghr djus ls bUdkj djrk gSA bl bUdkj ds dkj.k mlls /ku dk leigj.k ugha
gks tkrkA
loZLo vknkrk ¼Universal Donee½
/kkjk 128 esa loZLo vknkrk ds ckjs esa fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA bl /kkjk ds çko/kkuksa ds
vuqlkj lEiw.kZ lEifÙk Lohdkj djus okyk vknkrk nkrk ds lHkh _.kksa vkSj Hkkjksa ds fy,
nkf;Rok/khu gks tkrk gSA ;fn loZLo vknkrk nkux`ghrk ¼Universl
a Donee½ voL;d gS]
rks og fdlh Hkh çdkj ls nkf;Rok/khu ugha gksxkA tc rd fd og o;Ldrk çkIr dj ysus
ds ckn] lEifÙk dks xzg.k ugha dj ysrkA
loZLo vknkrk og O;fä gS] ftls nkrk dh lkjh tk;nkn nku esa fey pqdh gksA ;g
fLFkfr lkekU;rk ml le; mRiUu gksrh gS tcfd nkrk laU;kl ys ys ;k lalkj dk
ifjR;kx dj nsA nkrk ds ikl py ;k vpy dksbZ lEifÙk vo'ks"k ugha cpuh pkfg;sA
loZLo vknkrk nku ds }kjk çkIr lEifÙk dh lhek rd nkrk ds _.kksa ds fy, ftEesnkj
gksrk gSA mls bl lEifÙk dk ç;ksx rc rd nkrk ds _.kksa dks pqdkus esa djuk gksxk] tc
rd fd mldh iw.kZ larqf"V u gks tk;A
viokn bl çdkj gSa&
1- vklUu ej.k nku
2- eqfLye fof/k esa fgckA
eqfLye fof/k esa laifÙk dks fgck ds ek/;e ls nku fd;k tk ldrk gSA fgck] nku vkSj
fx¶V dk gh ,d :i gS ftlesa dksbZ O;fä viuh laifÙk dks fdlh vU; dks nku djrk
gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fä vius }kjk vftZr dh x;h laifÙk dks fdlh vU; dks ftruh pkgs mruh
fgck dj ldrk gSA
iêk (Lease)
iês dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Definition of Lease½
/kkjk 105 ds vuqlkj] ^^vpy lEifÙk dk iêk ,slh lEifÙk dk miHkksx djus ds
vf/kdkj dk ,slk vUrj.k gS tks ,d Li"V le; ds fy;s ;k lnSo ds fy;s fdlh dher
ds tks] nh xbZ gks ;k ftls nsus dk ok;nk fd;k x;k gks vFkok /ku ;k Qlyksa ds va'k ;k
25
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
lsok ;k fdlh vU; ewY;oku oLrq ds] tks dkyko/kh; ¼Periodically½ :i ls Fkk fufnZ"V
voljksa ij vUrfjrh }kjk] tks ml vUrj.k dks ,slh 'krksaZ ij Lohdkj djrk gS]
vUrj.kdrkZ dks nh xbZ ;k nh tkuh gS] çfrQy ds :i esa fd;k ;k fn;k x;k gksA ;gk¡
vUrj.kdrkZ iêkdrkZ ¼Lessor½ rFkk vUrfjrh iêsnkj ¼Lessee½ dgykrk gS dher
¼Price½ çhfe;e dgykrh gSA^^
iês ds vko';d rÙo ¼Essentials of Lease½
1- i{kdkj ¼Parties½ & iês ds i{kdkj vFkkZr~ iêkdrkZ ¼Lessor½ vkSj iêk/kkjh
¼Lessee½ esa iêk djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg;sA iêk ,d oS/k lafonk gksrk gSA vr%
lafonk vf/kfu;e esa of.kZr lHkh {kerk;sa i{kksa esa gksuh pkfg;sA ,d ukckfyx iêk djus
esa l{ke ugha gS D;ksfa d iês ds v/khu dqN 'krsZ ,slh gksrh gSa ftudks ukckfyax ds fo#)
iwjk ugha djk;k tk ldrkA
2- lEifÙk ¼Property½ & iêk dsoy ,slh vpy lEifÙk dk fd;k tkrk gS] ftls
miHkksx esa yk;k tk lds] ftl ij dCtk LFkkfir fd;k tk lds rFkk tks u"Voku ç‟
fr dh u gksA vr% iêk/kkuh dks iês esa nh tkus okyh lEifÙk ij dkfct gksuk vko';d
gSA
3- vkaf'kd vUrj.k ¼Partial Transfer½ & iês ds vUrxZr lEifÙk dk vkaf'kd

gLrkUrj.k gksrk gS] D;ksfa d ;g iw.kZ LokfeRo dk ugha] cfYd lhfer LokfeRo dk vUrj.k
gSA vr% iês ds vUrxZr dsoy lEifÙk ds miHkksx ds vf/kdkj ¼Right to Enjoy½ dk
vUrj.k gksrk gSA
4- çfrQy ¼Premium½ & ,d oS| iês ds fy;s çfrQy dk gksuk vko';d gS tks ,d
i{k }kjk lEifÙk ds mi;ksx ds cnys esa fu;fer :i ls nwljs i{k dks fn;k tkuk
pkfg;sA /kkjk 105 ds vuqlkj] ;fn vpy lEifÙk dk iêk Qly ds fgLls ds çfrQy
ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS rks çfrQy ;k rks vf/kewY; ¼Premium½ gksrk gS ;k fdjk;k]
;k vf/kewY; vkSj fdjk;k nksuksAa
5- vof/k ¼Period½ & iês esa vof/k cgqr gh çeq[k rÙo gSA iêk fdlh fuf'pr vof/k ds
fy;s fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA vr% iês ds nLrkost esa ;g Li"V :i ls of.kZr gksuk pkfg;s
fd iêk dc ls 'kq: gksdj dc [kRe gksxkA vk'kqrks"k cuke pUnhpj.k esa fu/kkZfjr fd;k
26
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
x;k fd ;fn iês ds nLrkost esa dksbZ fuf'pr vof/k ugha nh xbZ gS rks og iêk/kkjh ds
thou dky rd gh oS/k ekuk tk;sxkA
iês dSls fd;s tkrs gSa \ ¼How leases are made \½ & /kkjk 107 ds vuqlkj
1- vpy lEifÙk dk iêk tks o"kkZuqo"kZ ¼yearly½ gks ;k ,d o"kZ ls vf/kd fdlh Hkh vof/k
dk gks] dsoy jftLVMZ nLrkost }kjk gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- vpy lEifÙk ds vU; lHkh iês tks ,d o"kZ ds fy;s gksa ;k blls de vof/k ds fy;s
gks]a
 jftLVMZ nLrkost }kjk] ;k
 ekSf[kd djkj }kjk] ftlds lkFk iês dh lEifÙk dk ifjnku Hkh gks ] fd;s tk
ldrs gSaA
3- fdlh Hkh vpy lEifÙk dk iêk ;fn og jftLVMZ fyf[kr }kjk fd;k x;k gks rks og
fy[kr ;k ;fn ,d ls vf/kd fy[kr gksa rks çR;sd fy[kr ¼nLrkost½ iêkdrkZ vkSj
iêsnkj nksuksa fu"ikfnr dh tk;saxhA
iêksa dh lekfIr ¼Determination of Leases½

1- iês dh vof/k dh lekfIr ij ¼On the expiry of the period of lease½ &
iês dh vof/k dh lhek fuf'pr gksus ls mldk vUr Hkh fuf'pr gksrk gSA vr% vof/k
dh lekfIr iês dh lekfIr dk ,d çeq[k rjhdk gSA tc iês dh vof/k fu/kkZfjr u dh
xbZ gks rks ,slh fLFkfr esa ‟f"kZ ls lEcfU/kr iês dh vof/k o"kkZuqo"kZ ¼Yearly½ vkSj vU;
iêksa dh vof/k eklkuqeklh ¼Monthly½ ekuh tk;sxhA
2- fdlh ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij ¼On the happening of specified event½ &
tgk¡ iêk fdlh ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus dh 'krZ ij vk/kkfjr gks ogk¡ ,slh ?kVuk ?kfVr
gksus ij iêk lekIr gks tkrk gSA
Example & v us c dks viuh tehu dk iêk vius thou dky ds fy;s fn;kA ;g
iêk v dks e`R;q ij lekIr ekuk tk;sxkA
3- iêkdrkZ ds fgr dh lekfIr ij ¼On the expiry of the interest of lessor½

& tc iêkdrkZ dk fgr iês dh Hkwfe esa lekIr gks tkrk gS rks iêk Hkh lekIr gks
tk;sxkA
27
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
Example & ,d fgUnw fo/kok L=h dk lEifÙk ij thou dky rd fgr jgrk gSA
,slh L=h dh e`R;q ij mlds }kjk fy;k x;k iêk Hkh Lor% lekIr gks tkrk gSA
4- foy; }kjk ¼By merger½ & tc iêkdrkZ vkSj iêk/kkjh ds fgrksa dk ijLij iw.kZ :i
ls foy; gks tkrk gS rks iêk lekIr gks tkrk gSA ,slk rc gksrk gS tc iêk/kkjh
çR;korZu ¼vof'k"V LokfeRo½ ¼Reversion½ [kjhn ysrk gSA
Example & v us viuk ,d [ksr] c l vkSj n dks iês ij fn;kA rRi'pkr~ c us l
vkSj n ds iês ds fgrksa dks [kjhn fy;k vkSj blds ckn mlus v ds vof'k"V LokfeRo
ds vf/kdkj dks Hkh [kjhn fy;kA bl çdkj l vkSj n ds iêktU; fgr rFkk vdk
cdk;k LokfeRo ,d gh Lrj esa fufgr gksus ls foy; ¼Merger½ }kjk iêk lekIr gks
tk;sxkA
5- Li"V leiZ.k }kjk ¼By Express Surrender½ & tc iêk/kkjh iês ds vUrxZr
viuk fgr vkilh djkj }kjk iêkdrkZ ds vfr NksM+ nsrk gS rks iês dk vUr Li"V
leiZ.k ¼Surrender½ }kjk ekuk tkrk gSA ;g rRdky ykxw gks tkrk gS vkSj bldk
dCtk Hkh rqjUr gks tkrk gSA ,sls leiZ.k ds fy;s dsoy i{kksa dh lgefr i;kZIr gksrh gS
rFkk fdlh çdkj ds nLrkost ij jftLVªh dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA
6- miyf{kr leiZ.k }kjk ¼By Implied Surrender½ & tc fdlh Hkwfe dk u;k
iêk fd;k tkrk gS rks ogk¡ iqjkuk iêk Lor% lekIr gks tkrk gSA
Example & iêkdrkZ lEifÙk dk u;k iêk vius orZeku iês ds pkyw jgus ds nkSjku
çHkkoh gksus ds fy, Lohdkj djrk gS rks ;g iwoksZä iês dk miyf{kr leiZ.k gS vkSj
blls iqjkuk iêk lekIr gks tkrk gSA
7- tCrh }kjk ¼By forfeiture½ & /kkjk 111 ¼g½ ds vuqlkj] fuEufyf[kr voLFkkvksa esa
tCrh }kjk iêk lekIr ekuk tkrk gS&
 Li"V 'krZ dk vax ¼Breach of express term½ & tgk¡ iêk/kkjh fdlh 'krZ
dks Hkax djrk gS ftlls micfU/kr gS fd mldk Hkax gksus ij iêkdrkZ iqu% ços'k dj
ldsxkA
Example & v ,d [ksr dk iêk p dks bl 'krZ ij nsrk gS fd c mi&iêk ugha
nsxk vkSj ;fn og fdlh vU; O;fä dks mi&iêk nsxk rks v dks iqu% dCtk ysus dk
vf/kdkj gksxkA c us l dks mi&iêk dj fn;k v iês dks tCr dj ldrk gSA
28
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
 HkwLokeh ds gd ls bUdkj ¼Denial of the title of Landlord½ & tgk¡

iêk/kkjh fdlh vU; O;fä dk gd [kM+k djds ;k ;g nkok djds fd og Lo;a Hkwfe
dk gdnkj gS viuh iêsnkjh dh gSfl;r dk R;kx djrk gS] ;k
 fnokfy;kiu ¼Insolvancy½ & tgk¡ iês/kkjh U;k;ky; }kjk fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj

