Reported Speech, Subjunctive WHAT DO YOU KNOW? = Choose the correct answers. ‘The group leader recommended... 8 computer for the pres a touse b. use c. that ne use ©. tham to use ‘Amy wanted to know .... tha concert a. did | enjoy if had enjoyed ¢.fornatlenioyed —d. whether I did enjoy Mr Knight tod ..... we would be having a test next lesson. aus be that tous 6. tothe class 2. The judge .... the prisoner that he had to keep quiet in cour. a. explained b. explained him = c._ explained to explained that John asked Betty if she had read that book and she answered that a. yes, she dia b. she has she read 8. shehad + The thief threatened .... if mage a noise, a. tohurt me b. metohutme —c, thathewillhun hurting Ron wamed .. rust the new git a me that I not b. that Ishouldn't cme to not 4d. me not to 5 [tis essential that the proposal... this month a. approve b, be approved ce. willbe approved d._should approve Claire asked... to the nearest bank. a. ifwas tar b. how ferwasit —¢, how farit was 8. was far Dad told Jenny... har room oF she was not going anywhere. a. tidy b. totidy was tidying di. she tidy Belore yesterday's mesting startad, the chairperson asked that everyone ... quiet a is should be c. had been 4. tobe 2 My neighbour accused... over her cat. a that Iran b. running me of running Thad run Jack said he had been to Canada a beforeayoar ——«b.tha yearbefore previous year a previous year ‘The head teacher's idea is that the school .... the money to buy some more computers. a ure busing e touse 4. used ‘Match each direct speech statement with its correct meaning. “There's no way I'm dealing with this problem,” he said a. He denied doing it. He refused to do it “1 don't think you should deal withthe problem,” he sai. a. He advised against doing it bb. He announced that I wouldn't doi. 3. "No, no, let me deal with the problem,” he said a, Ha insisted on doing it. bb. He suggested that he did it himset 4. "You have to deal with this problem, not me," he said. a. He complained about doing it bb. He demanded that Id it. 5. "Why don't you let me worry about the problem from now on?" he said a. He offered to do it b. He promised to do it, Please, please deal with the problem for me,” he said 8. Ho romindod mo that I ahould dot. He boggod me to do it. (Score 720RULES REPORTED SPEECH ‘To report what another person said, we can either quote directiy or report it us ‘what someone said, the verb moves one tense back in the past. We can report statements, imperatives and questions, speech. Generally, when we report Kinds of direct speech: STATEMENTS DIRECT SPEECH Present Simple / Continuous “1 prefer the smaller computer” she sai “We are doing an experiment,” he sac. Present Perfect Simple / Continuous “1 stil haven't mastered the new program,” Paul sai. ‘We nave been living on the island for years,” Sarah said Past Simple / Continuous “We took a fascinating tour of Florence,” she said, “We were waiting anxiously forthe results,” he added. wil “The product will be a great market success,” he said. Present Modals ‘John can / may help us later,” she said ‘Some madals change in diferent ways according to their meaning: ‘When shall we leave?" he asked, (asking for information) “What shall we do?” she asked. (request for advice) “I ean speak French,” Sue added, (referring to the present) “We can finish it later.” he said, (referring to the future) “You needn't apologise." (referring to the present) ‘You needn't phone tonight.” (referring to the future) it may rain,” she said, (possibilty) "You may leave nov.” he said, (permission) "You must work harder,” the teacher sald, (nacessity / ‘obiigation) "You must visit the museum, recommendation) "Shella must be in hor early twenties.” (deduction / conclusion) she said. (strong REPORTED SPEECH Past Simple / Continuous She said that she preferred the smaller computer. He sald that they were doing an experiment Past Perfect Simple / Continuous Paul said he stil hadn't mastered the new program, ‘Sarah said they'd been living on the island for years, Past Perfect Simple / Continuous She said they had taken a fascinating tour of Florence, He added that they had been waiting anxiously for the recut, would He said that the product would be a great market success, Past Modals: She said that John could / might help them later He asked when they would leave, ‘She asked what they should co. ‘Sue added that she could speak French. He said they would be able to finish it later, He sald | needn't / didn't need to / didn’t have to apologise ‘She said we wouldn't have to phone that night ‘She said it might rain He said | could / might leave then. ‘The teacher said | must / had to work harder She said we must / should visit the museum, He said that Sheila must be in her early twenties, IMPERATIVES AND QUESTIONS DIRECT SPEECH Imperative ‘Be careful,” the doctor instructed me, “Don't mover” ine policeman ordered the thet Yes / No questions: auxiliary + subject + verb "Do you want the report today?” the secretary asked me Wh- questions: Wh- word + auxiliary + subject + verb ‘Where are you going?” Susan asked her friend, REPORTED SPEECH Full infinitive ‘The doctor instructed me to be caret ‘The policeman ordered the thie not to move, if/ whether + subject + verb (= word order ofa statement) ‘The secretary asked me if| wanted the report that day. Wh- word + subject + verb (= word order of a statement) ‘Susan asked her friend where she was