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2915-SBE16 Brazil & Portugal - Proceedings
2915-SBE16 Brazil & Portugal - Proceedings
Volume I
Organized by
Partners Sponsors
Financing
SBE16 BRAZIL & PORTUGAL
Editors
Cristina Engel de Alvarez
Luís Bragança
Edna Aparecida Nico-Rodrigues
Ricardo Mateus
© 2016 The authors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any mean, without prior written permission from the
Editors.
ISBN 978-85-92631-00-0
250 copies
LEGAL NOTICE
The Editors are not responsible for the use which might be made of the following
information.
Foreword
The organizers of SBE 16 Brazil & Portugal were challenged to promote discussions and
the development of solutions for an important and, at the same time, very ambitious topic
– Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment. This
is the main focus of the international conference SBE16 Brazil & Portugal; the only event
of the SBE16/17 conference series being held in Latin America, more precisely, in Vitória
(Espírito Santo), Brazil, from the 7th until the 9th of September 2016. The conference
offered a unique opportunity to bring together researchers from all over the world to
share evidence-based knowledge in the field and succeeded to achieve its goals since many
contributions from various parts of the planet were received, addressing a tiny part of the
problem or trying to perform the difficult task of making the sum of the parts a coherent
whole.
The SBE conference series is the pre-eminent international conference series on
sustainable building, construction, urban sustainability issues and supporting
infrastructure. The series is held on a three-year cycle with planning and preparation in
year 1, regional conferences held in year 2 and a single global event to be held in year 3.
The series is owned and supported by high prestige partners, such as the International
Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), the International
Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC). The
first conference was launched in 2000 and, since then, the series continues to evolve. Up to
2014, the series was named the “SB” or “Sustainable Building” conference series, but the
series coordinators have now changed the series name to “SBE”, standing for “Sustainable
Built Environment” series, to more clearly indicate the inclusion of issues related to local
urban areas and supporting infrastructure.
The Federal University of Espírito Santo (Brazil), the University of Minho (Portugal) and
iiSBE Portugal, with the support of the Brazilian National Association for the Built
Environment Technologies (ANTAC) and the Network on Energy Efficient Urban
Communities (URBENERE) of CYTED “Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnologia
para el Desarrollo”, organized SBE16 Brazil & Portugal. The event succeeded to get the
crucial financial and institutional support of the Coordination for the Improvement of
Brazilian Higher Education Staff (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Ensino
Superior - CAPES) and the Foundation for Research and Innovation of the State of Espírito
Santo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo - FAPES), among
other sponsors.
The aim of SBE16 Brazil & Portugal is to promote the discussion and development of
knowledge on the theme “Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact
Built Environment”.
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
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ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Like every international event, for SBE16 Brazil & Portugal it is also expected, as outcome,
a broad exchange of information between the delegates, resulting from the strategies that
allow meetings and the establishment of knowledge networks. In this sense, conferences,
short courses, technical visits, communications, poster sessions and even the organization
of living spaces highlight and promote the interconnection of this topic and reflect the
need that sustainability must be seen and discussed under several points of view.
It is expected that people with diverse backgrounds, different levels and also coming from
diverse contexts meet in Victoria, allowing that each participant can understand and learn
from other people's reality. The organizers believe that only respecting the differences, the
global sustainability may, one day, be achieved.
Finally, the organizers want to address a special thanks to all Authors and Scientific
Committee Members for their support and contribution to the successful development of
the scientific basis to the knowledge on the theme “Sustainable Urban Communities
towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment”.
BRAZIL PORTUGAL
Prof. Cristina Engel de Alvarez Prof. Luís Bragança
cristina.engel@ufes.br braganca@civil.uminho.pt
Prof. Edna Aparecida Nico-Rodrigues Prof. Ricardo Mateus
edna.rodrigues@ufes.br ricardomateus@civil.uminho.pt
Federal University of Espírito Santo University of Minho
Web: http://lpp.ufes.br Web: http://civil.uminho.pt
Tel.: + 55 27 4009 2581 Tel.: + 351 253 510 499
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Scientific Committee
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Contents
VOLUME I
The contribution of green roofs to mitigate urban heat island effect in Rio de 51
Janeiro
Sarka Konasova
Wood Frame Housing System: Case Study and Application Potential for Low-Cost 69
Housing in Foz do Iguaçu
Bárbara Brauhardt, Helenice Maria Sacht, Luís Bragança and Cesar
Rodrigo Faraone Wing Chong
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Industrial waste: Study for adding or partial replacement in Portland cement 109
Larissa Helena Carnielli Howat Rodrigues and Geilma Lima Vieira
Innovative skins and domotic systems: the technological design for residential 129
buildings’ energetic efficiency
Lucia Melchiorre and Antonella Della Cioppa
LCA of waste PET particles as a partial replacement for sand in self-compacting 139
concrete
Robson Zulcão Mello, Felipe Zanellato Coelho and João Luiz Calmon
Heliodon's Use for the Development of Bioclimatic Architecture Projects in for the 169
city of Araras, São Paulo - Brazil
Juliana M. A. do Nascimento, Helenice M. Sacht and Luís Bragança
Viability for the use of foundry sand to reduce use of cement in cement concrete 207
Pedro Goecks, Cristina Eliza Pozzobon, Eduardo Rizzatti and Diorges Carlos
Lopes
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Envelope assessment of university building on South Brazil reaching the eco- 217
efficiency
Bianca Gasparetto Rebelatto, Marcos Antonio Leite Frandoloso and Rodrigo
Carlos Fritsch
Estudo de caso: Comparativo entre os orçamentos de uma escola urbana ou rural 255
executada utilizando-se materiais convencionais e materiais não convencionais
Gabriel Vieira Lopes, Maria Luiza Oliveira Braga and Maruska Tatiana
Nascimento da Silva Bueno
Analysis of the Bernardo Mascarenhas Cultural Complex based on the criteria of 295
sustainable development
Maria Teresa Barbosa, Claudia dos Reis Paiva and Daniel de Almeida
Moratori
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Normative references and instruments for flexible housing design in Brazil 333
Raquel Regina Paula Barros and Vanessa Ingrid Leo
Life cycle energy (LCEA) and carbon dioxide emissions (LCCO2A) assessment of 351
roofing systems: conventional system and green roof
Julia Santiago de Matos Monteiro Lira and Rosa Maria Sposto
Contribution to Perturb and Observe Algorithm to Maximum Power Point Tracker 401
for Photovoltaic Systems
José Alberto Nicolau de Oliveira and Leonardo Duarte de Albuquerque
The importance of vernacular strategies for a climate responsive building design 429
Jorge Emanuel Pereira Fernandes, Ricardo Mateus, Helena Gervásio, Sandra
Monteiro Silva and Luís Bragança
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
A Portuguese study on building renovation towards a nearly zero energy building 441
(nZEB)
Ana Mestre, Manuela Almeida and Muriel Iten
Bioclimatic architecture and energy savings of the urban housing in arid 469
environments
Alejandra Kurbán, Mario Cúnsulo, Analía Alvarez, Eduardo Montilla and
Andrés Ortega
Daylight in the Museum: Luminance distribution study using HRD photographs 479
Maria Beatriz Piderit-Moreno, Camila Cáceres Lepin and Carolina Espinoza
Sanhueza
Sistema de cogeração de energia: O caso de uma indústria cerâmica 489
Viviani do Nascimento Souza Melotti, Gabriel Rigotti Alves de Deus, Aline Silva
Sauer and Fabrícia Delfino Rembiski
Inovação e integração de sistemas bioclimáticos em arquitetura para clima 499
temperado: Perspectivas futuras
Fabrizio Tucci and Ingrid Fonseca
The project performance simulation for more sustainable built environments and 511
the Integrated Modification Methodology
Pedro Henrique Alves Negreiros and Gisele Silva Barbosa
Building life cycle energy assessment on pre operation phase using BIM 519
Aline Medeiros Ferreira de Araujo and Sergio Fernando Tavares
Interoperabilidade. Comparação entre os sistemas BIM e CAD 529
Argeu Leônidas Maioli Pretti, João Luiz Calmon and Cristina Engel de Alvarez
Abordagem do BIM na produção científica brasileira: uma pesquisa bibliométrica 539
João Luiz Calmon, Marianne Cortes Cavalcante and Alberto Frederico Salume
Life Cycle Assessment and Building Sustainability Certification Systems: Could 549
Building Information Modelling tools ease this integration?
Cristiane Bueno and Marcio Minto Fabrício
The use of BIM for the sustainable design 559
Bárbara Holzmann Mass, Sergio Scheer and Sergio Fernando Tavares
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
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Avaliação da iluminação natural da casa popular eficiente da UFSM por simulações 631
computacionais
Matheus Cargnelutti de Souza, Giane de Campos Grigoletti and Marcos
Alberto Oss Vaghetti
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
VOLUME II
Decision making process assisted by Life Cycle Assessment: Greenhouse gas 723
emission
Ludimilla de Oliveira Zeule, Laís David Vinhal, Sheyla Mara Baptista Serra
and Douglas Barreto
Estrategias de diseño pasivo con luz día en cuartos de hospitalización doble 743
Lina J. Zapata-González and Maria Beatriz Piderit-Moreno
New tools for sustainable urban land regularization in permanent preservation 761
areas: The 11.977/09 Brazilian Law Implementation
Bruna Pimentel Cilento, Julia Lopes da Silva, Laura Machado de Melo Bueno
and Patricia Rodrigues Samora
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Construction of indicators systems tool for making decision to related stormwater 799
management problems
Sidnei Pereira da Silva and Bernardo Arantes do Nascimento Teixeira
The ASUS tool as a conceptual basis for proposing the inclusion of the sustainability 837
concept in the formation of the Architect and Urbanist
Pâmela Pegoretti, Kamila Zamborlini Waldetario and Cristina Engel de
Alvarez
Influência das fontes de dados nas emissões de CO2 e no indicador de mudanças 877
climáticas da indústria cimenteira brasileira
Pedro Cesar M. A. Abrão, Daniel Costa Reis and Vanderley M. John
Tools for assessing sustainability in urban settlements: Case study of the 917
Metropolitan Center neighborhood, Rio de Janeiro, applying the LEED ND
environmental certification
Bianca Marinho Quintella Borges Soares
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Water loss indicators used in public water supply services in Brazil: Literature 963
research and review
Edumar Ramos Cabral Coelho and Saulo Biasutti
Eficiência de proteções solares horizontais externas para a latitude da cidade de São 973
Paulo
Matheus Tonelli Santos, Maria Akutsu and Adriana Camargo de Brito
The latest ISO 14001:2015 and its contribution to Sustainable Construction 993
Maria Lívia Costa, Asher Kiperstok and Sandro Fábio Cesar
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Integrated system for energy optimization and reduction of building CO2 1053
footprint
Ernesto Echeverría Valiente, Flavio Celis D'Amico, Fernando da Casa Martín,
Manuel de Miguel Sánchez, Patricia Domínguez Gómez, Ignacio Delgado
Conde, Alvaro Mozas Santander, Kevin Moreno Gata and Juan Manuel Vega
Ballesteros
A influência da inércia térmica nas paredes externas em clima quente: uma revisão 1063
sistemática
Auriele Mazer Marques Silva, Ivan Julio Apolonio Callejas and Luciane
Cleonice Durante
Analysis of the acoustic, thermal and luminous performance at the Instituto Federal 1073
de Minas Gerais (Federal Institute of Minas Gerais) – Santa Luzia
Luana Nolasco Rizzi Leles Ribeiro, Fernanda Fonseca de Melo Coelho and
Wemerton Evangelísta
Noise impact of urban mobility changes: Charitas tunnel case study 1153
Sergio Portela Prange and Julio Cesar Boscher Torres
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Occupancy patterns and building performance. Developing occupancy patterns for 1193
Portuguese residential buildings
José Amarilio Barbosa, Ricardo Mateus and Luís Bragança
The development and performance of plant species in Brazilian extensive green 1211
roofs
Adriane Cordoni Savi, Maria Isabel Seibel Reis and Sergio Fernando Tavares
Benefícios da captação de água pluvial para a gestão urbana de recursos hídricos 1241
Livia Tavares Cosentino and Marcos Martins Borges
Qualitative Analysis of Urban Tree Arborization in the Streets of São Carlos (São 1259
Paulo/Brazil)
Gustavo D’Almeida Scarpinella, Simone Cristina de Oliveira and Ricardo Siloto
da Silva
xxi
SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Estudo das áreas verdes e espaços de uso público em Vila Velha – ES 1297
Suzany Rangel Ramos, Larissa Leticia Andara Ramos and Luciana Aparecida
Netto de Jesus
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
VOLUME III
Historic relationship between urban dwellers and the Tomebamba River 1385
Pablo Osorio, Mateo Neira and M. Augusta Hermida
Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Considering Locally Generated and Stored 1405
Energy
Luiza Diniz de Oliveira Câmara, Tina Dettmer, Patricia Edge and Celso
Romanel
Urban metabolism and food flows: The municipality of Feliz, State of Rio Grande do 1425
Sul, Brazil
Eugenia Aumond Kuhn, Miguel Aloysio Sattler and Lucas Dorneles Magnus
Fischer River catchment urban flooding - mitigation and participatory management 1453
Teresa Lindoso and Luciene Pimentel da Silva
New urban and neighborhoods: From theory of practice in Brazilian reality 1463
Vanderlei Fabiano G. do Monte, Cristiano Capellani Quaresma and Rafael
Barreto Castelo Cruz
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Analysis of sustainability in the Brazilian housing production: The case of AP4 - Rio 1511
de Janeiro
Andrea Borges de Souza Cruz, Mauro César de Oliveira Santos, Adriana
Fiorotti Campos and Daniella Amorim Gomes
Outdoor ventilation and urban planning: comparative study between climatic 1531
measurements and CFD simulation
Fabiana Trindade Da Silva, Elisa Velentim Goulart, Cristina Engel de
Alvarez and Neyval Costa Reis Jr.
Rafael Barreto Castelo da Cruz, Karin Regina de Casas Castro Marins, Fabiano
Monte and Cristiano Capellani Quaresma
Patchwork of industrial neighborhoods around São Paulo core area: Case study 1579
Adilson Costa Macedo, Gastão Sales and Maria Isabel Imbronito
The Sound of the Landscape: through downtown plazas of the city of Vitória, ES 1609
Deborah Martins Zaganelli and Clara Luiza Miranda
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Transportation Systems and Land Use Planning: The Case of the Metropolitan 1687
Region of Rio de Janeiro
Bernardo Serra and Ângela Maria Gabriella Rossi
Proposal of a Social Index for Sidewalk Quality in Large Brazilian Cities 1715
Livia Brigagão, Jean Marcel Faria Novo and Celso Romanel
A Sustainable Mobility Index to Assess the Public Transport Quality in the City of 1733
Rio de Janeiro
Alexandre de Oliveira Brandão, Jean Marcel de Faria Novo and Celso
Romanel
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
What is the most efficient type of transport for your city – Study case of Rio de 1753
Janeiro city
Frederico Delphino Fenerich
LEED Certification and the new Standard of Sustainable Construction in Colombia 1789
Andrés Peláez Ospina, Alexander González Castano and Laura Marín Restrepo
Socioeconomic study of domestic water consumption in the Federal District, Brazil 1799
Daniel Sant'Ana
Assessment criteria for the level of integration of urban water and land use 1809
management
Ana Paula Justi and William Bonino Rauen
The influence of glazed balconies in the thermal comfort in an urban tropical region 1829
Érica Coelho Pagel, Cristina Engel de Alvarez and Neyval Costa Reis Júnior
Application of the "ladder of citizen participation" to the analysis of the São Paulo 1859
Master Plan revision process
Rafael Barreto Castelo da Cruz, Flavia Mendes de Almeida Collaço and Karin
Regina de Casas Marins
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Chapter 1
Nils K. Larsson
Executive Director, International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE)
larsson.iisbe@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The paper outlines a number of potentially very useful building performance
concepts that have been ignored, forgotten or only partially adopted. The idea explored in
this paper is that, despite many significant advances in specialized fields, there are also
many issues that remain outside the mainstream of building research, guidelines or
conventional wisdom. Some of these are technically challenging to integrate into current
body of knowledge, but others remain "outside the tent" for reasons that are difficult to
justify.
The review of neglected issues in building performance includes the Integrated Design
Process (IDP) and Predicted v. Actual performance, which are both recognized as being
important but are not fully implemented. The differences between Source, Primary and
Delivered energy are well recognized by energy specialists, but not by many professionals.
There is a major misconception about Zero or Nearly Zero definitions amongst some
professionals and almost all professional publications, or perhaps such groups are
choosing to disregard the importance of embodied energy and emissions in the lifecycle
environmental impacts of buildings. The differentials between Predicted and Actual
performance are beginning to become recognized as being important, but need more
visibility. An issue related to metrics, occupant density and annual person-hours, is
something that is generally ignored but should not be, since it places energy and emission
results in a much more realistic context. Weighting in rating systems is another metric-
related issue which must be resolved if rating results are going to have any meaning
beyond marketing value. The prospect of Synergy Zones offers the possibility of improved
performance within small urban areas, but the problems posed by management
complexity will be difficult to overcome. Finally, going "off the grid" with large buildings is
clearly a bad idea.
Keywords design process, integrated design process, IDP, source energy, primary energy,
delivered energy, zero energy, nearly zero energy, predicted performance, actual
performance, occupancy patterns, rating systems, weighting, Synergy Zones, off the grid
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
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1. NEGLECTED ISSUES
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
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Develop a Develop
conventional Concept
Assemble reference
Design
the design design
Consider
team;
site
identify
developmen
missing
Hold a t issues
specialties
Assess kick-off
conditions of Design
site and any Workshop Design Select
existing Workshop building
structures structure
type
Review Design
Functional Workshop
Program, Develop
establish building
Performance targets for: envelope
preliminary
targets • Non-renewable resources, design
• Environmental Loadings,
• indoor environmental Design
quality, Workshop
Monitor • Long-term performance Develop
actual • Functionality, preliminary
performance; • Social & economic issues daylighting,
optimize lighting and
performance Design power design
Workshop
Decide on
design option Preliminary
Complete Preliminary
for final ventilation,
construction Job ventilation,
development heating
above grade; meetings heating and
Commissioning and cooling
cooling
design
Job design
Site take-over, Job
existing building meetings Job meetings Screen
decontamination &
deconstruction,
meetings materials for
environmental
Integrated
Develop QA Complete
Design
Larsson 2005
excavation and
strategy for detailed performance
Note: Sequence of steps is Foundations
construction design and
Process
approximate and may vary
according to project needs and contract
operation documents
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Figure 2. Comparison of building EUI predicted, actual and reference in Canadian POE study
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Weightings for the German DGNB rating system are also based on the work of expert
panels, and have similarly dubious credibility. Site quality is not weighted. The DGNB
weighting schema has a clean and simple structure, but the basis of these allocations is not
credible. The DGNB weights are:
22.5% Environmental quality; 22.5% Economic quality;
22.5% Sociocultural & functional quality; 22.5% Technical quality;
10% Process quality.
