Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008

I. Moles
A) Moles

1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles = Mass on PT (in grams) = 22.4 L @ STP (if substance is a gas)

- Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) – 1/12 the mass of a C-12 atom

- Atomic Mass – exact mass of an atom in AMU

o # protons + # neutrons

- Gram Atomic Mass (GAM) – mass in grams of 1 mole of atoms

o Sulfur: 32g = 1 mole

- Molecular Mass – add up all of the mass’s of the atoms in a molecule and express
the answer in AMU
o H2O = 18 amu

- Gram Molecular Mass (GMM) – mass of 1 mole of molecules

o H2O: 18g = 1 mole

- Formula Mass – sum of all atomic mass’s in the formula of an ionic compound in
amu

- Molar Mass – The # of grams in 1 mole of a formula

o aka Gram Formula Mass (GFM)

o 1 mole of a compound = the formula mass (in grams)

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You Try:

1 mole of H20 1 mole CF4 1 mole Li2O

(NH4)2S Ca(CH3COO)2 Al2(SO4)3

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Formula Mass

(aka ______________________________ & _________________________________)

1) Find the formula mass for each of the following:

a. NH4C2H3O2 e. Aluminum Sulfate

b. MgCO3 f. Sodium Sulfate

c. Silver Nitrate g. BaCl2

d. KMnO4 h. Aluminum Chloride

2) Calculate the formula mass of each of the following:

a. H2SO4 f. NaOH

b. Iron III Acetate g. Copper II Sulfate

c. Calcium Nitrate h. NH4NO3

d. Dinitrogen Pentoxide i. Pb(OH)2

e. MgSO4 j. Aluminum Nitrate

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3) Calculate the mass of each of the following:
a. 0.25 moles of Al(NO3)3 c. 1.75 moles of NH4Cl

b. 4 moles of zinc sulfate d. 0.8 moles of potassium nitrate

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Practice Problems:

1. How many grams are present if you have 3 moles of water?

2. How many moles are present if you have 90 grams of lithium oxide?

1. 120 g of Li2O = _______________ moles

2. 45 g of H2O = ________________ moles

3. 66 g of CF4 = ________________ moles

4. 10 moles of CF4 = _______________grams

5. 5 moles of Li2O = ________________grams

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6. 0.5 moles of H2O = _______________grams

MOLE WORKSHEET #1
Part I
Convert to Moles:
1. 12.04 x 1023 atoms of He 1._______________

2. 3.612 x 1023 atoms of Fe 2. _______________

3. 1 atom of S 3. _______________

4. 59.3 g of Sn 4. _______________

5. 5000 g of K 5. _______________

Convert to Mass in Grams:

6. 10.0 moles of Na 6. _______________

7. 5.00 moles of Ag 7. _______________

8. 1.00 x 107 moles of B 8. ________________

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Convert to Number of Atoms:

9. 3.00 moles of Ar 9. ________________

10. 25.0 moles of Ar 10. _______________

11. 1.0 x 10 -5 moles of Al 11. _______________

Part II
Convert to Moles:

12. 1.51 x 10 23 molecules of H2O 12. _______________

13. 1000 molecules of P4O10 13. _______________

14. 34 grams of NH3 14. _______________

15. 9.00 grams of H2SO4 15. _______________

Convert to Mass in Grams:

16. 5.00 moles NH3 16. _______________

17. 0.00200 moles of Na2SO4 17. _______________

18. 1.5 x 10 -4 moles of AgCl 18. _______________

19. 1 molecule of H2O 19. _______________

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008

Moles Worksheet

1) Define “mole”.

2) How many moles are present in 34 grams of Cu(OH)2?

3) How many moles are present in 2.45 x 1023 molecules of CH4?

4) How many grams are there in 3.4 x 1024 molecules of NH3?

5) How much does 4.2 moles of Ca(NO3)2 weigh?

6) What is the molar mass of MgO?

7) How are the terms “molar mass” and “atomic mass” different from one another?

