AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE REVISION PAMPHLET

2010 - 2012

AGRICULTURAAL SCIENCE 2010

PAPER1 ( 5037/1 ) (a) Identify the conditions in C and D. [2]

(b) How would you tell that chicks are

1. Figure1. Shows a bean and tomato plant. uncomfortable during brooding? [1]

(c) State the behaviour of chicks in A and B . [2]

(d) State three types of feed you would use to

feed layers. [3] [8]

3. Figure 3 shows a plantation.

(a) (i) On the diagram, name the structures labeled

P and Q. [2]

(ii) Name the organisms found in the structures

P and Q. [2]

(b) Comment on the importance of structures P and

Q. [4]

(c) How would you reduce structure Q in plant by

cultural means?[1] (a) Name the type of plantation in figure3. [1]

2. Figure 2 shows both the temperature and (b) (i) State one product of the plantation. [1]
behaviour of chicks in
(ii) What is the product in b (i) used for? [1]
a brooder house .
(c) How would a farmer prepare the product in
b (i) before

use? [4] [7]

4. Figure 4 shows a soil map and land use.


(a) What activity does figure 4 represent? [1]
(b) State the importance of the activity you have
named in (a) above. [1]
(c) (i) Which class of land in figure 4 is very suitable
for growing crops? [1]
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in C (i) above.
[1]
(d) (i) Explain why class VII land is only suitable
for growing trees. [1]
(ii) Name any two exotic trees which can be
grown in class VII land. [2] [ 8]
5. Figure 5 shows the equipment used by farmers in
construction of fences
(a) (i) Name the equipment represented in figure
5. [1]
(ii) State the type of fence on which the
equipment in figure 5 is mainly used? [1]
(b) Explain how you would use the equipment when
constructing the fence you named in
a (ii) above. [3]
Place an arrow in figure 5 to show the direction of
pull of the fence when the equipment is being used.
[1]
(c) Name two other equipment you would use when
constructing the fence named in a (ii) above. [2] [ 8]
6. (a) Explain how the following environmental
factors influence Agriculture:
(i) Wind, [5]
(ii) Humidity. [5]
(b) (i) Draw a crop rotation plan suitable for maize,
cotton, groundnuts and sunflower. [6]
(ii) Explain reasons for your order of crops in the
above crop rotation. [4] [20]
7. (a) Suggest way of increasing sales of agricultural
products in your area. [3]
(b) Describe the effect of population distribution on
marketing of agricultural produce. [7]
(c) Discuss advantages and disadvantages of
liberalising
marketing of agricultural inputs and products.
[10] [20]
8. For the groundnut crop, describe:
(a) Seed bed preparation, [6]
(b) Method of sowing. [6]
(c) Fertilizer application, [2]
(d) Mechanical weed control. [6] [20]
9. (a) (i) Distinguish clearly between cross- breeding
and
in-breeding in livestock production. [4]
(ii) Discuss the importance of cross- breeding in
livestock
production. [4]
(b) Describe the characteristics of a named breed of
daily
 cattle which makes it suitable for milk production. (ii) Explain how you would reduce friction in a
[12] [20] diesel engine. [6] [ 20]

10. (a) With the aid of a diagram, describe the

induction

stroke of a diesel engine. [10]

(b) Explain why diesel engines have a high

Compression ratio. [2]

(c) (i) What is friction? [2]

AGRICULTURAAL SCIENCE 2011

PAPER1 ( 5037/1 )

1. Figure1 shows the diagrams of two flowers which

are pollinated in different ways.