The HK BEAM case is also based on expert consensus, but it is at least grounded in the
experience of one physical location, which presumably explains the high weight for Site.
HK-BEAM allocates weights as follows:
25% Site; 8% Materials;
35% Energy use; 12% Water use;
20% Indoor environmental quality.
SBTool provides an algorithm that allocates percent weights based on type of criterion, its
estimated impact, duration and extent, with a modification for local conditions. While far
from being perfect, this approach is a vast improvement on existing systems. The SBTool
weighting algorithm is structured as follows, and applies to each low-level criterion.
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SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
with different uses and configurations (height, footprint) are usually in either a deficit or
surplus situation with respect to thermal energy and water.
The storage and exchange of thermal energy is an important priority, logical in the context
of some buildings producing a heat surplus (captured through heat-recovery ventilation
systems), while others could benefit from zone-supplied heat. On the cooling side, some
building operators may find it more economical to draw on a chilled thermal source
supplied from the zone. This implies a need for thermal mid-term storage of thermal
generation sources and a re-distribution system of low-temperature heating systems of
buildings in the zone that have thermal deficits. Optimization controls and software are
essential to optimize such a system.
Domestic hot water systems are another candidate for optimisation of supply and
demand, given that some occupancies (residential, hotels, restaurants) have high demand,
while commercial or public occupancies have little demand, but offer the possibility of
DHW production through waste heat produced in combined heat and power (CHP)
systems or (for DHW pre-heating) recapture of thermal energy from HRVs.
Many modern buildings make provision for rainwater capture and grey water use, but
some (e.g. high-rise) have relatively minimal opportunities for rainwater capture, while
low-rise buildings (e.g. schools) can produce large amounts. There is therefore logic in
exploring a zone-wide greywater treatment, storage and redistribution system for all
buildings in the zone. Such a system would filter and treat grey and black-water within the
zone before storage. Again, optimization controls and software are essential to optimize
such a system.
The role of DC power often focuses on generation of DC power from PV panels, conversion
to AC through power inverters and uploading to the grid, in the context of feed-in tariff
arrangements. Such discussions, however, almost always consider such systems in the
context of a single building. In the case of small urban areas, the source of DC power may
include that produced from CHP, PV, wind power, bio-mass sources in the zone. Power
can also be produced on buildings in the zone that have orientations or configurations
suited for solar, which would ensure diversity of supply.
The storage of DC power will be an important feature of a Synergy Zone approach, to store
power generated in the zone as well as off-peak power from outside sources, for
redistribution to other buildings in the zone with a DC deficit. The ability to use DC power
in the zone would minimize conversion losses to AC for transmission and then back to DC
again through rectifiers at the point of use.
A more radical approach, but one with much potential, is to explore the installation of DC
power distribution systems in commercial buildings in the zone, operating in parallel with
conventional AC systems to directly provide power to low-voltage DC equipment. The
proposal for use of direct DC building systems reflects the greater availability of DC power
sources and also the increasing prevalence of DC-powered systems in and around
buildings, such as electronic light ballasts, computer equipment and re-charging of electric
vehicles. The issue of jurisdiction and management is of critical importance in cases where
a zone is not under single ownership. Coordinated system implementation and operation
within a zone under multiple ownership could easily fail at the beginning unless there are
contracts and agreements in place that allow a common management body to build,
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operate and charge for the required systems. In such cases, the physical implementation of
systems, their operation and the revenue and cost sharing will require a new form of
cooperative zone management to be successful.
The Synergy Zone concept has been promoted by iiSBE since 2009 (Larsson 2009),
without any success in finding partners to implement the proposal. A conservative
estimate is that the total operating energy reductions compared to very efficient
individual buildings would be in the order of 20%. Figure 4 below provides a schematic of
how a synergy zone might be structured.
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ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
almost always available at reasonable cost. The implication of going off the grid with
larger buildings in urban areas is that costs will be high and, much worse, if many
buildings follow this approach, existing public services will become uneconomic, resulting
in rates for other users being increased. This could be a death spiral for utilities.
2. CONCLUSIONS
This review of overlooked issues in building performance includes the Integrated Design
Process (IDP) and Predicted v. Actual performance, which are both recognized as being
important but are not fully implemented. The differences between Source, Primary and
Delivered energy are well recognized by energy specialists, but not by many professionals
who should be aware of these crucial differences. There is a major misconception about
Zero or Nearly Zero definitions amongst some professionals and almost all professional
publications, or perhaps such groups are choosing to disregard the importance of
embodied energy and emissions in the lifecycle environmental impacts of buildings. The
differentials between Predicted and Actual performance are beginning to become
recognized as being important, but need more visibility. An issue related to metrics,
occupant density and annual person-hours, is something that is generally ignored but
should not be, since it places energy and emission results in a much more realistic context.
Weighting in rating systems is another metric-related issue which must be resolved if
rating results are going to have any meaning beyond marketing value. The prospect of
Synergy Zones offers the possibility of improved performance within small urban areas,
but the problems posed by management complexity will be difficult to overcome. Finally,
going "off the grid" with large buildings is clearly a bad idea.
REFERENCES
Bartlett, K; Brown, C; Chu, A.M, Ebrahimi, G.; Gorgolewski, M; Hodgson, M; Issa, M; Mallory-Hill, S;
Ouf, M; Scannell, L; Turcato, A; Do our green buildings perform as intended?; presented at Barcelona
World Sustainable Building conference, October 2014
Coal Industry Advisory Board, International Energy Agency, Power Generation from Coal, 2010. pp.
24
http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/09/f26/A%20Common%20Definition%20for%20Zero
%20Energy%20Buildings_0.pdf
http://studio4llc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/LEED-v4-Impact-Category-and-Point-
Allocation-Process_Overview_0.pdf
Löhnert, Günter, Dalkowski, Andreas, Sutter, Werner; Integrated Design Process, a guideline for
sustainable and solar-optimised building design; International Energy Agency; April 2003
Larsson, Nils; IDP Overview, December 2008; available at www.iisbe.org
Larsson, Nils; Integrated Design Process; History and Analysis; August 2009; available at
www.iisbe.org
Larsson, Nils, Salat, Serge, Bourdic, Loeiz; Performance Synergies in Small Urban Zones, July 2013;
available at www.iisbe.org
Larsson, Nils; SBTool 2016 description 21Jul16, pg. 11, available at www.iisbe.org
National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS); A Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings;
September 2015
Owens, Macken, Rohloff, Rosenberg, undated; LEED v4 Impact Category and Point Allocation
Development Process
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Escuelas productoras de energía: Cosechando una nueva
generación
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1. INTRODUCCIÓN
El crecimiento acelerado de la población urbana -90 por ciento en Chile (UN, 2014)- y el
aumento anual del consumo energético, acoplado en el contexto nacional al desarrollo
socio-económico (MINERGIA, 2014), invitan a reflexionar sobre la utilización de energías
renovables no convencionales, como alternativa para el desarrollo energético de las
ciudades. La energía solar en particular, ofrece quizás una de las mejores posibilidades de
utilización en zonas urbanas, por sus posibilidades de interconexión, entre otras ventajas
(Lund, 2012). Iniciativas como el Mapa Energético-Solar de Concepción (García et al.,
2014), evidencian estrategias energéticas de análisis urbano, demostrando que el recurso
solar disponible en la ciudad, podría abastecer el consumo mediante la transferencia entre
sectores de baja densidad con sobre-potencial y sectores de alta densidad con menor
captación.
Dentro de este contexto, los establecimientos educacionales constituyen una oportunidad
como espacios significativos de generación de energía distribuida a escala local,
fundamentada en sus características intrínsecas de dispersión urbana equilibrada -como
servicio proyectado en función de áreas de influencia-, extensión territorial y ocupación
estacional. Estas características propicias para la captación de energía solar, pueden ser
potenciadas mediante la optimización de las condiciones de forma, como varios autores
han sugerido. Algunos trabajos (Hachem et al., 2011), han investigado los efectos de las
variaciones de forma de la configuración espacial y diseño de cubierta, sobre el potencial
solar de viviendas unifamiliares de latitudes medias. En el contexto local, la creciente
demanda energética residencial, ha llevado a estudiar el potencial de captación solar
asociado a las características de cubierta en viviendas unifamiliares, demostrando que la
generación solar puede suplir ampliamente el promedio de consumo eléctrico anual de
una vivienda (Zalamea & García, 2014). Si bien estos estudios muestran las relaciones
entre forma y potencial solar, ninguno de ellos se centra en el análisis de establecimientos
educacionales como programa particular.
Actualmente, estas exploraciones formales arquitectónicas han adquirido una nueva
dimensión en base a herramientas de diseño paramétrico, donde la definición de una
familia de parámetros iniciales y la programación de sus relaciones, permite obtener
resultados que puede adaptarse a múltiples requerimientos y criterios de evaluación
(Salcedo, 2012). Estas herramientas, pueden ser combinadas con una serie de plugins de
análisis energético, que permiten sortear la brecha existente entre el modelado de diseño
paramétrico y el software de análisis o simulación. Estas nuevas modalidades de trabajo
integrado permiten que, desde etapas tempranas de diseño, los profesionales realicen una
integración activa del análisis energético en el desarrollo de la forma arquitectónica. De
esta manera, el producto de arquitectura se transforma en una respuesta basada en
análisis y desempeño, generada a partir de múltiples variables fundamentadas en datos de
la realidad (Anton & Tănase, 2016).
Alineado con estas premisas, este trabajo estudia las relaciones de forma y potencial solar
activo de establecimientos educacionales de la comuna de Concepción, Chile. A través de
una definición paramétrica, que puede orientar decisiones de implantación, configuración
espacial y forma de cubierta, en etapas tempranas de diseño.
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3. METODOLOGÍA
La revisión de registros solarimétricos (CDT et al., 2008) y bases de datos Meteonorm del
Aeropuerto Carriel Sur de Concepción (WMO Index number 85682), permiten comprobar
que la máxima radiación anual, se produce para acimut norte y 25 grados de inclinación,
mientras que la máxima radiación para el mes de Julio -que presenta el mayor consumo-,
se produce para acimut norte y 51 grados de inclinación. Esta información, permite
realizar simulaciones energéticas mediante Design Builder [v.4.2.0.054], en casos de
estudio representativos. Considerando la implementación de sistemas fotovoltaicos con
acimut norte e inclinación de 0, 25 y 51 grados; de acuerdo a los datos de radiación
expuestos. Un análisis comparativo multi-factorial, considerando la generación eléctrica, el
tiempo de consumo directo y la compra y venta de electricidad, permite comprobar que la
posición con acimut norte y 25 grados de inclinación, presenta mejor desempeño en todos
los aspectos; demostrando la posición óptima de instalación de sistemas fotovoltaicos para
programas educacionales, en la ciudad de Concepción.
Los resultados de la simulación y la información recopilada en la caracterización formal y
energética, se integran en una definición paramétrica denominada iGUANA, que permite
calcular el potencial solar activo de cubierta, en relación a las condiciones formales de los
establecimientos educacionales. La definición se desarrolla en Grasshopper [v.0.9.0076] e
incorpora el plugin de análisis ambiental Ladybug [v.0.0.62] (Sadeghipour & Pak, 2013);
utilizando el módulo Radiation Analysis para los análisis de radiación solar y Photovoltaics
Surface -basado en NREL PVWatts v1 (Dobos, 2013)-, para el cálculo de generación
energética de sistemas fotovoltaicos. Mientras que el módulo Galapagos Evolutionary
Solver (Rutten, 2010), se utiliza para optimizar la forma de cubierta en función de la
radiación solar, a partir de soluciones evolutivas y algoritmos genéticos.
Antecedentes de estudios de eficiencia energética en establecimientos educacionales
(ACHEE, 2014), definen que la orientación constituye el segundo parámetro en incidencia
en la demanda energética, para la ciudad de Concepción; determinando que la orientación
norte presenta menores demandas energéticas, seguido por la este, la oeste y finalmente la
sur, con mayores demandas. Esta información, se integra a la definición paramétrica,
estableciendo un patrón de crecimiento de acuerdo a la demanda por orientación, y
considerando que el crecimiento puede asimilarse a formas simples; de acuerdo a las
características formales relevadas. El patrón de crecimiento considera en primera
instancia una configuración lineal al norte, seguida de un crecimiento en L al este, un
crecimiento en C al oeste, para terminar con una configuración tipo patio al sur. También
se incorporan reglas paramétricas de variación formal de cubierta, en base a la posición
óptima de paneles fotovoltaicos y con distintas consideraciones para bloques con
orientación predominante norte-sur y este-oeste, para evitar efectos de auto-sombreado.
La Figura 2, más adelante, permite apreciar el entorno visual y la secuencia de definición
paramétrica en iGUANA. A partir de datos de entrada interactivos, donde se establece
contexto, perfil urbano, características formales -largo, ancho, configuración espacial- y
número de plantas, entre otros, la herramienta evalúa en tiempo real la radiación solar
disponible, total de energía generada, porcentaje cubierto de consumo, excedente de
energía, tamaño de la instalación, número de paneles y costo estimativo de la instalación.
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4. RESULTADOS
El desarrollo de la definición a partir de variables paramétricas, permite realizar distintas
exploraciones formales en relación al potencial solar activo. Esta sección presenta los
resultados de dos ensayos realizados -presentados a modo de ejemplo-, para ilustrar las
capacidades de la herramienta desarrollada. Un primer ensayo, explora la incidencia en la
generación de energía eléctrica, por variaciones de acimut e inclinación; ofreciendo una
gama de valores a considerar, cuando no sea posible tener en cuenta la posición óptima de
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La Figura 3 muestra el modelo de ensayo, alineado con los ejes cardinales y con un diseño
de cubierta -según consideraciones de la definición paramétrica-, que permite incorporar
los sistemas fotovoltaicos en posición optimizada. Se realizan variaciones progresivas en
el número de plantas de cada bloque, evaluando el porcentaje cubierto de consumo y los
excedentes de energía eléctrica; que son comparados con el consumo eléctrico promedio
de una vivienda en Concepción, para poder establecer un parámetro de referencia y
cuantificar la capacidad de generación eléctrica de los establecimientos educacionales.
Para el comparativo, se considera un consumo eléctrico promedio por vivienda de 31.5
kWh/m2-año -principalmente electrodomésticos e iluminación-, y una superficie promedio
de 77 metros cuadrados por vivienda; según datos del Estudio de Usos Finales y Curva de
Oferta de la Conservación de la Energía en el Sector Residencial en Chile (CDT, 2010).
Tabla 4. Generación eléctrica de establecimiento promedio según número de plantas
Número de plantas por bloque Consumo cubierto Excedente de energía Número de viviendas
Norte Este Oeste Sur % kWh-año u
1 1 1 1 765 187,055 77
1 1 1 2 628 180,917 75
1 2 2 2 445 166,859 69
2 2 2 2 383 158,939 66
2 2 2 3 345 152,801 63
2 3 3 3 282 138,743 57
3 3 3 3 255 130,823 54
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5. CONCLUSIONES Y DISCUSIÓN
Las herramientas de diseño paramétrico, en combinación con plugins de análisis
ambiental, permiten que los profesionales visibilicen aspectos energéticos, desde etapas
tempranas de diseño. Cuestionando el pensamiento tradicional de la forma arquitectónica
-desarrollada únicamente como respuesta a valores estéticos y funcionales-, con nuevas
concepciones que las que se involucre una dimensión comprometida con el desempeño
ambiental, hacia el desarrollo de un hábitat construido más sustentable. La definición
paramétrica desarrollada, constituye un punto de partida incipiente -en fase de
programación-, para la exploración de las incidencias paramétricas de la forma, en el
potencial solar activo de establecimientos educacionales; que según los antecedentes
consultados, no había sido revisada. Mediante este trabajo, se ha logrado construir una
herramienta original básica, para incorporar la dimensión solar activa, en el diseño
temprano de infraestructuras educacionales.
Los resultados obtenidos mediante ensayos exploratorios, demuestran que por su
extensión volumétrica, los establecimientos educacionales, poseen un enorme potencial de
generación eléctrica, incluso en ciudades de latitudes medias como Concepción. Estas
posibilidades pueden optimizarse mediante estrategias de diseño de las condiciones de la
morfología arquitectónica, sugiriendo formas con mejores desempeños, que permitan
maximizar sus capacidades y en definitiva sintonizar con un modelo de eficiencia;
produciendo más energía, con menos recursos. Los resultados demuestran que un
establecimiento promedio no sólo podría satisfacer las necesidades de consumo
energético, sino generar importantes remanentes que podrían contribuir a mejorar las
condiciones de confort de los locales -normalmente desprovistos de sistemas de
climatización-, activar sus propios espacios como lugares de encuentro comunitario o
volcarse a sistemas de redes eléctricas inteligentes (smart grid) -fundamentado en sus
condiciones de dispersión urbana-, para abastecer un importante número de
construcciones, al menos del entorno inmediato.
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Esta visión de los establecimientos educacionales como edificios de energía positiva, invita
a reflexionar sobre su contribución en futuros escenarios energéticos, en los que podrían
consolidarse como nodos urbanos de generación energética distribuida. Cumpliendo un
importante papel en el desarrollo de comunidades urbanas sustentables y sintonizando
con una nueva generación, donde el edificio actúe como educador en prácticas sostenibles,
hacia nuevos modelos de democracia y descentralización energética.
