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Storyline
Chapter 34:
The Nature of Light and
the Principles of Ray Optics

Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics , 10e

Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.

The duality of light: particle (Newton) and wave (Huygens).

Louis de Broglie.

The Nature of Light

Christiaan Huygens

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The Nature of Light

Thomas Young

The Nature of Light

Galileo Galilei

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Roemer’s Method

Roemer’s Method

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Fizeau’s Method
A method of measuring the speed of light, invented by Armand Fizeau in 1849. A cogwheel rotating at high
speed enables a series of flashes to be transmitted to a distant mirror.

Example 34.1:
Measuring the Speed of Light with Fizeau’s Wheel
Assume Fizeau’s wheel has 360 teeth and rotates at
55.0 rev/s when a pulse of light passing through
opening A in the figure passes through opening C on its
return. If the distance to the
mirror is 7 500 m, what is the
speed of light?
2d 2d 
c 
ω=55(2π) (rad/s) t  ω=dθ/dt≈Δθ/Δt
Δθ=(2π)/360 (rad)
Δt≈ω/Δθ=55*360 (s)

2  7 500 m  55.0 rev/s 

c 1
 2.97  108 m/s
360 rev 299 792 458 m/s

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The Ray Approximation in Ray Optics

The Ray Approximation in Ray Optics

~circular/spherical wave circular/spherical wave

wavefront

~point light source

plane wave

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Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection

scattering

Law of Reflection

1  1

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Example 34.2:
The Double-Reflected Light Ray
Two mirrors make an angle of 120° with each other as
illustrated in the figure. A ray is incident on mirror M1
at an angle of 65° to the normal. Find the direction of
the ray after it is reflected from mirror M2.

    65  25

       
 M  90  35  55
2

 M   M  55
2 2

Example 34.2:
The Double-Reflected Light Ray
Notice that the angle between the incident and reflected rays at
Mirror M1 is 65° + 65° = 130°. Therefore, the angle by which the
direction of the light ray changes from its original direction is
180° – 130° = 50°. Similarly, for the reflection at mirror M2, the
change of direction is 70°. Therefore, the overall change in
direction of the light ray for two reflections is 50° + 70° = 120°.
Interesting!" This angle is the same as that between
the mirrors. What if the angle between the mirrors
is changed? Is the overall change in the direction
of the light ray always equal to the
angle between the mirrors?

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Example 34.2:
The Double-Reflected Light Ray

      90     180
       
      180  2    
 180  2    90        360  2

Retroreflection

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Digital Movie Projectors

Analysis Model:
Wave Under Reflection

1  1

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Analysis Model:
Wave Under Refraction
n1<n2 n1>n2

Reflection: sin(θ+ϕ)=-sin(θ), Reflection: sin(θ+ϕ)=sin(θ),

→ sinθcosϕ+cosθsinϕ=-sin(θ),
→ ϕ=π.
Refraction: sin(θ+ϕ)=sin(θ),
→ sinθcosϕ+cosθsinϕ=sin(θ),
→ ϕ=0.
→ sinθcosϕ+cosθsinϕ=sin(θ),
→ ϕ=0.
Refraction: sin(θ+ϕ)=sin(θ),
→ sinθcosϕ+cosθsinϕ=sin(θ),
→ ϕ=0.

Analysis Model:
Wave Under Refraction

sin  2 v2

sin 1 v1

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Analysis Model:
Wave Under Refraction

Analysis Model:
Wave Under Refraction

n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2 n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2
n1<n2 (v1>v2) n1>n2 (v1<v2)
→sinθ1>sinθ2 →sinθ1<sinθ2
→θ1>θ2 →θ1<θ2

f=v/λ.

n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2 n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2
n1<n2 (v1>v2) (λ1>λ2) n1>n2 (v1<v2) (λ1<λ2)
→sinθ1>sinθ2 →sinθ1<sinθ2
→θ1>θ2 →θ1<θ2

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Mechanical Analog of Refraction

Index of Refraction
n≥1
speed of light in vacuum c
n 
speed of light in a medium v

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Snell’s Law
f=v/λ.

v1  1 f and v2  2 f

1 v1 c /n1 n2
  
2 v2 c /n2 n1

1n1  2 n2 = cf f: remains the same.


n n  
n
n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2

Snell’s Law

sin  2 v2

sin 1 v1
v1 n2

v2 n1
n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2

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Analysis Model:
Wave Under Refraction

sin  2 v2

sin 1 v1

n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2

Example 34.3:
Angle of Refraction for Glass
A light ray of wavelength 589 nm traveling through air
is incident on a smooth, flat slab of crown glass at an
angle of 30.0° to the normal. Crown glass is a type of optical glass used in lenses and
other optical components. It has relatively low
(A) Find the angle of refraction. refractive index (≈1.52) and low dispersion.
n1
sin  2  sin 1
n2
 n1 
 2  sin 1  sin 1 
 n2 
 1.00 
 2  sin 1  sin 30.0   19.2
 1.52 

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Example 34.3:
Angle of Refraction for Glass
(B) Find the speed of this light once it enters the glass.

c
v
n

3.00  108 m/s

v  1.97  108 m/s
1.52

Example 34.3:
Angle of Refraction for Glass
(C) What is the wavelength of this light in the glass?