going. Remember When we report ansuers, we repeat the auxiliary verb from the reported question. For a nagative answer we 8a or "Are you flying out tonight?" he asked, “Yes,” she said —> He asked if she was flying out that night. She answered that she was,Many verbs are used to report speech. For statements, the most common are say and tell. Say and tel are used different, \We say something (to somebody): She said (that) she would arive late, (not: She said me... x) We tell somebody something: She told me (that) she would arrive late, (not: She told that... x) Say and tol are not used to report questions. Whether and if are used when we report yes / no questions. ifs common in questions where the answer is yes or no. ‘Whether is usually used in formal English or where there is a clear choice between alternatives. it's also often used after wonder and want fo know. ‘Sue asked me if| wanted to go to the opera. He wondered whether ! preferred to travel by car or by bus. In reported speech, we don't have to make tense changes when we report facts, general truths oF things which are stil ue. He said that the giant panda Is / was an endangered species. _—_—Peter said he has / had a bad col “There is no tense change: + when the reporting verb is in present or future tense. She says she likes chocolate, He will argue that he's going to win ‘+ when the tense cannot move one step back into the past. (Past Perfect, third conditional, had better, used f0, etc) had already heard the news,” he said. > He said (that) he had already heard the news “| used to be a sailor,” he said. » He said (that) he used to be a sailor. + in certain expressions that use the unreal past: I's time / would rather / as if/ as though / wish “it's time we sent the supplies.” He said it was time they sent the supplies, + in the modals might, should, ought fo, could and would “Could | borrow your pen?” she asked. » She asked if she could borrow my pen, 1 reported speech, we also make changes in: + demonstrative adjectives: this ~ tha; these -> those + adverbs of place: here + there: + time expressions: today ~ that day; now -+ then; yesterday ~ the day before, ete (See Grammar Appendix, page 217) ORTING VERBS (See Grammar Appencix for fl list, page 217-218) certain verbs, We can report the exact words that were said, or we can report the general meaning of the sentence. Wwe report general meaning, we use specific verbs that carry a similar meaning ta the action / function in the sentence, ‘You really should consult a lawyer” she said. function: giving advice) She fold me | should consulta lawyer. (exact words) or: She advised me to consulta lawyer. general meaning) FORM DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH 610 + itintive sree, decide, demand, offer, prefer, F-Dmise, propose, refuse, etc) ‘Shall carry your cases?” he asked. He offered to carry my cases, will definitely keep in touch," She promised to keep in touch, “I won't give you the number He refused to give me the number. sorb + that + clause 2978, complain, explain, suggest, etc.) “You always leave such a mess.” She complained that | always leave a You have to check the ell egulary” He explained that | had to check the oil he said. regularly verb + object + infinitive 299, instruct, invite, warn, ete) “Please help mel" she cried She begged me to help her. “Insert the disk now," he said, He instructed mo to insert the disk then. “Please come to the reception.” _She invited me to come to the reception. “Don't trust him with money,” ‘She warned me not to trust him with ‘money. verb + gerund s00use sb, of, admit, advise against, “Let's have lunch together” He suggested having lunch together. lame sb. for, deny, insist on, suggest, “I didn't Break the window!” ‘She denied breaking the window. :) “You gave the details to the press.” He accused me of the press.SuBJUNCTIVE ‘The subjunctive refers to the use of the bare infinitive in that clauses which fo! ‘express obligation, importance or intention. The form does not change in tne present or future cera serDs, adjectives and nouns to "S07 S ngular and can be used for past, aiter certain verbs (e.g. advise, ask, demand, insist, order, The lecturer insists that we be on ti e. propose, recommend, require, request, suggest) | propose that Max not attend the conference, ‘She requested that the child be named after her mother. (passive) atter certain adjectives (e.9., advisable, anvious, certain, I's vital that he attend the conference. sirable, eager, essential, important, necessary, preferable, Its important that she be informed immediately. (passive) vita) after certain nouns (@.g., idea, order, proposal, The recommendation was that the money be invested recommendation, request, suggestion) Lnti she reached the age of 18. (oassive) Note ‘Subjunetives are more common in American English than in British English In British English, although considered formal, should + bare infinitive is more usual ‘The lecturer insists that we should be on time. A. Rewrite the following statements in reported speech. Use the verbs say or tell. 1. Rick “I can’t imagine living anywhere but my hometown, Rick said that he. couldn't imagine living anywhere but hie hometown. 2. Fiona: “These plants have to be kept somewhere sunny.” 3, Personal assistant: “I've booked you an appointment for tomorrow, Mis Green.” 