AGRADECIMIENTOS
Los autores agradecen a los proyectos CONFIN AKA-ERNC 007 de Conicyt y URBENERE
715RT0497 de CYTED, por su colaboración en el desarrollo de este trabajo.
REFERENCIAS
ACHEE Agencia Chilena de Eficiencia Energética 2014. Guía de Eficiencia Energética para
Establecimientos Educacionales. Santiago de Chile: Agencia Chilena de Eficiencia Energética.
Anton, I. & Tănase, D. 2016. Informed Geometries. Parametric Modelling and Energy Analysis in
Early Stages of Design. Energy Procedia 85: 9-16.
CDT Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico 2010. Estudio de Usos Finales y Curva de Oferta de
Conservación de la Energía en el Sector Residencial. Santiago de Chile: S.I.
CDT, PNUD & UTFSM Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Programa de las Naciones Unidas
para el Desarrollo & Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María 2008. Registro solarimétrico -
Irradiancia solar en territorios de la república de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Proyecto CHI00/G32
Dobos, A.P. 2013. PVWatts Version 1 Technical Reference. [En línea]:
http://www.nrel.gov/publications
García, R., Wegertseder, P., Baeriswyl, S. & Trebilcock, M. 2014. Mapa Energético-Solar de
Concepción : Cartografía Urbana del Consumo Energético y Captación Solar en Edificaciones
Residenciales de Concepción, Chile. Norte Grande 59: 123-144.
Hachem, C., Athienitis, A. & Fazio, P. 2011. Parametric investigation of geometric form effects on
solar potential of housing units. Solar Energy 85(9): 1864-1877.
Lund, P. 2012. Large-scale urban renewable electricity schemes - Integration and interfacing
aspects. Energy Conversion and Management 63: 162-172.
MINERGIA Ministerio de Energía 2014. Energia 2050 - Politica energética de Chile. Santiago de Chile:
Ministerio de Energía
Rutten, D. 2010. Evolutionary Principles applied to Problem Solving. [En línea]:
http://www.grasshopper3d.com/profiles/blogs/evolutionary-principles
Sadeghipour, M. & Pak, M. 2013. Ladybug: a Parametric Environmental Plugin for Grasshopper To
Help Designers Create an Environmentally-Conscious Design. En Etienne Wurtz (ed.), 13th
International Conference of the International Building Performance Simulation Association;
Proceedings of BS2013: 13th Conference of IBPSA, Chambery, 25-28 Agosto 2013. S.I.: IBPSA.
Salcedo, P. 2012. Análisis Paramétrico de Volúmenes Arquitectónicos con Algoritmos Genéticos.
Hábitat Sustentable 2: 47-58.
UN United Nations 2014. World Urbanization Prospects [Highlights]. Nueva York: United Nations
Zalamea, E. & García, R. 2014. Roof characteristics for integrated solar collection in dwellings of
Real- Estate developments in Concepción, Chile. Revista de la Construcción 36(133): 36-44.
22
Passive design strategies for building envelopes in
different orientations
ABSTRACT: Human wellbeing in architecture is highly influenced by its site and climate;
there are methodologies that suggest the correct orientation of open facades, depending on
preexisting weather condition, which seek to ensure the user environmental comfort. In
tropical cities like Medellin - Colombia, the absence of stations generates a relatively
homogeneous climate that allows the use of passive design strategies to naturally condition
spaces and to adapt the interior space, according to a particular function or activity;
however, the rapid growth of cities and the lack of sustainability criteria in urban planning
has limited the orientation of buildings to the preexisting urban design, narrowing the
design options and the use of resources. This article aims to develop a tool for architects,
which provides design premises for building envelopes with under bioclimatic criteria,
according to the orientations of open facades, on the basis that any orientation can be
imposed by the urban setting. For this a hypothetical model, with preset parameters and
the possibility of opening only two facades, was evaluated. Sunlight incursion, natural
ventilation and natural lighting simulations were made, which gave inputs for the
development of the tool. In order to illustrate its use, the premise obtained in the design of
the facades of the hypothetical module were applied on an example located in the city of
Medellin, in two different orientations, achieving through different facades, a similar indoor
environmental conditions.
Keywords Bioclimatic architecture, Human Well-being, Environmental comfort, passive
design, building orientation.
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1. INTRODUCTION
In the city of Medellin, Colombia, from the 1920s, the emerging industry and the rapid
growth of the population, gave way to an urban expansion in the form of organic
settlements, which subsequently led to a slow process of urbanization and legalization,
which lack sustainability criteria. In the literature on bioclimatic architecture, studies
indicate which is the ideal orientation of open facades according to climatic factors, the
latitude, prevailing wind currents and availability of lighting resource (Olgyay, 2002).
However, given the urban configuration of the city, in some cases it is not possible to choose
the orientation of the open facades.
This research seeks to provide a tool for architects to design envelopes with bioclimatic
criteria, according to the different orientations of open facades, assuming that any
orientation can be imposed for a given site location. The importance of this tool lies in
promoting and encouraging the construction of buildings designed with bioclimatic criteria
that favor human well-being in inner spaces and decrease environmental impact by
reducing the use of artificial climate systems, diminishing energy consumption in artificial
lighting and optimizing building materials.
The research studied the behavior of a hypothetical model in eight different orientations,
starting from the north and rotating 45° degrees each time to complete 360°, as illustrated
in Figure 1.
A solar incursion, natural ventilation and natural lighting diagnosis was performed, and
based on the results obtained in it, a tool that provides the architects with premises of
passive design for building envelopes in 8 orientations was built. Finally, an example of
application of the tool was made, in order to develop the envelope for a hypothetical model
in two different orientations.
2. RESEARCH BASELINE
The following parameters were chosen for analysis: geographical location and climatic
characterization, properties of the hypothetical model and optimal ranges of environmental
factors according to the architectural typology to be evaluated.
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
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relative humidity is 68% and the predominant wind direction is north (23%) - South (14%),
with speeds between 1.5 m/s and 7.9 m/s (IDEAM, 1999a).
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Where TOA = total opening area in m2 (the sum of both the entry and the exit); V = volume
of the building in m3; Ach = air exchanges per hour; W = wind speed in m/s; f1 = coefficient
determined by wind angle of incidence; f2 = site correction factor; f3 = surroundings
correction factor; f4 = height multiplication factor.
According to the chosen spatial typology, 10 Ach were considered as the minimum required
and 30 Ach as the optimum air changes per hour (Tobar Arango, 2004).
3. DIAGNOSIS
Once the parameters were stablished, a diagnostic analysis was performed to evaluate the
behavior of the model in the 8 established orientations assuming the main facade is entirely
open.
Figure 2 Summary of the floor areas that receive sun during the studied dates and times
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Two directions of the wind were set for the development of the formula, the predominant
direction, north (3.23 m/s) and the second predominant, south (2.5 m/s) (IDEAM, 1999b).
(f2) Correction factor due to side location: the chosen site location was "great city center",
24 hours a day. For these two conditions a value of f2 = 0.47 was determined.
(f3) g (distance)/h (obstacle height) relation: For all orientations, it is considered that the
open façade faces an obstacle (h) corresponding to a three story building (9 m high), located
at a distance (g) for the urban section between buildings: sidewalk 1.2 m + street 5 m + road
divider 1 m + street 5 m + sidewalk 1.2 m = 13,40 m, being the g/h ratio equal to 13.4/9,
1.49, equivalent to an f3 of 0.63.
(f4) Multiplication factor due to the height: the chosen building has only one level, so the
f4=1.
Table 1 shows the result of opening areas required for minimum air exchange (10 Ach) and
the optimum air exchange (30 Ach) in an office space. The area presented corresponds to a
single opening, the inlet and the outlet must each meet the area indicated.
Table 1. Opening areas required for ventilation purposes
The open facade of the module has an area of 18 m2 which prevents the east (E) and west
(W) facades from meeting optimal air exchanges. For this reason, the minimum air
exchanges (10 Ach) as the comparison parameter. As it can be observed, façade (N) presents
the lowest requirement of opening with 2.17 m2 while facades (E) and (W) present the
highest value with 9.50 m2.
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Table 2, shows the instructions on how to read the results obtained in the calculator.
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Ventilation
Required inlet area in m2 Opening area required in facade according to its efficiency
Require outlet area in m2 Opening area required in facade according to its efficiency
Observation: The efficiency of the type of opening will depend on the particular characteristics of each system, for
this exercise the following efficiencies are assumed. Net area: 1; Sliding or projecting window open at 90°: 0.8;
swinging or pivoting window: 0.6; and blinds: 0.3. If you have a different window system, take the total opening
area and divide by the systems efficiency.
Lighting
Due to the multiplicity of factors that affect the behavior of natural lighting is recommended to identify the areas
that are over lit, illuminated in the optimum range or poorly lit, and implement the recommendations included in
the calculator.
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This chapter contains an application example of the use of the passive design strategies
calculator, which contains the development of the open façade of the hypothetical model
proposed in the research base line. Passive design strategies are chosen for two (2) façade’s
orientation, the (N) and the (W), which represented the most favorable and critical
conditions, respectively, during the diagnosis of solar and wind exposure. As light's
behavior is highly influence by the facades definition and other inner spaces characteristics,
and not only by weather conditions, the other two environmental phenomena were taken
as references for the selection of the best and worst initial design conditions.
As architectural approach, a flexible, modulated facade was chosen, dividing it into a basic
grid with divisions of 1m in the horizontal and 0.6m in the vertical 0.6m. Each module is a
projecting element which, when opened, casts shadow on the façade. This element is made
of wooden slats framed in metal profiles, and inside, a clear glass that has no solar protection
coefficient. The opening angle, density and size of the slats depend on the requirements for
solar control of the façade’s orientation; the windows operation will be defined according
to the ventilation needs. Inside the space, 0.75 m from the floor surface (work plane height)
is taken as the evaluation height, and the dimensions of the Latin-American population are
taken as a reference for comfort analysis purposes (Ávila, Prado, & González, 2007). The
work station closest is located 1 m away from the façade, and a 1.2m high window seat is
specified, which will not require solar protection.
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Figure 8. Space zoning to apply lighting strategies, for the modules orientation towards N and W.
6. CONCLUSIONS
As it can be seen in the application example, for the architectural typology analyzed in this
exercise, all orientations can get the same level of solar control, although the E and W
facades require greater design efforts to obtain the same results in the indoor environment,
than those required by facade N. However, it is important to consider that this refers only
to solar shading, in future applications the influence of other variables, such as the thermal
behavior, materials and different envelope compositions, should be evaluated.
In the model and the studied space type, it is not possible to achieve optimal Ach (30), when
the space’s main open facade is parallel to the wind direction.
According the lighting diagnosis which was performed, between 40% and 50% of the total
area of the work plane, have lighting autonomy, in both resulting inner environments. This
value represents a significant portion of the area, which with a proper distribution of the
electrical circuits, can be translated into energy savings by having a lower consumption due
to artificial lighting use.
Having a tool that allows architects, unfamiliar with the subject of bioclimatic and solar
passive design, to obtain basic guidelines to integrate the principles of this discipline to their
designs, allows to project an architecture with a greater environmental quality for space
users, which in return, decreases environmental impacts. This tool can be applied in the city
of Medellin, and this methodology can be replicated in cities located in the tropics, which
have similar climatic conditions.
REFERENCES
Arquitectos, P. (n.d.). Diagramas de sombra.
Ávila, R., Prado, L., & González, E. (2007). Dimensiones antropométricas de la población
latinoamericana _ México, Cuba, Colombia, Chile _ R. Avila Chaurand, L.R. Prado León, E.L. González
Muñoz.pdf (Segunda ed). Guadalajara, Jalisco: Universisdad de Guadalajara.
Bermudez, S. M. (1969). Asoleamiento Teoría Genaral y Diagramas.
IDEAM. (1999a). Climatografía de la principales ciudades.
IDEAM. (1999b). Información Aeronáutica.
MinisterioDeMinasYEnergía. (2015). Ministerio De Minas Y Energía. Reglamento Técnico De
Iluminación y Alumbrado Público. RETILAP.
Olgyay, V. (2002). Arquitectura y clima (Segunda).
Tobar Arango, J. (2004). Aire acondicionado para arquitectos. Medellín.
32
Thermal Performance as a parameter of choice of
materials: Brazilian Antarctic Station
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1. INTRODUCTION
Performance rating systems, the analysis tools and certification schemes serve to contribute
to a better performance of buildings; however, there are still difficulties in establishing
environmental values to the buildings, which is due to the broad interpretation of the word
sustainability (Smith, 2003). In this context, to concern with sustainability becomes even
more important when considered as territorial limits the Keller Peninsula in Antarctica,
given that it is a harsh environment, where environmental, landscape and architectural
impact may be more evident in compared to consolidated urban areas (Reis & Alvarez,
2015).
The first Brazilian occupation in the Antarctic occurred in 1984, with a compound of twelve
men team, operating the eight modules of the EACF - Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz
(Comandante Ferraz Antartic Station) (Secirm, 2014). The Station underwent successive
extensions and reform over time, and with no formal or environmental concern (Alvarez et
al. 2004). In February 2012 a fire destroyed the main body of EACF and in the surroundings
were installed the MAE - Módulos Antárticos Emergenciais (Antarctic Modules Emergency),
which are in operation since early 2013, serving to continue the activities of the station
(Mech, 2013). After the event, a project of the procurement process was initiated for new
permanent buildings through the development of a Term of Reference, which was aimed at
the reconstruction of the Research Station in order to meet the needs of the scientific
community and to serve as reference for future buildings in Antarctica (Secirm, 2014).
Considering that the new Brazilian buildings in Antarctica were designed from innovative
techniques it is justified the need for studies on the types of materials proposed especially
with regard to thermal performance, aimed at improving comfort conditions. The atypical
characteristics of the region suggest systemic studies to gather with less environmental
impact and materials that provide energy efficiency, especially about the reduction in fuel
consumption for heating. To develop the Terms of Reference that guided the design
competition for the Brazilian station, several stations were studied and, among them, the
Princess Elisabeth (2007), belonging to Belgium, whose technology envelope is composed of
elements in laminated wood and seals composed of a set of nine layers and clad with
stainless steel blades.
The Amundsen-Scott Station (2008) belonging to the USA, was built in steel with composite
panels by sealing two sheets of OSB - Oriented Strand Board, and the insulation EPS -
Expanded Polystyrene (Montarroyos, 2015). Another reference is Neumayer III station
(2009) of Germany, with the construction technique, wrapped containers on modular steel
frame and outer coating metal panels and internally with magnesium and plastic panels with
glass fiber. The insulation is made from polyurethane foam and mineral fiber. The Haley VI
(2010), Britain, stands out for being the first station that allows a complete relocation of its
modules through a system of rails that slide on the ice. It has a steel substructure as tread
base and its coating is made of plastic panels reinforced with glass fiber insulation with
closed cell polyisocyanurate foam encapsulated in panels - GPR.
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The Indian station, Bharati, 2012, was built from prefabricated containers wrapped in a
sealing structure in sandwich panels with external coating of steel. The station pertaining
to Spain, called Juan Carlos I, 2013 has a structure in modular monocoque rings reinforced
plastic fiber coating also reinforced plastic fiber, which is part of the structure, and its
insulation is polyurethane foam (Montarroyos , 2015).
The old EACF facilities were composed of metal containers made of sealing sandwich,
filled with polyurethane. Already the new facilities are predicting major structures of high-
strength steel (Montarroyos, 2015), to obtain favorable conditions for the improvement of
performance and thermal comfort. Considering the technology adopted for the new
buildings of EACF, the research aimed to evaluate the thermal performance of an
environment with greater exposure - two sides facing outwards - considering as
conditioning the material proposed in the project and the possible use of PVC as outer
covering of sandwich panels.
2. METHODOLOGY
The research was established from three main stages: characterization of Antarctica and
the Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station; realization of modeling and Simulations; and
evaluation of thermal performance.
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excellence, the highest quality, to promote its main objective, scientific research (Estudio
41, 2013). The set was designed from containers, which will later be enveloped by a
system composed of insulating material and with properties that mitigate the effect of salt
spray and low temperatures (Figure 1b).
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Scheme of Keller Peninsula location; (b) Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station. Source:
(a) Brasil (2012); (b) Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar (Interministerial
Commission for Sea Resources) (2013)
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(a) (b)
Figure 2: (a) the sandwich type panel proposed for the envelope of new buildings of EACF; (b) PVC
sheet 2mm thick . Source: (a) Comissão Interministerial para os recursos do mar (Interministerial
Commission for Sea Resources) (2013); (b) Inovasilk (2016)
The simulations were carried out at the Molecular Biology Laboratory of the environment
(Figure 3a) located in the functional block, 5.29 m above the ground (Figure 3b). The
Laboratory is located at one end of the blocks, having two of their faces exposed to the
weather. It was simulated orientation proposed on the design, considering the summer
period (21/ Dec 21/ Mar) and the winter period (21/ Jun to 23/ Sep).
(a) (b)
Figure 3: a)- Molecular Biology Laboratory floor plan. b) – Section plane of the Function Block
where the Laboratory of Molecular Biology is located. Source: ESTÚDIO 41, 2013
Table 1. Properties of the materials of the layers of the walls, ceiling and floor. Source: Drawn from
Studio 41 (2013) and Design Builder (2015)
Paredes Internas e Envoltória
Internal Walls: corrugated steel plate ( container), stud "C" in galvanized steel (70
mm ) , rock wool 70kg / m³ (70 mm ) , polyethylene sleeving 2.5 kg / m3 ( 2 mm ) , 15 cm (espessura)
cast on 2 plates with non-combustible fiber additive (12,5 mm each)
Thermal transmittance floor, walls and ceiling (U) 0,185 W/(m².K)
Ceiling 12 cm (thickness)
Emissivity () of the walls and ceiling -
Absorptance (𝛼) of the walls and ceiling -
Thermal transmittance of the triple insulating glass (U) 1,1 W/m2.K
Thermal transmittance of the window aluminum frame 5,8 W/m2.K
Envelopment modeling ( 1 ) : galvanized steel sheet (0.75 mm ) , polyurethane ( 205
22 cm (thickness)
mm), galvanized steel sheet (0.75 mm )
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Envelopment modeling ( 2): PVC ( 2 mm ) , polyurethane ( 205 mm) PVC (2mm) 24,5 cm (thickness)
Ocupied environment and internal loads
Density and Ocupation 0,15 person/m²
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Figure 4. Buoyancy diagram FDT and GhDT indicators. Source: Nico-Rodrigues, 2015
3.2 Simulations
The simulations made it possible to assess the environmental thermal performance
according to the materials used in its envelope, especially the use of artificial heating as a
strategy for thermal comfort.
