Pharmaceutical Calculation

Pharmaceutical Measurements
Lab.1
 Pharmaceutical measurement
Pharmaceutical measurement, is an important part of pharmacy
practice. It is employed in community and institutional pharmacies,
2
in pharmaceutical research, in the development and manufacture
of
pharmaceuticals, in chemical and product analysis, and in quality
control.
 What difference between Accuracy and precision ?
3
➢ Accuracy is used to describe the closeness of measurement to true value.
➢ Precision is the closeness of agreement among a set of results.
4 1. Weight measurement

Weight measurement, Weight ismeasured by means of a balance. There are

different types of balance, types for bulk weights and others for sensitive weights.
Weight ismeasured by means of a balance .

�
�There are different types of balance, types for bulk weights and othersfor
sensitive weights.
1. Dispensing balance
2. Prescriptions balance
3. Analytical balance (sensitive balance)
5 Type of balance used in
pharmaceutical calculations
1. Dispensing balance: used for weighing bulk of chemicals and drugs used
in manufactures.
6 Type of balance used in
pharmaceutical calculations
�
� 2. Prescriptions balance: used for weighing medicinal and other substances
for dispensing prescriptions.
7 Type of balance used in
pharmaceutical calculations
3. Analytical balance (sensitive balance): for analytical weighing and more
accurate results.
8 Rules for use and care of the
balance
1. The balance should be located in a well-lightened place, as far as possible
from vibration, dust, moisture and corrosive vapor.
2. The balance should be kept clean at all times.
3. Watch glass should be used for weighing of solids, stoppered bottles used for corrosive
substances and liquids
4. Check to see all the balance is adjusted including zeroing of it, also check the adjustment
before each weighing.
5. Hot object should always be cooled to room temperature before placing on the
balance pans . The heat radiated from the object interferes with the accuracy by setting
up air currents in the balance case.
6. The door of the balance case must be closed before making the f inal
adjustment of weights to prevent air currents.
9 Systems of measuring weights:

Imperial system: which was mainly used in

UK and USA and it include (grain, ounce, pound, and drachmae).

Metric system: which include (gram, kilogram, milligram, microgram). Most

countries now are the following the metric system of weight and measure.
10 The relation between metric and
imperial system
1 grain =0.065 gram
1 gram =15.53 grain 1 grain =65mg
1 drachmae (ӡ) =4gm =62 grain
1 ounce =30 gm
1 kg =2.2 pound
1 scruple (𝖲 ) =20 grain
11 Type of Errors
Error, it isthe deviation from the absolute value.
��Systematic/bias errors are consistent and repeatable (constant offset),
will not change and they are very common type of errors.
�
�Random errors arise from random f luctuations in the measurements, will reduced
when experiment is repeated many times (then just get a mean value).
To differentiate between the two:
Random errors are reduced when experiment isrepeated many times (then get a mean value).
The systematic error (bias) will not change and systematic errors are very common types of errors.
12 Sources of errorsin weight
measurement
1. Current of air.
2. failure in zeroing of balance.
3.posture of the balance (should be put on
smooth surface).
13 %OF ERROR

Absolute Error =⃒measured – theoretical⃒⃒

%Eror=⃒ ⃒ measured – theoretica l⃒ ⃒ ×100%

Theorectal
14 Practical Work
Name of experiment:Calculating the errorin weighing.

�
� Complete the following table via weighing each sample accurately.

Samples
NO. 1 2 3 4 5
WT.(theoretical) 5 mg 10 mg 7.5 8 12
ERROR
ERROR%
15 2. Measurement of Volume

The volume is the space occupied by a given amount of matter. This explains the
effect of the diameter of the measuring equipment on the accuracy of the
measurement. Considerably, as the surface area increases the height of the liquid
decreases giving rise to a higher chance of error.
�
�Common instruments for the pharmaceutical measurement of volume range
from micropipettes and burettes used in analytic procedures to large, industrial-
size calibrated vessels. The selection of measuring instrument should be based
on the level of precision required. In pharmacy practice, the most common
instruments for measuring volume are cylindrical and conical (cone-shaped)
graduates . For the measurement of small volumes, however, the pharmacist
often uses a calibrated syringe or, when required, a pipette.
16
thisdepend on the:
�
� 1-kind of liquid.
�
� 2-quantity of liquid to be measured.
�
� 3-the degree of accuracy required .
17 How to measure a liquid
Basically, liquids in prescriptions can be classif ied as:
Active medicament which is generally prescribed in small volumes.
Vehicles to reach the final volume.
Thus choosing the appropriate measuring equipment is necessary to achieve accurate
measures.
Before measuring any liquid it is necessary to be sure that you are using the exact medicament
required. Then perform the following steps:
1. While holding the "Liquid medicament" in the right hand, the measuring cylinder
is to be held in the left hand.
2. Pour the liquid from the bottle into the graduate until it reaches near the required volume.
3. Raise the graduate to a level of the eyes and continue pouring the liquid in drops until the
bottom of the meniscus reaches exactly the required mark.
18

Liquid measurement
19 Sources of errorin volume
measurement:
1. Using Large graduates for measuring small volumes.
2. The smaller the diameter of the measuring equipment the more the
accurate measure.
3. The deviation from the level of the eye during f inal measuring.
20 Systems of measuring volume
1.Imperial system: the units of volume in this system are :minim(ɱ), f luid drachm(fʒ), f luid ounce(f℥) and
gallon(gal).
1fʒ =60 ɱ
1f ℥ =8 fʒ 1pint =16f ℥ 1gal =8 pints
2.Metric system: the units of volume in this system are :liter (L) ,centiliter(CL), milliliter (ml) and microliter
(Ml) .
1kl =1000 L
1L =100 cl =1000 ml
1ml =1000 Ml (1Ml=0.01 ml)
1cubic cm (cc) =1ml
21 Relationship between Metric and
Imperial systems
1 ml =15 ɱ
1 ɱ=0.06 ml
1fʒ =4 ml 1f℥ =30 ml
1gal =3.785 L=3785.4 ml
1pint =473.17 ml Household
measurements
1 teaspoonful =5 ml =1.25 fʒ
1 dessertspoonful =10 ml
1 tablespoonful =15 ml
1 teacupful =120 ml =4 f ℥
1glassful =240 ml =8 f ℥
22
Viscousliquids,oils,acids may be prescribed in weight. Tomeasure such liquids in
volume we have to refer to the following equation:
Wt. =V ×Sp. Gr.
(Wt. =weight, V= volume, and Sp. Gr. =specific gravity)
Specif ic gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density (mass of the
same unit volume) of a reference substance (commonly water).
Example 1:Calculate the sp. gr. of glycerin if you f ind the weight of 10mL is12.6g. (Hint: Sp. Gr.
=1.26)
Example 2:Calculate the weight of 12.66 mL of methanol, if its sp. gr. isc.a. 0.79? (Hint: weight =10
g)
.
23 Household measurements
1 teaspoonful =5 ml =1.25 fʒ
1 dessertspoonful =10 ml
1 tablespoonful =15 ml
1 teacupful =120 ml =4 f ℥
1glassful =240 ml =8 f ℥
24 Practical Work
Name of experiment: Calculating the error in volume measurement.

Measuring Theoretical Measure d error %error

instrument volume volum
Graduated 10ml
cylinder
pipette 5ml

beaker 20ml