(a) Name the structures labeled A-E. [5]

(b) Describe how structure A carries out its functions

[2]

(c) Name the vitamins absorbed in structure D. [1]

[8]
(a) Name the structures labelled A-E. [5]
3. Figure3. Shows the proportions of soil particles in
(b) What is the function of the structure labelled E? a soil sample.
[1]

(c) Give one observable adaption in figure 1B that

enables it to be wind pollinated [1]

(d) Which of the flowers in figure 1 belong to the

leguminous family?[1] [8]

2. Figure2 is a diagram of the digestive system of a

chicken. (a) Calculate the percentage of sand particles in the
soil sample. Show your working.[2]
(b) Name soil particle X. [1]
(c) Explain why this soil sample is unsuitable for
growing most crops. [1]
(d) State the difference between soil texture and
soil structure.[2]
(e) Outline two ways in which a farmer can improve
the water holding capacity of the soil sample.
[2] [ 8]
4. Figure 4 shows the relationship between fertilizer
added and the yield of the crop.
(a) (i) What was the yield when 100Kg of fertilizer
was applied? [1]
(ii) What was the effect on yield of a crop as the
amount of fertilizer increased? [1]
(iii) What does the shape of the graph mean? [1]
(b) Name three major plant nutrients supplied by
compound fertilizers. [3]
(c) Give two ways of maintaining soil structure. [2]
[8]
5. Figure 5 shows a farm implement.
(a) (i) Name the farm implement. [1]
(ii) On the diagram, name the parts of the
implement labelled A to C. [3]
(b) (i) State the use of this implement.[1]
(ii) Explain the advantages of using this
implement as far as parts A and B are concerned.
[1]
(c) How would you protect the farm implement
in figure 5 from rusting? [1] [ 8]
6. (a) Explain why agriculture is classified as a
technology. [4]
(b) Relate the influence of annual rainfall on
agriculture. [6]
(c) Outline the factors that affect the
development of agriculture in your area. [10] [20]
7. (a) For the groundnut crop :
(i) How would you prepare the seedbed? [2]
(ii) When would you plant the crop? [2]
(iii) How would you know that the crop is
ready to be harvested? [2]
(b) Discuss the factors that determine the fertility
of the soil. [10] [ 20]
8. (a) Describe the management of a woodlot. [10]
(b) (i) Draw the longitudinal section of the dipping
tank. [7]
 (ii) Outline the functions of the essential parts (ii) State the advantages of this method of
of the dipping tank. [3] [20] feeding. [7] [20]

9. (a) (i) explain how the stomach of a ruminant

animal differs from that of a non- ruminant. [2]
(ii) Draw a large labeled diagram of the
digestive system of a ruminant animal. [8]
(iii) Explain why food fed to cattle has more
fibre (roughage) than that fed to pigs. [2]
(b) (i) Outline the natural feeding of the newly
born calf the first few weeks. [2]
10. (a) (i) Discuss the factors that determine prices
of commodities. [6]
(ii) Explain why farmers form co-operative
societies. [4]
(iii) Outline conditions needed for a co-
operative society to succeed. [10] [20]

AGRICULTURAAL SCIENCE 2012 (i) Is the soil acidic, neutral or alkaline? [1]
PAPER1 ( 5037/1) (ii) How can the PH of this soil be increased? [1]
1. Figure 1 shows a natural process. (iii) Which three ions are high in this soil? [3]

(b) Study Figure 2 shown.

(a) What natural process is represented in

Fig. 1? [1]
What does the graph on size of particle show?
(b) Identify the processes A, B, C and D. [2] [3] [8]
(c) State two ways in which thunderstorms

are beneficial to agriculture. [2] 3. Figure3 shows the reproductive system of a hen.
(d) Why is it important to the farmer to keep

record of the amount of rainfall? [3] [ 8]

2. (a) The PH of the soil was tested and

found to be 6.
 (a) (i) Identify the cooling system represented by
(a) Name the parts A to D. [4] Figure5. [1]

(b) What are the functions of C and E? [2] (ii) On the diagram, name the parts labeled A
and B. [2]
(c) Why is the ovum of a bird a large
reproductive cell compared with that of other (b) State the functions of the parts labeled A and
animals? [1] B. [2]

(d) Why is it important for an ovum to get (c) Name the area around the engine where
fertilized as soon as it enters the oviduct?[1] [ 8] water circulates. [1]