The first series of results demonstrated the internal conditions of the molecular biology
laboratory with the use of galvanized steel in the envelope, and second, the results of PVC.
The FDT and GhDT values obtained for each day showed the buoyancy diagram, featuring
the end of thermal conditions for thermal comfort environments (Figure 5). It is
noteworthy that the buoyancy diagram lists the FDT values with the highest GhDT value of
each season, showing everyday situations, being the best condition that it converges to the
origin.
The results of performance simulations have shown that the use of galvanized steel in the
envelope, partially meets the conditions for thermal comfort determined by the ISO 7730
standart as well as the use of PVC since even using a temperature of 23°C, the standart
allows variations in other categories, with temperatures up to 19°C were variations in the
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standart, which increases the amount of time within the comfort limits.And with the use of
And with the use of PVC were obtained better performance results compared to the
previous situation, especially in the summer season. It was observed that the results of the
FDT and GhDT indicated two levels of discomfort for the simulations with the steel, being
levels (a) and (b) and three levels for the simulations with PVC, they are (a), (b ) and (c):
(a) days of frequent and slight discomfort; (b) days of frequent and intense discomfort;
and (c) days of temporary and mild discomfort.
The results showed for the seasons of the summer and winter uncomfortable
environment, but the comparative analysis between the two simulated materials, changes
were evident for the better in the environment internal conditions with the use of PVC in
the envelope. Observing the analysis of materials separately in both seasons, it was
found that in the envelopment with galvanized layers, the temperature values remained
constantly below the comfort threshold, classifying the discomfort as intense, and a FDT
common in winter. In the summer the temperatures remained below the limit, but the
discomfort is rated as mild to intense, and the FDT remained intense.
In the simulations with layers of PVC, temperature values remained below the comfort
limit in winter, with a few days with hours within the limit, classifying discomfort as
frequent, and an often FDT. In the summer there was an improvement in the results, to
days presenting hours in the comfort limit, but with a few days still below the threshold,
classifying the discomfort as intense or temporary, and FDT ranging from heavy and light.
GALVANIZED STEEL PVC
WINTER
SUMMER
Figure 5. Buoyancy diagrams of the summer and winter seasons. Source: Authors
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noteworthy that the station of Belgium, for example, is classified as the most efficient
among the studied due, among other factors, the adoption of nine insulation layers with
properties that potentiated the thermal efficiency of the same.
Another likely factor responsible for improving internal conditions in the summer and
winter is the incidence of solar radiation and the different behaviors of steel and PVC in
the outer layer. In the summer period, the amount of solar radiation is much bigger and it
is probably being absorbed by the glass of the windows and at the same time keeping the
temperature in the spaces between the panels heated a lot longer. Although the PVC is
thinner, its performance is better than the steel plate, observing, still, Juan Carlos Station
in Spain that used a similar material in the form of modular rings of plastic fiber.
4 CONCLUSIONS
From the analysis made with the methodology adopted, it was possible to understand the
environmental performance for buildings in the Antarctica, focusing on thermal comfort.
The daily fluctuations in the operating temperature guided to solutions aimed at
improving the thermal comfort and the indicators allowed the understanding of the
internal conditions of the environment.
It is important to know that the building system from containers surrounded by a second
outer layer coating on the sandwiches panels is a technique whose maintenance activities
may be carried out by the Navy in Rio de Janeiro, which has a lot of experience in such
activities in Antarctica. Studies with the use of PVC in the Antarctica environment are still
in the initial process, and those results are an incentive for continuity, because it was
realized that the model with PVC had an improvement in the results when compared to
model that used steel. However, it was noted that the two models still require
interventions that meets the indications of the standard adopted.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technology - CNPq
and the Foundation for Research of Espirito Santo- FAPES.
REFERENCES
Alvarez, C. E. de. Arquitetura na Antártica: ênfase nas edificações brasileiras em madeira. 1995.
Dissertação. Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo (FAU/USP), São
Paulo, 1995.
Alvarez, C. E. de; Casagrande, B.; Soares, G. R. Resultados alcançados com a implementação do plano
diretor da Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz (EACF). In: Encontro Nacional, 4 e o Encontro
Latino Americano sobre Edificações e Comunidades Sustentáveis, 2. Campo Grande: 2007.
Alvarez, C. E. de; Casagrande, B.; Cruz, D. O.; Soares, G. R. Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz: um
exemplo brasileiro de adequação ambiental. In: I Conferência Latino Americana de Construção
Sustentável e 10a. Encontro Nacional de Tecnologias no Ambiente Construído, 2004, São Paulo.
Anais do claCS’04 ENTAC’04. São Paulo: ANTAC, 2004. P. 1-15.
Brasil. Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar. SECIRM. 2014. Disponível
em:<https://www.mar.mil.br/secirm/documentos/reconstrucao/caracterizacaoEACF.pdf.> Acess
on: April 01. 2016.
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42
The use of calabashes as sound absorption alternative
material
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
Dinara Paixão
Federal University of Santa Maria, Acoustic Engineering, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
dinara.paixao@eac.ufsm.br
Getúlio Picada
Federal University of Santa Maria, Thermo Acoustics Laboratory, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
lmcc.ufsm@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to give some scientific information on calabashes used as sound
absorption alternative material. For two decades the need for concert halls with adequate
acoustic quality has been increasing in Brazil. Therefore, modern buildings have been built
in our country according to adequate standers. Nevertheless, the cost of the necessary
acoustic materials in current use is prohibitive. In order to reduce building budgets,
researches have been done by the acoustic lab from UFSM since 1986. The present research
aims to find out whether residue material derived from calabash industries in our state can
work properly as sound absorbent material at a low cost. The evaluation of the sound
absorption coefficient for these materials was obtained using sound measuring equipment
employing the frequency range from 100 Hz to 4.000 Hz. In order to get the best
performance, the material was installed in at least eleven ways and a math model was used
to describe the phenomenon. The obtained results indicated that the researched material
behaved as Helmholtz resonator. This research has provided scientific information on how
calabash residue cab be used as a sound absorption alternative material.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The question of the characteristics and functioning of industrialized acoustic materials have
been widely discussed by several authors in the specialized bibliography. These authors
describe not only the types of acoustic materials commonly used in civil construction, but
the potential of sound absorption of these materials for acoustic treatment. However, there
is not yet enough information on the acoustic performance of alternative materials at a low
cost. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sound absorption potential of the material
from the gourds production process in Rio Grande do Sul. The mate, a cultural trait which
originated in ancient indigenous who inhabited the region of Paraguay and Rio Grande do
Sul during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, currently generates a significant
portion of GDP gaucho. The enormous popularity of this habit among the gauchos brought
a considerable increase in the production of gourds for mate. But the residual material from
the production of gourds does not find a favourable economic destination, staying as organic
waste in the courtyard of the companies in the sector. Motivated by this context and the
need for economically sustainable products, also in the acoustic area, was developed this
work.
The Figure 1 bellow shows calabash residues staying as organic waste in the courtyard of
the mate companies:
Figure 1: calabash residues staying as organic waste in the courtyard of the mate companies
2. METODOLOGY
Initially it was made a previous classification of gourds to select those that had similarity in
size, shape, outer diameter and thickness, in order to compose the sample for the
experiments. The experiments were carried out in the standard chamber of the Acoustics
Laboratory of Federal University of Santa Maria, according to international norm ISO 354.
In the experiments were used the following equipment, as shown in the figure 2 bellow:
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2
3 4 6
5
Figure 2: acoustic equipment in the acoustic laboratory of Federal University of Santa Maria
Where 1 = sound source B & K type 4224; 2 = rotating microphone B & K type 3923; 3 = acoustic
analyser B & K type 4418; 4 = printer B & K type 2318; 5 = sound calibrator B & K; 6 = climate analyser
B & K type 1213.
Figure 4: raised pieces with opening down put together in the reverberation chamber
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
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The raised pieces with opening down behave as Helmholtz resonators, whose mathematical
modelling is described in the Figures 9-10 below:
S
c
f = . √ ________________________ (9)
2π
[ 1,6 . (Ri + L) ] . Vi
where f = internal resonance frequency of gourd in Hertz; c = speed of sound in air; S = area where
air passes; Ri = gourd’s inner radius; L = gourd’s thickness; Vi = gourd’s internal volume.
Vi
L Ri L
Figure 10: schematic drawing of a gourd
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3. RESULTS
Figures 11-14 below summarize the acoustic results:
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WHOLE CALABASHES
0,5
0,5
0,4
0,4
Alfa Sabine 0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,0
100 160 250 400 630 1000 1600 2500 4000
Frequency (Hz)
Whole calabashes
4. CONCLUSIONS
The research findings were the following:
The evaluated material, being an abundant waste in the south of the country,
characterizes itself as an alternative acoustic material at a low cost and sustainable;
The calabash residues behave as Helmholtz resonators whose resonant frequency will
depend on the chosen assembly. In addition to the sound absorption property, the
peculiarly rounded geometric shape gives the gourds the ability to be an efficient sound
diffuser;
The material studied, being a natural product and because of the woody constitution,
requires specific treatment for insect attack protection, as well as fire and
decomposition;
Concerning raised gourds with opening down, whose absorption varies depending on
how much they are distant from the floor, it can be concluded that it is possible to adjust
its height depending on the frequency to be corrected;
The joined pieces have one of the highest absorption coefficients and amplitude at low
frequencies, but this is the arrangement more difficult to implement;
The gourd bottoms glued on sheets of plywood behave as the classic Helmholtz
resonator, whose frequency and magnitude of Alpha Sabine varies depending on the
gauge and number of holes;
The mechanism of sound absorption due to the internal volume of the calabash residues
serves as reference for the study of other similar alternative materials, such as coconut
shell, disposable containers, and remains of processed products.
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REFERENCES
50
The contribution of green roofs to mitigate urban heat
island effect in Rio de Janeiro
Sarka Konasova
Czech Technical University in Prague, Department of Economics and Management in Civil Engineering,
Thakurova 7, Praha 6, 166 29 Czech Republic
sarka.konasova@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: Green roofs represent the reintroduction and inclusion of vegetation and
biodiversity in the built urban environment. The integration of vegetation through green
roofs; for example, using grasses, succulents, flowers, shrubs, and trees in urban areas is
particularly important to maintain cool built urban environment because buildings, streets
and other infrastructures increase the heat absorption, which results in the urban heat
island effect. In addition to mitigating the warm urban climate, green roofs reduce energy
consumption, provide spaces for recreation, and preserve biodiversity, which is probably
one of the greatest challenges of our time, considering climate changes and environmental
degradation by massive urbanization. This paper demonstrates results of air temperature,
air humidity, and surface temperature measurements between a conventional roof and an
extensive green roof located in Rio de Janeiro. The objective of this study is to evaluate the
contribution of green roofs to mitigate the urban heat island effect through monitoring.
Keywords green roof, urban heat island effect, built-up area, temperature
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1. INSTRUCTION
According to the report of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), at the beginning of
20th century, 15% of the world population lived in cities. Currently, with rapidly growing
world population, more than half of the population lives in urban areas, which is
approximately 2.8% of total land of the Earth. While the major cities offer many
opportunities; their habitants are exposed to the higher temperatures, pollution, noise, and
the remoteness from nature. The inclusion of the vegetation can contribute to the built
urban environment by minimizing its negatives impacts.
Reintroducing greenery in cities provides many advantages for habitants, mainly enhances
the quality of their lives and connects the buildings with their unique local environment.
One of the possibilities how to incorporate the vegetation in the building envelope is in the
form of green roofs. Green roofs offer multiple environmental benefits by integrating the
natural cooling, insulating, and water retention properties of soil and plants into urban
buildings. There are many potential benefits of green roofs, but this paper focuses on green
roof as a possible mitigation strategy of the urban heat island effect.
Brazil has experienced rapid urbanization during the 20th century, when the cities acquired
the growing importance in the territorial organization of the country. This staggering grow
of cities caused that in these days 80% of Brazilians live in urban areas (Logan, 2015). The
process of industrialization began in the first half of the twentieth century, and it has always
been strongly linked to urbanization, with a direct influence on the structure and formation
of the urban network. This urban network currently consists of regional systems located
mainly along the coast, mostly in the south and southeast, such as Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo,
and Salvador.
In the last decades, Rio de Janeiro has undergone a process of urban expansion, when the
vegetation was largely replaced by concrete and asphalt surfaces. Despite the fact that Rio
de Janeiro has the largest urban forest in the world, the built-up areas have been
progressively modifying the city landscape. The city lost at least thousands hectares of green
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spaces during last 50 years (Platonow, 2012). The urban growth of Rio de Janeiro between
1940 and 2009 is demonstrated in Figures 1 and 2. From the figures, it can be seen an
augmentation of urban areas, when urban development occupied almost every non-built-
up area. This fact has a significant impact on creation of heat islands in Rio de Janeiro,
especially in the city center.
Figure 1, 2. Rio de Janeiro 1940 and 2009, Source: Rio em Mapas, http://portalgeo.rio.rj.gov.br
The urban heat islands occur in cities all around the world, and it is a result of the different
thermal properties of urban surfaces. In Rio de Janeiro, especially during the hottest period
of the year, up to 25°C differences can be observed in comparison to rural areas of the city
(Reynolds, 2015). There are several types of heat islands depending on the topography and
climate. Cities at higher latitudes face the urban heat island effect at night when the stored
heat within the urban structures is released. In contrast, cities in tropical latitudes, such as
Rio de Janeiro, face this effect during the daytime.
3.1 Green roof as one of most effective strategy for mitigating UHI effect
Green roofs have a positive contribution for mitigating the urban heat island effect for two
main reasons: (i) protecting buildings from solar radiation by the physical act of shading;
(ii) causing the process of evapotranspiration and photosynthesis (Niachou et al., 2001). It
is well established that plants have a cooling effect and therefore they can be used
strategically in built-up areas to reduce the air and surface temperatures. Integrating
vegetation in cities is seen as the most cost-effective strategy for mitigation the urban heat
island effect, because greenery makes the environment cooler though a process of
evapotranspiration; where large amount of solar radiation can be converted to latent heat.
Nowadays, there are several studies, which established the correlation between increasing
of urban vegetation and reducing of local temperature (Takebayashi et al., 2007). Thus, it
can be concluded that augmentation of green roofs can represent as an effective tool to
mitigate UHI effect. For example, in Singapore, the integration of vegetation into
architecture has been successfully used for more sustainable urban development, cooling
urban environment and reducing the energy consumption of buildings. The study reported
by Gill et al. (2007) demonstrates that increasing by 10% of urban green cover in
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Manchester, UK, could amortize the predicted rise by 2.5°C of the temperature by the 2080s.
Green roofs are mostly fully covered by vegetation, for this reason; there are one of the most
promising strategies to reduce urban heat island effect.
4. STUDY AREA
The city of Rio de Janeiro (22 ° 54'10 "S 43 ° 12'28" W) is a Brazilian city, located in the
southeast of the country, at an altitude of about 10 meters in relation to the mean sea level.
Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, the third most populous state in
Brazil. The city's metropolitan area is the second most populous metropolitan area in Brazil
and seventh most populous in the Americas, which has 1197 km2 surface area. In 2014,
according to Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, 2014) the population of
Rio de Janeiro was 6 476 631.
The city of Rio de Janeiro consists of an exceptional urban setting encompassing the key
natural elements that have shaped the development of the city, from the highest points of
the Tijuca National Park’s mountains down to the Atlantic Ocean and Guanabara Bay in the
east. The diverse terrestrial landscape contributes to the great variability of temperature,
precipitation, humidity, wind, cloud cover, and evaporation.
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During the analysis, the green roof was not found in any of the randomly selected areas, only
vegetation in the form of flowers or palm trees on rooftops. In the process of searching a
green roof for this case study, one was found through the local news, on the building of
supermarket Zona Sul. Since the installation of the green roof was finished recently and
probably satellite images were not actualized, it was not possible to find it by Google Earth.
5. METHODS
The mitigation effect of the green roof on urban heat island was assessed by using
meteorological measurements, which were collected by two automatic weather stations
that were installed on two types of roofs; an extensive green and a conventional roof in
Copacabana, during 22nd of February to 28th of February of 2016.
The selected study area is a densely urbanized area of Copacabana, which is characterized
by ground-floor shops, restaurants, cafes, and bars. This part of Copacabana was selected
based on the only green roof that was found in the neighbourhood, on the supermarket Zona
Sul (Figure 3). Finding green roof in Rio de Janeiro is arduous, as the matter of fact, just a
few green roofs are installed in whole city. After all, getting permission to carry out
measurements is complicated, too. Based on the experimental green roof, the conventional
roof of reinforced concrete slab was found in the same area to undertake a fair comparison
analysis (Figure 4). The distance between the two buildings is approximately 200 meters.
Both buildings have similar geometric characteristics; the number of floors, side of street,
environment, and sun path direction.
Figure 3: Green roof, Source: Author, 2016 Figure 4: Conventional roof, Source: Author, 2016
The three-story supermarket Zona Sul has an extensive green roof covered by grasses and
low plants, which are not demanding high maintenance. The supermarket Zona Sul is
located at 29 Dias da Rocha Street. The green roof system consists of drainage system
leading to rainwater harvesting tanks to reuse the water for the irrigation system. The
supermarket is surrounded by lower building in the Northwest and the higher building in
the Southeast. The nearest obstruction around the green roof is just twelve-story building
in the Southeast, but the direction of this building prevents the creation of shadow during
day. The weather station was installed one meter above the roof surface and was located
three meters away from the Northwest and Northeast edge of the green roof.