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8) Which is a better unit for expressing molar mass, “amu” or “grams/mole”?

Mole Calculation Worksheet

1) How many moles are in 15 grams of lithium?

2) How many grams are in 2.4 moles of sulfur?

3) How many moles are in 22 grams of argon?

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4) How many grams are in 88.1 moles of magnesium?

5) How many moles are in 2.3 grams of phosphorus?

6) How many grams are in 11.9 moles of chromium?

7) How many moles are in 9.8 grams of calcium?

8) How many grams are in 238 moles of arsenic?

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What are the molecular weights of the following compounds?

9) NaOH 12) H3PO4

10) H2O 13) Mn2Se7

11) MgCl2 14) (NH4)2SO4

15) How many grams are in 4.5 moles of sodium fluoride, NaF?

16) How many moles are in 98.3 grams of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3?

17) How many grams are in 0.02 moles of beryllium iodide, BeI2?

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18) How many moles are in 68 grams of copper (II) hydroxide, Cu(OH)2?

19) How many grams are in 3.3 moles of potassium sulfide, K2S?

20) How many moles are in 1.2 x 103 grams of ammonia, NH3?

21) How many grams are in 2.3 x 10-4 moles of calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO3)2?

22) How many moles are in 3.4 x 10-7 grams of silicon dioxide, SiO2?

23) How many grams are in 1.11 moles of manganese sulfate, Mn3(SO4)7?

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Quiz: Review & Mole Conversions

B. Types of Formulas

- Each has a specific purpose and represents something specific about a chemical

1. Empirical Formula

- Used to show the whole – number ratio of atoms in a compound in

LOWEST TERMS

o Must be REDUCED!!!!!

o Aka simplest form

- Absolutely necessary for ionic compounds

o since they have crystal lattice structures

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- Can be used to show the ratio of atoms in molecules

Example:

An ionic crystal that contains 1 billion Magnesium ions and 2 billion chloride ions would be written as
MgCl2

You try:

What’s the empirical formula of:

C6H12O6 CO2

2. Molecular Formula

- Shows the EXACT number of atoms of each element in 1 MOLECULE of

a covalent compound

- Always a whole # multiple of an empirical formula

- Sometime molecular and empirical formulas are the same

***May or May NOT be in lowest terms already, BUT they do not get Reduced!!!***

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Examples:

C6H12O6 – molecular formula that doesn’t need to be reduced

H2O – can’t be reduced, it just happens to be in lowest terms

Molecular 🡪 C6H12O6 CH4 H2O2 H2O N2O3 C6H6

Empirical 🡪 CH2O CH4 HO H2O N2O3 CH

3. Structural Formula

- Aka Lewis structures or Lewis Diagrams

- They show the way atoms are arranged around each other

Examples:

H2O CO2 C6H12O6

C. Converting Empirical Formula to Molecular Formula (visa versa)

1. Empirical to Molecular

- YOU NEED to be given:

o Empirical Formula

o The GFM of the molecular formula

Example:

The EF is CH2O and the gfm of the molecular formula is 180 g/mol.

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
Steps:

1. Determine how much bigger the gfm of the molecular formula is compared to the gfm of the EF
(Divide the GFM of MF by the gfm of EF)

2. Multiply the subscripts of the EF by your answer

Worksheet: Determining Molecular Formulas

Quiz
1. Find g in 4 moles Cu(CN)2

2. Find # moles in 30g of H3PO4

3. Find the MF if the EF is CH4 and the GFM of the MF is 64 g/mol

4. Find the MF if the EF is C3H4O3 and the GFM of the MF is 176 amu

5. Find the MF if the EF is CH and the GFM of the MF is 78 amu.

**ADVANCED**
D. Finding Empirical Formula

Steps:

1) Assume 100g sample, to get rid of the % sign

2) Convert grams into moles

3) Divide by the lowest number of moles

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
Examples:

1) If a compound contains 61.3% Fluorine and 38.7% Magnesium. Find the empirical formula.