fn;k tkrk gS vkSj iêk ;g micU/k djrk gS fd iêkdrkZ ,slh ?kVuk ls ?kfVr gksus
ij iqu% ços'k dj ldsxk vkSj tcfd mu n'kkvksa esa ls fdlh esa iêkdrkZ ;k mldk
vUrfjrh iês/kkjh ds iês dks [kRe djus ds vius bjkns dh fyf[kr lwpuk nsrk gSA
8- lwpuk }kjk ¼By Notice½ & /kkjk 111 ¼4½ ds vuqlkj] iês dks lekIr djus dk ;k
iês ij nh xbZ lEifÙk dks NksM+ nsus ;k NksM+ nsus ds bjkns dh ,d i{k }kjk nwljs i{k
dh mfpr :i esa nh xbZ lwpuk ds [kRe gksus ij iêk [kRe gks tk;sxkA vr% ,d nwljs
dks lqpuk nsdj iêkdrkZ vkSj iês/kkjh nksuksa gh iês dks lekIr dj ldrs gSaA lkekU;r%
uksfVl ds }kjk iês dh lekfIr] fe;knh iês] 'kk'or iês] o"kkZuqo"khZ iês] eklkuqeklh iês
rFkk lEigj.k ;k tUuh ¼Forfeiture½ ds ekeyksa esa dh tkrh gSA
fu"d"kZ ¼Conclusion½
mä o.kZu ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd iênkrk vkSj iêsnkj ds mä vf/kdkj
vkSj nkf;Ro ;k drZ~rO; fdlh ^^çfrdwy lafonk ds vHkko^^ esa gh gksrs gSaA ^^çfrdy lafonk
dk vHkko^^ 'kCnkoyh dk vFkZ ;g gS fd iêkdrkZ vkSj iêsnkj ;fn pkgs rks vkilh lafonk
ds vk/kkj ij mä of.kZr vf/kdkjksa vkSj nkf;Roksa esa o`f)] deh ;k iw.kZr% [kRe Hkh dj
ldrs gSaA
cU/kd (Mortgage)
cU/kd dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Definition of Mortgage½
/kkjk 58 ds vuqlkj ^cU/kd^ fdlh fof'k"V vpy lEifÙk es]a _.k ds :i esa fy;s x;s ;k
fy;s tkus okys :i;s ds fdlh orZeku ;k Hkkoh dtZ ds Hkqxrku ds fy;s ;k fdlh
opucU/k ¼Engagement½ u ds fy;s tks vkfFkZd nkf;Ro mRiUu djrk gks çfrHkwr
¼Secured½ djus ds mn~ns”; ds fy;s fdlh fgr ds vUrj.k dks dgrs gSaA vpy lEifÙk
ds fgr ds vUrj.kdrkZ dks cU/kudrkZ ¼Mortgagor½ vkSj ,sls fgr ds vUrfjrh dks
29
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
cU/kdxzghrk ¼Mortgagee½ rFkk ewy/ku vkj C;kt ftudk ykSVkuk ml le; çfrHkwr gS
cU/kd /ku dgykrs g] vkSj og fyf[kr ¼;fn dksbZ gks½] ftlds }kjk vUrj.k fd;k tkrk
gS] cU/kd foys[k ¼Mortgage-Deed½ dgykrk gSA
Example & v] c ls /ku m/kkj ysrk gSA og /ku ds Hkqxrku gsrq viuk [ksr cU/kd j[k
nsrk gS rFkk çfrHkwfr C;kt :i esa vkSj /ku vnk djus dh “krZ rd ds fy;s gSA /ku okil
djus dk djkj ,slh çdfr dk gS tks vkfFkZd nkf;Ro mRiUudjrk gSA ;g laO;ogkj ,d
cU/kd gSA
cU/kd ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of Mortgage½
1- vpy lEifÙk esa ,d fgr dk vUrj.k gksuk pkfg;s ¼There must be transfer
fan interest in immovable property½ & ^^,d fgr dk vUrj.k^^ 'kCnksa ls
;g izdV gksrk gS fd og fgr tks cU/kdxzghrk esa vUrfjr gksrk gS] dCts ;k LokfeRo
ls fHkUu gksrk gS] cU/kd gksus ij Hkh cU/kddrkZ esa cuk jgrk gSA bl çdkj cU/kd esa
dsoy lEifÙk dk vuq"kafxd vf/kdkj ;k ços'k çkIr djus dk vf/kdkj ek= gS tcfd
lEifÙk dk LokfeRo vHkh Hkh cU/kddrkZ ds ikl gh jgrk gSA bl çdkj ,d cU/kd
dsoy ,d fgr dk vUrj.k gS vkSj O;fäy{kh vf/kdkj dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
2- vUrfjrh dk fdlh fof'k"V vpy lEifÙk esa fgr gksuk pkfg;s ¼Transferee must
have an interest in some specific immovable property½ & ,d
cU/kd dk nwljk vko';d rRo fof'k"V vpy lEifÙk gS vFkkZr~ ;fn cU/kd foys[k
fy[kk tk;s rks cU/kd ij j[kh xbZ lEifÙk dk fooj.k vkSj ifjp; brus i;kZIr :i esa
fn;k x;k gksuk pkfg;s fd fuf'pr :i ls ml lEifÙk dks igpku fy;k tk lds A
3- cU/kd çfrQy }kjk lefFkZr gksuk pkfg;s ¼Mortgage must be supported

by consideration½ & cU/kd dk rhljk vko';d rRo ;g gS fd bls vko';d
:i ls fdlh çfrQy ;k çfrnku }kjk lefFkZr gksuk pkfg;sA ,d cU/kd dk çfrQy
;k izfrnku
 dtsZ ds :i es fn;k x;k /ku ;k fn;k tkus okyk /ku]
 ,d orZeku ;k Hkkoh dtZ] ;k
 ,d ,sls dk;Z dk iwjk fd;k tkuk ftlesa ,d vkfFkZd nkf;Ro mRiUu gksrk gks] ds
:i esa cU/kd l`tu gh ,d dtZ ;k vU; vkHkkj dks fuf”pr ;k izfrHkwfr djus ds
mn~ns”; ls fd;k tkrk gSA blds foijhr ,d ,slk vUrj.k tks fdlh Hkwrdkyhu
30
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
dtZ ds Hkqxrku gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA ,d cU/kd dh Js.kh esa u vkdj fcdzh gh
dgyk;sxhA
cU/kd ds çdkj ¼Kinds of Mortgage½
/kkjk 58 ds vuqlkj] cU/kd fuEufyf[kr N% çdkj dk gksrk gS&
1- lk/kkj.k cU/kd ¼Simple Mortgage½ & tc cU/kddrkZ cU/kd lEifÙk dk dCtk
fn;s fcuk cU/kd cu pqdkus ds fy;s Lo;a dks ck/; djrk gS vkSj Li"V ;k vLi"V :i
ls le>kSrk djrk gS fd vius le>kSrs ds vuqlkj Hkqxrku djus es]a pwd dh n'kk es]a
cU/kdh dks cU/kd lEifÙk dk foØ; djkus vkSj foØ; ds vkxeksa dks ogk¡ rd cU/kd
/ku dks Hkqxrku esa ç;ksx djk;sxk tgk¡ rd fd ;g vko';d gksxk] rc ,slk laO;ogkj
lk/kkj.k cU/kd gksxkA
lk/kkj.k cU/kd ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of Simple Mortgage½
1- dCts dk vHkko & blesa cU/kdeghrk dks lEifÙk ij dCtk çkIr ugha gksrkA vr%
cU/kd lEifÙk dk dCtk cU/kddrkZ ds ikl gh jgrk gSA
2- Hkqxrku dk O;fäxr nkf;Ro & blesa cU/kddrkZ cU/kd /ku dks okil djus fy;s
O;fäxr :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA
3- vuqlfa xx djkj ¼Collatral Agreement½ & lk/kkj.k cU/kd esa cU/kd
foys[k ds vUrxZr ;g 'krZ yxk nh tkrh gS fd ;fn cU/kddrkZ cU/kd /ku dks
vnk u djs jrks cU/kd /ku dh olwyh] cU/kd lEifÙk dks cspdj dh tk ldrh
gSA
4- iathdj.k ¼Registration½ & lk/kkj.k cU/kd dk jftLVªs'ku fd;k tkuk ek
vko';d gS] Hkys gh cU/kd /ku dh jde 100 #i;s ls de gh D;ksa u gksA
mik; ¼Remedy½
¼v½ og O;fäxr :i ls cU/kddrkZ ls dtZ olwy dj ldrk gSA
¼c½ U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ls lEifÙk dks fcdok ldrk gSA
2- l'krZ foØ; cU/kd ¼Mortgage by Conditional Sale½ & ;fn dksbZ
cU/kddrkZ cU/kd lEifÙk dks fuEufyf[kr 'krksa ds v/khu Li"V :i ls csp nsrk gS rks
ogk¡ laO;ogkj l'krZ foØ; }kjk cU/kd dgyk;sxkA
 fuf'pr frfFk rd cU/kd /ku ¼Mortgage-money½ ds Hkqxrku u gksus ij fcØh

iw.kZ ,oa vfUre gks tk;sxh] ;k
31
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
 ,sls Hkqxrku gksus ij] fcØh 'kwU; ¼Vaid½ gksxh]

 ,sls Hkqxrku gksus ij Øsrk foØsrk dks lEifÙk vUrfjr djsxkA
,sls laO;ogkj dks cU/kd gksus ds fy;s 'krZ dks mlh foys[k esa fy[kh gksuh pkfg;s
ftlds }kjk foØ; fd;k x;k gksA ;fn cU/kd 'krZ c;ukes ¼Sale-deed½ esa u fy[kh
tkdj ,d i`Fkd nLrkost esa fy[kh x;h gks rks og l'krZ fcØh }kjk cU/kd ugha
dgyk;sxkA
 tCrh dk vf/kdkj & cU/kd /ku ds Hkqxrku dh pwd dh voLFkk esa cU/kdh dks
ucU/kd dh xbZ lEifÙk dks tCr djus dk vf/kdkj gksxkA
 iathdj.k ¼Registration½ & ;fn cU/kd dh xbZ lEifÙk dk ewY; 100 #i;s ;k
vf/kd gks rks ,sls çys[k dk jftLVªs'ku fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
mipkj ¼Remedy½ & cU/kdh dks vf/kdkj gS fd og U;k;ky; esa cU/kd fu"ks/k dk
eqdnek nk;j djds bl vk'k; dh fMØh çkIr dj ys fd cU/kddrZ~rk Hkqxrku djus
vkSj lEifÙk okil ysus ds vf/kdkj ls iw.kZr% oafpr gks pqdk gSA
l'krZ foØ; cU/kd ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of Mortgage by
Conditional Sale½
¼v½ fn[kkÅ fcØh ¼Ostensible Sale½ & l'krZ fcØh esa fcØh ds yxHkx lHkh rRo
fo|eku gksrs gSa D;ksafd blesa cU/kd ds LFkku ij c;ukek fy[kk tkrk gS fdUrq ,sls
c;ukes dh O;k[;k cU/kdukes ds :i esa gh dh tkrh gSA
¼c½ 'krsZ ¼Conditions½ & ;g ,d ,slh fn[kkÅ fcØh gksrh gS tks fuEufyf[kr 'kksa
esa ls fdlh ,d ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS
 ;fn fuf'pr le; rd cU/kd /ku dks vnk u fd;k x;k rks fcdh iw.kZ ,oa
vfUre ekuh tk;sxhA
 ;fn fuf'pr rkjh[k rd cU/kd /ku dks vnk dj fn;k rks fcØh 'kwU; ¼Void½
ekuh tk;sxhA
 ;fn Øsrk cU/kd dk Hkqxrku fuf'pr rkjh[k rd dj nsrk gS rks og cU/ku
lEifÙk dks ikus dk gdnkj gksxkA
3- Hkkx cU/kd ¼Usufructuary Mortgage½ & tc cU/kddrkZ cU/kdh dks cU/kd

lEifÙk dk dCtk ns nsrk gS ;k Li"V ;k vLi"V :i ls lEifÙk dk dCtk nsus ds fy;s
Lo;a dks ck/; dj ysrk gS vkSj mls çkf/k‟r djrk gS fd tc rd cU/kd /ku dk
32
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
Hkqxrku u dj fn;k tk;s- og ,slk dCtk /kkj.k djs vkSj lEifÙk ls mRiUu fdjk;ksa o
ykHkksa ;k ,sls fdjk;ksa vkSj ykHkksa ds fdlh Hkkx dks çkIr djs vkSj mUgsa O;kt ;k cU/kd
/ku ds Hkqxrku esa ;k va'kr% O;kt vkSj va'kr% cU/kd /ku dh vnk;xh esa fofu;ksftr
¼Adjust½ dj ys rks ,slk laO;ogkj Hkksx cU/kd dgyk;sxkA
Hkksx cU/kd ds vko';d rÙo ¼Essentials of usufructury Mortgage½
1- dCts dk ifjnku ¼Delivery of Pussession½ & blesa cU/kdeghrk dks
cU/kd lEifÙk ds dCts dk ifjnku vko';d gS fdUrq dCts dk rRdky ifjnku
vko';d ugha gS cfYd dCts ds ifjnku dh fufonk ek= gh i;kZIr gSA
2- fcØh ;k ekspu&fu"ks/k dk vf/kdkj ugha ¼No Right of Sale or

Foreclosure½ & blds vUrxZr dsoy cU/kd lEifÙk ds ykHk] çfrHkwfr ds
fdjk;s vkfn ls gh cU/kd /ku olwyk tk ldrk gSA cU/kdeghrk dks cU/kd
lEifÙk dks cspus ;k ekspu fu"ks/k dk vf/kdkj ugha gksrkA
3- jftLVªs'ku ¼Registration½ & 100 #i;s ;k mlls vf/kd dher ds Hkksx

cU/kd dk jftLVMZ fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
4- cU/kd dh xbZ lEifÙk ls fdjk;s ,oa ykHk çkIr djus dk vf/kdkj & ml voLFkk
esa tgk¡ lEifÙk ds miHkksx dk vf/kdkj gS
 tgk¡ ;g cU/kd /ku ds O;kt ds cnys esa fd;k tkrk gS] ogk¡ cU/kddrkZ
cU/kd lEifÙk NqM+kus ds le;] ewy cU/kd /ku dks gh nsxk u fd C;kt dksA
 tgk¡ ;g cU/kd /ku ds cnys esa fd;k x;k gks ogk¡ cU/kd /ku ds vnk djrs
gh cU/kd lEifÙk eqä gks tk;sxhA
 tgk¡ ;g cU/kd /ku ,oa O;kt nksuksa ds gh cnys esa fd;k x;k gks ogk¡ cU/kdh
lEifÙk dh vk; dks rc rd olwy djrk jgsxk tc rd fd mlds O;kt ,oa
ewy/ku nksuksa dk Hkqxrku u gks tk;sA
5- cU/kddrkZ dk O;fäxr nkf;Ro ugha ¼No Personal Liability of