4. Nurse to David: "You mustn't get out of bed until tomorrow morning, 5. Jan: "I'm really looking forward to my holiday. Jan said 6. Sam to me: *I can help you later tonight,” Sam said that 7. Jack to me: "'d rather they didn't sign the contract.” Jack told me 8. Pilot: "The plane wil be landing in half an hour.” ‘The pilot said 'B. Report the following questions and commands, beginning as shown. 1. "Should these chairs be lett out here overnight?" she asked. She asked me whether these.chairs. should. be, lett. cuk. there evernights ‘She said, “Are you looking fur work?" "Yes, | am,” ne replied. ‘She asked 3. "When did you fist notice these symptoms, Miss Harrison?” the doctor asked, The doctor asked 4. “What time are you expacting the guests to arrive, Mary?” Ivor asked, wor wanted to know 5. "You really should eat more fresh fruit,” his mum sai His mum advisesil ought to apply herself more,” said her tuto” Lil's tutor suggested “Make sure you don't say anything about the pars Oliver warned 3. “I think he should donate the money to charity” Her proposal was Report each statement using the most sutable reporting ver from thelist below. Point out » urge = threaten suggest reassure dist estimate » refuse don think he corner shop wil have the ingalonts we need” sad Sela Sheila doubted thatthe corer. shop would have the igrediento we needed. 2 "Don't wer. Il take care of your cat while you're away,” Dan told me, “You really should send them your CV," Helen kept teling me, = "What about going on @ cruise this year?” Mum said to us. “The plan's fine, but haven't you forgotten the fact that we have overspent our budget?” Debbie said = °Of course I'm not going to prootread a 500-page document for nothing," Anita said “if you don’t improve your attitude, we may have to dismiss you," the manager told Sam, 2. "¥ should think itl take us about a week to clear out the property,” Jackie said SUBJUNCTIVE Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the subjunctive frm. grant » fo¥6w © reopen» pay * take > keep > admit Its imperative that each and every soldier... flO... FGFs, 2. He insistod that he... so OF My ticket, 2. tis important that these pills after meals +. It was the recommendation of the judge that the case ns ‘The chairman proposed that women into the organisation as full members, He demanded that no ene else access to the fies, Its vital that a doctor. Up to date with new developments, Complete the sentences with a suitable verb. Do not use the verbs say or tell. Annie ....wattted.... to know whether the money had been paid into her account. 2. The suspects have so far suomnseuene 10 ANS WEF any of the police's questions. 3. My friends ‘getting together once a week to study. + Lucy ime that she had locked up for the night We whether to accept the invitation or not. 6. The memo \what each department was expected to do to prepare for the conference. 7. The policeman ‘the fans that they would be arrested if they didn't restrain themselves, 8. The customs officer us to open our suitcase.FE Find and undertine 10 mistakes in reported speech. Then correct them. we could 1. | sked Jeff fhe had any ideas how could we raise money for the Chrstmas part) anc he suggested to hold a talent ‘competition. He said we could open it upto the whole School and geting everyone to Day £1 to take part. Apparenty they did a sit Show at his school twas such a success that everyone kept asking for months when are they going to have another one, He also promised helping us with the organisation. Let me know what dn you thinke 2, We consulted to our lawyer yesterday about the problem we've been having with our next-door neighbours, He sald they had no right to put up the wall without planning permission and he's advised to contact them in writing to insist that it be pulled clown. We asked him that there was much chance of that happening and he said it the councit investigated, the neighbours would face hefty fines. He warned us not to talking to them about it and to let him handle it instead, so that’s what we've decided to do. GB Complete the sentences below using the words given. There may be more than one possible answer. Guided Beatles Walk ee 1. The guy | spoke to on the computer help desk 4, suggest / read / manual carefully .2ugaeeted.that.| (should). read the. manual carefully . advise / against / install / more software 2. The review of the play 2. Imply / performance / disappointing b, describe / lead actor / as magnificent 3. The doctor a. explain / allergy / cause / my sneezing say /take / medication / reduce the symptoms 4. The family therapist recommend / sit down / as a family / discuss / matter bask / we /talk / about / incident “TEXT FEATURES A ‘SPELLING: silent letters / words with tricky spellings (See Speling Appendix, page 219.) Correct the speling mistakes in the sentences below. There may be more than one mistake in each sentence. 1. couldn help BAABIEY when tear him whiting that song. x What's the estimated lenght ofthe elime to the summit? x Sonia clas that she is a desendant of a TAth-century night, x Fst-years have sience classes inthe labratory on Wendsday afternoons. x Lucy would love to wear desiner clothes but her hight makes it hard to find her size. x Sevral of my nieghours have installed security ites to deter burglars. x PUNCTUATION: commas, dashes, fll stops, colons and semi-colons (See Punctuation Appendix, pages 220-221.) The following text has 10 punctuation mistakes. Find and correct the mistakes. As the Beatles sang "There are places Il emember all my life. “Liverpool of course, isthe city, with the most Beatles connections, but London has its share coo ~ che studios where many of their albums were recorded, the film locations for; A Hard days Night and Help. and much more. Meet up with the guide, antside Abbey Road cube station any: Saturday: a¢ 10 an for a walk down memory lane ~ 0 sixties London You can cven sing if you wane!