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XI H 05 Chemical Bonding - 64bbcf336a9db
XI H 05 Chemical Bonding - 64bbcf336a9db
5. Chemical Bonding
Classical Thinking
ns
1
F.C.
= 62 (6) = +1
3. (C) 2
Oxygen atom 3:
4. (D) 1
According to octet rule, atoms try to achieve a F.C.
= 66 (2) = 1
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2
complete octet in the valence shell. Since the
given element already has five electrons in the 16. (C)
valence shell, it accepts three more electrons In AlCl3, Al contains 6 electrons in the
at
and thus completes its octet. Therefore, its ions outermost orbit while Cl contains 8 electrons in
will have three negative charges (3–). the outermost orbit.
In CCl4, both C and Cl contain 8 electrons in
5. (A) 6. (A) their respective outermost orbits.
7. (B)
lic In PCl5, P contains 10 electrons in the outermost
orbit while Cl contains 8 electrons in the
8. (D) outermost orbit.
Lower the ionization enthalpy of an atom, In BF3, B contains 6 electrons in the outermost
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greater is the ease of losing the valence orbit while F contains 8 electrons in the
electron(s) to form the corresponding cations. outermost orbit.
Higher the negative value of electron gain Thus, among given options, PCl5 is having an
enthalpy, greater is the ease of formation of expanded octet.
P
increases.
1. (C)
10. (B) The forces of repulsion between electron pairs
decrease in the following order:
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11. (C)
lone pair – lone pair > lone pair – bond pair >
Two electrons from each atom are shared,
bond pair – bond pair
thereby four shared electrons form a double
bond. 2. (C) 3. (A)
12. (C) 4. (C)
The correct Lewis symbol for oxygen atom:
5. (A)
O ClF3 is a T-shaped molecule.
F
13. (C)
14. (B) F Cl
Formal charge, F.C. = V.E. – N.E. – (B.E./2)
= X – Y – (Z/2) F
1
ns
5.6 Parameters of covalent bond
SF6 has octahedral geometry. Hence, FSF
bond angles are 180 and 90. 1. (A)
(B) Bond angle of BF3 molecule is more than
9. (C) the bond angle of NH3 molecule.
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10. (C) (C) The bond between two N-atoms in N2
Due to the repulsion between lonepair and (i.e., triple bond) is stronger than the
bond pair, the tetrahedral geometry gets bond between O-atoms in O2 (double
at
distorted to trigonal pyramidal structure. bond).
(D) The bond enthalpies of two O−H bonds
5.4 Valence Bond Theory (VBT) lic in water are different. This difference
1. (A) arises since cleavage of the two O−H
The covalent bond is directional in nature. bonds in water takes place in two steps.
At equilibrium distance between the nuclei of In the first step, one O−H bond breaks
the bonded atoms, the total energy of the leaving behind OH radical. The
electronic environment around oxygen to
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bonded atoms is minimum.
The electrons in the half-filled valence orbitals which hydrogen is attached in the OH
must have opposite spins. radical is different than that around
oxygen in H2O molecule. This causes a
2. (C) 3. (A) change in the successive bond
P
8. (B) 4. (B)
Electronic configuration of excited state of Be: Lower the bond order, greater will be the bond
1s 2s 2p length. Thus, bond length in NO (bond order
2.5) is greater than in NO+ (bond order 3).
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5. (D)
9. (A)
Orbitals having nearly same energy can undergo 5.7 Dipole moment
hybridization, so 2s and 2p orbitals undergo
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hybridization. 1. (D)
HF has largest dipole moment because
10. (B) 11. (B)
electronegativity difference between H and F is
12. (D) 13. (B) highest among other given options, so it is
highly polar.
14. (B) 15. (C)
2. (D) 3. (B)
16. (A) 17. (A)
18. (B) 19. (A) 4. (D) 5. (B)
2
Critical Thinking
ns
the given anion A is 3. Thus, the electrovalence
of M is 2 while that of A is 3. Hence, the Cl C Cl
compound formed will have the formula M3A2.