Mortgagor½ & cU/kdxzghrk viuk cU/kd /ku olwy djus ds fy, cU/kddrkZ
ij okn ugha pyk ldrk cfYd og cU/kd /ku ds cnys esa ;k rks cU/kd lEifÙk
dks tCr dj ldrk gS ;k ml ij rc rd dkfct jg ldrk gS tc rd fd
cU/kd /ku iw.kZr% pqdrk u gks tk;sA
33
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
6- cU/kd dh dksbZ fuf'pr vof/k ugha ¼No limited periodio mortgage½

& Hkksx cU/kd rc rd cuk jgrk gS tc rd fd cU/kd /ku dh olwyh ugha gks
tkrh gSA vr% ;g fdlh fuf'pr vof/k ds fy;s ugha gksrkA
mipkj ¼Remedy½ & cU/kdxzghrk cU/kd dh xbZ lEifÙk dks vius dCts esa rc rd
cuk;s j[kus dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gS tc rd fd mlds ewy/ku o O;kt dk Hkqxrku u gks
tk;sA og cU/kddrkZ ij O;fäxr :i ls okn nk;j ugha dj ldrkA
4- vaxzsth Hkkx cU/kd ¼English Mortgage½ & tc cU/kddrkZ cU/kd /ku fuf'pr
frfFk ij vnk djus ds fy;s Lo;a dks ck/; djrk gS vkSj cU/kd lEifÙk dks cU/kdh dks
vfUre :i ls] fdUrq fdlh ,sls micU/k ds v/khu vUrfjr djrk gS fd le>kSrs ds
vuqlkj cU/kd /ku ds Hkqxrku ij cU/kdh mls cU/kddrkZ ds çfr gLrkUrfjr dj nsxk]
rc ,slk laO;ogkj vaxzsth cU/kd dgyk;sxkA
vaxzsth cU/kd ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of English Mortgage½
1- lEifÙk dk iw.kZ vUrj.k ¼Absolute Transfer½
2- cU/kddrkZ ij ,d fuf'pr frfFk ij Hkqxrku dk O;fäxr nkf;Ro
3- 'krksZa ij vk/kkfjr ¼Based on conditions½
4- dCts dk vUrj.k ¼Transfer of Possession½
5- cU/kdh dks cU/kd /ku ds Hkqxrku u feyus ij fcØh dk vf/kdkj gS u fd tCrh
dkA
6- 100 #i;s ;k vf/kd ewY; ds fy;s ,sls cU/kd dks jftLVMZ nLrkost }kjk gh
fd;k tkrk gSA
mipkj ¼Remedy½ & cU/kdh dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd ;fn cU/kd /ku dk Hkqxrku
ugha fd;k tkrk rks og cU/kd lEifÙk dks fcdok ldrk gSA
5- gd&foys[kksa ds fu{ksi }kjk cU/kd ¼Martgage by deposit of title deeds
or equitable mortgage½ & tc dksbZ O;fä çthMsl a h Vkmuksa esa vFkkZr~
dydÙkk] eækl rFkk cEcbZ uxjksa esa ls fdlh esa vkSj fdlh Hkh vU; uxj esa ftls jkT;
ljdkj 'kkldh; jkT;iky dh vf/klwpuk }kjk fu/kkZfjr djs fdlh ysunkj ;k mlds
vfHkdrkZ dks vpy lEifÙk ds gd ds foy[kksa dks ml lEifÙk ij çfrHkwfr ¼Security½
mRiUu djus ds bjkns ls nsrk gS] rc ,slk laO;ogkj gd&nLrkostksa ds fu{ksi ¼
Bhilment½ }kjk cU/kd dgykrk gSA
34
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
gd&foys[kksa ;k lkfE;d fu{ksi }kjk cU/kd ds vko';d rRo ¼Essential of

Equitable Mortgage½ & blds fuEufyf[kr vko';d rRo gksrs gS
1- ;g cU/kd cM+s vkS|ksfxd uxjksa tSls dydÙkk] cEcbZ rFkk eækl esa gh fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
2- blesa gd&çys[kksa ¼Title deeds½ dks gh tek fd;k tkrk gSA
3- blesa cU/kd dh xbZ lEifÙk dk dCtk ugha fn;k tkrkA
4- ;g dtZ dks lqjf{kr djus ds mís'; ls fd;k tkrk gSA
5- blesa jftLVªh djuk t:jh ugha gSA
6- blesa lk/kkj.k cU/kd esa ykxw gksus okys lc fu;e ykx gksrs gSaA
mipkj ¼Remedy½ & bldk mipkj lEifÙk dh fcØh gSA
6- foy{k.k ;k vfu;fer cU/kd ¼Anomalous Mortgage½ & ;fn dksbZ ,slk cU/kd
gS tks mijksä ik¡pksa cU/kdksa esa ls fdlh Hkh Js.kh dk ugha gS fdUrq ftlesa mä fdUgha
nks ;k vf/kd cU/kdksa ds xq.k fo|eku gksa rks mls foy{k.k ;k vfu;fer cU/kd dgsaxsA
vko';d rRo ¼Essentials½ & blds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr rRo vkrs gSa A
1- ;g mä of.kZr fdlh Hkh çdkj ds cU/kd ds leku ugha gksrkA
2- blesa dqN cU/kdksa ds la;qä xq.k gksrs gSaA
3- blesa dCts dk vUrj.k gksuk ;k u gksuk t:jh ugha gSA
4- 100 #i;s ls vf/kd dh lEifÙk dk jftLVªs'ku djkuk t:jh gksrk gSA
mipkj ¼Remedy½ & bldk mipkj cU/kd lEifÙk dh fcØh gSA
Hkkj rFkk cU/kd esa vUrj
Hkkj ¼Charge½ cU/kd ¼Mortgage½
1- Hkkj fdlh fof'k"V vpy lEifÙk dh 1- cU/kd fdlh fof'k"V vpy lEifÙk esa
vk; ls Hkqxrku ikus ds vf/kdkj dks fufgr fgr ¼Interest½ ds vUrj.k
dgrs gSA dks dgrs gSA
2- Hkkj O;fäy{kh vf/kdkj ¼Right in- 2- cU/kd yksdy{kh vf/kdkj ¼Right in-
personam½ dks tUe nsrk gS vkSj rem½ dks tUe nsrk gSA vr% ;g lHkh
dsoy ,sls vUrfjrh ds fo#) ykxw mÙkjdkyhu vUrfjfr;ksa ds fo#) ykxw
gksrk gS ftls Hkkj dh lwpuk gksA gksrk gSA
3- Hkkj i{kksa ds dk;ksaZ vkSj fof/k çorZu
35
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
}kjk fdlh Hkh çdkj ls gks ldrk gSA 3- cU/kd dsoy i{kksa ds dk;ksaZ ¼Acts of
Parties½ }kjk gh fufeZr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
4- lkekU;r% Hkqxrku ds fy;s O;fäxr 4- ,d lk/kkj.k cU/kd esa Hkqxrku djus
nkf;Ro ugha gksrk gSA dk O;fäxr nkf;Ro gksrk gSA
5- fof/k çorZu }kjk fufeZr Hkkj ds fy;s
jftLVªh djuk vko';d ugha gSA 5- lk/kkj.k cU/kd dh jftLVªh djuk
vko';d gSA
6- Hkkj orZeku rFkk Hkkoh nksuksa lEifÙk;ksa 6- cU/kd dsoy orZeku lEifÙk dk gh
ij gks ldrk gSA fd;k tk ldrk gSA
cU/kd vkSj iês esa vUrj
cU/kd ¼Mortgage½ iêk ¼Lease½
1- cU/kd fdlh fof'k"V vpy lEifÙk esa 1- iêk vpy lEifÙk ds miHkksx dk ,d
fufgr fgr ds vUrj.k dks dgrs gSaA fuf'pr vof/k ds fy;s çfrQy ds
cnys vUrj.k gSA
2- cU/kd fdlh _.k ds Hkqxrku dh 2- iêk lEifÙk ds miHkksx djus ds
çfrHkwfr ds :i esa gksrk gSA vf/kdkj ls lEcfU/kr gSA
3- cU/kd esa flok; Hkksx cU/kd ds 3- iês esa iêkdrkZ viuh lEifÙk dk
cU/kdnkj viuh cU/kd lEifÙk ds dCtk iêsnkj dks nsus ds fy;s ck/;
dCts esa cuk jgrk gSA gksrk gSA
4- dksbZ cU/kdnkj cU/kd lEifÙk dk 4- iêsnkj iês dh Hkwfe dk mi&iêk dj
mi&cU/kd ugha dj ldrkA ldrk gSA
5- cU/kd dk jftLVªs'ku djuk vko';d 5- iêk ;fn ,d o"kZ ls vf/kd ds fy;s
ugha gksrkA rks jftLVªs'ku djkuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA
fcØh (Sale)
fcØh dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Definition of Sale½
/kkjk 54 ds vuqlkj] ^^fcØh ,slh dher ds cnys esa LokfeRo dk vUrj.k gS tks nh
tk pqdh gks ;k ftlds nsus dk ok;nk fd;k x;k gks ;k ftldk dksbZ Hkkx ns fn;k x;k
gks vkSj fdlh Hkkx ds nsus dk ok;nk fd;k x;k gksA^^
36
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
nwljs 'kCnksa esa fcØh ls rkRi;Z LokfeRo ds vUrj.k ls gS vkSj ;g fgr ds vUrj.k
tSl]s cU/kd ;k iês esa lEifÙk ds miHkksx ds fy;s vf/kdkj ds vUrj.k ls fcYdqy fHkUu gSA
,d cU/kd ;k iês esa vf/kdkjksa dk dsoy vkaf'kd vUrj.k fd;k tkrk gS tcfd fcØh esa
LokfeRo lEcU/kh leLr vf/kdkj tks vUrj.kdrkZ ds gkFk esa gksrs gSa] vUrfjrh esa vUrfjr
gks tkrs gSaA vr% la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd fcØh vpy lEifÙk ds LokfeRo dk
vUrj.k gS u fd mlds vUrxZr fdlh fgr dk vUrj.kA bl çdkj vpy lEifÙk dk
foØ; lafonk og lafonk gS ftlds vUrxZr ml vpy lEifÙk dk foØ; i{kksa ds chp r;
gqbZ 'krksa ij gksxkA fcØh dk lafonk Lor% gh ,slh lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr ;k dksbZ Hkkj
mRiUu ugha djrkA
foØ; vuqcU/k ¼ Contract of Sale½
oLrq foØ; vuqcU/k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4¼1½ ds vuqlkj] ÞfoØ; vuqcU/k og vuqcU/k gS]
ftlds }kjk foØsrk ,d fuf'pr ewY; ds cnys Øsrk dks] eky dk LokfeRo gLrkarfjr
djrk gS vFkok gLrkarfjr djus dk Bgjko djrk gSAß oLrq foØ; vuqcU/k iw.kZ
¼Absolute½ vFkok 'krZ;qä ;k lçfrcU/k ¼Conditional½ gks ldrk gSA
foØ; ds nks :i gks ldrs gSa&okLrfod foØ; vFkok foØ; djus dk le>kSrkA
tc fdlh foØ; vuqcU/k ds vUrxZr eky dk LokfeRo vuqcU/k djrs gh Øsrk dks
gLrkarfjr gks tkrk gS] rks bls foØ; ¼Sale½ dgrs gSaA blds foijhr ;fn eky ds
LokfeRo dk gLrkarj.k fdlh Hkkoh frfFk ij gksuk gS vFkok fdlh 'krZ ds iwjk fd, tkus
ij gksuk gS] rks bls ^foØ; dk le>kSrk* ;k ^foØ; dk Bgjko* ¼Agreement to sell½
dgk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k& ^vk'kh"k* ,d Vhåohå [kjhnus ds fy, ^vafdr* ,tsalht dh nqdku ij tkrk gS
vkSj ,d Vhå ohå ilUn djrk gS] ftls og 16]000 : esa [kjhn ysrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa
Vhå ohå dk LokfeRo rqjUr gLrkarfjr gks tkrk gSA vr% ;g foØ; dgyk,xkA
fcØh ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of Sale½
1- i{kdkj ¼Parties½ & fcØh ds i{kksa dks Øsrk rFkk foØsrk dgrs gSaA foØsrk dks
vUrj.k djus ds fy;s l{ke gksuk pkfg;sA Øsrk dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fä gks ldrk gS tks
vUrfjrh ¼Transferee½ gksus ds fy;s v;ksX; u gksA fdUrq /kkjk 54 ds vuqlkj l{ke
O;fä dk lEcU/k dsoy vUrj.kdrkZ ls gS u fd vUrfjrh esA eqUuh dqoj cå eVu
xksiky esa dgk x;k gS fd ;fn ukckfyx ds fgr esa lEifÙk ds Ø; dk fu"iknu fd;k
x;k gks rks og iw.kZr% oS/k gksxkA
37
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
2- fo"k;&oLrq ¼Subject-matter½ & fcØh dh fo"k;&oLrq vpy lEifÙk gS ftlesa

vUrj.kh; eqrZ vpy lEifÙk tsls% edku] Hkwfe rFkk Hkwfe ls layXu oLrq;sa ;k vU;
laØkE; vewrZ vpy lEifÙk] tSls ukSpkyu eNyh idM+us ;k dtZ ds çfr cU/kd j[kus
dk vf/kdkj vkfn 'kkfey gSA fdUrq py lEifÙk eky foØ; vf/kfu;e dh fo"k; oLrq
gksuh gS vkSj lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e esa ugha vkrhA
3- gLrkUrj.k ;k vfHkgLrkUrj.k ¼Transfer or Conveyance½ & vyifr osdUV