Second two-story residential building with a conventional roof is located at 572 Barata
Ribeiro Street. The surrounding neighbour buildings are situated in the Northwest and
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ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
The two weather stations were borrowed from the metrology laboratory of UFRJ. The
metrological stations are comprised of perforated plywood shelter, tripod, thermometer,
and thermocouple. Waterproof HOBO Pro Series-onset sensor was used to provide
information about air temperature and relative air humidity. HOBO sensor has an
integrated data logger, which is fully automatic to collect data on a 24-hour basis. Data
logger was programmed to measure air temperature and relative humidity every 10
minutes. The data logger with the full battery could record data for 151 days, and then it is
important to download all the data through the Box Car software and program the data
logger again. Thermocouple wire with data logger Log Box Novus was chosen to measure
surface temperature. The sensor at the end of the wire was calibrated based on the method
using hot and cold water with the utilization of another thermometer. The data logger was
programmed to measure surface temperature also every 10 minutes. The data logger with
the full battery could record data for 227 days, then it is important to download all the data
through the Log Chart II software and program again because all previous data will be
removed. Both data loggers are placed inside the shelter to be in shadow, only the
thermocouple is fixed on the surface of the roof.
6. RESULTS
The collected results demonstrate that the average air temperature of the green roof is
cooler than the conventional roof during the selected period of February. The average air
temperature results for the entire period demonstrates that the average air temperature of
the green roof of supermarket Zona Sul was 27.30°C and the conventional roof of the
residential building was 29.62°C. The difference in average air temperature between two
sides is 2.32°C (Figure 5). The maximum difference reached a value of 3.47 at 5:22.
AIR TEMPERATURE
GREEN ROOF (°C) CONVENTIONAL ROOF (°C)
42
40
Temperature (°C)
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
10:52
21:42
9:52
20:42
0:02
3:12
6:22
9:32
12:42
15:52
19:02
22:12
1:22
4:32
7:42
14:02
17:12
20:22
23:32
2:42
5:52
9:02
12:12
15:22
18:32
0:52
4:02
7:12
10:22
13:32
16:42
19:52
23:02
2:12
5:22
8:32
11:42
14:52
18:02
21:12
0:22
3:32
6:42
13:02
16:12
19:22
22:32
1:42
4:52
8:02
11:12
14:22
17:32
23:52
Date
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As can be seen from the Figure 5, the air temperature of the green roof is below that of the
conventional roof almost all the time. The factors behind this result are
evapotranspirational shading and cooling (Taha, 1997). The greatest reduction in air
temperature occurred between 00:00 and 12:00.
In February, the relative humidity varies between 60% and 90% in Rio de Janeiro (Leal,
2013). Based on collected data, Figure 6 shows the relative humidity of green roof and
conventional roof. The results reveal that the average relative humidity of green roof was
77.04% and the conventional roof was 68.78%. The difference in average relative humidity
between the two samples is 8.27%. The maximum differences occurred between 24:00 and
12:00 and reached up to 12.8% at 6:12.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
GREEN ROOF (%) CONVENTIONAL ROOF (%)
110
100
90
Umidade (%)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
18:02
0:02
15:02
6:02
0:02
3:02
6:02
9:02
12:02
15:02
21:02
3:02
6:02
9:02
12:02
15:02
18:02
21:02
0:02
3:02
6:02
9:02
12:02
15:02
18:02
21:02
0:02
3:02
6:02
9:02
12:02
18:02
21:02
0:02
3:02
6:02
9:02
12:02
15:02
18:02
21:02
0:02
3:02
6:02
9:02
12:02
15:02
18:02
21:02
0:02
3:02
9:02
12:02
15:02
18:02
21:02
22.02.2016 23.02.2016 24.02.2016 25.02.2016 26.02.2016 27.02.2016 28.02.2016
Date
Figure 7 demonstrates the surface temperatures that were obtained from data logger of
thermocouple wire during the same period of the summer. As can be seen from the figure,
the average surface temperature of green roof was 31.41°C and the conventional roof was
36.35°C. The difference in average surface temperature is 4.93°C. The maximum differences
occurred between 20:00 and 8:00 and reached up to 19°C.
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
GREEN ROOF (°C) CONVENTIONAL ROOF (°C)
60
Temperature (°C)
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0:02
3:12
6:22
9:32
12:42
15:52
19:02
22:12
1:22
4:32
7:42
10:52
14:02
17:12
20:22
23:32
2:42
5:52
9:02
12:12
15:22
18:32
21:42
0:52
4:02
7:12
10:22
13:32
16:42
19:52
23:02
2:12
5:22
8:32
11:42
14:52
18:02
21:12
0:22
3:32
6:42
9:52
13:02
16:12
19:22
22:32
1:42
4:52
8:02
11:12
14:22
17:32
20:42
23:52
Date
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ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
The presented results in these figures prove that the green roof can significantly reduce the
surface temperature, which supports the fact that concrete in contrast to the vegetation of
green roof absorbs and retains solar energy more, also does not rapidly release the heat
back into the atmosphere. Further, the green roof can cool down air temperate and increase
humidity above roofs and in their surrounding environment. These results support many
studies that suggesting the increase of urban vegetation as a method to mitigate the urban
heat island effect. Considering that, the green roofs are the practical way to integrate urban
vegetation in a densely built-up area.
7. CONCLUSION
Urbanization has various impacts on the residents' quality of life, and one of the most
noticeable consequences is the rise of temperature. The replacement of vegetation by
artificial land covers and anthropogenic activities tends to be the main factors responsible
for the temperature increases in the urban area of Rio de Janeiro. The presented results in
this paper show that green roofs have a significant contribution to mitigate heat islands, and
for this reason should be considered as one of the most effective mitigation strategies. In
some densely urbanized cities, where is not possible to create public green spaces e.g. parks
or small green areas of lawns and trees, the green roof represents the best alternative for
returning the nature to these cities for making them cooler.
REFERENCES
Bouteligier, S. 2012. Cities, Networks, and Global Environmental Governance: Spaces of Innovation,
Places of Leadership, Routledge, New York, ISBN-13: 978-0415537513.
Gill, S.E.; Handley, J.F.; Ennos A.R. and Pauleit, S. 2007. Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role
of the Green Infrastructure. Built Environment, 33, 115-133.
IBGE. 2014. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – Rio de Janeiro. Online: www.ibge.gov.br.
INMET (National Institute of Meteorology). 2015. Weather information for the Olympic and
Paralympics Game s in Rio de Janeiro 2016, RIO 2016, pdf.
Leal, M. 2013. Boletim meteorológico para o Rio de Janeiro, Seção de Análise e Previsão do Tempo,
INMET Report. p.2.
Kaz, S. 2010. Um jeito Copacabana de ser: o discurso do mito em O Cruzeiro e Sombra. Tese de
Doutorado, Departamento de Artes e Design da PUC- Rio, p. 249.
Logan, A. 2015, Crossing Streets: Social Divides and Urbanization in Brazil, The Borgen Project- blog.
Oline:http://borgenproject.org/crossing-streets-social-divides-urbanization-brazil/
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity
Synthesis, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
Niachou, A.; Papakonstantiou, K.; Santamouris, M.; Tsangrassoulis, A. & Mihalakakou, G. 2001.
Analysis of the green roof thermal properties and investigation of it energy performance, Energy and
Buildings, 33. pp. 719-729.
Oke, T. R. 1987. Boundary Layer Climates, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-203-71545-4.
Platonow, V. 2012. Área verde por habitante cai 26% no Rio com avanço de favelas e especulação
imobiliária, Meio Ambiente, Agência Brasil.
Reynolds, L. 2015. Sustainability. Rio de Janeiro’s Urban Heat Islands: A Primer, International
Observers, Research & Analysis, Solutions, Understanding Rio.
Taha, H. 1997. Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat,
Energy and Buildings, 25(96), pp. 99 – 103.
Takebayashi, H. and Moriyama, M., 2007. Surface heat budget on green roof and high reflection roof
for mitigation of urban heat island. Building and Environment 42 (80), 2971-2979.
United Nations. 2014. World Urbanization Prospects. World’s population increasingly urban with
more than half living in urban areas, Published by the United Nations, ISBN 978 -92-1-151517- 6.
58
Windows and Facades: Proposal of a Device for Increasing
Performance for Natural Ventilation and Daylighting
Egon Vettorazzi
Federal University of Latin American Integration, Architecture and Urbanism, Foz do Iguaçu (PR),
Brazil
egon.arquiteto@gmail.com
Helenice M. Sacht
Federal University of Latin American Integration, Civil Engineering of Infrastructure, Foz do Iguaçu
(PR), Brazil
helenice.sacht@unila.edu.br
Marcelo Langner
Centro Universitário Dinâmica das Cataratas, Architecture and Urbanism, Foz do Iguaçu (PR), Brazil
marcelolangner@gmail.com
Darwin J. Camacho
Federal University of Latin American Integration, Architecture and Urbanism, Foz do Iguaçu(PR),
Brazil
darwin.camacho@aluno.unila.edu.br
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
1. INTRODUÇÃO
Estudos demonstram que a composição arquitetônica exerce grande influência no
desempenho energético da edificação. Mascaró & Mascaró (1992) constatam que entre 25 a
45% da energia consumida em uma edificação é devido à má orientação e desenho
inadequado das fachadas. Já Santos (2002) afirma que uma mesma edificação disposta em
cidades diferentes, por exemplo, as cidades brasileiras de Belém e Porto Alegre, pode
provocar o aumento de até 80% do consumo de energia elétrica.
Para melhorar o desempenho energético das edificações, as janelas e fachadas são
elementos importantes nos quais o arquiteto pode intervir. Projetistas desenvolveram ao
longo dos anos novas tecnologias, como a prateleira de luz e o peitoril ventilado, que são
adicionadas a esses elementos construtivos, principalmente para controlar a incidência da
radiação solar e auxiliar na ventilação natural no interior da edificação.
Sobre dispositivos de sombreamento, Bellia et al. (2014) apontam que os parâmetros a
serem considerados para projetá-los são muitos, porém, até agora nenhum esforço
significativo tem sido feito no sentido de classificar e caracterizar esses dispositivos;
destacam essa complexidade e o fato de que, nos últimos anos, têm sido propostos
diferentes tipos de dispositivos de controle solar, dependendo da orientação do edifício,
localização, características de janelas, entre outros fatores e os mesmos podem contribuir
para melhorar ou piorar o desempenho térmico, de iluminação e energético dos ambientes
das edificações se não forem vistos com maior critério.
Freewan (2014) examinou o efeito do uso de dispositivos de sombreamento na
temperatura do ar, ambiente visual e interação entre os usuários em escritórios orientados
a sul-oeste na Universidade de Ciência e Tecnologia da Jordânia. Os resultados mostraram
que a temperatura em escritórios com dispositivos de controle solar em comparação com o
escritório sem uso dos mesmos foi reduzida à níveis aceitáveis e o ambiente visual foi
melhorado por meio do controle do nível de iluminância, melhorando assim a distribuição
da iluminação e eliminando o ofuscamento.
Outros estudos avaliaram o desempenho de edifícios de escritórios em Los Angeles, Estados
Unidos, com sistemas de sombreamento integrados em termos de consumo energético e
qualidade de iluminação natural, por meio de simulações computacionais. Foi observado
que o uso desse tipo de sistema em três fachadas resultou em 5,3% de economia de energia
total (Ming Qu & Peng, 2016).
Observa-se que dispositivos de sombreamento são cruciais, especialmente em climas com
verão de elevadas temperaturas. Nesses casos, deve-se proteger a janela de radiação solar
no verão, porém, permitindo simultaneamente a entrada de radiação solar no inverno caso
apresente baixas temperaturas durante esse período. Por esta razão, são necessários
estudos precisos do desempenho de tais dispositivos. Nesse caso, ferramentas de simulação
computacional podem ser utilizadas para identificar o elemento de sombreamento mais
adequado que se adapte ao edifício, bem como a sua combinação com outros tipos de
funções, como é o caso do dispositivo desenvolvido no presente trabalho. Trata-se do
dispositivo denominado Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz, que apresenta três funções principais: proteção
contra a radiação solar indesejada, por meio de sombreamento, ocasionando assim a
diminuição da radiação solar no interior da edificação; incrementa ainda as condições de
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
ventilação natural, mesmo com a janela fechada como em períodos noturnos e de chuva; e a
terceira função, melhora a distribuição da iluminação natural no interior, por meio de uma
prateleira de luz.
Diante desses aspectos, o objetivo geral consiste na proposta e análise de um dispositivo
complementar à janelas e fachadas, o Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz, que funciona para aumentar a
eficiência da edificação em termos energéticos, sem agregar custos mensais de manutenção
do sistema.
2. METODOLOGIA
Para desenvolver o estudo do dispositivo proposto, foram realizadas análises, por meio de
simulações computacionais em comparação com uma janela convencional. Foram
analisados dados de desempenho em termos de radiação solar/sombreamento, iluminação
natural e ventilação. Para tal, foram utilizados os programas computacionais Autodesk
Revit 2016 e Flow Design; Daylight Visualizer 2.8.4 e Design Builder 4.2.
Para os estudos de radiação solar/sombreamento foram determinados os períodos de
solstício de verão (21 de dezembro) e de inverno (21 de junho) no hemisfério sul e foi
considerada a latitude 30 graus, no horário solar de meio dia na fachada de orientação solar
norte. Os estudos dos ganhos solares pelas janelas com e sem o uso do Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz
foram realizados para as latitudes 0°,15° e 30° graus sul, nas orientações de fachada sul e
norte, ao longo de todo o ano.
Já para os estudos de iluminação natural foram realizadas simulações computacionais
comparativas, entre o solstício de verão e inverno, no horário do meio dia. A latitude
utilizada foi a de 30 graus sul, considerando esse o caso mais crítico quanto à iluminação
natural, dentre as latitudes em estudo, devido à maior inclinação da radiação solar do
solstício de inverno. Segundo Frota (2004), toma-se o horário do meio dia como o ponto
solar ideal para análise da radiação solar nos períodos de solstício de verão, solstício de
inverno e equinócios de primavera e outono. A Figura 1 apresenta a influência da latitude
no ângulo solar do solstício de verão, inverno e equinócios e sua relação com a arquitetura.
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ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
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3. RESULTADOS
Serão apresentados a seguir, os resultados referentes ao detalhamento do dispositivo; a
análise da radiação solar e sombreamento no verão e inverno; a análise das condições de
iluminação natural; a análise das condições de ventilação natural e por fim, uma síntese
das vantagens de aplicação do dispositivo proposto Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz.
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De acordo com a Figura 10a-b, a ausência de um elemento de controle solar faz com que a
radiação solar direta entre na totalidade através de uma janela convencional, aumentando
assim a temperatura interna. Já com o uso do elemento de controle solar do Filtro Sol-Ar-
Luz, a radiação solar direta no interior do ambiente é nula nesse horário, diminuindo a
temperatura interna e o ofuscamento. A radiação solar indireta (luz do céu e da reflexão do
sol no entorno) continua iluminando normalmente o ambiente.
No período de inverno, para a latitude sul analisada de 30 graus sul, com orientação da
fachada ao norte é desejável que a radiação solar direta entre na edificação para aquecer os
ambientes desde que o ofuscamento não interfira nas atividades desempenhadas. A Figura
10a-b demonstra que, mesmo com o elemento de controle solar Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz, a
radiação solar entra em abundância, aumentando a temperatura interna do ambiente e
diminuindo o uso de sistemas artificiais de aquecimento.
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Trajetória
solar
Detalhe da radiação
(a) Latitude 0º Sul, northern facade. (b) Latitude 0º Sul, southern facade.
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
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(c) Latitude 15º Sul, northern facade. (d) Latitude 15º Sul, southern facade.
(e) Latitude 30º Sul, northern facade. (f) Latitude 30º Sul, southern facade.
Figura 11a-f. Comparativo dos ganhos solares das janelas para fachadas norte e sul, com e sem o
uso do dispositivo Sol-Ar-Luz.
(a) Janela convencional (b) Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz (a) Janela convencional (b) Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz
Figura 12a-b. Resultado de iluminação natural Figura 13a-b. Ensaio de iluminação natural no
no período do inverno. período do verão.
Analisando comparativamente a ventilação natural proporcionada com a janela
convencional fechada (Fig. 14a), em um dia chuvoso ou à noite, por exemplo, com uma
janela convencional utilizando o Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz (Fig. 14b), verifica-se que na janela
convencional não há ventilação alguma (mesmo quando a janela possui venezianas, a
ventilação é quase nula). Já no caso do uso do Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz há um aumento da
ventilação no interior da edificação. Caso seja necessário diminuir a ventilação natural
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Figura 15. Edificação residencial com janela Figura 16. Edificação residencial com Filtro Sol-
convencional. Ar-Luz.
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4. CONCLUSÕES
O estudo apresenta o Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz um elemento arquitetônico, desenvolvido pelos
autores, que possui uma tecnologia simples, funcionando de forma complementar as
janelas e fachadas e comprova que sua aplicação contribui para a melhoria do
desempenho lumínico e térmico da janela, ao mesmo tempo em que permite a redução do
consumo energético com uso de ar condicionado e de iluminação artificial. Além disso, o
elemento proposto proporciona ventilação natural mesmo com a janela fechada, tornando
possível seu uso em dias de chuva e/ou à noite.
O Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz pode ser utilizado tanto em edificações novas quanto em existentes de
quaisquer tipologias, desde habitações de interesse social até edificações comerciais ou
industriais. O seu desenvolvimento poderá ter viabilidade social e econômica pela
possibilidade de reduzir significativamente o consumo de energia elétrica, ao mesmo
tempo em que não agrega custos mensais de manutenção por se tratar de um elemento
com dispositivos simplificados.
Devido ao seu amplo território, o Brasil apresenta latitudes extremas e climas
diferenciados em cada região geográfica, portanto, para cada latitude e clima, faz-se
necessário utilizar um elemento Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz com dimensões diferentes, projetados
de forma a proteger da radiação solar excessiva. O estudo demonstra que o dispositivo
desenvolvido se mostra útil, versátil e eficiente, com grande potencial de utilização na
prática para diferentes climas.