4. Figure4 shows an improved storage bin. (d) State two daily checks you would carry out to
maintain this type of cooling system. [2] [8]

6. (a) Apart from provision of employment, why is

agriculture important? [3]

(b) How does agriculture provide employment? [4]

(c) Explain how agriculture is;

(i) a Science. [3]

(ii) a Technology. [3]

(d) (i) What is land? [1]

(ii) Describe land tenure in Zambia and state

(a) On the diagram, label parts A and B. [2]
the advantages of the tenure system. [6][20]
(b) Explain why it is referred to as an improved
bin. [1]
7. (a) Describe chemical weathering of rocks. [8]
(c) (i) State any two causes of crop loss in
storage. [2] (b) Distinguish between leaching and soil erosion.
[3]
(ii) Explain how the causes of crop loss in
storage can be reduced. [3] [8] (c) Explain how the following prevents soil
erosion:
5. Figure 5 Shows the cooling system of the internal
combustion engine. (i) Mulching. [3]
 (ii) A forestation. [3] 9. Describe the milking process in cows by hand on
the farm. [20]
(iii) Crop rotation. [3] [20]
10. (a) Distinguish clearly between risks and
uncertainties. [10]
8. (a) Describe how pests damage growing crops.
(b)Discuss the importance of insurance policies
[12]
in agriculture. [5]
(b) Suggest how you would control pests in
(c)Describe various types of insurance in
growing crops. [8] [20]
agriculture [5] [20]

ANSWERS FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 3. (a) Eucalyptus gum plantation; [1]