eS;k cuke dfe'uj vQ bUdeVSDl esa ;g fu.kZ; gqvk fd tc rd ,d vUrjk
fu"ikfnr vkSj jftLVMZ u gks tk;s] rc rd vUrfjrh Øsrk ds uke fdlh vpy lEifÙk
dk gd vUrfjr ugha dj ldrkA jke xksiky jsMh cå v)h esa fu.kZ; gqvk fd 100 #-
ls de dh lEifÙk ds fy;s jftLVªs'ku vko';d ugha gSA
4- ewY; ;k çfrQy ¼Price or Consideration½ & fcØh dks iw.kZ djus ds fy;s
foØ; ewY; dk iw.kZr% Hkqxrku vko';d ugha gSA ;fn bjknk ;g gS fd lEifÙk
jftLVªs'ku ij vUrfjr gks] rks fcuk ml le; iw.kZ eku yh tk;sxh tc foys[k jftVZM
djk fy;k tk;s Hkys gh ewY; dk Hkqxrku fd;k x;k gks ;k ughaA fdUrq ;fn çfrQy
lEifÙk dk ewY; ugha gS rks ;g fcØh u gksdj fofue; ¼Exchange½ dgyk;sxkA pwfa d
ewY; çkIr djus ds cnys esa gh lEifÙk dk vUrfjr djuk fcØh dgykrk gS vr% ,d
fo?kfVr QeZ esa lk>snkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds lkeatL; ¼Adjustment½ dks vUrj.k ugha
dgk tk ldrk D;ksfa d blesa vf/kdkjksa dk vknku&çnku ewY; ds çfr ugha gksrkA
çR;klu (Subrogation)
^^çR;klu dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS ^LFkkukiUu^ vFkkZr~ ,d O;fä ds LFkku ij nwljs O;fä dks
csBkukA /kkjk 92 çR;klu ds fl)kUr dks Li"V djrs gq, dgrh gS fd&
1- /kkjk 91 esa of.kZr O;fä;ksa esa ls ¼cU/kudrkZ dks NksM+dj½ dksbZ Hkh rFkk dksbZ Hkh
lg&cU/kudrkZ] ml lEifÙk dk tks cU/kd dh xbZ gS- ekspu djkus ij ogk¡ rd tgk¡
rd fd ,slh lEifÙk ds ekspu] ekspu fu"ks/k ;k fcØh dk lEcU/k gS] os gh vf/kdkj
j[ksxk] ftUgsa cU/kddrkZ ds ;k fdlh vU; cU/kd ds fo#) og cU/kdh j[krk gks]
ftlds cU/kd dk og ekspu djkrk gSA
2- bl /kkjk }kjk çnku fd;k x;k vf/kdkj çR;klu dk vf/kdkj^ dgykrk gSA tks O;fä
bls vftZr djrk gS og ml cU/kdh ds vf/kdkj ij çR;klhu ¼Subrogate½ gks tkrk
gS ftlds cU/kd dk og ekspu djrk gS
38
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
çR;klu ds fl)kUr dk vk/kkj ¼Basis of the Doctrine of Subrogation½

çR;klu dk fu;e lkE; ds bl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ^^tks O;fä lkE;
pkgrk gS] mls lkE; cjruk pkfg;sA^^& ¼He who seeks equity, must do
equity½A
Example & ^v^ viuk edku ^c^ ds ikl cU/kd j[krk gSA ^l^ ftldk edku esa fgr
gS] ^c^ dk dtZ Hkkj vnk djds edku dks dtZ ls eqä djk ysrk gSA ^c^ dk dtZ Hkkj
vnk gksus ij lEifÙk ij dtZ dk Hkkj [kRe ugha gqvk] cfYd ^l^ dk dtZ Hkkj ^c^ ds
LFkku ij gks x;kA ;gk¡ ^c^ ds LFkku ij ^l^ çR;klhu gks x;k gS vkSj ^l^ dks ml edku
ds lEcU/k esa ekspu] ekspu&fu"ks/k ;k fcØh ds os gh vf/kdkj gksaxs tks ^c^ dks çkIr FksA
çR;klu ds çdkj ¼Kinds of Subrogation½ & lkekU;r% çR;klu nks çdkj dk
gksrk gS& ¼v½ oS/kkfud vkSj ¼c½ lafonkRedA
¼v½ oS/kkfud çR;klu ¼Legal Subrogation½ & oS/kkfud çR;klu dk tUe ml
voLFkk esa gksrk gS tc og O;fä ftldk lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr gksrk gS] cU/kd dtZ
dk Hkqxrku dj nsrk gSA /kkjk 92 ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr O;fä dkuwuh çR;klu ds
vf/kdkjh gS&
 e/;orhZ cU/kdh ¼Puisne Mortgagee½ & mÙkjkorhZ cU/kdh tks ,d iwoZorhZ
¼prior½ cU/kd dk ekspu djrk gS- /kkjk 92 ds v/khu iwoZorhZ ds LFkku ij
çR;klhu gksus dk dkuwuh vf/kdkjh gS A
 Example –
 ^v^ viuk edku ^c^ ds ikl 5]000 #- esa cU/kd j[krk gS cU/kd 1
 ^v^ mlh edku dks ^l^ ds ikl iqu% 3]000 #- esa cU/kd j[krk gS- cU/kd 2
 ^v^ mlh edku dks ^n^ ds ikl 1]000 #- esa cU/kd j[krk gS cU/kd 3
o mä voLFkk esa ;fn ^n^^c^ dks eksfpr ¼Redeem½ djrk gS] rks og ^c^ ds
5]000 ckjs esa leLr vf/kdkjks]a tSls çkFkfedrk dk vf/kdkj çkIr dj ysxk
ftldk vFkZ ;g gS ;fn ^l^ viuk cU/kd ykxw djkrk gS] rks ^l^ dks ^c^ ds
uke 5]000 #å vnk djuk gksxkA
 çfrHkw ¼Surety½ & cU/kd /ku dk çfrHkw ¼tekurnkj½ Hkh çR;klu dk dkuwuhrkSj
vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;fn cU/kddrkZ cU/kd lEifÙk dk ekspu
jkus esa vleFkZ gksrk gS rks cU/kd /ku dk Hkqxrku djus dk dkuwuh nkf;Ro çfrHkw dk
gh tkrk gSA
39
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
 Example & d vkSj [k nksuksa ,d [ksr esa cjkcj ds fgLlsnkj gSa vkSj ml [ksr dks
x ds ikl 5 gtkj :i;s esa cU/kd j[k nsrs gSaA [k vdsyk x dks 5 gtkj #i;s vnk
djrk gSA [k vius fgLls ls vfrfjä Hkqxrku ds fy;s cU/kd dh fLFkfr esa [kM+k gSA
 lg&cU/kddrkZ ¼Co-mortgagor½ & tgk¡ fdlh lEifÙk dk cU/kd la;qä :i
esa ,d ls vf/kd cU/kddrkZvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS ogk¡ ;fn buesa ls fdlh Hkh ,d
cU/kddrkZ }kjk cU/kd /ku dk Hkqxrku dj fn;k tkrk gS rks mls çR;klu dk
dkuwuh vf/kdkj çkIr gks tk;sxkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa og mu lg&cU/kddrkZvksa ds LFkku
ij çR;kflr gks tk;sxk ftuds vf/kdkjksa dk mlus ekspu fd;k gSA
 ekspu dh lkE; dk Øsrk ¼Purchaser of the Equity of Redemption½

& pwfa d ekspu dk Øsrk cU/kd _.k dk Hkqxrku O;fäxr /ku ls djrk gS vr% mls
çR;klu dk dkuwuh vf/kdkj gSA
 Example –
 ^v^ viuk [ksr c dks 500 #- esa cU/kd djrk gS &çFke cU/kd
 ^v^ ogh [ksr l dks iqu% 2010 #- esa cU/kd djrk gS &f}rh; cU/kd
o n uked O;fä mä [ksr ds ekspu ds vf/kdkj dks c ls 500 #- nsdj [kjhn
ysrk gS vkSj c dk LFkku xzg.k dj ysrk gSA ;fn l uked cU/kdh vius
cU/kd dks ykxw djuk pkgs rks mls n dks 500 #i;s dk Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA
blesa pwfa d n us c ls lEifÙk ds ekspu dk vf/kdkj [kjhn dj c dk cU/kd
_.k vnk fd;k gS vkSj c dk LFkku xzg.k fd;k gS blfy;s n vkSj c ds
vf/kdkjksa dk foy; ¼Merger½ gks x;kA blh çdkj dksbZ Hkh vtuch
¼Stranger½ O;fä ekspu dk vf/kdkj [kjhndj lEifÙk esa fgr ik ldrk gSA
¼c½ lafonkRed çR;klu ¼Conventional Subrogation½ & lafonkRed ;k
vfHkle;kRed çR;klu ogk¡ gksrk gS tgk¡ cU/kd _.k dh vnk;xh djus okyk O;fä
,d vifjfpr O;fä gks rFkk ftls ml vnk;xh ds }kjk vius fdlh fgr dk laj{k.k
djuk gks] ysfdu og jftVZM lafonk ds vUrxZr #i;k vfxze :i esa bl 'krZ ij nsrk
gS fd ml cU/kdh ds vf/kdkjksa rFkk mipkjksa dk çR;klu ns fn;k tk;s] ftlds cU/kd
/ku dk Hkqxrku mlds /ku ls fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g lafonk _.kknkrk rFkk
_.kkxzghrk esa Li"V ;k miyf{kr nksuksa :iksa esa gks ldrk gSA vr% bl çdkj tc
_.knkrk ckn esa çR;klu }kjk ewy _.knkrk dk LFkku çkIr dj ysxk rks bls
lafonkRed çR;klu dgsaxsA
40
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
çR;klu dh ek¡x dkSu dj ldrs gSa\ ¼Who can Claim Subrogation\½]

/kkjk 92 ds vuqlkj] /kkjk 91 esa of.kZr O;fä çR;klu ds vf/kdkj dh ekax dj
ldrs gSaA /kkjk 91 esa of.kZr O;fä fuEu çdkj gSa&
1- i'pkrorhZ cU/kdh ¼Puisne Mortgagee½
2- çfrHkw ¼Surety½
3- lg&cU/kddÙkkZ ¼Co-mortgagor½
4- ekspu dh lkE; dk Øsrk ¼Buyer of the Equity of Redemption½A
dkuwuh vkSj lafonkRed çR;klu esa vUrj ¼Distinction between Legal all
Conventional Subrogation½
1- dkuwuh çR;klu /kkjk 92 ds çFke iSjk esa of.kZr gS tcfd lafonkRed nkf;Ro /kkjk 92
ds rhljs iSjk esa ifjHkkf"kr gSA
2- dkuwuh çR;klu dk tUe çfrHkwfr ij vk/kkfjr gS tcfd lafonkRed çR;klu ds tUe
dk vk/kkj i{kksa ds vkilh djkj }kjk gksrk gSA
3- dkuwuh çR;klu dk vf/kdkj /kkjk 92 esa of.kZr lhfer O;fä;ksa dks gh çkIr gS tcfd
lafonkRed çR;klu dk vf/kdkj çR;sd ,sls O;fä dks çkIr gksrk gS tks ,slk vf/kdkj
çkIr djus dk djkj djrk gS Hkys gh og O;fä ifjfpr gks ;k vifjfprA
4- dkuwuh çR;klu lHkh 'krksaZ ds iwjk gksus ij foekspu ds vf/kdkj dk ç;ksx gksrs gh- çkIr
gks tkrk gSA blds foijhr djkj çR;klu dsoy rHkh çkIr gksrk gS tcfd foekspu ds
vf/kdkj ç;qä gksus ls igys lafonkRed çR;klu ds vf/kdkj ds ckjs esa jftLVMZ çys[k
}kjk dksbZ lafonk dj fy;k x;k gksA
5- dkuwuh çR;klu dk vf/kdkj dsoy ,sls O;fä;ksa dks gS tks Lo;a lEifÙk dk ekspu djus
ds vf/kdkjh ugha gksrs cfYd ekspu ds vf/kdkj dks dher nsdj [kjhnrs gSa] vf/kdkjh
ekus tkrs gSaA
fufgr fgr ,oa lekfJr fgr esa vUrj
¼Definition of Vested Interest and Contingent Interest½
fufgr fgr dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Definition of Vested Interest½
/kkjk 19 ds vuqlkj] tgk¡ fdlh lEifÙk ds vUrj.k ls fdlh O;fä ds ikl esa ml
lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr og le; fuf'pr fd;s fcuk fd og dc ls çHkkfor gks- ;k ;g
fuf'pr djrs gq, fd og rRdky ;k fdlh ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij tks vo';EHkkoh gS]
41
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
çHkkoh gksxk] fufeZr fd;k tkrk gS] ogk¡ tc rd vUrj.k ds çko/kkuksa ls çfrdwy vk'k;
fn[kkbZ u nsrk gks] fgu fufgr ¼Vested½ gSA
la{ksi esa mä /kkjk ds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd tc dksbZ
O;fä fdlh orZeku ;k Hkkoh lEifÙk dk fuf'pr vf/kdkj j[krk gS] rks mls lEifÙk esa
fufgr fgr j[kus okyk dgk tkrk gS] Hkys gh&
 vUrj.k&i= esa ;g fufnZ"V ugha gS fd vUrj.kxzghrk ds i{k esa LokFkZ rRdky çHkko
xzg.k djsxk] ;k
 ;g fufnZ"V ugha gS fd rRdky ykxw gksxk] ,slk LokFkZ ,slh ?kVuk ds ?kVus ij ykxw
gksxk tks ?kVuh gh pkfg;sA
Example – v ,d edku c dks vUrfjr djrk gSA c dk edku esa fufgr LokFkZ gS tc
rd fd vUrj.k&i= esa dksbZ cLrq ;g fn[kkus dks ugha gS fd c edku esa fufgr LokFkZ
¼Vested Interest½ çkIr ugha djrk gSA
lekfJr fgr dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Definition of Contingent Interest½
/kkjk 21 ds vuqlkj] tgk¡ fdlh lEifÙk vUrj.k ls ml lEifÙk esa fdlh O;fä ds
i{k esa fgr fu/kkZfjr vfuf'pr ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij gks ;k fdlh fu/kkZfjr vfuf'pr
?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij gh çHkkoh gksus ds fy, l`ftr fd;k x;k gks ogk¡ ,slk O;fä
mlds }kjk ml lEifÙk ls çHkkfor fgr vftZr djrk gSA ,slk fgr iwoZdfFkr n'kk esa ml
?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij vkSj i'pkr~ dfFkr n'kk esa ml ?kVuk dk ?kfVr gksuk vlEHko gks
tkus ij fufgu fgu gks tkrk gSA
Example – ,d lEifÙk ?k dks bl 'krZ ij vUrfjr dh tkrh gS fd ;fn d] [k] x esa
ls lHkh 18 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus ds iwoZ ej tkrs gSaA ?k dks ml lEifÙk esa ml le;
rd ,d lEHkkfor fgr çkIr gksxk tc rd fd d] [k vkSj x esa ls lHkh 18 o"kZ rd dh
mez çkIr- djus ls igys gh ugha ej tkrsA
fufgr vkSj lekfJr fgr esa vUrj
(Difference between Vested and Contingent Interest)
fufgr fgr lekfJr fgr
¼Vested Interest½ ¼Contingent Interest½
1- fufgr fgrksa esa Lokeh dk gd ¼Title½ 1- lekfJr ;k lEHkkfor fgr esa Lokeh
igys ls gh iw.kZ gksrk gS vkSj ;g dk gd dqN ?kVukvksa ij vk/kkfjr
gksrk gS ftuds ?kVus ij mldk iw.kZ
42
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
iw.kZ:i ls vf/kdkj dk Lokeh gksrk gksuk fuHkZj djrk gSA

