1

tripod

wire gauze

condenser

conical flask
2
.

Pencil is made out of graphite which is carbon to prevent the baseline from getting dissolved in
the solvent

C contains the most soluble colouring because its spot has the highest Rf value

A and C contains the same coloring because they have the same distance travelled
3
.

1 +1

1 0

1/1840 -1

T
 Q

4 Some information about some substances is given below.

. In each case, state what type of structure and bonding it has.
(I) Giant ionic structure B,E, H
(II) Giant covalent structure F,J
9
(III) Giant metallic structure C,I
.
(IV) Simple molecular structure A,G

Substances Properties
.
Substance A melts at -210 C and does not conduct electricity both in solid
and molten states
Substance B can conduct electricity in molten state but not in solid state
Substance C is very malleable and ductile
Substance E is soluble in water but not in organic solvents
conduct electricity when it dissolves in water
Substance F cannot dissolve in both water and organic solvents
very high melting point and boiling point
usually brittle
Substance G A black solid which can easily change into a violet vapour (i.e,
very small amount of heat is needed to change solid to gas)
Substance H can conduct electricity in molten state but not in solid state
Substance I even it contains positive ions, its conduct electricity with
delocalized electrons
Substance J formed by the combination of a metal and a non-metal
5
.

Phosphorus

Magnesium + Sulfur --------> Magnesium Sulfide

- Magnesium atom with the electronic configuration 2.8.2 loses 2 electrons to form Mg2+ ions with
the electronic configuration 2.8
- Sulfur atom with electronic configuration 2.8.6 gains 2 electrons to form S2- ions with the
electronic configuration 2.8.8
6
.

- Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between shared pair of electrons and nuclei of 2 atoms

There are weak intermolecular forces of attraction between particles so less thernmal energy is needed to
overcome the forces
7
.

There are seas of delocalised electrons moving freely throughout the whole structure to conduct
electricity

- There are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between metallic cations and delocalised
electrons so high amount of thermal energy is required to overcome the forces
8
.

Beryllium

they have the number of electrons and protons

they have different number of neutrons