MODALS

Modals
 auxiliary verbs that provide additional and specific meaning to the main verb of the sentence.
 also called modal auxiliary verbs because they help the main verb to express the mood of the subject.
 auxiliary verbs that express a variety of meanings.

1. Can denotes ability, permission, request, or possibility.

Could denotes possibility or request.
Examples:
Jose Rizal can speak various languages. (ability)
Can they submit their reports tomorrow? (permission)
Employment could be difficult during the COVID-19 pandemic. (possibility)

2. Will indicates futurity, willingness, or choice.

Would expresses willingness in a potential way, polite questions or requests, the future intention from
the past point of view, or past habitual action.
Examples:
The vaccine for COVID-19 will be available next year. (futurity)
Ana Marie will serve the pizza now. (willingness)
Jessie would build a house if he had money. (willingness in a potential way)
Would you help me carry the balikbayan box? (polite question or request)
The congressman said he would file a case. (future intention from the past point of view)
When they were young, they would go biking every day. (past habitual action)

3. Shall expresses suggestion in a yes-no question.

Shall is used in the same way as will, but is often used in ceremonies when a protocol is an important
factor.
Should expresses obligation.
Examples:
Shall we start the meeting? (suggestion in a yes-no question)
The President of the Philippines shall welcome the ASEAN delegates.
(ceremonies when protocol is an important factor)
Filipinos should respect the Philippine Flag. (obligation)

4. May expresses permission, probability, or wish.

Might is used to express less probability.
Examples:
You may go home now. (permission)
It may be rainy next week. (probability)
May God bless you. (wish)
Carlo told us he might come. (less probability)

5. Must is used to express very strong obligation or necessity, or making inferences or logical
conclusions.
Examples:
We must serve our country. (very strong obligation)
(He wears a school uniform. He carries books). He must be a student. (making inference)
CONDITIONALS
Conditional Sentences
 Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and
their consequences.
 They consist of two parts: the Conditional Clause (If-Clause) and the Main Clause (Result).
 There are four types of conditional sentences: zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional,
and third conditional.
 Each type expresses a different degree of probability regarding a situation occurring or would have
occurred under certain circumstances.
Let’s look at each of these different types of conditional sentences.
Conditionals If Clause (Condition) Main Clause (Result)
Zero Conditional Present Simple Present Simple
Used to present, real/factual If I study hard, I always pass my examinations.
situation
If you stand in the you get wet.
rain,
First Conditional Present Simple will + base verb
Used for future real/factual If I study hard, I will pass my examinations.
situation
If it rains, we will cancel the trip.

Present Perfect Tense will + base verb

If I have finished doing my task,
Second Conditional Past Simple
Used for present or future unreal, If I were the president,
imaginary situations
If I won a million pesos,
If I were you,
Past Simple
If I won a million pesos,
Third Conditional Past Perfect
Used for past unreal, imaginary If I had gone to University,
situations
If I had listened to my mother,
Past Perfect
If we had attended all during
rehearsals,
I will help her.
would + base verb
I would increase the salary of the
minimum wage workers.
I would buy a big house.
I would quit smoking.
could + based verb
I could travel around the world.
would have + Past Participle
I would have become a
professional now.
I wouldn’t have caught a
cold.
could have + Past Participle
the play could have been a great
success.
COMMUNICATIVE STYLES FOR VARIOUS SITUATIONS
Background Information:
 Every person has a unique communicative style.
 Speech styles are patterns of speaking characterized by distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, intent,
participants, and grammatical structures.
 Speech styles can vary in degree of formality.
 The purpose of different speech styles is to guide the speaker in choosing the appropriate
approach for each situation, person, and place.
 Understanding speech styles helps in effective communication.
 There are several types of communicative styles:
 Frozen
 Casual
 Formal
 Passive
 Consultative
 Intimate
 Aggressive

1. Frozen
 It is the most formal communicative style that is usually used during respectful events and
ceremonies.
 Frozen speech is used generally in a very formal setting, it does not require any feedback from
the audience.
Examples: anthem marriage ceremonies speech for a state ceremony
pledge or prayers school creeds motto

2. Intimate
 It is used in conversation between people who are very close and know each other quite well
because they have the maximum of shared background information.
Examples: “I will always be here for you friend.” “Do you love me, Mama?”
“Please, take good care of yourself.” “Be a good boy, son.”

3. Formal
 It is a straightforward speech.
 In this style, the speaker avoids using slang words, what the speaker says is something that has
been prepared beforehand.
 Its complex sentence and noun phrases are well structured, logically sequenced and strongly
coherent.
Examples: meetings school lessons SONA welcome addresses
sermons of a priest or pastor announcements or pronouncements

4. Casual
 It is used in informal conversations between or among friends, peers, colleagues, or family who
share a common knowledge or interest.
Examples: phone calls using words of endearment inside jokes
conversations with families and relatives chatting with a friend

5. Consultative
 It is used in semi-formal communication, sentences end to be shorter and spontaneous.
 In this style, the listeners are allowed to give feedback if the information presented by the
speaker is insufficient or unclear.
Examples: doctor-patient lawyer-judge teacher-student counselor-client

6. Passive
  It is a speech style where individuals choose not to express their feelings or opinions to others
because of fear of confrontation.
Examples: “I just want to keep the peace.” “I am sorry I did not mean to hurt you.”
“I will follow what you say.” “Sure! That’s fine.”

7. Aggressive
 It is a style in which individuals express their feelings and opinions and advocate for their needs
in a way that violates the rights of others.
 It is characterized by speaking in a loud demanding voice, maintaining intense eye contact,
dominating others by blaming, intimidating, criticizing, and threatening.
Examples: You are not doing anything right! I am not asking your suggestion just be quiet!