3. (C) Cl
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Electronic configuration of X(Z = 12) = 2, 8, 2
Electronic configuration of Y(Z = 17) = 2, 8, 7 10. (C)
Thus, the X atom will form the corresponding Element ‘X’ has atomic number 7. So, its
at
dipositive ion and attain the noble gas electronic configuration is 2, 5.
configuration of neon. Thus, its electron dot symbol would be X
X+2 = 2, 8 (valence = 2 and electronic (as it has 5 valence electrons).
configuration similar to neon).
Similarly, the Y atom will form the
lic 11. (A) 12. (B)
corresponding univalent anion and attain the 13. (B)
noble gas configuration of argon.
Y = 2, 8, 8 (valence = 1 and electronic 14. (A)
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configuration similar to argon). Formal charge, F.C. = V.E. – N.E. – (B.E./2)
Formal charge on S = 6 − 2 − 1/2(6) = +1
4. (B)
Given element X can lose two electrons from its 15. (A) 16. (D)
outermost shell to form a divalent cation. So, its
P
17. (D)
chloride will have the formula XCl2
18. (B)
5. (A) The phosphorus atom in PF5 is surrounded by
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl):
et
ns
part in hybridization. He2+ 1s2 *1s1 Paramagnetic
Thus, among given options only option (B) is
H2 1s2 Diamagnetic
correct.
H2+ 1s1 Paramagnetic
5. (C) H2 1s2 *1s1 Paramagnetic
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6. (B)
5.6 Parameters of covalent bond
The structure of BF3 is
1. (C)
at
Nitrogen molecule has highest bond enthalpy
120
A
due to presence of triple bond.
2. (D)
Trigonal planar
lic 3. (B)
2
It has sp hybridization and the number of Isoelectronic molecules and ions have identical
electrons around the central atom is 6. bond order.
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N2 and CO are isoelectronic species with each
7. (B) molecule containing 14 electrons and having
The % distribution indicates 2 p-orbitals and three shared pairs of electrons. Hence, their
one s-orbital to be the components, therefore sp2 bond order is same (i.e., B.O. = 3)
hybridization.
P
4. (A)
8. (B) As we move across a period from left to right,
In BeCl2, Be-atom undergoes sp hybridization. the electronegativity increases. Therefore,
% of s-character = 50% correct order of increasing electronegativity is C
et
4
ns
H2S 0.95 (Polar)
Polar covalent character.
6. (C) 9. (D)
Bigger the size of the anion, greater the
F
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polarizability, greater the covalent character.
N N Among the given ionic compounds, the iodide
B < <
F F H H anion has the largest size, it undergoes
F F H polarization to larger extent.
at
F
μ=0 μ = 0.23 D μ = 1.47 D Hence, CaI2 has the largest covalent character.
< O
H
lic H
μ = 1.85 D
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Concept Fusion
1. (D)
P
2. (C)
CH3 CH = CH CH2 C CH
et
Carbon-carbon triple bond contains 2 bonds and the carbon-carbon double bond contains one bond,
therefore, a total of three bonds in all.
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3. (B)
4. (B)
In BF3 molecule, boron is sp2 hybridised. Hence, it will have planar trigonal geometry. So, all its atoms are
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co-planar.
5. (C)
As the electronegativity increases from I to F, the bonding electron pairs are attracted more towards the
halogen i.e., they move away from nucleus of phosphorus atom thus allowing maximum expansion of the
lone pair. So, the bond angle decreases from PI3 to PF3.
P P
P P
I 102 I Br Cl 100.3
101.5 Br Cl F 97.8
I Cl F
Br F
5
ns
nonpolar covalent character. Therefore, if the
electronegativity difference is 1.7, the bond will Antibonding orbitals are represented * or *.
have approximately 50% ionic character. 13. (D)
3. (A) Be2: (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2
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4. (C) 14. (D) 15. (B)
The Lewis structure of ozone is 16. (D)
at
+ N2 has triple bond, O2 has double bond while
O Cl2 and H2 have single bond.
17. (A)
The structure of H2SO4 is
O O –
lic O
5. (A)
The structure of SF6 is H O S O H
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F O
F F Formal charge (F.C.) = V.E. – N.E. – (B.E./2)
= 6 – 0 – (12/2)
S
P
=0
F F 18. (D)
Combination of atomic orbitals to give
F
et
7. (C) bipyramidal.