 589 nm
n    388 nm
n 1.52
f=v/λ=(c/n)/λ
→ f is the same from medium 1 medium 2.
→ nλ=c/f
→ n1λ1=n2λ2

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Example 34.4:
Light Passing Through a Slab
A light beam passes from medium 1 to medium 2, with
the latter medium being a thick slab of material whose
index of refraction is n2. Show that the beam emerging
into medium 1 from the other side is parallel to the
incident beam.
n1
sin  2  sin 1
n2
n
sin 3  2 sin  2
n1
n2  n1 
sin 3   sin 1   sin 1
n1  n2 

Example 34.4:
Light Passing Through a Slab
What if the thickness t of the slab is doubled? Does the
offset distance d also double?

t
a
cos  2

d  a sin   a sin 1   2 

d d=tsin(θ1-θ2)/cosθ2
t
cos  2 sin 1   2 

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Prisms

Example 34.5:
Measuring n Using a Prism
Although we do not prove it here, the minimum angle
of deviation dmin for a prism occurs when the angle of
incidence 1 is such that the refracted ray inside the
prism makes the same angle with the normal to the two
prism faces as shown in the figure. Obtain an
expression for the index of refraction of
the prism material in terms of the
minimum angle of deviation and
the apex angle .

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Example 34.5:
Measuring n Using a Prism
  min    min
1   2     
2 2 2
sin 1
1.00  sin 1  n sin  2  n  π-Φ=π-2θ2
sin  2

    min 
sin  
n  2 
sin   /2 

π/2-Φ/2=π/2-θ2

Huygens’s Principle

All points on a given wave front are taken as point

sources for the production of spherical secondary
waves, called wavelets, that propagate outward
through a medium with speeds characteristic of
waves in that medium.

After some time interval has passed, the new

position of the wave front is the surface tangent to
the wavelets.

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Huygens’s Principle

A wavefront is the envelope of wavelets.

Huygens’s Principle
Applied to Reflection
BC AD
cos   and cos  
AC AC
    1 and      1
Because AC
Because AD=BC,
 BC ,
wavefront
cos   cos   surface normal
reflected angle θ'1 90° 90°

  incident angle θ 1

  1    1

1  1
the incident angle θ1= the reflected angle θ'1

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Refraction index: n=c/v

=speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in media.
Huygens’s Principle
Applied to Refraction
speed of light in medium 1: v1 speed of light in medium 2: v2
BC v1t AD v2 t
sin 1   and sin  2  
AC AC AC AC
sinθ1/sinθ2
=v1/v1 2 v2
sin c /n1 n2
  
=(c/n )/(c/n )
sin  2 1 v1 2 c /n2 n1
=n2/n1.
surface normal
n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2 90°
snail Snell's law incident angle θ1
90°

refracted angle θ2
escargot
escargot, (French: “snail”) any of
several species of edible land snails,
a delicacy of French cuisine.

Dispersion
f=v/λ f=v/λ=(c/n)/λ
→2πf=v/(λ/2π) →nλ=c/f
→ω=vk In reality, n(λ)λ=c/f
→ω=(c/n)k Refractive index is a
→n=ck/ω function of wavelength.
In reality, n(λ)
So ck/ω is a function of
wavelength.
Dispersion means the slope
dω/dk=c/n=v for a linear
material.
dω/dk=c/n(λ)=v(λ) for a
nonlinear material.

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Dispersion
λ shorter, n larger, θ2 smaller

λ longer, n
smaller, θ2 larger n1=1
n2>n1

n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2.

Rainbows

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Rainbows and Dispersion

Double Rainbows

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Heiligenschein

Rainbows: Reflection, Refraction,

and Interference

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Sun Dogs

Mirages

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Total Internal Reflection

n1 sin  c  n2 sin 90  n2
n2
sin  c 
n1
 for n1  n2 

θc

critical incident angle:

all incident wave becomes
interfacial waves.

Total Internal Reflection and Diamonds

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Total Internal Reflection

and Cubic Zirconia

Example 34.6:
A View from the Fish’s Eye
Find the critical angle for an air–water boundary.
(Assume the index of refraction of water is 1.33.)
n2 1.00
sin  c    0.752   c  48.8
n1 1.33

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Example 34.6:
A View from the Fish’s Eye
What if a fish in a still pond looks upward toward the
water’s surface at different angles relative to the surface
as in the figure? What does it see?
A person stands far away,
with angle >48.8°.

Optical Fibers

Total internal reflection

Total internal reflection

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Optical Fibers

Optical Fibers

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