gSA 2- lEHkkfor fgr dk çHkkoh gksuk fdlh
2- fufgr fgr vUrj.k dh rkjh[k ls gh Hkh Hkkoh vfuf'pr ?kVuk ds ?kVus ij
çHkkfor gksrk gS rFkk mldk mi;ksx vk/kkfjr gksrk gS tks ?kV Hkh ldrh gS
fdlh iwoZorhZ 'krZ ds iw.kZ gksus ij vkSj ugha HkhA
fuHkZj djrk gS blesa 'krZ ,slh gksrh gS
tks vo'; gh ?kVus okyh gksrh gSA 3- lEHkkfor fgr esa lEifÙk ij rRdky
3- fufgr fgr lEifÙk ij rRdkyhu ,oa dksbZ fuf'pr vf/kdkj mRiUu ugha
fuf'pr vf/kdkj bl çdkj çnku gksrk vkSj ;fn vUrj.keghrk lEifÙk
djrk gS fd ;fn og dCtk çkIr dks çkIr djus ds igys gh ej tkrk
djus ls iwoZ ej Hkh tkrk gS rks Hkh gS rks mldk fgr foQy gks tkrk gSA
mlds vf/kdkj esa dksbZ ck/kk mRiUu
ugha gksrh vkSj lEifÙk mlds
mÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa dks pyh tkrh gSA 4- lEHkkfor fgr Hkh vUrfjr fd;k tk
4- fufgr fgr dk vUrj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS fdUrq blesa vUrfjrh ,d
ldrk gS vkSj vUrfjrh fuf'pr fgr çklafxd ç‟fr dk fgr gh çkIr
çkIr dj ldrk gSA djrk gS tks iwoZorhZ 'krZ ds u gksus
ij foQy gks tkrk gSA
5- lEHkkfor fgr esa fgr dk fufgr gksuk
5- blesa fgr dk fufgr gksuk i'pkRk~orhZ iwoZorhZ 'krZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
'krksZa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA 6- blesa lEifÙk dks ç;ksx djus dk
6- blesa lEifÙk dks ç;ksx djus dk vf/kdkj fdlh Hkkoh rkjh[k vkus ;k
vf/kdkj rqjUr fey tkrk gSA ?kVuk ds ?kVus ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
7- blesa foy; dk fl)kUr ykxw ugha
7- blesa çR;korZu fgrksa dh rjg foy; gksrkA
dk fl)kUr ykxw gksrk gSA 8- blesa iwoZorhZ fgr ldkjkRed vkSj
8- blesa i'pkrorhZ fgr ldkjkRed gksrs udkjkRed nksuksa çdkj ds gksrs gSaA
gSA
43
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
n`”;eku Lokeh (Ostensible Owner)

dksbZ O;fä fdlh lEifÙk esa Lo;a ls vPNk fgr ugha ns ldrk ¼No person can
transfer a better title than he himself has½
lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e] 1882 ;g lkekU; fu;e LFkkfir djrk gS fd dksbZ O;fä fdlh
lEifÙk dk vUrj.k djrs le; fdlh vU; O;fä dks ml lEifÙk ds lEcU/k esa Lo;a ls
vPNk fgr çnku ugha dj ldrkA
lkekU; fof/k ¼Common Law½ dk ;g fl)kUr ySfVu lw= ^ûeks MsV dksM uku gScsV^^
¼Nemo Dat Ouod Non Habet½ ij vk/kkfjr gS ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ^^ftlds
ikl ugha gS og ns ugha ldrk^^ ¼No one can give who possesses not½A ;g lw=
bl lkekU; fu;e ij vk/kkfjr gS fd Þ,d O;fä nwljs dks ogha ns ldrk gS tks mlds
ikl gSA^^ vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh O;fä vius ls vPNk LoRo ¼gd½ vU; O;fä dks vUrfjr ugha
dj ldrk gSA vr% tc rd ,d O;fä lEifÙk dk okLrfod Lokeh ugha gS rc rd og
vU; O;fä dks lEifÙk ugha csp ldrk tc rd fd mls okLrfod Lokeh dh lgefr ;k
çkf/kdkj ,slk djus ds fy;s çkIr u gksA vr% ;fn dksbZ ln~Hkkoh usrk ,sls foØsrk ls eky
[kjhnrk gS tks eky dk Lokeh ugha gS rks og eky dk LokfeRo çkIr ugha dj ldrkA
/kkjk 41 ds vuqlkj] ^^tgk¡ vpy lEifÙk esa fgr j[kus okys O;fä;ksa dh Li"V ;k
miyf{kr ¼Implied½ lgefr ls dksbZ O;fä ,slh lEifÙk dk çdV ;k csukeh Lokeh
¼Ostensible Ownner½ gks vkSj og çfrQy ds fy;s ml lEifÙk dk vUrj.k djs rks
,slk vUrj.k bl vk/kkj ij 'kwU;dj.kh; ugha gksxk fd vUrj.kdrkZ dks vUrj.k djus dk
vf/kdkj ugha Fkk c'kusZ fd vUufjrh ¼Transferee½ us ;g fuf'pu djus ds fy;s fd
vUrjd ¼Transferor½ dks vUrj.k djus dk vf/kdkj Fkk] ;qfä;qä lko/kkuh cjrus ds
i'pkr ln~HkkoiwoZd dk;Z fd;k gksA
/kkjk 41 ds ykxw gksus dh 'krsZ ¼Conditions for the application of S-41½ &
1- dksbZ O;fä fdlh vpy lEifÙk dk „";eku Lokeh gksuk pkfg;sA
2- ,slk „";eku Lokeh mä vpy lEifÙk esa fgr j[kus okys O;fä;ksa dh Li"V ;k
miyf{kr lgefr ls gksuk pkfg;sA
3- „";eku Lokeh us mä lEifÙk dks çfrQy ds fy;s vUrfjr fd;k gksA
4- vUrfjrh us ;g fuf'pr fd;s tkus ds fy;s fd vUrj.kdrkZ dks vUrj.k djus dh
'kfä gS ;k ugha ;qfä;qä lko/kkuh cjrus ds ckn ln~Hkkouk ls dk;Z fd;k gksA
44
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
mi;qä
Z n'kkvksa esa vUrj.k bl vk/kkj ij 'kwU;dj.kh; ¼Voidable½ ugha gksxk fd
vUrj.kdrkZ dks vUrj.k djus dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA
fu"d"kZ ¼Conclusion½ & la{ksi esa ge mä okn ds rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dg ldrs gSa
fd /kkjk 41 bl lkekU; fu;e dk ,d viokn gS fd dksbZ O;fä Lo;a ls vPNk gd
fdlh nwljs O;fä dks ugha ns ldrkA
blh çdkj vkuUn eksgu cå uhy Qkesl Z h esa ,d ifr us lEifÙk viuh choh ds uke
[kjhnh tks mldh ns[kHkky vkSj O;oLFkk djrh FkhA iRuh us ml lEifÙk dks v dks cU/kd
dj fn;kA fu.kZ; gqvk fd iRuh ml lEifÙk dh „";eku Lokfeuh FkhA blfy;s og lEifÙk
dks /kkjk 41 ds vUrxZr cU/kd j[k ldrh FkhA ,slk cU/kd okLrfod Lokeh }kjk 'kwU;
?kksf"kr ugha djk;k tk ldrkA bl çdkj csukeh Lokeh }kjk fd;s x;s vUrj.k dk ;g
çHkko gksrk gS fd ,d ln~Hkkoh usrk ds vf/kdkj lqjf{kr jgrs gSa rFkk laO;ogkj oS/kkfud
Bgjk;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; lq[kkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1882 (Indian Easement Act, 1882)
lq[kkfèkdkj vfèkdkj dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Easement)
Hkkjrh; lq[kkfèkdkj fu;e 1882 dh èkkjk 4 ds vuqlkj] lq[kkfèkdkj ,d ,slk vfèkdkj gS
tks fdlh Hkwfe ds Lokeh ;k vfèkHkksxh dks ml gSlh;r esa ml Hkwfe ds ykHknk;d miHkksx
ds fy, fdlh vU; Hkwfe ls ;k ml ij ;k mlds lacaèk esa tks mldh viuh ugÈ gS dksÃ
ckr djus vkSj djrs jgus ds fy, ;k fdlh ckr dk fd;k tkuk jksdrs jgus ds fy, çkIr
gSA
bl çdkj lq[kkfèkdkj ,d ,slk vfèkdkj gS tks vpy laifÙk ds LokfeRo dk ,d vko';d
ifj.kke gS ;g ,d ,slk vfèkdkj gS ftlds }kjk çR;sd euq"; dks mldh vpy laifÙk ds
Åij iw.kZ LokfeRo dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gSA ijarq og ml laifÙk dk ç;ksx bl çdkj
dj ldrk gS fd og vius iM+kslh dh laifÙk ds ç;ksx esa ckaèkk u MkysAa bl çdkj
lq[kkfèkdkj dk vfèkdkj vpy laifÙk ds ç;ksx ls lacafUèkr lq[k&lqfoèkk] ikjLifjd fgr
vkSj mi;ksfxrk ij vkèkkfjr gSA
lq[kkfèkdkj ds vko';d rRo (Essentials of Easement)
1- nks i`Fkd Hkw&LFkku rFkk nks i`Fkd Hkw Lokeh gksus pkfg, & loZçFke ;g vko';d gS fd
lq[kHkksx dk vfèkdkj Hkwfe ls tqM+k gqvk gS tks ,d tehu dk Lokeh nwljs O;fä dh
Hkwfe ij vÆtr djrk gS vFkkZr ;fn dksÃ O;fä Hkwfe dk Lokeh ;k vf/kHkksxh ugÈ gS rks
og lq[kHkksxkfèkdkj çkIr ugÈ dj ldrkA lq[kHkksx Lo;a ,d iw.kZ vfèkdkj ugÈ gS cfYd
45
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
;g Hkwfe ds lkFk laxyu gSA vr% ;g Li"V gS fd lq[kkfèkdkj çkIr djus ds fy, nks
fHkUu Hkw LFkku ;k edku gksuk pkfg, vkSj muds nks fHkUu&fHkUu Lokeh ;k vf/kHkksxh gksus
pkfg,A vr% dksÃ Lokeh vius gh LokfeRo dh fdlh vU; Hkwfe ij lq[kkf/kdkj çkIr
ugÈ dj ldrkA
2- lq[kkfèkdkj LohdkjrkRed ;k udkjkRed gks ldrk gS & miHkksx ds <ax dh n`f"V ls

lq[kHkksx ;k rks ldkjkRed gks ldrk gS ;k udkjkRedA LohdkjkRed lq[kHkksx og
lq[kHkksx gS ftlesa vfèkHkkoh Lokeh vfèklsoh lEifr ij dqN djus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA
udkjkRed lq[kHkksx og lq[kHkksx gS ftlesa vf/klsoh Lokeh vf/kHkkoh Lokeh dks viuh
laifÙk ij dqN dk;Z djus ls jksd nsrk gSA
Example &
 [k dks Hkwfe ls ikbi }kjk viuh Hkwfe esa ikuh ys tkus vkSj ogka ls ukyh }kjk ikuh
ckgj fudkyus dk vfèkdkj d dh Hkwfe ls laXyu gS ;g LohdkjkRed lq[kkfèkdkj
gSA
 [k dks viuh Hkwfe ij edku cukus ls jksdus dk vfèkdkj d fd Hkwfe laXyu gS ;g
udkjkRed lq[kkfèkdkj gSA
3- lq[kkfèkdkj Hkwfe ds ykHknk;d mi;ksx dk vfèkdkj gS & ;g vfèkdkj Hkwfe ds ,d

ykHknk;d miHkksx dk vfèkdkj gS èkkjk 4 esa nh xÃ inkoyh fdlh dk;Z dks djus dh
O;k[;k ds varxZr lEaHko lqfoèkk nqjLFk ykHk vkSj ;gka rd fd dksÃ dsoy lq[k Hkh
'kkfey gS bl çdkj ij LoHkksx ftldks vaxzsth dkuwu esa vyx ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k
gS dks mä inkoyh ds varxZr fufgr fd;k x;k gSA bl çdkj ,d O;fä vius futh
miHkksx ds okLrs fdlh vU; O;fä dh Hkwfe dks ;k mldh Hkwfe esa ;k mldh Hkwfe esa ;k
mRiUu gksus okyh ;k mlls laXyu ;k ml ij [kM+h gqÃ fdlh oLrq ls çkIr gksus okys
ykHk ds fgLls ckaVuk gS tSls nwljs O;fä ds rkykc ls eNyh idM+uk ;k taxy lsa
ydM+h dkVuk vkfnA
4- lq[kkf/kdkj dk fdlh Hkwfe ds Lokeh ;k vf/kHkksäk dh gSfl;r ls mi;ksx fd;k tkuk

pkfg;s & lq[kkf/kdkj dk miHkksx fdlh ,sls O;fä }kjk gh fd;k tk ldrk gS tks
fdlh Hwkfe dk Lokeh ;k vf/kHkksäk gksA lq[kkf/kdkj Hkwfe ls layXu gksrk gS rFkk Hkwfe ds
ykHknk;d mi;ksx ds fy;s mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh O;fä ds ikl Hkwfe ugha
46
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
gS rks lq[kkf/kdkj çkIr ugha gksxk cfYd mls dsoy O;fäxr vf/kdkj çkIr gksx
a s tks
vius vki esa iw.kZ vf/kdkj gksx
a sA
lq[kkf/kdkj ds çdkj ¼Kinds of Easement½

