EMBRYOLOGY

LECTURE-1
CONTENTS
◦ General embryology
◦ Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The formation and structure of germ cells.
 ◦ Embryology is the branch of biology that studies the early
formation and development of organisms.
◦ SIGNIFICANCE
◦ ● Bridges the gap between prenatal development and obstetrics,
perinatal medicine, pediatrics, and clinical anatomy
◦ ● Develops knowledge concerning the beginnings of life and
the changes occurring during prenatal development
INTRODUCTION ◦ ● Builds an understanding of the causes of variations in human
structure
◦ ● Illuminates clinically oriented anatomy and explains how
normal and abnormal relations develop
◦ ● Supports the research and application of stem cells
for treatment of certain chronic diseases .
 HUMAN
EMBRYOGENESIS
◦ Human embryogenesis refers to the development
and formation of the human embryo.
◦ It is the first eight weeks of development after
fertilization
◦ characterized by the process of cell
division and cellular differentiation that occurs
during the early stages of development.

• It is completed in two stages:

◦ (a) Germinal stage and
◦ (b) Embryonic period proper stage
 STAGES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

◦ Step 1: a zygote is the single cell formed when an egg and a sperm cell fuse; the fusion is known as fertilization
◦ Blastulation and Cell Differentiation
◦ Step 2: the first 12-to 24-hours after a zygote is formed are spent in cleavage – very rapid cell division
◦ Step 3: during blastulation, the mass of cells forms a hollow ball
◦ Step 4: cells begin to differentiate, and form cavities
◦ Making Tubes
◦ Step 5: During gastrulation the three germ layers form; the cell mass is now known as a gastrula
◦ Step 5a: The primitive streak forms
◦ Step 6: The notochord is formed
◦ Neurulation
◦ Step 6: Tubes form, making a neurula
◦ Step 6a: The notochord induces the formation of the neural plate
◦ Step 6b: The neural plate folds in on itself to make the neural tube and neural crest
◦ Step 7: The mesoderm has five distinct categories
General Embryology - Detailed Animation On Embryonic Folding

◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXUv4MPuNTA
 Meiosis
◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEeMCNwowJg
◦

◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EvtgLLuJpo
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANCES DURING
MATURATION OF THE GAMETES

◦ Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis

STAGES IN OOGENESIS
 oogenesis
◦https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUB92jUjsq8
 Spermatogenesis

◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fBa8UqEano
Langman’s Medical Embryology
13th edition

◦ Chapter 2 - Gametogenesis
◦ Pages 14-31