SCIENCE 8
Quarter 3 Module 5
ATOM- smallest unit of matter
PARTS OF AN ATOM:
 Nucleus (+ charge): Contains Protons
and Neutrons
 Electron Cloud (- charge): Contains
Electrons
SUBATMOMIC PARTICLES
 Protons – Positive Charge,
 Electrons- Negative Charge
 Neutrons- Neutral Charge
PROPERTIES OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
LIGHTEST: Electron
HEAVIEST: Neutron
NUCLEON
- collective term for protons and neutrons
HISTORY OF ATOM
400 BCE
 Democritus proposed that matter could
not be divided into smaller pieces.
 He coined the term atomos which means
indivisible or uncuttable.
1803
 John Dalton created the very first atomic
theory and stated that all elements are
made of atoms.
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
1. All matter consists of tiny particles called
atoms.
2. Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable.
3. Elements are characterized by the weight of
their atoms.
4. When elements react, it is their atoms that
have combined to form new compounds.
1897
 Joseph J Thomson conducted cathode
ray experiment and showed that the atom
was made of even smaller things and
made the raisin bun model.
1907
 Ernest Rutherford discovered protons
and nucleus and showed atoms have
particles in the center.
 Proposed the idea that an atom contains a
dense nucleus
1913
 Neil Bohr improved Rutherford’s model
and proposed that electrons move around
the nucleus.
MODELS OF ATOM
SOLID SPHERE MODEL
 John Dalton
 States that all objects are made of
particles called atoms and that they are
solid spheres that cannot be divided
further into smaller particles.
PLUM PUDDING MODEL
 Joseph J Thomson
 First one to include electrons
 It shows the atom as composed of
electrons scattered throughout a spherical
cloud of positive charge.
NUCLEAR MODEL
 Ernest Rutherford
 Atom is mostly empty space, with nearly
all of its mass concentrated in a tiny
central nucleus. The nucleus is positively
charged and surrounded by the negatively
charged electrons.
PLANETARY MODEL
 Neil Bohr
 Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that
have a set size and energy. The energy of
the orbit is related to its size. The lowest
energy is found in the smallest orbit.
 Smaller size & lower energy: Closer to
Nucleus
 Bigger size & higher energy: Farther
from Nucleus.
QUANTUM MODEL/ QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
 Erwin Schrodinger
 Tells electrons orbit the atom in random
ways and pictures the atom as being
surrounded by an electron cloud.
OTHER TERMS:
Orbital- region where an electron is most likely to
be found.
Gold Foil Experiment: used by Ernest
Rutherford in his study for atomic model.
ATOMIC NUMBER
 The number of protons in the nucleus of
each atom of a specific element.

MASS NUMBER
 The number of protons plus the number
neutrons combined.
SYMBOLS

 Z= atomic number
 A = mass number
 e- = number of electrons
 p+ = number of protons
 n°= number of neutrons
 amu = atomic mass unit
FORMULAS
Z= e- = p+
A= p+ + n°
n° = A– p

“An element is a neutral atom”

- Element is a neutral atom because there
is an equal number of protons and
electrons present in it.
ION
- A charged atom. The number of electrons
do not equal the number of protons in the
atom

To obtain the mass number of an atom

 Add the number of protons and
number of neutrons
Atomic number is equal to ______.
 Number of protons/electrons
How to determine identity of an atom?
 Number of Protons