1- fujUrj lq[kkf/kdkj ¼Continuous Easement½ & ;g og vf/kdkj gS ftldk
ç;ksx fujUrj fcuk fdlh ekuoh; dk;Z ds gksrk jgrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & fdlh Hkwfe ls
gksdj LFkk;h :i ls ty L=ksr ds cgus] jks'kuh] /kwi vkSj gok ysus ds vf/kdkj
vfofPNUu ¼fujUrj½ lq[kkf/kdkj ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA
2- vlrr~ lq[kkf/kdkj ¼Discontinuous Easement½ & fofPNUu ¼vlrRk~½

lq[kkf/kdkj og lq[kkf/kdkj gS ftlds ç;ksx ds fy;s euq"; ds dk;Z dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA bldk ç;ksx #d&#ddj gksrk gSA miHkksx vU; O;fä;ksa ds lg;ksx ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA nwljs dh Hkwfe ij jkLrs dk vf/kdkj] nwljs ds uy ls ikuh ysus dk
vf/kdkj] fdlh dh Hkwfe ij dwM+k&djdV vkfn Qsd a us dk vf/kdkj fofPNUu vf/kdkj
ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA
3- çdV lq[kkf/kdkj ¼Apparent Easement½ & çR;{k lq[kkf/kdkj og vf/kdkj gS

ftldk vfLrRo fdlh ,sls LFkk;h fpUg ls çdV gksrk gS tks fdlh l{ke O;fä dks
lko/kkuhiwoZd fujh{k.k] djus ij fn[kkbZ nsA mnkgj.kkFkZ & edku esa yxs njokts]
f[kM+fd;k] jks'kunku vkfn ,slh oLrq;sa gSa tks lHkh O;fä;ksa dks Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrs
gSaA fdUrq Hkwfe ds uhps dh ukyh lko/kkuhiwoZd l{ke O;fä }kjk fujh{k.k djus ij gh
fn[kkbZ ns ldrh gSA tks vke vkneh dks fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA
4- vçdV lq[kkf/kdkj ¼Non-apparent Easement½ & ;g og lq[kkf/kdkj ftldk

ç;ksx rks gksrk jgrk gS ijUrq mldk dksbZ fpUg ugha gksrkA vçR;{k lq[kkf/kdkj dksbZ
fu'kku vf/klsoh nk; ¼Servient Heritage½ ij ugha gksrkA mnkgj.kkFkZ & fdlh
O;fä dks mldh Hkwfe ij fuekZ.k djus ls jksdus dk vf/kdkj vçR;{k lq[kkf/kdkj esa
vkrk gSA
5- LFkk;h lq[kHkksx ¼Permanent Easement½ & LFkk;h lq[kHkksx og lq[kHkksx gksrk

gS ftldk ç;ksx vf/kHkkoh Lokeh çR;sd le; vkSj çR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa fcuk fdlh
47
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
#dkoV ds dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & v dh bekjr esa njoktksa vkSj f[kM+fd;ks ls
jks”kuh vkus dk vf/kdkj v dk LFkk;h lq[kkf/kdkj gSA
6- vLFkk;h lq[kHkksx ¼Non-Permanent Easement½ & vLFkk;h lq[kHkksx ;g nks

çdkj dk gksrk gS&
1- lhfer lq[kHkksx ¼Limited Easement½ & og lq[kkf/kdkj ftldk mi;ksx
lhfer le; ;k mís'; ds fy;s gh fd;k tk ldrk gS lhfer l[kHkksx gS tSls dqN
o"kksaZ ds fy;s] ;k fdlh fuf'pr LFkku ij ;k fuf'pr mís'; ls dqN vof/k ds fy;sA
mnkgj.kkFkZ & fdlh vf/kHkkoh Lokeh dks vf/klsoh Hkwfe ij jkLrs dk ;k ydM+h
dkVus ;k iÙks pquus dk ;k ikuh cgkus dk vf/kdkj lhfer lq[kkf/kdkj dgyk;sxkA
2- l'krsZ lq[kkf/kdkj ¼Conditional Easements½ & tc fdlh lq[kHkksx ds

mi;ksx dk vf/kdkj fdlh 'krZ ds lkFk tqM+k gks rks mls l'krZ lq[kHkksx dgrs gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ & fdlh vkthou fdjk;snkj ¼Life Tenant½ ls çkIr fd;k x;k
lq[kkf/kdkj l”krZ lq[kHkksx gS D;ksafd tSls gh vkthou fdjk;snkj dh e`R;q gks tkrh
gS oSls gh /kkjd dk lq[kkf/kdkj Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gSA
lq[kkf/kdkj dh ck/kk ¼Disturbance of Easement½

lq[kkf/kdkjksa dk mi;ksx djus dk vf/kdkj /kkjk 32 vf/kHkkoh Lokeh dks fcuk fdlh fo?u
ds nsrh gS vFkkZr~ ;g vf/kdkj iwjs lalkj ds fo#) gksrk gS] blfy;s ,sls ekeys esa tgk¡
vf/kHkkoh Lokeh ¼Dominant owner½ ds lq[kkf/kdkj dk miHkksx djus esa fdlh vU;
O;fä }kjk ck/kk iSnk dh tkrh gS rks ogk¡ ij vf/kHkkoh Lokeh dks ml ck/kk iSnk djus okys
i{k ds fo#) - nkok nk;j djus dk iw.kZ:is.k vf/kdkj miyC/k gksrk gSA
fcuk ck/kk ds miHkksx djus dk vf/kdkj
/kkjk 32 ç/kku nk; ds Lokeh ;k n[ky j[kus okys dks fdlh vU; O;fä }kjk fo?u Mkys
fcuk lq[kkf/kdkj dk miHkksx djus ds fy;s vf/kdkj nsrh gS A mnkgj.kkFkZ& fdlh edku
ds Lokeh ds :i esa d [k dh Hkwfe ij ekxZ dk vf/kdkj j[krk gSA x[k dh Hkwfe esa voS/k
:i ls ços'k djrk gS vkSj d ds ekxZ ds vf/kdkj esa ck/kk Mkyrk gSA d x ij ços'k ds
dkj.k ugha fdUrq ck/kk igq¡pkus ds dkj.k {kfriwfrZ ds fy;s okn çLrqr dj ldrk gS A
vf/kHkkoh Lokeh ds lq[kkf/kdkj dk miHkksx & ck/kkjfgr gksrk gS] tc dksbZ O;fä bl
miHkksx esa ck/kk igq¡pkrk gS rks blds fo#) og nkok nk;j djus dk vf/kdkj j[krk gS A
48
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
ck/kk ds fo#) mipkj ¼Remedies against Disturbances½

A. lq[kkf/kdkj esa fo?u Mkyus ij {kfriwfrZ dk okn & /kkjk 33 ds vuqlkj] ç/kku nk; esa
fdlh fgr dk Lokeh ;k ,sls nk; dk n[ky j[kus okyk ¼Occupier½ lq[kkf/kdkj esa
;k mlds lgk;d fdlh vf/kdkj esa ck/kk ds dkj.k {kfriwfrZ ds fy;s okn çLrqr dj
ldrk gS] ijUrq 'krZ ;g gS fd ,sls fo?u ls oknh dks lpeqp okLrfod {kfr
¼Substantial Damage½ igq¡ph gks A
Li"Vhdj.k
1- fdlh ,sls dk;Z dk fd;k tkuk] ftlls lq[kkf/kdkj ds lk{; ij çHkko iM+us ls ;k
ç/kku nk; ds ewY; esa okLrfod deh gks tkus ls oknh dks gkfu igq¡pus dh lEHkkouk
gks] /kkjk 33 vkSj /kkjk 34 ds vFkksZa esa okLrfod {kfr gSA
2- tgk¡ dksbZ lq[kkf/kdkj] ftlesa fo?u Mkyk x;k gS] fdlh edku ds [kqys LFkkuksa esa
gksdj vkus okys çdk'k ds LorU= iFk dk LoRo gks] rks bl /kkjk ds vFkksZa esa dksbZ Hkh
{kfr ml le; rd okLrfod {kfr ugha gksxh tc rd fd og çFke Li"Vhdj.k esa
u vk tkrh gks ;k oknh ds 'kkjhfjd lq[k esa okLrfod gLr{ksi u djrh gks ;k
mldks ç/kku nk; esa viuk vH;Lr dkjksckj mrus gh fgrdj :i esa djus ls u
jksdrh gks ftruk og okn çLrqr djus ds igys djrkA
3- tgk¡ dksbZ lq[kkf/kdkj] ftlesa fo?u Mkyk x;k gS] fdlh edku ds fdlh }kj ls
gksdj vkus okyh ok;q ds LorU= iFk dk LoRo gks] rks bl /kkjk ds vFkksaZ esa dksbZ {kfr
ml le; okLrfod gksxh tc og oknh ds 'kkjhfjd lq[k esa okLrfod gLr{ksi djs]
Hkys gh og mlds LokLF; ds fy;s gkfudkjd u gksA
Examples -
¼d½ d ,d ,sls iFk esa ftl ij [k dks x ds fdjk;snkj ds :i esa ekxZ dk LoRo gS]
LFkk;h ck/kk j[k nsrk gSA ;g x ds fy;s ,d okLrfod {kfr gS] D;ksafd ;g
lq[kkf/kdkj mlds mÙkjHkksx vf/kdkj ¼Reversionary Right½ ds lk{; dks
çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
¼[k½ ,d edku ds Lokeh ds :i esa d [k ds edku ds ,d vksj ls gksdj pyus dk
LoRo j[krk gSA [k ml ekxZ ds Åij tehu ls nl QqV Å¡pk ,d cjkenk bl
çdkj cukrk gS fd ml ekxZ dk ç;ksx djrs le; iSny pyus okyksa dks dksbZ
vlqfo/kk u igq¡psA ;g d ds fy;s okLrfod {kfr ugha gSA
49
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
/kkjk 33 ds vUrxZr ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd oknh lq[kkf/kdkj ds mYya?ku dk nkok

{kfriwfrZ çkIr djus ds fy, rHkh dj ldrk gS tc og ;g çekf.kr dj ns fd mldks
igq¡pk;h x;h {kfr lkjoku~ ¼Substantial½ FkhA
okLrfod {kfr ¼Substantial Damage½
mi;qä
Z /kkjk ds vuqlkj okLrfod ;k lkjoku ¼Bksl½ {kfr dk vFkZ nks :iksa esa gksrk gS&
1- ,slh voLFkkvksa esa tgk¡ ck/kk ls Lo;a lq[kkf/kdkj dk lk{; ¼Evidence½ çHkkfor
gksrk gSA
2- ,sls ekeys esa tgk¡ ck/kk ls vf/kHkkoh nk; ¼Dominant Heritage½ dh dher
cktkj ds ewY; dh vis{kk fxj tkrh gSA
B. ck/kk jksdus ds fy;s fu"ks/kkKk & /kkjk 35- ds vuqlkj] fdlh lq[kkf/kdkj ds fo?u dks
jksdus ds fy;s fof'k"V lgk;rk vf/kfu;e] 1877 ¼Specific Relief Act, 1877½ dh
/kkjk 52 ls 57 ds micU/kksa ds v/khu fu"ks/kkKk çnku dh tkrh gS&
 ;fn lq[kkf/kdkj esa lpeqp fo?u Mkyh x;h gks tc ,sls fo?u ds fy;s bl v/;k;
ds v/khu {kfriwfrZ çkIr dh tk ldrh gksA
 ;fn fo?u Mkyus dh dsoy /kedh gks ;k bjknk gks‟tc og dk;Z ftls djus dh
/kedh nh xbZ gks ;k bjknk gks] ;fn fd;k tkrk rks lq[kkf/kdkj esa fo?u iM+rkA
/kkjk 35 ds vuqlkj] U;k;ky; }kjk fof'k"V vuqrks"k vf/kfu;e] 1877 ds vUrxZr
fuEufyf[kr nks voLFkkvksa esa fu"ks/kkKk tkjh dh tk ldrh gS&
1- ,slh voLFkk esa tc lq[kkf/kdkj ij okLrfod :i esa vk?kkr igq¡prk gks rFkk
mldh {kfriwfrZ gks ldrh gks rks ogk¡ ij fu"ks/kkKk tkjh dh tk ldrh gksA
2- ,slh voLFkk esa tgk¡ fo?u Mkyus dh dsoy /kedh dk bjknk gks ;k bl /kedh
,oa bjkns dk dk;Z ;fn fd;k tkrk rks lq[kkf/kdkj esa fo?u iM+rkA
vuqKfIr (Licence)
vuqKfIr dh ifjHkk"kk ¼Defimition of Licence½
/kkjk 52 ds vuqlkj] tgk¡ ,d O;fä fdlh vU; O;fä dks ;k fuf'pr la[;k esa vU;
O;fä;ksa dks ,sls vf/kdkj dk- vuqnku djrk gS tks vuqnkudrkZ dh vpy lEifÙk esa ;k
ml ij dksbZ ,slh ckr djus ;k djrs jgus ds fy;s gS tks ,sls vf/kdkj ds vHkko esa
50
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
xSjdkuwuh gksxh vkSj ,slk vf/kdkj lq[kkpkj ;k lEifÙk esa fgr ugha gS] ogk¡ ,slk vf/kdkj
vuqKfIr dgykrk gSA
Example & tgk¡ nks HkkbZ;ksa esa edku dk c¡Vokjk gksus ij ,d ds Hkkx esa dqvk¡ vkrk gS]
ogk¡ ;fn og vius dq;sa ls ikuh ysus dh vkKk vius nwljs HkkbZ dks nsrk gS rks ;g
vuqKfIr gksxhA
vuqKfIr ds vko';d y{k.k ¼Essentials of Licence½
1- vuqKfIr Hkwfe ds LokfeRo ls lEcfU/kr ugha gksrh gS & vuqKfIr esa vuqKfIrxzghrk dks
ml lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr ¼LokfeRo½ çkIr ugha gksrkA blds vUrxZr ml lEifÙk esa ;k
lEifÙk ij dsoy dqN djus dk O;fäxr vf/kdkj feyrk gSA pwfa d vuqKfIr/kkjh dks-
vpy lEifÙk ij dksbZ LokfeRo çkIr ugha gksrk gS] vr% og dCts ds vk/kkj ij
Hk&Lokeh ds f[kykQ okn nk;j ugha dj ldrkA
2- vuqKfIr çnkrk dh bPNk ij lekIr dh tk ldrh gS & vuqKfIr dk vf/kdkj çnkrk