PAPER 1 (5037/1) - 2010 (b) (i) Wood medicine; [1]
(ii) Building treatment; [1]
1. (a) (i) P – root nodules;[2]
(c)
Q – root knots/swellings;
 removing bark
(ii) P – Rhizobium bacteria
 seasoned/left outside to dry out
bacteria;[2];
 treated with insecticide
(b) P - Converting atmospheric nitrogen;  named e.g. / Creosote;
Into soil nitrates; [max 2]  To protect from insect attacks
Increasing soil fertility; e.g. / termites; [max 4] [7]
Q- Courses stunted growth; 4. (a) Land/soil classification; [1]
Wilting of host plant; [max 2] (b) Help choose a suitable site for an
Leading to low crop yield; enterprise; [1]
(c) (c) (i) Class 1; [1]
 Crop rotation; (ii) Deep;
 Use of resistant varieties;[max 1][ 9] Fertile;
Flat;
(d) (i) has steep
2. (a) C - too draft/AW [1] slope/hilly/mountainous; [1]
D - right condition/normal (ii) 1. Eucalyptus/gum;
temperature; [1] 2. Pine; [2][ 8]
(b) A - Chicks huddle together under the
brooder;[1]
B - Chick move away from the heat
source; [1] 5. (a) (i) wire strainer/wire puller; [1]
(c) Excessive chick noise; [1] (ii) Barbed wire fence/wire
(d) fence;[1]
 Broiler starter; (b)
 Grower mash;  attach end C to strainer post;
 Finisher mash; [3][8]  end B to barbed wire;
  place hooks several times until
wire is tight;
 staple wire to post /tie wire to
post using soft wire; [max 3]
(c)
 arrow below/above barbed wire
pointing toward equipment;[1]
(d)
 wire pillars/claw hammer;
 post hole digger/soil auger;
 measuring tape/pegs/twine;
 bore saw/wood chisel;
[ 2] [ 8]
6. (a) (i)
 pollination of cereal crops;
 e.g./maize/OVP;
 spread diseases;
 spread weeds/seed/pests;
 increases transpiration;
 evaporation of water from the
soil;
 causes wind erosion on bare land;
 damages crops/buildings; [max 5]
(ii)
 high humidity;
 encourages fungal diseases;
 e.g. bright;
 slows down transpiration;
 slows down evaporation of water
from the soil;
 low humidity;
 increases transpiration;
 causing wilting of plants;
 increases evaporation of water
from the soil; [max 5]
(b) (i)
Maize
Sunflower Ground nuts
drawing;
 correct sequence/order; [6]
(ii)
 crops from different families follow
each other;
 to reduce weeds/pests/diseases;
 maize follow groundnuts;
 to use nitrogen added to soil;
 groundnuts follow well fertilized
crops/cotton;
 to use residual fertilizer; [ 4] [20]
7. (a)
 marketing sales/advertising;
 named e.g. TV/Radio;
 promoting sales strategies; any sales
strategy example given;
 forming agricultural co-operatives;
[max 3]
(b)
 change in size;
 and composition;
 of population influence demand for
commodity;
 increase in population;
 leads to in demand for commodity;
 increase in proportion of high income
people;
 leads to increase in demand;[7]
(c) Advantages:
 free inflow of inputs and products
from outside;
 some inputs and products
imported are of high quality;
 imported inputs and products are
cheaper;
 Disadvantages:
 locally produced inputs and
products fail to with stand the
competition of imported ones;
 locally produced inputs and
products are of low quality;
 few farmers forced to buy low
quality cheaper inputs and
products;
 small scale farmers are exploited
by unscrupulous traders;
 results in high poverty levels
among small scale farmers
 results in poor food security in the
country;[10] [20]
8. (a)
 virgin land
 clearing
 ploughing/digging/ripping/pot holing
 depth of cultivation 25cmm –
30cm;/250mm – 3000mm
 harrow/raking
 moderate tilt/OVP
 making ridges/mounds;
[max 6]
(b)
 planting material/seed
 seed mixed with pesticide/named
pesticide;
 seed sown 5 – 10cmm deep;/50mm –
1000mm
 placing in holes/furrows;
 hand/planter used
 inter-plant spacing 10cm for erect
bunch varieties/15cm for spreading
bunch varieties;
 inter-row spacing 45cm for erect
bunch varieties /
 60cm for spreading bunch varieties;
[max 6]
(c)
 residual fertilizer/single
phosphate/compound D
broadcasted;
 50kg agricultural lime broadcasted
before ploughing; [2]
(d)
 using a hole
 before flowering;
 when weather is hot;
 dry;
 exposed weeds;
 heat of the sun kills weeds;
 weeding when weeds are small;[max
6] [20]
9. (a) (i)
 cross breeding mating animals of
different breeds
 e.g./ Friesian bull to Angoni cow
/OVP;
 in-breeding:- mating closely related
animals;
 e.g. father to daughter/mother to
son/brother to sister; [4]
(ii) to combine;
 desirable genes/ characteristics;
 to have hybrid vigour/heterosis
 increase heterozygosis;
 e.g./high quality growth rate high
milk production/OVP; [max 4]

(b) e.g./Friesians/OVP
 high milk production;
 high milk quality;
 high fertility
 to calve regularly;
 large well developed udder;
 with long soft;
 well spaced teats;
 prominent milk veins;
 docile/mild temperament
 a deep;
 lean/thin;
 wedge shaped body;
 with well set hindquarters;[max 12]
[20]
 10. diagram quality;[2]  force that opposes motion
 labels:- piston; between sliding surfaces
 outlet valve;  e.g./between piston and cylinder;
 inlet valve; [max 2]
 cylinder; (ii)
 connecting rod;  check level of engine oil
 injector; [4]  using dip stick/deep stick
 check condition of engine oil
 piston moves down;  add/replace engine oil
 outlet valve closed;  grease nipples;
 inlet valve opens;  ensure oil pump is working;
 air only goes into cylinder; [max 4]  ensure oil filters are in good
(b) condition;
 to compress air to very high  ensure oil passages are open;[max 6]
temperature; [20]
 to ignite fuel/diesel;
(c) (i)