B2: (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2
N b Na 42
Ta
Bond order
= = =1
2 2
8. (D)
20. (D)
Compound Octet type
21. (D)
BF3 Incomplete octet
N2 molecule has triple bond between N atoms.
AlCl3 Incomplete octet Due to highest bond order in N2, it has highest
SF6 Expanded octet bond enthalpy.
CH4 Complete octet 22. (B)
9. (D) Carbon monoxide ⇒ :C≡O:
Formal charge of oxygen atom
CO2 is a linear molecule with zero dipole moment.
1 1
= VE – NE – (BE) = 6 – 2 – (6) = +1
10. (D) 2 2
6
ns
two lone pairs of electrons.
BF3 Trigonal planar
40. (C) 41. (D)
28. (D)
2 42. (D)
In BF3, central B atom undergoes sp
io
hybridization. O
29. (D)
Hybrid orbitals are formed by combining atomic H O S O H
at
orbitals of same atom.
O
30. (A)
H2SO4;
H 12 electrons around sulphur
N–H
lic 43. (B)
The electronic configuration of F2
H (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2pz)2 (2px)2
Lone pair of e– = 1 (2py)2 (*2px)2 (*2py)2
ub
Bond pair of e– = 3
Bond order of F2 molecule = N b N a 10 8 = 1
31. (B) 2 2
44. (A)
32. (C) PCl5: Trigonal bipyramidal
P
ns
hybridisation. In MI, the size of anion (i.e., iodine) increases
thus, tendency to polarize the cation decreases
53. (C) which leads to decrease in the ionic character.
Formal Charge (FC) = V.E. – N.E. – 1/2 (B.E.)
io
FC on S = 6 – 0 – 1/2(12) = 0 61. (D)
Compounds having cations with higher charge
54. (D) have large lattice enthalpy (higher positive
In BeF2, Be has 4 electrons in its valence shell. value) than compounds having cations with
at
Thus, it does not obey octet rule. lower charge. In AlCl3, Al has +3 charge, which
55. (D) is higher than the other compounds. So, it
Electronic configuration of N 2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 exhibits highest lattice enthalpy. The order
lic
(2s)2 (*2s)2 (2px)2 (2py)2 (2pz)1
follows as: NaCl < LiCl < CaCl2 < AlCl3.
56. (A)
ub
Formal charge = VE NE (BE /2)
Formal charge on C = 4 0 (8 / 2) = 0
P
Evaluation Test
2 2 2 1
1. (D) Li 2 = (1s) *(1s) (2s) *(2s) ,
et
2. (C) 1 1
Bond order
= (4 3) =
In N2 molecule, each nitrogen atom contributes 2 2
3 electrons, so a total number of 6 electrons are Li 2 is less stable than Li 2 because Li 2 has more
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4. (C) order is
Greater the charge on cation, more is covalent Li 2 < Li 2 < Li2
character of the ionic bond. Hence, MgCl2 is
7. (D)
more covalent than NaCl.
5. (D) 8. (C)
6. (C) H H H
H
Li2 = (1s)2 *(1s)2(2s)2,
1 C
C C C C C H
Bond order
= (4 2) = 1 H
2
2 2 1
Li 2 = (1s) *(1s) (2s) , Thus, the given molecule contains 11 sigma
1 1 bonds.
Bond order
= (3 2) =
2 2 9. (D)
8
ns
22. (C)
The covalent bond between iodine and chlorine
has partial ionic character. Of the two, chlorine is
more electronegative. Hence, it exerts a greater
io
pull on the bonding pair of electrons and develops
partial negative charge, while iodine develops a
partial positive charge on the basis of octet rule.
at
23. (A) 24. (B)
25. (C) 26. (D)lic
27. (A)
Electronic configuration of carbon is 1s2 2s2 2p2
which does not involve dorbital, hence sp3d
hybrid state cannot be shown by carbon.
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28. (C)
Percentage of scharacter in hybrid orbitals is in
the order sp > sp2 > sp3. Since the ‘s’ orbital is
closer to the nucleus than the ‘p’ orbital, greater
P
30. (C)
The maximum antibonding effect of electrons is
in σ*2pz.
Ta