Portanto, o Filtro Sol-Ar-Luz barra a radiação solar de verão (indesejada), ao mesmo
tempo em que permite a entrada da radiação solar de inverno, controla a iluminação
natural e ainda auxilia na ventilação natural. É necessário dar continuidade aos estudos do
dispositivo para verificar o quanto sua utilização torna, de fato, as edificações mais
eficientes energeticamente, com menor consumo de energia e melhores condições de
conforto ambiental. Porém, é necessário realizar novos estudos para verificar
possibilidade de variação do tamanho do elemento de controle horizontal, de forma que
não se limite à largura da janela e assim possa proteger da radiação solar a abertura em
um maior número de horas por dia.
REFERÊNCIAS
Bellia, L.; Marino, C., Minichiello, F., Pedace, A. 2014. An overview on solar shading systems for
buildings. Energy Procedia, 62, 309 – 317.
Freewan, A. A.Y. 2014. Impact of external shading devices on thermal and daylighting performance
of offices in hot climate regions. Solar Energy, 102. 14–30.
Frota, A. 2004. Geometria da insolação. Studio Geros, São Paulo.
Mascaró, J. L. & Mascaró, L. E. R. 1992. Incidência das variáveis projetivas e de construção no consumo
energético dos edifícios. Porto Alegre: Luzzatto.
Ming Qu, L. L &; Peng, L. S. 2016. Performance evaluation of building integrated solar thermal
shading system: Building energy consumption and daylight provision. Energy and Buildings, 113,
189–201.
Santos, J. C. P. D. 2002. Desempenho térmico e visual de elementos transparentes frente à radiação
solar. São Carlos: [s.n.].
68
Wood Frame Housing System: Case Study and Application
Potential for Low-Cost Housing in Foz do Iguaçu
Bárbara Brauhardt
Federal University of Latin American Integration, Department of Civil Engineering of Infrastructure,
Foz do Iguaçu (PR), Brazil
barbara.brauhardt@aluno.unila.edu.br
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
ABSTRACT: The lack of housing in Brazil is around 5,430 million. Nowadays, this problem
is one of the biggest challenges of the country. This situation must encourage the research
of technological solutions for the production of satisfactory performance houses. Wood
Frame housing system could be an option. It is used in North America, Asia and Europe
and now is opening space in Latin America, countries like Chile and recently in Brazil. The
system presents quick execution and less waste, and also high quality control. A case study
was realized for wood frame low-cost houses, mainly about the thermal performance of
the walls and to verify the application potentiality of Wood Frame low-cost houses in the
city of Foz do Iguaçu-PR. This study was conducted through the execution on-site case
study, evaluation of housing execution parameters in residential buildings in which the
system was used. Thermal properties were determined for walls and the results analyzed
based on parameters of the climate of Foz do Iguaçu-PR and NBR15220 standards and
NBR15575. Furthermore, were scored general aspects, such as implantation, type of
structure, roof system, electrical and plumbing installations. The technical feasibility of the
Wood Frame system for low-cost housing is expected to be affirmed for Foz do Iguaçu-PR,
aiming to decrease execution time and confirming sustainability conditions that can be
achieved with the system use.
Keywords Construction systems; Thermal performance; Low-cost housing; Wood Frame.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A carência habitacional é um dos maiores desafios enfrentados pelo Brasil e deve
impulsionar o estudo de soluções tecnológicas para a produção e/ou reabilitação de
habitações que atendam a demanda de moradias e que ao mesmo tempo tenham um
desempenho satisfatório, seja por meio de melhorias em sistemas construtivos aplicados
no Brasil, ou pela inserção de novas tecnologias (Sacht, 2008).
Neste contexto, se insere o sistema construtivo em wood frame. Nos Estados Unidos, esse
sistema é responsável por 95% das casas construídas. Países como Chile e Venezuela têm
investido na utilização do wood frame para construção de casas populares de 40 a 60 m²,
devido à otimização da gestão da produção das edificações com um alto controle de
qualidade e a redução nos prazos de entrega e custos das habitações. No Brasil, essa
tecnologia chegou há cerca de 20 anos como uma alternativa em sistemas construtivos
industrializados para produção de habitação de baixo custo em larga escala e de interesse
social, em regiões produtoras de madeira (Lacerda, 2014).
O sistema construtivo em wood frame é industrializado, estruturado em perfis de madeira
plantada tratada, formando painéis de pisos, paredes e telhado que são combinados e/ou
revestidos com outros materiais, com a finalidade de aumentar o conforto térmico e
acústico, além de proteger a edificação das intempéries e fogo (Molina, Junior, 2010).
Normalmente é composto por elementos estruturais de pinus, placas OSB (oriented strand
board), membrana hidrófuga, placas cimentícias, gesso acartonado e revestimentos. Assim
como nos demais métodos de construção à seco, no wood frame também é possível a
utilização de fundações mais rasas como o radier e a sapata corrida, gerando economia de
material (diminuição de armadura e volume de concreto), de tempo de execução e no
custo da mão de obra.
Por se tratar de um sistema construtivo industrializado, a construção em wood frame
reduz o desperdício, que por sua vez é altamente impactante nos sistemas tradicionais. Há
o ganho de produtividade vinculado a obras limpas e secas, além da facilidade de
manuseio dos elementos estruturais e de fechamento, demandando menos esforços dos
operários. Além disso, o sistema em wood frame permite a execução de qualquer tipo de
projeto, desde casas populares à construções com alto padrão de acabamento
(Molina, Junior, 2010).
De acordo com a Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC, 2014), quando bem
projetado e construído, o sistema apresenta durabilidade, facilidade e rapidez de
construção e reforma; e por ser construído em madeira e a mesma ser um isolante, oferece
redução de custos com aquecimento e arrefecimento, além de ser adaptável a diferentes
tipos de clima, que podem variar entre quente e úmido, a climas extremamente frios,
dentre outras características. Quanto ao desempenho, como qualquer outro sistema de
construção, o sistema em wood frame requer cuidados razoáveis em sua concepção e
construção, para que possa proporcionar abrigo por um longo tempo, conforto e
segurança.
Na Figura 1a, apresenta-se três habitações hipotéticas utilizando sistemas construtivos em
madeira, aço e concreto, na qual foram comparados projeto e áreas equivalentes. Os
resultados da avaliação apresentam a poluição do ar, resíduos sólidos, uso de recursos,
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Figura 1a. Dados compilados pela Figura 1b. Dados compilados pelo Canadian
FPInnovations, Forintek Division usando o Wood Council usando o programa ATHENA
programa ATHENA EcoCalculator para EcoCalculator para Toronto, Ontario. Green,
Vancouver, British Columbia. Green, 2014. 2014.
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2. METODOLOGIA
Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, foi realizado um estudo de caso in loco, avaliando
parâmetros de execução de tipologias residenciais nas quais o sistema foi utilizado, numa
empresa na cidade de Curitiba. Por questões de privacidade, o nome da empresa cujo
sistema foi estudado não será mencionado no presente artigo e a mesma será identificada
apenas como “Empresa A”.
A metodologia utilizada nesse estudo incluiu: i. Estudo de normas norteadoras; ii.
Elaboração de um roteiro para servir de parâmetro ao estudo de caso; iii. Realização de
estudo de caso, na Empresa A; e iv. Cálculo das propriedades térmicas das paredes de
vedação, baseado nas Normas Técnicas Brasileiras NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005),
NBR15575-1 (ABNT, 2013a) e NBR15575-4 (ABNT, 2013b) e no ITE-50 (SANTOS,
MATIAS, 2006).
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O sistema em wood frame executado pela “Empresa A” é de tipologia térrea, podendo ser
isoladas ou geminadas. Por se tratar de um sistema leve, possui fundação do tipo radier e o
revestimento utilizado no piso é do tipo cerâmico.
A composição das paredes desse sistema se dá da seguinte forma: as paredes estruturais
do sistema são formadas por quadros estruturais em madeira serradas autoclavadas do
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tipo pinus de seções 38x89mm para paredes externas, 38x89mm ou 38x70mm para
paredes internas e 38x140mm para paredes de geminação, onde a base dos quadros é
envolvida por manta asfáltica impermeabilizante até uma altura de 200mm.
A parede externa com espessura nominal de 135mm é composta por chapas de OSB
(oriented strand board) estrutural de classe 2 de 9,5mm de espessura, membrana
hidrófuga (barreira impermeável à água e permeável ao vapor) de 0,9mm de espessura,
placas cimentícias de no mínimo classe A3 de 8mm de espessura com uma demão de
selador acrílico e por fim o acabamento, em textura acrílica.
A parede interna com espessura nominal de 135 ou 105mm é composta por chapas de OSB
de 9,5 mm de espessura, placas de gesso acartonado para drywall de 12,5 mm de
espessura em ambos os lados da parede, onde em áreas secas é utilizada a placa de gesso
acartonado do tipo Standard (ST) com acabamento em acrílica e em áreas
molhadas/molháveis é utilizada a placa de gesso acartonado do tipo resistente à umidade
(RU) com acabamento e revestimento cerâmico até uma altura de 1500mm, seguido de
pintura acrílica. As esquadrias são compostas por janelas de alumínio, com dimensões de
1200x1200mm para dormitórios e 1600x1200mm para salas; as portas e batentes são em
alumínio ou madeira, com dimensões de 800x2100mm para dormitórios. As instalações
elétricas e hidráulicas são embutidas nos painéis de parede.
Além disso, as paredes do sistema atendem aos requisitos de segurança ao fogo: “dificultar
a ocorrência de princípio de incêndio e dificultar a inflamação generalizeda”. As faces
externas e internas das paredes são constituídas por placas cimentícias e chapas de gesso
acartonado, respectivamente, consideradas incombustíveis e atendem aos requisitos de
propagação superficial de chamas, permitindo condições adequadas para restringir o
rápido crescimento do incêndio (PBQP-H, 2015).
Finalmente, a cobertura do sistema pode ser em estrutura metálica ou em madeira, com
telhado em telha cerâmica de 20mm de espessura, com fechamento em forro de PVC com
8mm de espessura e sobre o forro é posicionada manta de lã de vidro com 89mm de
espessura.
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3. RESULTADOS
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(Polipropileno)
≤ 3.7
OSB 9.5 0.13 0.073
0.55 1.82 Atende à 2.18
Camada Ar (não
89 - 0.170 Norma
ventilada)
OSB 9.5 0.13 0.073
Gesso
12.5 0.35 0.036
acartonado
Condutividade U
Espessura R Camadas R Total* U FSo
Camadas Térmica λ (W/m²K)
(mm) (m².K)/W (m².K)/W W/(m².K) (%)
W/(m.K) NBR 15575
Gesso
12.5 0.35 0.036
acartonado
Parede Interna
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multicamadas leve, faz com que a condutividade seja reduzida e ocorra a ausência de
inércia térmica.
As camadas de materiais leves, com baixa densidade e porosos, apresentam a capacidade
de reduzir a transferência de calor pelo fato do ar no interior desses poros ter baixa
condutividade térmica (λ), esse aspecto ocorre da mesma forma quando se tem
uma câmara de ar interna no interior de paredes.
Segundo dados do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT) (IPT, 2007), uma parede
composta por tijolos de compósito mineral e rejunte do mesmo material apresenta uma
resistência térmica média de 0.16(m².k)/W. As paredes analisadas apresentam 0.55 e 0.56
(m².k)/W, ou seja, cerca de 4 vezes superior à resistência de uma parede de tijolos, o que
garante melhor isolamento térmico.
Além disso, a transmitância térmica (U) aceita para a região de Foz do Iguaçu (Zona
Bioclimática 3), a qual faz parte da zona bioclimática 3 seria de até U ≤ 3.7 W/(m².K). O
valor obtido para as paredes do sistema wood frame analisado é de 1.82 e 1.79 W/(m².K),
valor inferior se comparado à de paredes de concreto maciça com 10cm de espessura, por
exemplo, que chegam a 4.4 W/(m².K) (NBR15220-3:2003). Sendo assim, as paredes
avaliadas, resistem cerca de 2.5 vezes mais à transferência de calor. Para melhor
desempenho térmico das paredes do sistema, poderiam ainda ter sido utilizados como
preenchimento interno das mesmas rolos e/ou painéis de lã de vidro, lã de rocha ou lã de
pet.
4. CONCLUSÕES
Os resultados do presente estudo contribuem para expandir o conhecimento sobre as
características do sistema construtivo em wood frame, que apresenta muitas vantagens,
quando comparado aos sistemas convencionais, também em relação ao desempenho
térmico de suas paredes. A composição de paredes analisadas mostraram-se adequadas
para aplicação no clima da cidade de Foz do Iguaçu, mesmo a parede destinada ao interior,
quando verificadas as características térmicas.
Há ainda a necessidade de maiores estudos por meio de medicões ou execução de
simulações computacionais, que ainda estão em desenvolvimento, de forma a verificar de
forma mais completa o desempenho térmico das paredes, porém, a tendência é que o
sistema seja aprimorado cada vez mais no Brasil em um curto periodo de tempo, de forma
a ser uma técnica difundida como a alvenaria convencional, sendo necessários novos
estudos para se obter informações mais detalhadas sobre o sistema wood frame.
REFERÊNCIAS
Alvarez, C. E. & Vittorino, F. 1993. Comportamento Térmico de Módulos em Madeira Implantados
pelo Brasil na Antártica. In: Encontro Nacional de Conforto no Ambiente Construído, 1993,
Florianópolis. Anais do II ENCAC.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), 2005. NBR 15220: Desempenho térmico de
edificações. Parte 2: Métodos de cálculo da transmitância térmica, da capacidade térmica, do atraso
térmico e do fator solar de elementos e de componentes de edificações. Rio de Janeiro.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). 2013a. NBR 15575: Edificações habitacionais –
Desempenho. Parte 1: Requisitos gerais. Rio de Janeiro.
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Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). 2013b. NBR 15575: Edificações habitacionais –
Desempenho. Parte 4: Requisitos para os sistemas de vedações verticais internas e externas -
SVVIE. Rio de Janeiro.
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). 2014. Canadian Wood-Frame
House Construction.
Giglio, T. G. F. 2005. Avaliação do desempenho térmico de painéis de vedação em madeira para o
clima de Londrina. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Edificações e Saneamento),
Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
Givoni, B. 1976. Man, Climate and Architecture. London: Applied Science, Chapter 17 – Principles of
Design and Selection of Materials to Adapt Building to Climate.
Green Wood Building. ARCH 5334-002: Advanced Studies in Construction Technology Texas Tech
University College of Architecture. 2014. Disponível em:
http://www.arch.ttu.edu/courses/2014/spring/5334/Students/Huang/15/Default.htm Acesso
em: 20 Jun. 2016.
Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT). 2007. Relatório Técnico Nº 96 167-205: Determinação de
Resistência Térmica de Paredes.
Lacerda, J. F. S. B. 2014. Avaliação da sustentabilidade na Construção Civil dos sistemas construtivos
convencional e industrializado no Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado Profissional (Mestrado
Profissional em Produção), Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, ITA. São José dos Campos.
Molina, J. C.; Junior, C. C. Sistema construtivo em Wood Frame para casas de madeira. Semina:
Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Londrina, v.31, n.2, p. 143-156, jul./dez. 2010.
Disponível em:<http://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semexatas/article/viewFile/4017/6906>. Acesso
em: 15 Jun. 2016.
Programa Brasileiro da Qualidade e Produtividade do Habitat (PBQP-H). 2015. DATec N 020-A:
Sistema de vedação vertical leve em madeira. Sistema Nacional de Avaliações Técnicas - SINAT.
Disponível em: http://pbqp-h.cidades.gov.br/download.php?doc=19de4466-9c65-4800-9d13-
0d26477fca94&ext=.pdf&cd=2906 Acesso em: 20 Jun. 2016
Sacht, H. M. 2008. Painéis de vedação de concreto moldados in loco: avaliação de desempenho térmico
e desenvolvimento de concretos. Dissertação (Mestrado em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Tecnologia) –
Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. Disponível em:<
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-17102008-114925/pt-br.php>. Acesso em: 15
Jun. 2016.
Santos, C. A. P. & Matias, L. Coeficientes de transmissão térmica de elementos da envolvente dos
edifícios. Série ITE 50. LNEC. Lisboa, Portugal. 2006.
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BALCÕES REFLETORES E A DISPONIBILIDADE DA
ILUMINAÇÃO NATURAL EM SALAS DE AULA: O CASO DO
INSTITUTO FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO - CAMPUS
COLATINA
Sirana Palassi Fassina
Mestranda no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo - PPGAU, Universidade Federal
do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória (ES), Brasil sirana.fassina@ifes.edu.br
RESUMO: O presente estudo trata da iluminação natural no ambiente interno, com foco
específico nos ambientes escolares. O objetivo é demonstrar a influência de balcões
refletores, associados à elementos bloqueadores da luz solar direta, na disponibilidade da
iluminação natural em salas de aula. O objeto de estudo são as jardineiras existentes
próximas às janelas da sala de aula do Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES) campus
Colatina, as quais não são utilizadas para este fim, sendo aqui intituladas de balcões
refletores. Avaliou-se, através de simulações no TropLux, a disponibilidade de iluminação
natural nas salas, variando-se a geometria dos balcões, associados também às prateleiras de
luz e brises, no Céu 7 (Parcialmente encoberto) e Céu 12 (Claro) e nas orientações Norte e
Sul. A análise dos resultados foi feita em função do período letivo, abrangendo fevereiro à
novembro para a análise das UDIs, e em função de dois dias do ano, 24/09 e 24/11 para a
análise das curvas isolux. Concluiu-se que há uma maior potencialidade do modelo “balcão
refletor com superfície inclinada para o exterior e associado ao brise” na iluminação natural
do ambiente interno: melhor distribuição das iluminância nas horas do dia, além de menor
contraste da iluminação entre os pontos mais profundos do ambiente e os pontos mais
próximos da abertura.
Keywords balcões refletores, iluminação natural, simulação
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A luz natural, além de ser proveniente de uma fonte inesgotável, é um elemento de
fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento humano e o bom desempenho das suas
atividades, influenciando diretamente na saúde e no bem-estar do homem. Amorim (2007)
cita que a iluminação natural nas edificações tem fundamental importância nas exigências
funcionais e ambientais. Yu e Su (2015) completam que a luz natural proporciona ambientes
mais agradáveis e atrativos em função, por exemplo, da melhor reprodução de cor. No caso
das edificações escolares, a iluminação natural desempenha um papel importante pois afeta
a legibilidade durante a aprendizagem (Graça et al., 2007). Segundo Pellegrino, Cammarano
e Savio (2015) há uma relação direta entre a capacidade de aprendizagem dos alunos e a
presença da luz natural nos ambientes internos.