ANSWERS FOR AGRICULTURAL  Muscular wall contract and relaxes; grit

SCIENCE PAPER 1(5037/1) -2011 grinding food; [1]
1 (a) A - Ovule (c)
B - Standard petal  Vitamin B[1]
C - Stigma 3 (a)
D - Stigma 190
 X 100; [1]
360
E - Ovary [5]
 52.8% OR 53%[1]
(b)
(b) Gravel [1]
 Protection of developing seed; / Ovules [1]
(c)
(c)
 Contains a lot of sand/ High leaching rate; /
 Feathery stigma/anthers outside flower;/ Excessive drainage; [1]
scales/ large anthers outside [1]
(d)
(d)
 Flower in figure 1A [1] [8]
 Soil texture – size of particles while;
2 (a) A - Gizzard  Soil structure – arrangement of particles; [2]
B - Crop (e)
C - Comb  Adding organic matter; / Manure;
D - Caecum; / Caeca  Adding more clay; [2] [8]
E - Duodenum; / Small intestines / Small
intestines; [5]
(b) 4 (a) (i) 600 kg / 600 kg per ha;[1]
 (ii) Yield declined/ reduced; [1]  Poor pasture;
(iii) Diminishing returns/ as fertilizer is  Low meat/milk production;
Adequate rainfall:
applied, a point is reached when fertilizer  High crop yield ;
 Good pasture;
added does not cause an equal increase in  Increased meat/milk production;
Too much rainfall:
yield; [1]
 Poor crop yield; [6]
(b) (a)
 Nitrogen;  Local agencies;
 Phosphorus;  Co-operatives
 Potassium; [3]  Capital;
 Market
(c)
 Education
 Cultivate at varied depth;  Roads
 Use little force to prepare land for Sowing;  Prices
 Add plenty of manure/ Add manure/organic  Extension;
matter;  and Research;
 Practice crop rotation;[2] [8]  Effects of HIV/AIDS; [10] [20]
5. (a) (i) Planter/ unit planter;/tractor drawn 7 (a) (i)
Planter; [1] Clear land:
(ii) A - Fertilizer hopper/ any named  Stamp/slash;
 Winter plough/ plough; / Dig
container [1]
 To correct depth of 200mm- 300mm
B - Seed hopper [1]
Harrow:
C - Delivery tube [1]
 To break large clods;
(b) (i)  To prepare a suitable tilth; e.g. moderate
 Seed sowing; /Planting tilth;
 Fertilizer application; [1]  To level seedbed; [6]
(ii) Fertilizer and seeds applied to soil at the (ii)
same time  Early planting;
 With first good rainfall of the season; [2]
(c)
 Oil/Grease;
 Paint; (iii)
 Store in a dry place; [2] [8]  General yellowing of foliage;
6. (a)  Dark markings inside shells;
 Improvement of traditional methods of  Kernels well developed/ plump [2]
farming; (b)
 e.g. ranching;  Adequate plant nutrients;/ all required
 crop rotation; nutrients;
 Artificial insemination; [4]  Adequate moisture; / water;
(b)  Adequate air;
Drought/low rainfall:  Optimum temperature;
 Poor crop yield;  Soil PH 6-8;
  Adequate organic matter/ humus;
 Deep soil;
 Adequate beneficial living organisms
 Good soil structure
 Good soil texture; ; [10] [20]
8 (a)
 Maintaining organic matter/leaf litter to
maintain soil fertility;
 Preventing bush fire;
 Making fire breaks /fire guards 30 m wide;
 Around a woodlot; [8]
 Preventing diseases; e.g. damping off (iii)
diseases/O.V.P; Cattle Pigs
 controlling pests e.g. termites/O.V.P;
-Chews the cud -Do not chew the cud
 Pruning,
-Have polygastric stomach -Have monogastric
 Fencing;
stomach
 and Weeding;
-Have micro-organisms in -Have no micro-
 Educating community to avoid rumen to digest fibre organisms to digest fibre
indiscriminate cutting of trees; [10]
[2]
(b) (i)
(b) (i)
 Diagram quality;
 Suckling;
 Entrance race;
 From mother/dam;
 Draining race;
 On demand; [2]
 Foot bath;
 Roof; (ii)
 Sloping ramp;
 Obtains colostrums;
 Dimensions/measurements; [7]
 Contains antibodies
(ii)  To protect calf from diseases;
 Footbath- cleaning hooves;  Rich in proteins/vitamins/O.V.P;
 Draining race- to allow dip wash draining  Laxative;
back to the dipping tank;  Milk at body temperature;
 Roof- to prevent rain water diluting dip  Available all the time;
wash/reducing evaporation of dip wash; [3]  Multiple suckling possible;
[20]  Cheap/low labour cost;
 No germs/scouring; [7] [20]
9 (a) (i)
 Ruminant stomach is divided into four
compartments;
10 (a) (i)
while non-ruminant stomach has one
compartment; [1]  Demand;
(ii)  Quality;
 Cost of production;
 Transport cost;
 Locality
 Supply;
  Time of production; [6]  records shows pattern or distribution of
rainfall;
(ii)
 Helps in planning the planting;
 Lack of storage facilities/loss of production;
 Lack of efficient transport to market;  Helps in choice/ selection of crops/ cultivars;
 Uncertain market. [3] [8]
 Inefficient use of farmer’s time;
 Low prices/poor profit;[4] 2. (a) (i) Acidic [1]