Step 1: 61.3g F 38.7 Mg

Step 2: 1 mole F = 19g 1 mole Mg = 24g

X 61.3g X 38.7g

X = 3.226 mol F X = 1.613 mol Mg

F = 3.226 = 2 Mg = 1.613 = 1
1.613 1.613

Therefore: MgF2

You Try:
2) Find the empirical formula if the compound contains 32.4% Na, 22.5% S, and 45.1% O.

3) Find the empirical formula if the compound contains 43.7% P and 56.3% O.

WORKSHEET MOLE CONCEPT

1. All atomic mass units are based on the isotope of ____________________ with
______________ protons and _________________ neutrons which is given
________________________amu.

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2. If we convert amu to grams, we are dealing with a specific measurable amount of substance.
This measurable amount of substance such as 12 grams of carbon, 4 grams of helium, 20
grams of neon, etc. each contain ________________ atoms. (indicate number)

3. The number of atoms in each atomic weight of a substance, when expressed in grams, is
called a __________________________.

4.
a. 12 grams of carbon contains _____________________________ atoms.

b. 4 grams of helium contains ______________________________ atoms.

c. 6 grams of magnesium contains __________________________ atoms.

d. 3 x 1023 atoms of carbon weighs _______________________ grams.

e. 4 x 1020 atoms of helium weighs _______________________ grams.

f. 1.2 x 1030 atoms of neon weigh ________________________ grams.

g. 0.5 mole of neon weighs ____________________________ grams.

h. 0.25 moles of helium weighs _________________________ grams.

i. 5 moles of carbon weighs ___________________________ grams.

5. FIND THE GRAM MOLECULAR MASS (GMM) OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING

a. F2 ____________________ d. H2O ___________________

b. H2 ____________________ e. CO2 ___________________

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c. Br2 ____________________ f. H2SO4 ___________________________

6. DETERMINE THE DENSITY OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GASES AT STP. SHOW

METHOD, INCLUDING UNITS (COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS TO YOUR REFERENCE
TABLE).
a. Hydrogen gas c. nitrogen monoxide gas (NO)

b. Oxygen gas d. carbon dioxide gas (CO2)

7. DETERMINE THE VOLUME OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:

a. 0.2 moles of argon ___________________________

b. 110 grams of carbon dioxide ___________________________

c. 1 x 1023 molecules of neon ___________________________

8. DETERMINE THE MASS OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:

a. 1 mole of oxygen molecules ___________________________

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b. 6 moles of hydrogen sulfide ___________________________

c. 4 x 10-4 moles of water ___________________________

d. 3 moles of helium molecules ___________________________

e. 6 x 1023 molecules of nitrogen gas ___________________________

f. 2.4 x 1020 molecules of water ___________________________

g. 3.6 x 1024 molecules of hydrogen sulfide ___________________________

h. 22.4 liters of oxygen gas at STP ___________________________

i. 1 liter of methane (CH4) at STP ___________________________

j. 25 ml of helium at STP ___________________________

9. CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:

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a. 6 grams of water ___________________________

b. 220 grams of carbon dioxide ___________________________

c. 2.8 liters of nitrogen II oxide ___________________________

d. 1 liter of air ___________________________

e. 50 grams of I2 ___________________________

Aim: Identify Different Types of Reactions

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
E. Types of Reactions

1. Synthesis (Marriage)

- 2 particles combine to form 1 compound (2 become 1)

X + Y 🡪 XY

4Al + 3O2 🡪 2Al2O3

2. Decomposition (Divorce)

- 1 particle splits apart to form 2 separate particles (1 becomes 2)

XY 🡪 X + Y

2MgO 🡪 2Mg + O2

3. Single Replacement/Displacement (Jennifer Aniston, Brad Pitt, Angelina Jolie)

- A single, free element switches place with an ion in a compound (2 become a

different 2)

A + XY 🡪 AY + X

B + XY 🡪 XB + Y

Mg + 2HCl 🡪 MgCl2 + H2

- Cations only replace other cations (“+” ions)