Entretanto, o uso da iluminação natural em ambiente escolar requer alguns cuidados para
que sua presença não se torne um incômodo para os usuários, com efeitos indesejáveis
como ofuscamento, radiação solar direta na superfície ou má distribuiçao da luz natural no
ambiente. Araújo, Gonçalvez e Cabús (2007) afirmam que a luz natural pode ser insuficiente
em algumas horas do dia em decorrência da trajetória solar. Em função disso, os autores
destacam que proteções solares externas e dispositivos arquitetônicos que controlam a
entrada da luz solar podem contribuir para o equilíbrio da luz natural dentro do ambiente,
já que esses elementos têm como finalidade proteger a edificação da incidência solar direta,
redirecionando-os e redistribuindo-os no ambiente.
2. OBJETIVO
O objetivo geral é demonstrar a influência de balcões refletores, associados à elementos
bloqueadores da luz solar direta, na disponibilidade da iluminação natural em salas de aula.
Os balcões refletores localizam-se na fachada, externamente ao ambiente, das salas de aula
padrão do Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES), campus Colatina.
3. MÉTODO DE TRABALHO
A metodologia deste trabalho consiste na análise comparativa entre tipologias de balcões
refletores, os quais estarão associados à elementos bloqueadores da luz solar direta – brises
e prateleiras de luz –, de forma a verificar a disponibilidade de iluminação natural no
ambiente interno. Para isso, foram realizadas simulações através do programa Troplux 7
(Cabús, 2005). O programa baseia-se no método de Monte Carlo e no método do raio
traçado, que permite simular geometrias complexas, distribuição de iluminâncias de céus
configuráveis pelo usuário, subdivisões do solo, cálculo de iluminância separado em até 12
componentes (Cabús, 2004).
A sala de aula escolhida para esta pesquisa se localiza no IFES – campus Colatina, no 2º
pavimento, sendo suas dimensões: 10,65m de largura, 5,60m de profundidade e pé direito
de 2,98m. Possui três aberturas de 6,27m² cada, com dimensões de 3,30 m de largura, 1,90
m de altura e peitoril com 97cm. Na face externa do bloco de salas de aula, existem
jardineiras contínuas de 3,30 m de largura e 0,90 m de profundidade (medidas internas), e
0,52 m de altura (Figura 1).
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Figura 1: Planta Baixa e Corte da sala de aula utilizada como modelo para esta pesquisa. Detalhe da
locação dos pontos de medição dos valores das UDIs e os pontos para curva isolux (P2, P6, P10 e
P14 em destaque) (Troplux). Fonte: arquivo de AutoCAD com modificações feitas pelas autoras,
2015.
A sala de aula escolhida conta com abertura orientada para Norte com uma edificação
obstruidora à frente, 19,00 metros distante desta, conforme mostram as Figuras 02 e 03.
Figura 2: Perspectiva com a localização da edificação obstruidora. Fonte: Imagem gerada a partir do
software Troplux 7, 2016.
Figura 3: Planta de implantação do Ifes campus Colatina, com a localização da sala utilizada nesta
pesquisa. Fonte: arquivo de AutoCAD com modificações feitas pelas autoras, 2015.
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A sala escolhida trata-se de ambiente escolar e possui atividades contínuas por pelos menos
11 meses do ano. As jardineiras existentes paralelas às janelas não são utilizadas para este
fim por motivos técnicos/estruturais e, para esta pesquisa, foram reformuladas e
moduladas na sua geometria e refletância, para se tornarem balcões refletores, de modo a
verificar a influência destes na disponibilidade de iluminação natural do ambiente interno.
A inclinação utilizada para os balcões foi de 30°, baseada nos estudos de Lam (1986) e Cabús
(2005), que analisam a capacidade das superficies externas em refletir luz para dentro dos
ambientes.
MODELO 2a MODELO 2b
Balcão refletor inclinado a 30° em direção à Balcão refletor inclinado a 30° em direção
área externa, com brise à área externa, com prateleira de luz
Os índices de refletância definidos para as superífices foram baseados nos estudos de Cabús
(2004), Hopkinson, Petherbridge e Longmore (1975) e Pereira e Souza (2000), onde
procurou-se atribuir valores que representem uma realidade próxima das suas
características de reflexão. Para a sala de aula adotou-se índice de 0,2 para o piso, 0,6 para
as paredes internas, 0,5 para as paredes externas e 0,8 para os balcões, teto, brises e
prateleiras de luz.
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O céu considerado nas simulações foi o Céu 7 (Parcialmente encoberto) e o Céu 12 (Claro)
(CIE, 1999). Os modelos foram simulados para todos os dias do ano, 11 horas por dia, de
hora em hora, de 7 às 17h, para as orientações Norte e Sul. As coordenadas utilizadas foram
as da cidade Vitória – ES, (latitude: 20°19'10" S e longitude: 40°20'16" W) pois não foi
possível a inserção da cidade de Colatina - ES no programa utilizado para simulação. Optou-
se então por Vitória por estas cidades possuírem coordenadas semelhantes (Colatina:
latitude 19°32’22’’ S e longitude 40°37’50’’W). Foram considerados 16 pontos de análise à
75cm de altura do piso.
Como parâmetros de avaliação de disponibilidade de luz natural no ambiente interno, foram
usadas as Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) propostas por Nabil e Mardaljevic (2006). Os
autores afirmam que valores abaixo de 100 lx caracterizam-se como insuficientes, valores
entre 100 e 500 lx caracterizam-se com suficientes, mas com necessidade de iluminação
complementar, valores entre 500 e 2000 lx caracterizam-se como suficientes e valores
acima dos 2000 lx são caracterizados como excessivos.
Desta forma foram feitas as seguintes análises da iluminação natural em função dos quatro
modelos de balcões (associados às prateleiras de luz e brises):
a) avaliação dos percentuais de horas das UDI (Useful Daylight Illuminance), onde serão
investigados como se dá o comportamento dos percentuias das UDI;
b) avaliação da curva isolux, onde serão investigados como se dá o decaimento da
iluminação natural no ambiente interno.
Para análise dos percentuais de horas das UDI, foram extraídos os valores dos meses entre
fevereiro e novembro (período letivo). Já para a análise das curvas isolux, escolheu-se dois
dias específicos, 24/09 – equivalente à uma data próxima ao equinócio de outono - e dia
24/11, que corresponde à uma data próxima do equinócio de verão, ambos dentro do
período letivo. Ainda, optou-se em analisar dois horários do dia – às 10h e às 14h -, de forma
a contemplar tanto o período da manhã quanto o período da tarde.
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Gráfico 1: Percentual de horas do dia (UDI) de fevereiro a novembro, para orientação Norte e Sul,
Céu 7 e Céu 12
Para a análise do desempenho dos modelos com relaçao à distribuição de luz natural dentro
do ambiente, os Gráficos de 2 a 5 mostram o decaimento da luz natural, perpendicular à
abertura, do ponto mais próximo à janela (P2) até o ponto mais distante (P14).
O Gráfico 2 demonstra os dados obtidos para o dia 24/09, às 10h e 14h, Céu 7 (Parcialmente
encoberto), orientação Norte e Sul. Para ambas as orientações, os modelos M1b e M2b são
os que apresentam os menores decaimentos da iluminância à medida que os pontos se
afastam da abertura.
Gráfico 2: Decaimento da luz natural para o dia 24/09, 10h e 14h, orientação Norte e Sul, Céu 7
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Tabela 1: Percentual de decréscimo da iluminância entre os pontos de medição, para o dia 24/09,
Norte, Céu 7, às 10 e 14h
24/09 - NORTE 24/09 - NORTE
10h 14h
Modelos Modelos
P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14 P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14
M1a -43% -40% -18% M1a -47% -37% -28%
M1b -46% -38% -24% M1b -50% -37% -24%
M2a -41% -39% -24% M2a -45% -35% -28%
M2b -43% -35% -25% M2b -46% -34% -25%
Tabela 2: Percentual de decréscimo da iluminância entre os pontos de medição, para o dia 24/09,
Sul, Céu 7, às 10 e 14h
24/09 - SUL 24/09 - SUL
10h 14h
Modelos Modelos
P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14 P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14
M1a -41% -35% -21% M1a -39% -36% -21%
M1b -43% -34% -22% M1b -42% -34% -22%
M2a -37% -34% -22% M2a -36% -34% -22%
M2b -37% -30% -23% M2b -36% -30% -23%
Para o Céu 12 (Claro), orientações Norte e Sul, os modelos com o melhor desempenho foram,
novamente, M1b e M2b, os quais apresentaram os menores decaimentos da iluminância à
medida que os pontos se afastam da abertura (Gráfico 3). Porém o modelo M1b, para Sul,
Céu 12 (Claro), apresentou valores bem abaixo em comparação ao modelo M2b,
apresentando, no ponto P14, índices abaixo de 500 lx, considerado insuficiente. A Tabelas 3
e 4 mostram o percentual de decaimento dos pontos de medição, com o modelo M2b
apresentando a menor perda entre os pontos de medição par Sul (em destaque).
Gráfico 3: Decaimento da luz natural para o dia 24/09, 10h e 14h, orientação Norte e Sul, Céu 12
Tabela 3: Percentual de decréscimo da iluminância entre os pontos de medição, para o dia 24/09,
Norte, Céu 12, às 10 e 14h
24/09 - NORTE 24/09 - NORTE
10h 14h
Modelos Modelos
P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14 P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14
M1a -32% -38% 5% M1a -38% -29% -33%
M1b -33% -30% -21% M1b -36% -30% -20%
M2a -30% -37% -22% M2a -36% -23% -35%
M2b -27% -27% -23% M2b -31% -26% -22%
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Tabela 4: Percentual de decréscimo da iluminância entre os pontos de medição, para o dia 24/09,
Sul, Céu 12, às 10 e 14h
24/09 - SUL 24/09 - SUL
10h 14h
Modelos Modelos
P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14 P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14
M1a -25% -29% -15% M1a -25% -28% -15%
M1b -23% -23% -17% M1b -21% -23% -17%
M2a -20% -26% -19% M2a -18% -25% -19%
M2b -14% -20% -20% M2b -13% -20% -20%
Gráfico 4: Decaimento da luz natural para o dia 24/11, 10h e 14h, orientação Norte e Sul, Céu 12
Tabela 5: Percentual de decréscimo da iluminância entre os pontos de medição, para o dia 24/11,
Norte, Céu 7, às 10 e 14h
24/11 - NORTE 24/11 - NORTE
10h 14h
Modelos Modelos
P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14 P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14
M1a -41% -37% -22% M1a -43% -36% -22%
M1b -43% -35% -23% M1b -45% -35% -22%
M2a -38% -35% -23% M2a -40% -35% -22%
M2b -38% -31% -24% M2b -40% -31% -23%
Tabela 6: Percentual de decréscimo da iluminância entre os pontos de medição, para o dia 24/11,
Sul, Céu 7, às 10 e 14h
24/11 - SUL 24/11 - SUL
10h 14h
Modelos Modelos
P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14 P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14
M1a -44% -37% -22% M1a -42% -37% -23%
M1b -46% -35% -23% M1b -44% -35% -23%
M2a -41% -36% -23% M2a -39% -36% -23%
M2b -41% -31% -24% M2b -39% -32% -24%
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Gráfico 5: Decaimento da luz natural para o dia 24/11, 10h e 14h, orientação Norte e Sul, Céu 12
Tabela 7: Percentual de decréscimo da iluminância entre os pontos de medição, para o dia 24/11,
Norte, Céu 12, às 10 e 14h
24/11 - NORTE 24/11 - NORTE
10h 14h
Modelos Modelos
P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14 P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14
M1a -27% -31% -16% M1a -29% -30% -16%
M1b -28% -26% -19% M1b -29% -26% -19%
M2a -25% -28% -20% M2a -24% -28% -20%
M2b -21% -23% -21% M2b -22% -23% -21%
Tabela 8: Percentual de decréscimo da iluminância entre os pontos de medição, para o dia 24/11,
Sul, Céu 12, às 10 e 14h
24/11 - SUL 24/11 - SUL
10h 14h
Modelos Modelos
P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14 P2 a P6 P6 a P10 P10 a P14
M1a -31% -31% -16% M1a -28% -31% -16%
M1b -31% -27% -19% M1b -28% -27% -19%
M2a -25% -28% -20% M2a -26% -29% -21%
M2b -24% -23% -22% M2b -22% -23% -22%
5. CONCLUSÃO
Sob as condições investigadas, os resultados demostraram que os melhores resultados com
relação à uniformidade das iluminâncias e a distribuição da luz natural foram obtidos pelo
modelo M2b (balcão refletor inclinado para a área externa e brise). Este modelo obteve a
melhor distribuição da luz natural no ambiente interno, principalmente quando voltado
para a orientação Sul, com baixos percentuais de UDI acima dos 2000 lx, iluminância
considerada indesejável. Desta forma o modelo M2b apresentou a melhor distribuição das
iluminância nas horas do dia, além de menor contraste da iluminação entre os pontos mais
profundos do ambiente e os pontos mais próximos da abertura.
Já os modelos que combinaram o balcão com a prateleira de luz, M1a e M2a, apresentaram
os piores índices, provavelmente por este dispositivo, a prateleira de luz, permitir em várias
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horas do dia um maior acesso da luz direta no ambiente interno. Esses dois modelos
apresentaram, para todas as orientações, dias, horários e tipos de céu, valores acima de
2000 lx próximo às janelas. Só houve um desempenho razoável destes modelos para a
orientação Sul, Céu 12 (Claro).
Desta forma, é possível afirmar que a correta combinação dos elementos de fachada podem
influenciar na qualidade do ambiente interno, contribuindo para um maior aproveitamento
da luz natural. Já estão sendo desenvolvidas novas pesquisas associando o balcão à outras
variáveis, como diferentes ângulos solares, de forma a se conseguir o máximo de
aproveitamento desse recurso, obtendo ambientes cada vez mais confortáveis e que
aproveite ao máximo os recursos disponíveis.
REFERÊNCIAS
Araújo, M. R.; Gonçalves, V.; Cabús, R. 2007. Análise da iluminação natural a partir de elementos
vazados. In: Ix Encontro Nacional E V Latino Americano De Conforto No Ambiente Construído, Ouro
Preto: 2007. ENTAC ELACAC.
Amorim, C. N. D. 2007. Diagrama Morfológico Parte I: instrumento de análise de projeto ambiental
com uso de luz natural. Paranoá Cadernos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 3., Brasília, DF, n. 3, P. 57-76.
Cabús, R. 2004. Influência da luz refletida no solo na iluminação natural nos trópicos: comparando o
desempenho de protetores solares. In: Conferência Latino-Americana De Construção Sustentável e
Encontro Nacional De Tecnologia Do Ambiente Construído, São Paulo: 2004. claC’S ENTAC.
Cabús, R. 2005. Troplux – Manual do usuário. Maceió: GRILU.
CIE – Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. 1999. Spatial distribution of daylight – CIE standart
general sky. CIE. Wien.
Graça, V. A. C. da; Kowaltowski, D. C. C. K.; Petreche, J. R. D. 2007. An evaluation method for school
building design at the preliminary phase with optimisation of aspects of environmental comfort for
the school system of the State São Paulo in Brazil. Building and Environment 42 (2): 984-999. Elsevier
BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.020
Hopkinson, R. G.; Petherbridge, P.; Longmore, J. 1975. Iluminação Natural. Imperial Ltda. Lisboa.
Lam, W. M. C. 1986. Sunlighting as formgiver for architecture. Van nostrand Reinold company: Nova
York.
Nabil, A. e Mardaljavic, J. 2006. Useful daylight illuminances: a replacement for daylight factors.
Energy and Buldings 38: 905-913. London: Elsevier.
Pellegrino, A.; Cammarano, S.; Savio, V. 2015. Daylighting for Green Schools: A Resource for Indoor
Quality and Energy Efficiency in Educational Environments. Energy Procedia 78: 3162-3167. Elsevier
BV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.774
Pereira, F. O. R.; Souza, M. B. 2000. Apostila da disciplina: Conforto Ambiental – Iluminação. UFSC – CT:
Florianópolis.
Yu, X.; Su, Y. 2015. Daylight availability assessment and its potential energy saving estimation –A
literature review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (52): 494-503. Elsevier BV.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.142
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Green Roofs: Manual structure proposed for Brazilian
cities
Priscila Nakamura
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography
College (FAENG), Campo Grande (MS), Brazil
prinakk@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: Regarding green roofs, policies and encouragement strategies have been
adopted for more than thirty years in countries such as Germany, Switzerland, Japan and
Canada, where there are supportive standards, guidelines and manuals. In Brazil, this
issue is recent and several laws are being proposed in recent years, but they are
superficial and do not show strong technical or scientific basis. This work aims to create
the content of a manual, including design, construction and maintenance of green roofs
systems for Brazilian cities, being Campo Grande, a city in Mato Grosso do Sul State, in
Brazil, the study case. It is addressed to project designers, manufacturers, contractors and
users, as a support for the implementation of constructive solutions. The city
characteristics were described, the nomenclature of the material (guide or manual) was
defined, and then Brazilian laws were evaluated, as well as guides and manuals in use. All
the documents vary both in content and depth. Thus, it was defined the content of the
manual proposed (script), that will be filled in the next step. The manual structure can be
used in other sites with similar characteristics.
Keywords green roof. manual. guide. public policy.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, green roofs are an important element for the transformation of the larger
cities, as they contribute for the good performance of buildings and for the life quality of
its inhabitants, creating more sustainable urban environments (Raposo, 2013). To achieve
the full potential of green roofs, good planning process for proper construction is
necessary and also the knowhow about how to take care the system through life time.