(iii) (ii) Adding agricultural lime; [1]

 trained/qualified leadership; (iii)

 Well versed in accounts/book keeping;
 Well versed in principles of management;  Magnesium;
 Effective control of funds;
 Calcium;
 Safe guards against misuse of funds;
 Loyalty of all members/ trust worthy/honesty  Sodium; [3]
 To support society activities;
 Education of members an rights and (b)
obligations;
 As the size of [particles increases, water and
 Sound economic base;
nutrient holding capacity; of soil decreases;
 To give members an incentive to continue
membership;  As the size of soil particles decreases;
 Run on democratic basis;
 With equal say and voting rights by all  Water and nutrient holding capacity of soils
members [10] [20 ] increases; [3] [8]

3. (a) A-Ripe yolk;

ANSWERS FOR AGRICULTURAL B- Funnel/ infundibulum;

SCIENCE PAPER 1(5037/1) -2012
C- Magnum;
1. (a) water cycle/ hydrological cycle; [1]
D-Isthmus; [4]
(b) A- Evaporation;
(b) C- Secrets albumen
B- Respiration;
E- Adds shell to egg/ pigment; [2]
C- Transpiration;
(c) Contains sufficient nourishment for embryo
D- Cloud formation [2] development; [1]

(c) (d) To be fertilized before other egg parts are

formed; [1][8]
 Sudden heavy rainfall; useful for crop growth
after long dry spell; 4. (a) A- Spout;

 Lightning adds nitrogen to soil; [2] B-Stone foundation/ stones [2]

(d) (b)
  made of wire and cement;
 Foundation made of stones;
 Making it rat proof/ moisture free; [1]
(c) (i)
 dampness; encourages fungal attack;
 Insect attack e.g. weevils; Rats and birds attack;
[2]
(ii)
 fumigating fungicidal smoke/ insecticide;
 Storing crop at recommended moisture
percentage;
 Use of poison baits;
 Mixing grain with insecticides before storage; [3]
[8]
5. (a) (i) water cooling system; [1]
(ii) A- fan;
B-impeller/ water pump; [2]
(b) A- Draws air through the radiator;
B- Keeps water circulating [2]
(c) Water jacket/ sleeve; [1]
(d)
 Level of water in the radiator;
 Condition of the fan belt;
 Tension of the fan belt; [2] [8]
6.(a)
 Provision of raw materials , to industries;
 Brings foreign exchange/ revenue/ income;
 Provision of food; [3]
(b)
 Some people work on the farms;
 Some work as extension officers/ researchers/
OVP;
 Others work in agro- industries;
 Others in processing industries/ OVP [4]
(c) (i)
 Involves application of scientific methods;
 When producing agro- products; e.g. /biology/
physics /chemistry; [3]
(ii)
 Its improvements involves;
 Use of new inventions;
 E.g. machines/ breeds/ varieties of crops; [3]
(d) (i) Natural resource used in production. [1]
(ii)
 system of holding right to own and use land;
-Types:
 state ownership- land belongs to government/
state;
 traditional ownership – land belongs to clan
tribe or family;
 lease hold- land put to rent for a specific period
of time;
 private ownership – individuals own land and
have title deeds;
-Advantages: land can be mortaged;
 Efficient use of land. [6] [ 20]
7. (a) Water:
 Reacts with carbon dioxide;
 Forming carbonic acid; dissolves limestone;
 Forming hydrogen carbonate;  Biting pieces of plant materials and chewing;