+ COHESION AND COHERENCE: text reference To avoid repetition, we can use reference words, synonyms or other. more general words to refer backwards and forwards in a text, ‘+ teference words forme, place, peopl, ete. Johnson moved to Lofton in 1737. was fete that he met his ‘end and biographer, Boswo \We did mostly theory in the firsmonth, and moved on to practice the next. + synonyms —- a Scientists have been studying the region’ climate for years. They say the area is showing clear signs (of global warming, + amore general word or phrase i Doctors advise wearing a SPF 30+ surbck throughout he year They sy the trotection is eset 1, Read the first paragraph of a magazine article. What do the words in colour refer to? Fiona, a 32-year-old financial controller at a restaurant chain, has decided eo do something to get out of the eut adeeb iin isha 85,agif month she is leaving her job behind to spend six weeks inthe Indonesian rainFrest. Hee atte height ofthe etny seus, she wil work for up co ight hous day building wooden elephant shelters. What's: more, she'll be paying forthe experience. The expedition is organised by a car thar sends volunteers to remote areas ro work on wience and conservation projects To young poople, this kind of adventure also off «8 chance ro make a tangible contribution to che environment, perhaps the only issue that unites their generation, 2. Now read the second paragraph of the article. Complete the text by choosing the correct word or phrase. To preparc herself, Fiona is undergoing a two-day juagle training course. (1) Inside J There, shel face ase of survival exercises designed to raise the recruits’ awareness of che attitude and ‘commitment tha i required, One activity demonstrates the kind of (2) thinking / place the organisers are looking for. Each participant is given a poncho and some lengths of rope and is cold to set, "up camp among the tees. Hopefully, they will soon slscover that one (3) length / poncho provides insuicient ‘cave fie ame person, whereae if chey work ata samy and tie the (4) garments / leaves together, they can create c which will keep them all dry overnight. Other (5) tasks / clothes draw on he volunteers stamina and 4 crmination. At che campfire supper, the cipanes nc tax, but (6) the night before soon afterwards ven a map and compass, and are sent out they cover a course through the wourls. With torches only for emergencies, i is easy enough ro get lost a one sroup proves by staggering back to camp (7) the following morning / a moment later, sited and dejected,JEXAM PRACTICE A. OPEN CLOZE Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap, Use only ‘one word in each gap. PUBLISHERS CAUGHT OUT When David Lassman was unable to find a publisher for his novel, he began to (1) Whether a famous author like Jane Austen (2) face similar problems getting her work published today. He subsequently (3) ‘up with the idea that he submit to publishers plot summaries and the opening chapters of some of Austen's novels under diferent titles and with only ‘minor changes to the text. Lassman was anxious to discover (4) these adaptations Would be accepted for publication or not, In all but one case, the manuscripts (5) returned to him with a polte letter of rejection in which there was (6) .-feference to any similarity between the work submitted (7) Austen's novels, When 1) . why Austen's work had not been recognized, a spokesperson for one top publishing house claimed that in fact I (9) ‘Yet no mention ofthis fact was made in the leter of rejection sent to Lassman. One publishing house, however, did realize they had received the ‘opening lines of Austen's Pride and Prejudice in (10) ‘lightly altered form. In their rejection letter, the publishers pointed (11) this simiarity andi (12). that Lassman check nis copy of Austen's novel to (13) ‘sure his own opening pages did not mimic it (14) Closely, This was the closest anyone came to accusing him of (15) someone else's work, B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. The manufacturer will probably propose 5. The teacher explained ..... for any student, the product 1a. that how regular revision is important a. be withdrawn b. that how important regular revision is b._ willbe withdrawing c. would witharaw d._ being witharawn ‘chow is regular revision important how important regular revision is 6. The customs officer requested that... her suitcase. 2, The ecologist said it was time we .... measures eee to preserve the forest. her opening a she had opened b. took she open & would take . roan want to buy that car." had taken "Don't you want to know I first?" 3. uu that you consult a specialist. a. can you afford Its advisable bi if you afforded b. You are advised ©. whether you atford ©. There is advice if you can atford td “Did Angela ever acimit che damaged the computer? 4, ‘Can Karen work late tonight?” No, she blamed. “She said she thet had broken it a. cant .__me for breaking it b. hadn't 6. tobreak it on me ©. couldn't 4. breaking it on me a didn't