- Anions only replace other anions (“-“ ions)

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4. Double Replacement/Displacement (Do-Se-Do)

- an ion from one compound switches place with an ion from another compound

(2 becomes a different 2 ….. but BOTH are compounds)

AB + XY 🡪 XB + AY

2KCl + H2SO4 🡪 K2SO4 + 2HCl

- Cation from 1 compound switches place with the cation from the other
compound

5. Combustion

- A HYDROCARBON (hydrogen & carbon only!) reacts with O2 to ALWAYS

produce H2O and CO2

CH4 + 2O2 🡪 CO2 + 2H2O

6. Irreversible

- The products are unable to reform the reactants

o Products are unable to react

- 1st way

o A gas is formed and the container is open … gas escapes

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(N2, Cl2, H2, O2, F2)

- 2nd way

o A precipitate is formed that sinks to the bottom of the container and

doesn’t react

▪ A solid, insoluble product

▪ Use Table F

II. Stoichiometry

- Def: a word for that part of chemistry that deals with the amount of substances
involved in chemical reactions both as reactants and products

- Law of Conservation of Matter

o Matter can’t be created or destroyed, BUT it can be rearranged or converted

o Balanced Chemical Reactions

▪ Obeys the Law of Conservation of Matter

▪ All of the atoms on the reactant side of the reaction MUST be present
on the product side as well

- Compare amounts of chemicals in a reaction based on their coefficients in a balance

reaction

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008

Balancing Chemical Equations

On a separate sheet of paper, balance the equations below:

1) N2 + H2 🡪 NH3

2) KClO3 🡪 KCl + O2

3) NaCl + F2 🡪 NaF + Cl2

4) H2 + O2 🡪 H2O

5) Pb(OH)2 + HCl 🡪 H2O + PbCl2

6) AlBr3 + K2SO4 🡪 KBr + Al2(SO4)3

7) CH4 + O2 🡪 CO2 + H2O

8) C3H8 + O2 🡪 CO2 + H2O

9) FeCl3 + NaOH 🡪 Fe(OH)3 + NaCl

10) P + O2 🡪 P2O5

11) Na + H2O 🡪 NaOH + H2

12) Ag2O 🡪 Ag + O2

13) S8 + O2 🡪 SO3

14) CO2 + H2O 🡪 C6H12O6 + O2

15) K + MgBr 🡪 KBr + Mg

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
16) H2O + O2 🡪 H2O2

17) NaBr + CaF2 🡪 NaF + CaBr2

18) C8H18 + O2 🡪 CO2 + H2O

19) H2SO4 + NaNO2 🡪 HNO2 + Na2SO4

20) Al + Fe3N2 🡪 AlN + Fe

21) Na + Cl2 🡪 NaCl

22) H2O2 🡪 H2O + O2

23) C6H12O6 + O2 🡪 H2O + CO2

A. Mole – Mole Stoichiometry

- Allows you to determine the amount of a specific chemical in a reaction based on the
molar ratios in that balanced reaction

Examples:

1. Given the Balanced Reaction:

N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 🡪 2NH3(g)

How many moles of ammonia are produced if 7 moles of hydrogen are reacted?

How many grams of ammonia are produced if 7 moles of hydrogen are reacted?

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You Try:

1. Given the Balanced Reaction:

4NH3 + 5 O2 🡪 4NO + 6H2O

a. What is the mole ratio of:

i. Ammonia to water?

ii. Nitrogen Monoxide to molecular oxygen

iii. Nitrogen Monoxide to water

iv. Molecular oxygen to ammonia

b. If 3.50 moles of ammonia react, how many moles of water vapor are formed?

c. If 1.8 moles of ammonia reacts, how many moles of oxygen are consumed?

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
2. The reaction of sodium peroxide and water produces sodium hydroxide and oxygen gas. The
following balanced chemical equation represents the reaction.

