COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

IN CHILDREN
ROHIMAH BINTI ISMAIL
 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the lesson, students are able to:
• Explain the different type of communicable diseases:
➢Pharyngitis
➢Conjunctivitis

• Describe the treatment and prevention of infectious disease in

children
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
• Definition
➢An infectious disease or
infestation that is
transmitted from one
person to another,
directly or indirectly.
Pharyngitis
• Pharyngitis “sore throat” is an infection of the pharynx
• Pharyngitis is redness, pain, and swelling of the throat
(pharynx).

• Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils. The tonsils are a pair

of tissue masses on both sides at the back of the throat.
Pharyngitis
Tonsillitis
Cont
• They are part of the immune system, the
part of the body that fights infection and
other disease.
• The child may have pharyngitis, tonsillitis, or
both (pharyngotonsillitis).
PHARYNGITIS IN CHILDREN
• Causes:
➢Pharyngitis is caused by
a germ (bacteria or a
virus).
➢It is spread from an
infected person to
others by coughing,
sneezing or touching
and sharing food
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

• Sore throat

• Trouble or painful swallowing

• Enlarged, painful neck glands

• Hoarseness or change in voice

• Fever or chills

• Headache
• Ear pain

• Nausea and vomiting

• Belly pain

• Feeling achy and tired

• Red or swollen throat

• Red or enlarged tonsils

• Throat or tonsils may have a whitish discharge

• Trouble breathing or snoring

Diagnostic test
• Throat for culture
and sensitivity
• Blood investigation
(FBC)
TREATMENT
• Antibiotic medicine is
needed if a germ called
streptococcus or “step” is
causing the child’s sore
throat
Health education
• Have them practice good hand hygiene.

• Keep them away from people who have sore throats,

cold, or other upper respiratory infections.

• Don't smoke and keep the child away from secondhand

smoke.

• Vaccination.
CONT…
• Serve soft foods like
popsicles, frozen fruit pops,
or warm soups.
• These foods may feel good
going down the child’s
throat while it is very sore
CONT..
• Give the child 6 to 8 glasses
of liquids like water and fruit
juices each day.
• Run a cool mist humidifier
in the with a mixture of 1
teaspoon salt in 1 cup
warm water
 Nursing care
• Supportive measures for viral infection
• Pharmacologic therapy antibiotics for 10 days
“cephalosporin” analgesic for severe sore antitussive
medications
• Nutritional therapy liquid or soft diet
• Bed rest
• Mouth care & normal saline gargle
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Ineffective breathing pattern
• Ineffective airway clearance
• Anxiety
 COMPLICATION
• Sinusitis
• Otitis media
• Epiglottis
• Mastoiditis
• Pneumonia
Conjunctivitis
Learning Outcome
• Define conjunctivitis
• Identify the type of conjunctivitis
• Explain health teaching to client with conjunctivitis
• Discuss nursing care of client with conjunctivitis
Function of conjunctiva
• The conjunctiva is a clear mucous membrane consisting of
cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the
sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the
eyelid
• It helps lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears,
although a smaller volume of tears than the lacrimal
gland. It also contributes to immune and helps to prevent
the entrance of microbes into the eye
Definition of Conjunctivitis
• Conjunctivitis is the
inflammation of the
conjunctiva (the outermost
layer of the eye and the
inner surface of the
eyelids).
• Characteristic by a pink
appearance
Clinical
manifestation
General symptoms,
Foreign body sensation
Scratching or burning
sensation
Itching
Photophobia
May be unilateral or
bilateral
Type of
conjunctivitis
1.Acute conjunctivitis
Infectious conjunctivitis due to
bacterial, viral or fungal
2.Muco-purulent conjunctivitis
Acute inflammation of
conjunctiva characterized with
conjunctiva infection and muco-
purulent discharge.
Cause-: Koch week’s bacilli,
pneumococci, staphylococci,
streptococci..
Mode of infection: Flies, fingers
and towels
3. Ophthalmic
neonatorum
Inflammation of conjunctiva in new-
born (first week of life)
Due to transmission of infection from
unhealthy maternal passage
Organisms : gonococci
staphylococci
streptococci

Clinical picture
Edema of lid and conjunctiva
Discharge : watery muco-purulent
purulent
Complication

1. Corneal ulcer
(inflammation of
eyeball), blindness
2. Systemic complication
as endocarditis
Treatment
1. Prophylactic treatment.
• Treat mother before labor.
• Clean the eye of newborn
after delivery.

2. Curative treatment.
• Antibiotic.
4. Purulent conjunctivitis

Etiology
• Gonococci
• Other organism as:
staphylococci, streptococci..
• Complication
• Corneal ulcer
5. Allergic conjunctivitis

• Acute allergic conjunctivitis is

typically itchy, and often
involves some lid swelling.
• Chronic allergy often causes
just itch or irritation.
• Allergic to dust, pollen,
medication, and bugs
Diagnostic Test
• Eye examination
• Swab for culture and
sensitivity
Treatment
• Eye Drop Medication
• Eye ointment
Health Teaching
Nursing diagnosis
Pain related to conjunctivitis
• Assess level of pain
• Advice the child to rest in semi-fowler’s position to reduce the
pressure to the eye.
• Provide a conducive environment
• -the room must be calm and dim light
• Advice the child to avoid from bending to avoid pressure to the eye
• Apply the cold compress to the affected eye
• Instilled eye drop medication as prescribed
• Give mild analgesic to client such paracetamol tds
Risk of infection related to poor
hygiene
• Assess the eye.
• Perform eye swabbing to clean the discharge.
• Ask the parent to wash hand before and after touch the affected
eye.
• Do not rub the eye because it will irritate the eye.
• Advice the child to take bath at least 3 times a day and wear a
clean shirt.
• Avoid from dusty and crowded place.
• Do not share the personal thing such as towel or face towel.
• Ask the parent to use a disposable towel or tissue to wipe tear and
dispose the tissue properly.
TQVM