¼Granter½ dh Loh‟fr ls mRiUu gksrk gSA vr% çnkrk bls viuh bPNkuqlkj dHkh Hkh
lekIr dj ldrk gSA ;g ,d O;fäxr vf/kdkj gS tks vuqKfIr/kkjh dh e`R;q ds lkFk
gh [kRe gks tkrk gSA
3- vuqKfIr dk;ksaZ dks oS/k cukrh gS ¼Licence makes the acts valid½ & vuqKfIr
vpy lEifÙk ij fdlh dk;Z dks djus dh vuqefr çnku djrh gS tks ,slh vuqefr ds
vHkko esa voS/k ekus tk;sxa sA
4- vuqKfIr ,d ldkjkRed vf/kdkj gS udkjkRed ugha & vuqKkIr ,d ldkjkRed

vf/kdkj çnku djrh gS] u fd udkjkRedA nwljs 'kCnksa esa og fdlh dk;Z fo'ks"k dks
djus ds fy;s çnku dh tkrh gS] u djus ds fy;s ughaA
5- vuqKfIr vUrj.kh; ,oa nk;;ksX; ugha gksrh & pwfa d vuqKfIr ,d O;fäxr vf/kdkj gS
vr% ;g nk;;ksX; ¼Heritable½ ugha gksrh vkSj u gh euksjatu esa izos'k ds flok;
vUrj.kh; ¼Transferable½ gksrh gSA
51
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
vuqKfIr dc jí dh tk ldsxh \ ¼Licence when revoked \½ & /kkjk 60 ds

vuqlkj vuqnkudrkZ }kjk vuqKfIr jí dh tk ldrh gS ;fn&
 vuqKfIr lEifÙk ds vUrj.k ls lEc) u gks rFkk ,slk vUrj.k çHkko'khy u gksA
 vuqKfIr/kkjh us] vuqKfIr ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrs gq;s LFkk;h ç‟fr dk dk;Z
lEikfnr u fd;k gks vkSj lEiknu esa /ku [kpZ u fd;k gksA
/kkjk 60 ;|fi mu voLFkkvksa dk o.kZu djrh gS ftuesa vuqKfIr dk [k.Mu fd;k tk
ldrk gSA fdUrq ;gh /kkjk bl lkekU; fu;e ds nks viokn is'k djrh gS vFkkZr
fuEufyf[kr nks voLFkkvksa esa vuqKfIr dks [kf.Mr ugha fd;k tk ldrk&
1- tgk¡ vuqKfIr ds lkFk lEifÙk dk vUrj.k Hkh layXu gks vkSj vUrj.k ykxw gks & /kkjk
60 ¼d½ ds vuqlkj] ;fn vuqKfIr ds lkFk lEifÙk dk gLrkUrj.k Hkh dj fn;k-
tkrk gS rks ,slh vuqKfIr dk [k.Mu ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksfa d ,slk lafonk] HksaV ;k
vuqnku ds :i esa gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & nks Hkkb;ksa ds chp caVokjs ds le; ij ,d
HkkbZ us nwljs HkkbZ dks vius dq;sa ls ikuh ysus dh vuqefr nh gSA ;g vuqefr lEifÙk ds
vUrj.k ds lkFk layXu gS] vr% lekIr ugha dh tk ldrhA
2- tgk¡ vuqKfIr/kkjh us vuqKfIr ds fo'okl ij dksbZ LFkk;h <ax dk dk;Z dj fy;k gS

vkSj mlesa #i;k Hkh [kpZ dj fy;k gks & /kkjk 60 ¼[k½ ds vuqlkj] tgk¡ vuqKfIr/kkjh
us vuqKfIr esa dh lEifÙk ij dksbZ LFkk;h dk;Z dj fy;k gS vkSj mlesa #i;k [kpZ dj
fy;k gS ;k LFkk;h LoHkko ds dk;Z dk dqN Hkkx iwjk gks x;k gS rks vuqKfIr dks
[kf.Mr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA LFkk;h fuekZ.k ds dk;ksZ esa ,sls dk;Z 'kkfey gSa tks
vLFkk;h ugha gSa tSls fuokl ds fy;s edku cuokuk] Hkwfe dks ?ksjus ds fy;s pkjksa vksj
nhokj cuk ysuk vkfnA
Example –
1- v us c dks viuh Hkwfe ls gksdj tkus dk jkLrk fn;kA rRi'pkr v us ml jkLrs ds
vkjEHk esa yxs njokts ij rkyk yxk fn;kA ;g vuqKfIr Li"V :i ls fujLr gks tkrh
gSA
2- ,d [ksr dk Lokeh v] c dks [ksr ij lw[kh ?kkl dk <sj yxkus ds fy;s] vuqKfIr
çnku djrk gSA v ml [ksr dks l dks fdjk;s ij ns nsrk gS ;k csp nsrk gSA ;g
vuqKfIr miyf{kr :i ls jí gks tkrh gSA
52
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
vuqKfIr dc fujLr le>h tkrh gS \ ¼When is licence deemed to be

revoked \½ & /kkjk 62 ds vUrxZr vuqKfIr rc fujLr le>h tkrh gS] tc&
1- mlds vuqnku ds iwoZorhZ dkj.k ls] vuqnkudrkZ dk vuqKfIr ls çHkkfor lEifÙk esa dksbZ
fgr ugha jgrkA
2- vuqKfIr/kkjh mls vuqnkudrkZ ;k mlds çfrfuf/k ds i{k esa Li"V ;k miyf{kr :i ls
R;kx nsrk gSA
3- og lhfer dkykof/k ds fy;s çnku dh xbZ gS ;k bl 'krZ ij vftZr dh xbZ gS fd og
fof'k"V dk;Z ds ikyu ;k vikyu ij 'kwU; gks tk;sxhA
4- vuqKfIr ls çHkkfor lEifÙk u"V gks tkrh gS ;k mPprj 'kfä }kjk ,sls LFkk;h :i ls
ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS fd vuqKfIr/kkjh vkSj vkxs vius vf/kdkj dk ç;ksx ugha dj
ldrkA
5- vuqKfIr/kkjh vuqKfIr ls çHkkfor lEifÙk ds iw.kZ LokfeRo dk gdnkj gks tkrk gSA
6- vuqKfIr fo'ks"k mís'; ds fy;s nh tkrh gS vkSj og mís'; iwjk gks tkrk gS ;k R;kx
fn;k tkrk gS ;k vlk/; gks tkrk gSA
7- vuqKfIr vuqKfIr/kkjh dks fof'k"V in] fu;kstu ;k gSfl;r /kkj.k djus ds :i esa çnku
dh tkrh gS vkSj ,slk in] fu;kstu ;k gSfl;r vfLrRo esa ugha jgrkA
8- vuqKfIr dk 20 o"kZ dh vVwV dkykof/k rd ml :i esa ç;ksx fcYdqy cUn jgrk gS
vkSj ,slk cUn jguk vuqnkudrkZ vkSj vuqKfIr/kkjh ds chp lafonk ds vuqlj.k esa ugha
gSA
9- lekuqf"kxd dh n'kk esa]og fgr ;k vf/kdkj ftlds og vuqlfa xd gS] vfLrRo esa ugha
jgrk gSA
vuqKfIr vkSj lq[kkf/kdj esa vUrj
(Difference between Licence and Easement)
vuqKfIr lq[kkf/kdj
1- vuqKfIr dk tUe lEifRr ds Lokeh dh 1- lq[kkf/kdkj dk tUe Hkwfe ds iz;ksxdrkZ
Lohd`fr ls gksrk gSA dh okLrfod] jpukRed ;k miyf{kr
Lohd`fr ls gksrk gSA
2- vuqKfIr ,d O;fDrxr vf/kdkj gS 2- lq[kkf/kdkj lEifRr ds LokfeRo ls
ftldk lEifRr ds LokfeRo ls dksbZ lEcfU/kr gSA
lEcU/k ugha gSA
53
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
3- vuqKfIr euksjatu esa izos”k dks NksM+dj 3- lq[kHkksx lEifRr ds vUrj.k ds lkFk
vUrj.kh; ugha gSA vUrj.kh; gSA
4- vuqKfIr vpy&lEifRr esa fgr mRiUu 4- lq[kkf/kdkj vpy&lEifRr esa fgr mRiUu
ugha djrhA djrk gSA
5- vuqKfIr/kkjh fdlh vogsyuk ds fo:) 5- iz/kkunk; dk Lokeh ;k vf/kHkksDrk fdlh
vius uke ls okn ugha pyk ldrkA mYya?ku ds f[kykQ vius uke ls okn
yk ldrk gSA
6- blesa dCts ds vf/kdkj ds miHkksx ds 6- blesa dksbZ izfrQy ugha nsuk iM+rk fdUrq
fy;s izfrQy nsuk iM+rk gSA ejEer vkfn ds fy;s O;oLFkk gksrh gSA
7- blesa mRrjkf/kdkfj;ksa dks dksbZ gd ugha 7- blesa mRrjkf/kdkfj;ksa dks gd feyrk gSA
feyrk vr% ;g nk;;ksX; ugha gSA vr% ;g nk;;ksX; gSA
fopkjk/khu okn ds fl)kUr ¼ Doctrine of Lis Pendens½

Þfyl^ ¼Lis½ dk vFkZ gS ôkn^ vkSj îsUMsUl^ ¼Pendens½ dk vFkZ gS ^yfEcr^ ;k
fopkjk/khu A vr% ^fyl isUMsUl^ ¼Lis Pendens½ dk vFkZ gS fopkjk/khu okn ;k yfEcr
oknA fopkjk/khu okn ds fl)kUr ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ;fn dksbZ O;fä fookfnr Hkwfe ;k
vpy lEifÙk dks [kjhnrk gS rks og U;k;ky; }kjk fd;s x;s eqdnesa ds QSlys ls ck/;
gksxk] Hkys gh og eqdnesa esa i{kdkj gks ;k ughaA
;g fl)kUr /kkjk 52 esa of.kZr gS vkSj bldk vk/kkj lw= gS fd ^yfEcr okn^ esa dksbZ ubZ
ckrsa mRiUu ugha gksrhA /kkjk 52 ds vuqlkj] ml vof/k ds nkSjku ftlesa fdlh vpy
lEifÙk ds lEcU/k esa l{ke U;k;ky; esa dk;Zokgh fopkjk/khu gks rFkk tks lkft'kiw.kZ
¼Collusive½ u gks vkSj ftlesa vpy lEifÙk dk vf/kdkj lh/ks&lh/ks fooknxzLr gks]
lEifÙk okn ;k dk;Zokgh ds fdlh i{k }kjk vUrfjr ugha dh tk;sxh ftlls fd mlds
fdlh vU; i{k ds vf/kdkj] fdlh fMØh ;k vkns'k ds v/khu ,slh 'krZ ij tSlh og
yxk;s] çHkkfor gksAa
54
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
yfEcr okn ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of Lis Pendens½