2Na2O2(s) + 2H2O(l) 🡪 4NaOH(s) + O2(g)

a. How many moles of sodium hydroxide are produced when 1.00 mol sodium peroxide reacts
with water?

b. How many moles of oxygen gas are produced when 0.500 mol Na2O2 reacts with water?

c. How many moles of sodium peroxide are needed to produce 1.00 mol sodium hydroxide?

d. How many moles of water are required to produce 2.15 mol oxygen gas in this reaction?

e. How many moles of water are needed for 0.100 mol of sodium peroxide to react completely
in this reaction?

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
f. How many moles of oxygen are produced if the reaction produces 0.600 mol sodium
hydroxide?

3. Given the Balanced Reaction:

2H2(g) + O2(g) 🡪 2H2O(g)

a. If 1 mole of hydrogen reacts completely, how many moles of oxygen must have reacted?

b. If 0.5 moles of Oxygen are reacted, how many moles of water will be produced?

B) Determining Missing Compounds

- Remember that a reaction must obey the Laws of Conservation

o Count up all the atoms of each element on either side of the equation

▪ These should be equal

o If they are not equal, look for where the missing chemical goes and build a
neutral compound

o Coefficient should be given to you

o Find out how many atoms are missing for each element and DIVIDE by the
coefficient of X

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
Examples:

O2 + 2________ 🡪 2H2O

H2 + Cl2 🡪 2_________

You Try:

1. X + 2O2 🡪 2NO2

2. S + X 🡪 SO2

3. C3H8 + 5O2 🡪 4X + 3CO2

4. 6HCl + Fe2O3 🡪 2X + 3H2O

5. N2 + 3H2 🡪 2X

6. P4O10 + 6H2O 🡪 4X

7. CH4 + 4S 🡪 CS2 + 2X

8. Cu + 2H2SO4 🡪 X + 2H2O + SO2

9. 3NO2 + H2O 🡪 2X + NO

10. 2Na + 2H2O 🡪 2X + H2

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
Quiz: Matching type of Reaction

C) Percent Composition by Mass

- You’re asked to find PART of a compound (Part = element or ion)

● Use the atomic masses of the atoms asked for AND the whole gfm

Examples:

1. What is the percent composition by mass of magnesium in MgCl2?

% mass = Mass Part x 100

Mass Whole

= (24amu/94amu) x 100

= 25.5%

2. What is the % mass of Barium in Ba(NO3)2?

3. What is the % mass of water in BaSO4 • 5H2O?

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008

Percent Composition

1. Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in each of the following compounds:

a. NH4NO3

b. (NH4)2SO3

c. HNO2

2. Calculate the percentage of each of the following:

a. CaCO3

b. ZnCl2

c. NH4OH

3. Calculate the mass of the metal in each of the following:

a. 50 grams of MgS

b. 80 kilograms of FeCO3

c. 200 grams of Al2O3

4. Calculate the % composition of each of the following:

a. Aluminum Sulfate

b. Potassium Chlorate

5. Calculate the percentage composition of each element in the following compounds:

a. Fe2O3

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
b. HgO

c. Ag2O

d. Na2S

1) Percent Mass of Hydrates using Lab Data

- A hydrate or hydrated salt is an ionic compound with water molecules

integrated into its crystal lattice

Q: When you heat the hydrate with a Bunsen burner, the water vaporizes but the salt doesn’t. Why?

A: Its not hot enough to melt or vaporize the salt

- The mass decreases as the water vaporizes

- Where there is no water left, the mass stays CONSTANT and you refer to
the salt as an ANHYDROUS SALT (ANHYDRIDE/ANHYDRATE)

- Subtract the mass of the anhydrous salt from the mass of the hydrate to
find the mass of water

Example:

1. An 8 gram sample of a hydrate is heated until it has a constant mass of 6 grams. What is the
% by mass of water in the original hydrate?

