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LINEAR LAW 2.1 Understand and use the concept of lines of best fit 2.1.1 Draw lines of best fit by inspection of given data Criteria of the best fit line : 1. points lie as close as possible to the line 2. line pass through as many points as possible 3. points that do not fit onto the line should be more or less the same on both sides of the line Exercise 1. Draw the line of best fit. 1 2

2.1.2 Write equation for lines of best fit y = mx + c is the linear equation of a straight line y m = gradient c = y-intercept
y2 y1 y y2 or 1 x2 x1 x1 x2

c x

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Exercise 2. Write the equation of the line of best fit for each of the following graphs Example: (i) 2
O

y
x

(ii) Example: (4, 6) x Find m:

V
x

(1, 6) (5, 1)
x

t
6 1 1 5 5 4

Find m:

m 1

62 40

Find c:

c = y-intercept c=2

Find c: V = mt + c The line passes through (1, 6) t , V

5 1 c 4 29 c 4 6

Substitute into y = mx + c The equation of the line : y = x + 2

Substitute into V= mt + c
5 29 The equation of the line : y x 4 4

y 9
x

V
x

(1, 5) (7, 1)
x

(8, 1) x
O

y=x+9

2 17 y x 3 3

F
x x

d (8, 8)

S
x

(3, 6) t

(6, 4) v
O

y = 2x 8

y = 3x 3

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y = 2x2 + 6

y = 3x2 + 11

9 27 s t 2 2

1 P v4 2

5 7 p q 6 6

3 p v5 2

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3.1.3 Determine the values of variables a) from lines of best fit Exercise 3 1

(2.8, 3.3)

(3.6, 22)

b) from equations of lines of best fit 1 2

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2.2 2.2.1

Applications of Linear Law to Non-linear Relations Reduce non-linear relations to the linear form

LINEAR FORM OF EQUATION

Y = mX + c
Variables for the y-axis coefficient = 1 m = gradient

or Y = mX , c = 0

Constant (no variable) y-intercept Variable for the x-axis

Example :

Identify Y, X, m and c for the following linear form (i) Y = y, (ii) Y= y = 2x2 3 m = 2, X = x2 , c = 3

y = 3x2 5 x y , x
m = 3, X = x2 , c = 5

Exercise 4. Reduce the following non-linear equation to linear equation in the form of Y = mX + c. Hence, identify Y, X, m and c. Example: 3y = 5x2 + 7x Create the y-intercept 3 y 5x2 7 x x : x x x 3y 5x 7 x Create coefficient of y = 1 & arrange in the form Y = mX + c 3 y 5x 7 3 : 3x 3 3 y 5x 7 x 3 3 Compare to Y = mX + c y 5x 7 x 3 3 y 5 7 Y = , m = , X = x, c = 3 3 x Example: y = px2 Create the y-intercept

takelog : log10 y log px 2

log10 y log10 p log10 x 2 log10 y log10 p 2 log10 x

Create coefficient of y = 1 & arrange in the form Y = mX + c log10 y 2 log10 x log10 p

Compare to Y = mX + c log10 y 2 log10 x log10 p Y =log10 y, m = 2, X = log10 x, c = log10 p

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a) b)

Equation y2 = ax + b y = ax2 + bx

Y = mX + c

c)

y2 = 5x2 + 4x

d) e) f)

y=

5 c x

xy = a + bx
xy a bx x

g) h)

y = a ( x+ b)2 y= a x b

i)

a b 1 y x

j)

y = abx

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2.2.2a Determine values of constants of non-linear relations when given lines of best fit Example : a The variables x and y are related by the equation by x where a and b are constants. x The diagram below shows part of a line of best fit obtained by plotting a graph of xy against x2. xy Find the values of a and b. (4, 50) (1, 35)
O

x2

From the graph identify the representation of y-axis and x-axis Y = xy, X = x2 Reduce the equation given to linear form, Y = mX + c by x a b : b b b x
x a b bx x x a x x : x y b bx 1 a xy x 2 b b Compare with Y = mX + c 1 a Y = xy , m = , X = x2 , c = b b 50 35 m 5 Find m from the graph : 4 1 Find c, substitute X = 1, Y = 35, m = 5 into the equation Y = mX + c 35 = 5 (1) + c c = 30 a 30 1 b m 5 a b Find the variables a and b : 30 1 1 b 5 5 a6 y

