RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiratory System
 The respiratory system is a network of organs and tissues within the body.
 It is responsible for the process of breathing, allowing the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon
dioxide.
 The organs of the respiratory system work together to facilitate the exchange of gases between the
body and the environment.
 Its primary function is to absorb oxygen from the air and transport it to the body's organs, enabling
them to function properly.
 Additionally, the respiratory system eliminates waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from the
bloodstream.

STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Nose/Nasal Warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled.
Cavity
Pharynx (throat) Passageway for air, lead to trachea.
Larynx The voice box, where vocal cords are located.
Trachea Keeps the windpipe “open” trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air before
it reaches the lungs.
Bronchi Two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung.

Bronchioles A network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to
air sacs.
Alveoli The functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged.
Diaphragm It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of
the time, involuntarily.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Circulatory System
 The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is an organ system in the body.
 It facilitates the circulation of blood throughout the body, ensuring the transport of various
substances.
 The main functions of the circulatory system include the transportation of nutrients, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, hormones, and blood cells.
 It delivers these substances to the cells of the body, providing nourishment and aiding in the fight
against diseases.
 The circulatory system also plays a role in maintaining the body's temperature stability.
The Heart
 The heart is a muscular organ approximately the size of a clenched fist.
 Its main function is to pump blood throughout the body via blood vessels.
 The heart is divided into four chambers: the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left
ventricle.
 The atria receive blood coming into the heart, while the ventricles pump blood out of the heart.
 One-way valves separate each atrium from the ventricle below it, allowing blood to flow only in one
direction and preventing backward flow.
 The valves function like one-way doors, ensuring the proper flow of blood.
 The heart is divided in half by a wall of tissue called the septum, which prevents blood from flowing
between the two atria or two ventricles.
 The septum also separates oxygenated blood (oxygen-rich blood) from deoxygenated blood (oxygen-
poor blood).

(The tables below show the different kinds of valves and where does the blood will pass through).

Valve Deoxygenated Blood Valve Oxygenated Blood

From To From To
Tricuspid Right Right Mitral/Bicuspid Left Left
Valve atrium Ventricle Valve atrium Ventricle
Pulmonary Right Pulmonary Aortic Valve Left Aorta
Valve Ventricle Artery Ventricle
(Table 1) (Table 2)

When the heart pumps, the two atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles. The atria then relax and
the two ventricles contract, pushing blood into the blood vessels. This process works in a perfect rhythm to
circulate blood throughout the body.

(Study the figure of the Human Heart with its parts and track the arrows showing the pathways of the blood.)

(Figure 2)

 BLOOD VESSELS
 Blood Vessels are like roads and highways of the circulatory system.
 When your body pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of your body, it is carried by blood
vessels.
 (Figure 3)

Arteries Capillaries Veins

 are large blood vessels
that carry blood away
from the heart.
Two Types of Arteries
1. Aorta - Largest blood
vessel in the heart and
exit point of the blood
from the heart to the
different parts of the
body.
2. Pulmonary Artery -
Carries blood containing
carbon dioxide from
your heart to your lungs.
 smallest blood vessels  carry blood back to the
and where gas heart.
exchange takes place.  Consist of one-way
 deliver blood directly to valve and when they
the cells in your body. break, varicose veins
form.
Three Types of Veins
1. Superior Vena Cava -
where the deoxygenated
blood enters the heart
from the upper part of
the body.
2. Inferior Vena Cava -
where the deoxygenated
blood enters the heart
from lower part of the
body.
3. Pulmonary Vein -
Carries oxygenated
blood from your lungs to
your heart.
(Table 3)

 BLOOD
 It is the medium in which all the cells are carried to transport nutrients and oxygen (O2) to the cells
of the body.

(Figure 4)

Types of Connective Tissues

A. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) - make up of 99% of the population of the blood cells in the body. It
carries hemoglobin (makes the blood red) and transport oxygen.
B. White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - fight infection as they are part of the immune system. They destroy
bacteria and other dangerous organisms.
C. Platelets (thrombocytes) - act by stopping blood loss through clotting.
D. Plasma - the liquid in your blood that carries most of the substances that need to be transported like
sugar (glucose), nutrients, minerals, vitamins, carbon dioxide and waste.
 Types of Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation moves blood between the
heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated
blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release
carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows
back to the heart.
Coronary Circulation
Coronary Circulation is the movement of blood
through the tissues of the heart.
Systemic Circulation
Systemic Circulation moves blood between the
heart and the rest of the body except in lungs. It
sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns
deoxygenated blood to the heart.