 which easily disintegrates;  E.g. grass hopper/ locust;

 Water dissolves minerals from rocks/ hydrolysis; -Piecing and sucking mouthparts:

 e.g. mica/ feldspars;  Proboscis / stylet;

Oxygen:  Pieces the plants;

 reacts with iron in rocks;  Sucks sap;

 forming iron oxide / iron compounds [8]  Injects toxic saliva;

(b) leaching:  Causes death of cells; e.g. thrips/ mites/

nematodes/ eelworms;
 Washing down ; dissolved plant nutrients; by
vertical movement of water;  -Vectors:

Soil erosion:  Transmits viruses/ pathogens;

 Carrying away of top soil ;  Causes diseases; e.g. aphids/ mites/ nematodes;
[12]
 By horizontal movement of water over the
surface of soil; / by run- off water/ wind; [3] (b) -Exclusion:

(c) (i) Mulching:  use of certified seeds/ plants;

 Covers soil surface; reduces force of rain drops; - Eradicate:

 Increases the infiltration of rain water;  spray/ dust ;

 Reduces run-off water; [3]  with pesticides;

(ii) Afforestation:  fumigate soil;

 roots hold soil particles together;  trap rodents;

 trees act as wind breaks; -Protection:

 leaf litter increases infiltration of rain water;  use resistant cultivars;

reduces run-off water; [3]
 plant early;
(iii) Crop rotation:
 plant early maturing cultivars; [8] [20]
 Legume crops; covers soil surface;
9.
 Against wind/ water;
 Milking done;
 Reduces velocity/ speed of rain water; [3] [20]
 twice a day;
8.(a)- Biting and chewing mouth parts:
 With a calf at foot/ near dam;
 Feeds;
 Sucking ;stimulates the release of oxytocin;
 Stimulates milk let down;  Many farmers come together;

 Before/ during milking avoid disturbing the cow;  Pay small premium to the insurance company;

 Release of adrenaline;  To guard against risks; e.g. / fire/ theft of

property/ OVP;
 causes milk hold up;
 Any risk is spread to many farmers; the insurance
 Calf separated from dam at night;
company reimburse the loss of property; [5]
 Allowed to suckle several times prior to morning
(c)
milking;
 Crop insurance; e.g. /maize/ OVP;
 When milking use stroking action;
 against fire/ OVP;
 Teat held between thumb and fore finger;
 Livestock insurance; e.g. cattle/ OVP;
 Squeeze and release;
 against theft/ OVP;
 Teat held more firmly in the palm;
 Machinery insurance; e.g./ tractor/ OVP;
 Cows and calves graze separate pastures;
 against theft/ accident/ fire; [5] [20]
 During the day;

 calves are allowed to suckle prior to afternoon/

evening milking; [20]

10. (a) (i) risks:

 divergence between the expectation;

 and the actual outcome;

 e.g. / weather changes/ fire/ OVP; [ 5]

 Can be estimated/ measured;

(ii) uncertainties:

 Imperfect knowledge about future events/

outcome;

 E.g. / fluctuations;

 In prices; demand;

 It is unpredicted/ immeasurable; [5]

(b)

 Legal/ contracts/ documents between a farmer

and insurance company;