Exercise 5. 1

[y = 2x + 4]

[y2 = 5(1/x) + 2]

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y x
(2, 9)

y2

(4, 10)

(2, 6) (6, 1)

x The variables x and y are related by the equation y = px2 + qx. Find the values of p and q.

1 x

The variables x and y are related by the equation k y 2 c . Find x (i) the value of k and c (ii) the value of x when y = 2

p = 2, q = 13

(i) k = 2, c = 2 (ii) x = 1

y
(3, 6)

10 log y
1(1, 9)

1 1
1 x

log x The above figure shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the equation of y = axb. Find the value of a and b.

The above figure shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the equation of xy = a + bx. Find the value of a and b.

a = 3, b = 3

a = 11, b = 8

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2.2.2b Determine values of constants of non-linear relations when given data A. Using a graph paper 1. Identify the graph to be drawn 2. Change the non-linear function with variables x and y to a linear form Y = mX + c 3. Construct a table for X and Y 4. Choose a suitable scale & label both axes 5. Draw line of best fit 6. Determine : gradient , m and Y-intercept , c from the graph to find the values of constants in the non-linear equation. Example: The table shows the corresponding values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. k The variables x and y are related by the equation y hx , where h and k are constants hx x y a) b) 1.0 6.0 2.0 4.7 3.0 5.2 4.0 6.2 5.0 7.1 6.0 7.9

Using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on both axes, plot a graph of xy against x2. Hence, draw a line of best fit. Use your graph from (a) to find the value of (i) h, (ii) k. Drawn graph : Y = xy and X = x2. Change non-linear to linear form. k y hx hx k x x: x y hx x hx k 2 xy hx h k 2 Y xy, X x , m h, c h x y x2 xy 6. 1.0 6.0 1.0 6.0 2.0 4.7 4.0 9.4 3.0 5.2 9.0 15.6 4.0 6.2 16.0 24.8 5.0 7.1 25.0 35.5 6.0 7.9 36.0 47.4

Solution : 1. 2.

3.

From the graph, gradient , m

37 1.233 30 Hence, h = 1.233

From the graph, Y-intercept , c = 4.5 h 4.5 k k 4. 5 Hence, 1.233 k 5.549 zefry@sas.edu.my

xy

50 0
x

45

40 0 35
x

30 0

25

20 0 15 0 10 0
x x

10 0

15 0

20 0

25

30 0

35 0

40 0

x2

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Exercise 6. 1. The table below shows some experimental data of two related variable x and y. It is known that x and y are related by an equation in the form y = ax + bx2, where a and b are constants. x y a) b) 2. 1 7 2 16 3 24 4 24 5 16 6 0 7 24

y against x. x Hence, use the graph to find the values of a and b.

Draw the straight line graph of

a = 1, b = 10

The table below shows some experimental data of two related variable x and y. x y 0 1.67 2 1.9 4 2.21 6 2.41 8 2.65 10 2.79

It is known that x and y are related by an equation in the form ax b y , where a and b are constants. y y a) Draw the straight line graph of y2 against x. b) Hence, use the graph to find the values of a and b.
a = 0.5, b = 2.8

3.

The table below shows two variable x and y, which are obtained from an experiment. The r variables are related by the equation y px , where p and r are constants. px x y a) b) 0 1.67 2 1.9 4 2.21 6 2.41 8 2.65 10 2.79

Plot xy against x2. Hence draw the line of best fit. Based on the graph, find the values of p and r.
p =1.38, r = 5.52

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