1- fdlh okn ;k dk;Zokgh dk yfEcr gksuk ¼Pendency of a Suit or
Proceeding½ & fdlh okn ;k dk;Zokgh dk yEcu mlh le; ls vkjEHk gks tkrk
gS tc ls okn U;k;ky; esa nk;j fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ml le; rd yfEcr jgrk gS
tc rd mldk fuiVkjk fMØh }kjk vfUre :i ls u gks tk;s rFkk fMØh dk iw.kZ
fu"iknu ;k og vof/k ckf/kr u gks tk;sA fdUrq ;fn dksbZ okn fdlh xyr U;k;ky;
esa nk;j fd;k tkrk gS vkSj og gLrkUrfjr fd;k tk;s rks yfEcr okn dk fl)kUr
ykxw u gksxkA
2- U;k;ky; dh l{kerk ¼Competency of the Court½ & ;fn dksbZ okn fdlh ,sls
U;k;ky; esa pyk;k x;k gks tks okn dks lquus ds fy, l{ke ugha gS rks ,sls okn ds
lEcU/k esa yfEcr okn dk fl)kUr ykxw u gksxkA vr% fl)kUr dks ykxw gksus ds fy,
vko';d gS fd fookfnr lEifÙk U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa gksuh pkfg;sA
3- okn dk nqjfHk lfU/kiw.kZ u gksuk ¼Not a Collusive Suit½ & ;fn oknh o çfroknh
ds chp ,d xqIr o /kks[kk nsus dk le>kSrk gks tkrk gS fd okn yM+us dk mís'; fdlh-
Hkh i{k ds vf/kdkjksa dks ijkftr djuk ugha gksxk rks ,sls okn dks fopkjk/khurk ds
nkSjku fd;k x;k lEifÙk dk vUrj.k oS/kkfud gksxkA
yfEcr okn ds fl)kUr dk çHkko ¼Effect of Lis Pendens½
yfEcr okn ds nkSjku fd;s x;s vUrj.kksa dk çHkko U;k;ky; }kjk fd;s x;s okn ds fu.kZ;
ij ugha iM+x
s kA U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; iw.kZ :i ls oS/k gksxkA ;fn vUrj.kdrkZ okn esa gkj
tkrk gS rks mlds vUrfjrh dks lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr çkIr u gksxk rFkk fot;h i{k dks
fookfnr lEifÙk fcuk fdlh Hkkj ;k nkf;Ro ds çkIr gks tk;sxhA vr% yfEcr okn ds
fl)kUr dk mís"; oknxzLr i{kksa dks muds foif{k;ksa }kjk vU; laØe.k fd;s tkus ds
f[kykQ laj{k.k çnku djuk gSA
55
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
mnkgj.kkFkZ &
1- ^v^] ^c^ ij ,sls edku ds lEcU/k esa eqdnek pykrk gS tks ^c^ ds dCts esa gSA okn ds
nkSjku ^c^ edku ^x^ dks csprk gSA ^v^ dk okn [kkfjt gks tkrk gS] ^x^ ds uke
vUrj.k mfpr ekuk tk;sxkA
2- ^v^] ^c^ ds f[kykQ ,d ,sls edku ds lEcU/k esa okn nk;j djrk gS tks ^c^ ds dCts
esa gSA okn dh vof/k ds nkSjku ^c^ ml edku dks ^x^ ds uke csp nsrk gSA ^v^ dks
fMØh nh tkrh gSA ^x^ ds uke fd;k x;k vUrj.k 'kwU;dj.kh; gks ldrk gS vkSj ^v^
dk ;g vf/kdkj fd ml edku dks ys lds] çHkkoh gksxkA
çek.khdj.k ¼Attestation½
çek.khdj.k ls rkRi;Z fdlh nLrkost ij nks ;k nks ls vf/kd xokgksa }kjk çekf.kr djuk
gksrk gS ftuesa ls çR;sd us nLrkost ds ys[kd dks nLrkost ij gLrk{kj djrs gq;s ;k
vius vaxwBs dk fu'kku cukrs gq;s ;k fdlh vU; O;fä dks ys[kd dh ekStwnxh esa ;k
mlds funsZ'kkuqlkj nLrkost ij gLrk{kj djrs gq;s ns[kk gks ;k ys[kd ds gLrk{kj ;k
vaxwBk ds fu'kku ;k ,sls vU; O;fä ds gLrk{kj dh O;fäxr vfHkLoh‟fr çkIr dh gks
vkSj muesa ls çR;sd us ys[kd dh mifLFkfr esa gLrk{kj fd;k gksA ;g vko';d ugha gS fd
,d le; esa ,d ls vf/kd xokg ekStwn gksa çek.khdj.k ds fy;s fdlh fo'ks"k çk:i
¼Draft½ dh vko';drk ugha gksrh A
çek.khdj.k ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of Attestation½
1- nLrkost ij nks ;k nks ls vf/kd xokgksa ds gLrk{kj gksa‟
2- ,sls gLrk{kj rc rd fd;s x;s gksa tc&
 xokg us fu"iknd dks gLrk{kj djrs ;k vaxwBk yxkrs ns[kk gks A
 fu"iknd dh ekStwnxh esa rFkk mlds funsZ'k ds vuqlkj fdlh vU; O;fä dks
viuh vksj ls gLrk{kj djrs ;k vaxwBk yxkrs ns[kk gks A
 fu"iknd ds gLrk{kj] vaxwBk fu'kkuh ;k ,sls O;fä ds gLrk{kj ;k vaxwBk fu'kkuh
dh xr vfHkLoh‟fr çkIr dh gksA O;fäxr vfHkLoh‟fr çkIr gksus ij
vuqçekf.kr djuk oS/k gSA ;g vko';d ugha gS fd çek.kdrkZ vUrj.k djus okys
ds gLrk{kj ;k vaxwBk fu'kkuh dks igpku ldsA
56
Phone no- +9643031960, 9643028427
3- çekf.kr djus okys lkf{k;ksa us fu"iknd ds lkeus gLrk{kj fd;s gksa A

4- lHkh çekf.kr djus okys lkf{k;ksa dk ,d le; ij gkftj gksuk t:jh ugha gS A
vuqfpr çek.khdj.k ds ifj.kke ¼Consequences of Improper Attestation½
;fn fdlh nLrkost dks mfpr :i ls çekf.kr u fd;k x;k gks rks mldk çHkko 'kwU;
gksxkA
çfrjks/k }kjk vuqnku iks"k.k ¼Feeding the Grant by Estoppel½
/kkjk 43 ds vuqlkj] tc dksbZ O;fä diV ;k Hkwy ls ;g çdV djs fd og fdlh vpy
lEifÙk dks vUrfjr djus dk gdnkj gS vkSj çfrQy ysdj ,slh lEifÙk dk vUrj.k djs
rks vUrj.k vUrfjrh ¼Transferee½ ds fodYi ¼Option½ ij çfrjks/k }kjk
vuqnku&iks"k.k ds fl)kUr }kjk ykxw gksxk fdUrq bl /kkjk dh dksbZ Hkh ckr ,sls
vUrfjfr;ksa ds vf/kdkj dks ftUgksaus ln~HkkoukiwoZd çfrQy ds fy, mä fgr ds vfLrRo
dh lwpuk ds fcuk yh gks] u"V ugha djsxhA
mnkgj.kkFkZ & v dksbZ fgUnw tks vius firk ls vyx gks tkrk gS] l dks rhu [ksr d] [k]
x fn[kkrs gq;s fd og mudks vUrfjr djus dk vf/kdkjh gS] csprk gSA bu [ksrksa esa ls x
[ksr dk Lokeh v ugha gS D;ksfa d foHkktu ds le; mls firk us vius ikl j[k fy;k FkkA
ysfdu firk ds ejus ds ckn v ml [ksr x dks mÙkjkf/kdkj ds :i esa çkIr dj ysrk gS A
l us vHkh rd fcØh dh lafonk dk [k.Mu ugha fd;k FkkA vr% la] v ls dg ldrk gS
fd og x [ksr dks mls ns nsA bl fl)kUr dks çfrjks/k ¼Estoppel½ }kjk vuqnku iks"k.k
dgrs gSaA
57

L - 3rd Sem (Hindi Notes) Law of Property Hindi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

L - 3rd Sem (Hindi Notes) Law of Property Hindi

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

L - 3rd Sem (Hindi Notes) Law of Property Hindi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF LAW

(Approved by BCI affiliated to CCSU, Meerut)

LL.B. – 3rd Sem

2- Hkwfe esa gksus okys Qk;ns vpy laifÙk gSA

/kkjk 13 vtkr O;fä ds Qk;ns ds fy, vUrj.k (Transfer to Unborn Person)

4- vfUre vUrfjrh dh vo;Ldrk 18 o"kZ ;k 21 o"kZ & vo;Ldrk rd 'kk'orrk oS/k

8- 'kk'orrk dk fu/kkZj.k okLrfodrkvksa ij fuHkZj ugha gksrk & 'kk'orrk ds fl)kar dk

6- vUrj.kdrkZ dk fo'okl ¼Confidence of Transferor½ & fuokZpu fl)kUr ds

4- pquko dk LFkxu ¼Suspension of Election½ & Hkkjrh; fof/k esa fuokZpd

3- diViw.kZ mís'; ¼Fraudulent Intention½ & lkekU;r;k diViw.kZ mís'; ls

diViw.kZ vUrj.k ds fl)kUr dk çHkko ¼Effect of the Doctrine of Fraudulent

vkaf'kd ikyu ds fl)kUr ds vko';d rRo ¼Essentials of Doctrine of Part

3- lçfrQy vUrj.k ¼Transfer for Consideration½ & lEifÙk dk vUrj.k

Example – nku] lEifÙk dk foHkktu rFkk ikfjokfjd cUnkscLr D;ksfa d çfrQyghu

2- lEifÙk;ksa ¼Properties½ & fofue; ds vUrxZr vUrfjr dh tkus okyh nksuksa

3- LokfeRo dk ikjLifjd vUrj.k ¼Mutual Transfer of Ownership½ &

4- ,d:irk ¼Uniformity½ & ftu lEifÙk;ksa dh vnyk&cnyh dh tk;s os ,d :i

5- iathdj.k ¼Registeration½ & ;fn 100 #i;s ;k blls vf/kd ewY; dh py

3- nku çfrQyghu gksuk pkfg;s ¼Gift must be without Consideration½ &

4- vUrj.k LosPNk ls gksuk pkfg;s ¼Transfer must be made Voluntarily½ &

5- vknkrk }kjk nku dh Loh‟fr nh tkuh pkfg;s ¼Donee must give

3- vkaf'kd vUrj.k ¼Partial Transfer½ & iês ds vUrxZr lEifÙk dk vkaf'kd

iêksa dh lekfIr ¼Determination of Leases½

3- iêkdrkZ ds fgr dh lekfIr ij ¼On the expiry of the interest of lessor½

 HkwLokeh ds gd ls bUdkj ¼Denial of the title of Landlord½ & tgk¡

 fnokfy;kiu ¼Insolvancy½ & tgk¡ iês/kkjh U;k;ky; }kjk fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj

3- cU/kd çfrQy }kjk lefFkZr gksuk pkfg;s ¼Mortgage must be supported

 fuf'pr frfFk rd cU/kd /ku ¼Mortgage-money½ ds Hkqxrku u gksus ij fcØh

 ,sls Hkqxrku gksus ij] fcØh 'kwU; ¼Vaid½ gksxh]

3- Hkkx cU/kd ¼Usufructuary Mortgage½ & tc cU/kddrkZ cU/kdh dks cU/kd

2- fcØh ;k ekspu&fu"ks/k dk vf/kdkj ugha ¼No Right of Sale or

3- jftLVªs'ku ¼Registration½ & 100 #i;s ;k mlls vf/kd dher ds Hkksx

5- cU/kddrkZ dk O;fäxr nkf;Ro ugha ¼No Personal Liability of

6- cU/kd dh dksbZ fuf'pr vof/k ugha ¼No limited periodio mortgage½

gd&foys[kksa ;k lkfE;d fu{ksi }kjk cU/kd ds vko';d rRo ¼Essential of

2- fo"k;&oLrq ¼Subject-matter½ & fcØh dh fo"k;&oLrq vpy lEifÙk gS ftlesa

3- gLrkUrj.k ;k vfHkgLrkUrj.k ¼Transfer or Conveyance½ & vyifr osdUV

çR;klu ds fl)kUr dk vk/kkj ¼Basis of the Doctrine of Subrogation½

 ekspu dh lkE; dk Øsrk ¼Purchaser of the Equity of Redemption½

çR;klu dh ek¡x dkSu dj ldrs gSa\ ¼Who can Claim Subrogation\½]

iw.kZ:i ls vf/kdkj dk Lokeh gksrk gksuk fuHkZj djrk gSA

n`”;eku Lokeh (Ostensible Owner)

2- lq[kkfèkdkj LohdkjrkRed ;k udkjkRed gks ldrk gS & miHkksx ds <ax dh n`f"V ls

3- lq[kkfèkdkj Hkwfe ds ykHknk;d mi;ksx dk vfèkdkj gS & ;g vfèkdkj Hkwfe ds ,d

4- lq[kkf/kdkj dk fdlh Hkwfe ds Lokeh ;k vf/kHkksäk dh gSfl;r ls mi;ksx fd;k tkuk

lq[kkf/kdkj ds çdkj ¼Kinds of Easement½

2- vlrr~ lq[kkf/kdkj ¼Discontinuous Easement½ & fofPNUu ¼vlrRk~½

3- çdV lq[kkf/kdkj ¼Apparent Easement½ & çR;{k lq[kkf/kdkj og vf/kdkj gS

4- vçdV lq[kkf/kdkj ¼Non-apparent Easement½ & ;g og lq[kkf/kdkj ftldk

5- LFkk;h lq[kHkksx ¼Permanent Easement½ & LFkk;h lq[kHkksx og lq[kHkksx gksrk

6- vLFkk;h lq[kHkksx ¼Non-Permanent Easement½ & vLFkk;h lq[kHkksx ;g nks

2- l'krsZ lq[kkf/kdkj ¼Conditional Easements½ & tc fdlh lq[kHkksx ds

lq[kkf/kdkj dh ck/kk ¼Disturbance of Easement½

ck/kk ds fo#) mipkj ¼Remedies against Disturbances½

/kkjk 33 ds vUrxZr ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd oknh lq[kkf/kdkj ds mYya?ku dk nkok

2- vuqKfIr çnkrk dh bPNk ij lekIr dh tk ldrh gS & vuqKfIr dk vf/kdkj çnkrk

4- vuqKfIr ,d ldkjkRed vf/kdkj gS udkjkRed ugha & vuqKkIr ,d ldkjkRed