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008

2. A student heats a 243 g sample of BaCl2 • 2H2O hydrated crystals, what is the % water?

Hydrate Examples

1. A 10.0 gram sample of a hydrate was heated until all the water of hydration was driven off.
The mass of anhydrous product remaining was 8.00 grams. What is the percent of water in
the hydrate?
a. 12.5% b. 20.0%
c. 25.0% d. 80.0%

2. What is the percent by mass of water in the hydrate Na2CO3 * 10H2O (formula mass = 286)?
a. 6.89% b. 14.5%
c. 26.1% d. 62.9%

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
3. A 20 gram sample of a hydrate is heated until all the water of hydration is driven off. The mass
of the anhydrous compound remaining is 15 grams. What is the percent by mass of water in
the hydrate?
a. 75% b. 25%
c. 33% d. 15%

4. A 4.4 gram sample of a hydrate was heated until the water of hydration was driven off. The
anhydrous compound remaining had a mass of 3.3 grams. What is the percentage by mass of
water in the hydrate?
a. 25% b. 33%
c. 67% d. 75%

5. A student determined that the percent of H2O in a hydrate was 39.0%. The percent of H2O in
this hydrate is 36.0% according to an accepted chemistry reference. What is the student’s
percent of error?
a. 9.1% b. 8.3%
c. 3.0% d. 11%

6. A hydrate is a compound that includes water molecules within its crystal structure. During an
experiment to determine the percent by mass of water in a hydrated crystal, a student found
the mass of the hydrated crystal to be 4.10 grams. After heating to constant mass, the mass
was 3.70 grams. What is the percent by mass of water in this crystal?
a. 90% b. 11%
c. 9.8% d. 0.40%

7. The percentage by mass of Br in the compound AlBr3 is closest to

a. 10% b. 75%
c. 25% d. 90%

8. A sample of a substance containing only magnesium and chlorine was tested in the laboratory
and was found to be composed of 74.5% chlorine by mass. If the total mass of the sample
was 190.2 grams, what was the mass of magnesium?

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
a. 24.3g b. 48.5g
c. 48.5g d. 142 g

9. What is the percent composition by mass of aluminum in aluminum sulfate?

a. 7.89% b. 15.8%
c. 20.8% d. 36.0%

10. What is the percent by mass of oxygen in propanal, CH3CH2CHO?

a. 10.0% b. 27.6%
c. 38.1% d. 62.1%

11. IN which compound is the percent by mass of oxygen greatest?

a. BeO b. CaO
c. MgO d. SrO

Hydrates Worksheet

1. How is a hydrate different from other chemical compounds?

2. Define the following terms:

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
a. Anhydrate

b. Dehydration

3. Name the following compounds

a. FeCl3 • 6 H2O __________________________________________________

b. CuSO4 • 5 H2O _________________________________________________

4. Write the formulas for the following compounds

a. Barium chloride dehydrate ______________________________________

b. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate __________________________________

5. What is the percent composition of water in the compound in problem 4b?

6. If 125 grams of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is completely dehydrated, how many grams of

anhydrous magnesium sulfate will remain?

Practice Problems:

1. Calculate the mass of each of the following:

a. 0.5 mole of chlorine

b. 3.5 mole of CaCO3

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008
c. 2.0 moles of H2SO4

d. 1.5 moles of calcium hydroxide

e. 2.5 moles of aluminum oxide

f. 0.25 mole of magnesium chloride

2. Calculate the number of moles for each of the following:

a. 60 grams of Ne

b. 180 grams of calcium

c. 2 grams of SO2

d. 60 grams of potassium sulfate

e. 10 grams of sodium sulfide

f. 200 grams of sodium hydroxide

3. Convert to mass:

a. 1.5 mole of Ar

b. 0.25 mole of Zn(NO3)2

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 Unit 5: Moles & Stoichiometry 2008

4. Calculate the number of moles in each of the following:

a. 53 grams of Na2CO3

b. 138.6 grams of NH4C2H3O2

c. 87.5 grams of ammonium hydroxide

d. 24.4 grams of potassium chlorate

5.

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