Some guides, manuals and documents with guidelines and requirements for construction,
were developed first in Europe, where researches on green roofs started three decades
ago. In Germany, where were born the modern green roofs systems (Magill et al, 2011),
the natural resources scarcity and the population high density, forced people to develop
sustainability practices in almost all economic activities (Buehler et al, 2011). By 1980 the
consumer market of these roofs quickly expanded and according to Hui (2010), when the
"boom" occurred, many of not qualified enterprises have emerged, creating a bad legacy of
poorly built green roofs. This situation motivated the development of guidelines and
standards, supported by research groups in universities. The FLL guide
(Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau - Research for the
Development of Landscape, 2008), took seven years of a research team and became a
reference worldwide. In 1996, at least 10 million square meters of green roof had already
been built in Germany. It is important to note that State and Municipal Government laws,
through financial bonus, stimulated this growth. Other European states and cities have
adopted similar support strategies and policies, encouraging a new industry to provide
vegetation, materials, contractors, and maintenance staff, among others.
In Brazil, laws to stimulate green roofs construction are being proposed in many cities, but
these laws are quite superficial, with lack of knowledge. It is time to have some research
improvements about green roofs in Brazil to prevent what happened in Germany, and
especially for hottest regions. The documents available are guides, manuals, codes, and
handbooks, from many countries. Despite the characteristics of the building sites (climate,
vegetation, culture) the organization of each document has differences in approach,
content, in-depth level, language, which were explored in Nakamura and Yuba (2016), and
can be used to develop a Brazilian manual, non-existent yet.
2. OBJECTIVE
This study aims to define the content and structure for a Brazilian green roofs manual,
addressed to designers, manufacturers, contractors and users, to give them the initial
support to implement the construction system in Brazilian cities.
3. METHOD
Unlike Germany, Brazil has a greater territory, with different climates and vegetation. This
sets different priorities for each region. To avoid generalizations that could become an
obstacle to the assimilation of the proposed guide and also to enable this first approach, it
was defined a study case.
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Thus, the city of Campo Grande, in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, was chosen because of
easiness to obtain data about the city and vegetation, and also because of its warm climate.
The strategies to this city can be generalized to other cities with similar characteristics.
Then, to define the structure of the manual, the following steps were carried out:
• Characterization of the city to elect priorities/ relevant topics;
• Definition of the nomenclature - guide or manual;
• Evaluation of content demanded in regulations;
• Evaluation of the content presented in the 4 documents and their origins, based on the
results presented in Nakamura and Yuba (2016). These documents were chosen based
on relevance, up-to-dateness, availability and location diversity (Europe, North
America, Oceania and Asia). Thus, the German (FLL, 2008), Canadian (Touderlund,
2010), Australian (Environa Studio, 2010) and Chinese (Hui, 2011) guides were
chosen. And also Raposo master's dissertation (2013) was a reference. This one
presents guidelines for green roofs in Portugal, and it is very similar to what is being
proposed;
• The way that the content is delivered to the reader;
• Definition of the structure and the content of the manual.
4. RESULTS
4.1.1 Winds
The stronger winds occur from June to October. In September occurs the highest wind
speeds (77.32 km/h) and during October has the highest average speeds (14.98 km/h).
The winds from northwest-east, northwest-northeast, northwest-north, north-east and
north-northwest, occur during the whole year. Between 2009 and 2013, the north
quadrant direction was the most recorded.
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4.1.2 Temperature
According to the Environmental Assessment Report (GROEN, 2015), the State is in a
confluence zone of air masses that blow in Brazilian territory. The region sits in a climate
transition area, resulting in severe thermal contrasts, those can happen during different
time of the year, as well as in different places. According to INMET, the average annual
temperature was 22.80C, while the maximum temperature occurred in October, February
and November, reaching 310C. The minimum temperature was 14.70C and occurred in July.
The thermal range in the region was 16.10C.
4.1.3 Rainfall
According to the Environmental Assessment Report (GROEN, 2015), from 2004 to 2015,
the Center-West Region has the rainy season in the summer, from December to March.
According to the atlas multireferential of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande is classified
as humid and sub-humid climate, presenting annual rainfall between 1500 and 1750 mm,
with an water surplus between 800-1200 mm during 5 to 6 months and water scarcity
350-500 mm during 4 months.
4.1.2 Vegetation
According to the Environmental Assessment Report (GROEN, 2015), Mato Grosso do Sul
State presents phytogeography connexion with Chaco, Cerrado, Amazonia and Atlantic
Forest. The city of Campo Grande is located in the Neotropical zone, in the Cerrado area. It
presents a phitophisiognomy like Campo Limpo, Campo Sujo, Cerradão, besides the
presence of Alluvial Forest, areas of ecological tension represented by the contact of
Cerrado/Semidecidual Stational Forest and areas of anthropic formation, used for
agribusiness.
Cerrado occupies 23% of the Brazilian territory, being the second largest in area and third
in biodiversity. This area is occupied by a complex of vegetation that includes different
physiognomies, resulted first due to fire or the distribution of soil types, or by the
combination of factors such as climate, soil, water and nutrients availability,
geomorphology and topography, latitudes, cattle raising and human activities impact. It
also presents biological richness once it presents about 6000 species, 800 bird’s species,
besides a large variety of fishes and others. As the Atlantic Forest, it is one of the richest
and threatened biome in the planet, and the Brazilian biome that suffered most changes by
human actions. Actually, there is just 20.7% of the remaining vegetation in the city.
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The etymology of the words "guide" and "manual", does not present any meaningful
differences. The analysis of the guides and manuals from different countries suggest that
the material with less technical information were called "manual". On the other hand, the
elaborated materials, with more technical information, and detailed content, were
presented as a "guide". Therefore, following these examples, the content intended to be
presented approaches more to the “manual” format. In the future, the manual may evolve
to a “guide”, like the German one.
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Table 1. Recurrent content found in green roofs guides and manuals. Source: The authors (2016).
Recurring contents
Definition of green roofs
Goal of the guide
Guides and existent laws
Benefits of green roofs systems
Types of green roofs
Applicability range of green roofs (weather conditions)
Function and benefits of green roofs
Implications of loadings on the structure
Roof inclination
Architectural and executive roof project and adaptations (remodeling)
Cost considerations
Leaking detection
Waterproofing of the basis for green roofs
Protection against root penetration
Drainage (drains and pipes)
Water retention for vegetation
Water storage for multipurpose uses
Water filtration (draining blankets)
Substrate role and composition
Vegetation selection
Planting forms
Aptitude for agriculture and food production
Protection against accidents/security mechanisms
Wind action
Erosion protection
Fire protection
Integration of solar panels and other technologies on green roofs
Irrigation
Fertilization
Conservation and maintenance
*the highlighted topic means that the authors do not agree that it is essential to build a green roof.
All contents indicated above are relevant for Brazilian context, but the “integration of solar
panels and other technologies” (highlighted), can be excluded, because their absences do
not impact the viability of green roof.
Below are listed punctual contents, presented in one of them or in some of the analyzed
documents. All subjects of the Table 2 are relevant, but not all of them are priorities. Users
safety and health items were considered relevant and priority (highlighted), like the
compatibility among the materials, because when it is made in a right way, it can increase
the durability of the system, otherwise, it can result in gases emission, and pollution.
These particular issues could be named as secondary items, but they can define the
success or failure of a large-scale initiative. Other content such as the “installation of
furniture” and “aptitude for environmental certification”, are considered relevant, but not
priority to compose the structure, once they are additional issues, which can be developed
later.
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Table 2. Specific content identified in the green roofs guides and manuals. Source: the authors (2016).
Specific content
Barriers/obstacles to the green roofs implementation
Aptitude for environmental certification
Compatibility among materials
Environmental compatibility (leaching emissions, disposal/recycling, pollution)
Tolerance levels of plants, phytotoxicity
Role of professionals
Protection against landslides and shear of green roofs
Construction elements (made locally or pre-fabricated)
Path ways on green roofs
Furniture installation (pergolas, trellises, lighting, etc.)
Caring for the installation of mechanical protection for waterproofing
Project management (production, administrative and legal context)
Warranties
Tests and inspections
It is important to emphasize the origin of the guides and manuals analyzed. The Hong
Kong guide (Hui, 2011) and Canada one (Touderlund, 2010) were developed by
researches in universities. The Canadian research had the collaboration of environmental
organizations and the government. The Australian manual was prepared by government
initiative, aiming to provide the community a new source of information, such as
regulations, buildings certification, among others, and had the participation of six
consultants and city representatives. The German guide was also prepared by various
consultants from a group that supplies not only green roofs guidelines, but building
systems guidelines in general.
The depth and coverage of each guide or manual is directly related to the number and
diversity of professionals involved in preparing such material.
• Part 1:
• Introduction
• Green roofs and its characteristics
• Where the manual can be used
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• Part 2:
• Design and construction
• Management and maintenance
• Part 3:
• Finals considerations
• References
• Appendix and/or attachments (if available)
Tables 3 and 4 show the steps and outline the questions to be answered in the next stage
of the research. The content of part 1 is composed by an introduction, common to all the
guides and manuals used as references, containing definitions, types of green roof and its
benefits. It also introduces the sites where the manual can be used, based on Raposo (2013)
considerations.
Table 3. Composition of the first part of the manual. Source: The authors (2016).
Part 1 (generals aspects) Should contain
Introduction ---
Purpose Objective of the manual
Guides and manuals in use International examples
Benefits and barriers Reference authors
Green roof and its characteristics ---
Definition What is green roof? (Reference guides, authors)
Types Describe the extensive, semi-intensive and intensive
vegetation
Functional layers Scheme of green roof structure, compatibility among the
materials
Where the manual can be used Mentions the extents of the manual
Campo Grande and its characteristics Characterization of Campo Grande (Planurb, Inpe, Inmet...)
Climate Show data (Planurb, Inpe, Inmet...)
Temperature Show data (Planurb, Inpe, Inmet...)
Wind Show data (Planurb, Inpe, Inmet...)
Vegetation Characterization of Cerrado
Part 2 is composed by the most relevant factors for the implementation of green roofs.
This part appears in the majority of the guides and manuals used as references. The
construction steps will be shown, organized by themes (safety, rain, water management
etc). Besides the items in common in all references, some punctual information was added.
This information is relevant due to the specialized professionals involvement, as showed
by Hui (2010).
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Table 4. Composition of the second part of the manual. Source: the authors (2016).
Part 2 (process of implementation) Should contain
Design, viability and construction ---
Initial considerations ---
Objective What is the destination of the green roof?
Budget Address the final cost estimate
Accessibility Who can access the roof?
Role of practitioners Which practitioners are involved?
Analysis and choice of location ---
Load implications on the structures Care with the load on a new or existent structure
Roof inclination Values, search for the references
Wind action Reference guides, search for acceptable wind speed
values
Safety ---
Fall protection Protection for contractors and users
Fire prevention Measures that can help to prevent or control,
references
Protection against shear and landslides Measures to prevent accidents
Tightness ---
Waterproofing Existing types in Brazil and the best ones for green
roofs
Mechanical protection Function, types of materials and installation
methods
Root barrier Existing types in Brazil and the best ones for green
roof
Rainwater Management ---
Water drainage system (drains and pipes) Function, types of materials and installation
methods
Retention of water for vegetation Function, types of materials
Water storage for multipurpose use How can be done and for what use?
Water filtration (draining blankets) Function, types of materials and installation
methods
Vegetation performance ---
Role and composition of the substrate Function, types, selection requirements. Search
information regarding the area
Vegetation selection Types (herbs, grasses and others), selection
criteria
Phytotoxicity tolerance level of vegetation Measures to guarantee the vegetation survival
Vegetation recommended for green roofs Tamires Yule recommendations for native
in Campo Grande vegetation of the Brazilian Cerrado (also known as
Brazilian savanna)
Planting forms References
Aptitude for agriculture and food References, types of food that can be cultivated in
production Campo Grande
Irrigation Function, types of materials and installation
methods
Fertilization How to use, frequency. References
Management and maintenance ---
Project management (productive, References
administrative and legal context)
Warranties Analyze warranties of specialized companies
Conservation e maintenance Maintenance plan
Tests and inspections Function, types of materials and installation
methods
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5. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
This study created a content structure for a Brazilian manual of green roofs. It did not
intend to solve all obstacles and barriers regarding implementation of green roofs in
Brazilian cities. Moreover, it introduced useful content for designers, manufacturers,
contractors and users, to guide and inform them about the requirements to design it. In
order to make this research viable and due to limitations (researchers, time, resources),
this work defined a specific context.
The organization in topics was generated by a structured analysis of four important
documents. It can be viewed as a summary of the mains issues around green roofs. The
development of the contents does not constitute part of this work. In fact, it will be done in
the next step of the research. Moreover, it will be given emphasis to the public and private
sectors involvement and to the creation of a practical and easy to use material.
REFERENCES
Aziz H. and Ismail Z. 2011. Design Guideline for Sustainable Green Roof System. IEEE Symposium on
Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA), Langkawi, Malaysia Legal Aspects in
Built Environment Initiative Group.
Dvorak, B. 2011. Comparative analysis of green roof guidelines and standards in Europe and North
America. Journal of Green Building, 6 (2): 170-191.
Environa studio. Sydney City Concil Green Roof Resource Manual, Sydney. 2010. Available at:
http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/. Accessed November 5, 2015.
Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V. (FLL). Guidelines for the
Planning, Construction and Maintenance of Green Roofing. 2008. Available at:
http://www.fll.de/verbandsstruktur.html. Accessed June 5, 2015.
GROEN-Engenharia e Meio Ambiente LTDA. 2015. Consultoria em meio ambiente. Relatório de
Avaliação Ambiental. Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado do Município de Campo Grande/MS.
Preliminar version. Available at: http://www.pmcg.ms.gov.br/SEGOV. Accessed May 16, 2016.
Hui, S. 2010. Development of technical guidelines for green roof systems in Hong Kong. Proceedings of
Joint Symposium 2010 on Low Carbon High Performance Buildings; Hong Kong.
Hui, S. 2011. Technical guidelines for green roofs systems in Hong Kong. Available at:
http://www.mech.hku.hk/bse/greenroof/HK_Green_Roof_Technical_Guidelines.pdf. Accessed May
1, 2015.
Instituto Municipal de Planejamento Urbano – PLANURB. 2015. Perfil Socioeconômico de Campo
Grande/Instituto Municipal de Planejamento Urbano - PLANURB. 22ª ed. rev. Campo Grande.
Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia - INMET. 2015. Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1961-1990.
Available at: http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisClimatologicas.
Accessed May 16, 2016.
Nakamura P. e Yuba A. N. 2016. Comparação entre guias de coberturas verdes. In: XVI ENTAC:
Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído. São Paulo. Annals.
Raposo, F. 2013. Manual de boas práticas de coberturas verdes. Lisboa: Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade de Lisboa. Master's dissertation.
Tolderlund L. 2010. Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi-Arid
and Arid West. Available at:
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/GreenRoofsSemiAridAridWest.pdf.
Accessed November 5, 2015.
98
Double Glazings: Spectrophotometric Characterization for
Facade Modules
Helenice M. Sacht
PhD Professor, Civil Engineering of Infrastructure, Federal University of Latin American Integration,
Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, helenice.sacht@unila.edu.br
Luis Bragança
PhD Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães,
Portugal, braganca@civil.uminho.pt
Manuela Almeida
PhD Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães,
Portugal, malmeida@civil.uminho.pt
Heriberto O. Nascimento
PhD Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal,
Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, heribertoo@ufrnet.br
Rosana Caram
PhD PhD Associate Professor, Institute of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo, São
Carlos, Brazil, rcaram@sc.usp.br
ABSTRACT: Glazing contributes significantly to heat transfer between outdoor and indoor
spaces and these surfaces act directly on daylighting and thermal comfort. Based on these
aspects, spectrophotometric characterization of double glazings was accomplished to
study components for a modular facade system for the climate of Portugal. This study
focused on results of spectrophotometric measurements of optical behavior in the
different solar spectrum intervals – ultraviolet, visible and near infrared, specifically
transmittance of two types of double glazings. The first double glazing presents a single
pane of green glass with a solar control foil and a single pane of a glass with an extremely
low-emissivity foil; the second one presents a single pane of self-cleaning glass and a float
clear annealed glass. Results show the percentage of transmission to spectrum intervals,
which enabled the verification of the efficiency of the glazing in terms of daylighting and
the correlation to thermal performance. These results generate subsides and indications
for specification and adequate uses of transparent surfaces, and also complements the
datasheets available from the manufactures.
Keywords Facades; Daylighting; Double Glazing; Spectrophotometer Tests; Energy
Efficiency.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The specification of transparent materials for building facades requires the careful
consideration of the product performance characteristics and building codes, among other
demands. All glazing properties must be considered in the choice of a material. The
selection of glazings should be a careful process of evaluation and weighing of tradeoffs.
Among the characteristics required for the specifications of transparent materials,
spectrophotometric behavior is an important factor, as it enables improvements in the
thermal and visual comfort of a building.
An improvement in the façade design would be the choice of glazing whose characteristics
maximize daylight effectiveness and occupants´ comfort, minimize energy use and
accomplish the objectives of the architectural project. All glazing properties must be
examined during the choice of the type of glazing to be used in a careful evaluation
process. However, some characteristics, as transmission in different spectrum intervals
and influence on the daylighting and thermal performance are not provided by the
manufacturers (Sacht, 2013).
The transmission through glazings depends mainly on the angle of radiation incidence,
thickness, chemical composition and superficial characteristic of the glazing. The angle of
radiation incidence is the angle between the direction of the radiation and the normal one
(90~) to the surface under analysis (Caram, 1998).
The transmission of glazings also depends on the wavelength of the incident radiation.
People typically spend many hours in buildings bathed in the ultraviolet, visible, and
infrared radiation produced by natural or electric lighting, which can damage tissue
regardless of their possible influence on the visual and circadian systems (Boyce, 2010).
Baldinelli (2009) reported spectral data in the wavelength field of interest for solar
radiation and showed the high transparency levels of glazing systems made by internal
(stratified glass, air gap, float glass) and external (stratified glass) glazings, as well as the
good reflective properties of aluminum in a shading system. According to the author,
glazing optical properties depend on the incident angle between the surface and the ray
direction; as it deviates from the normal direction (0º), transmissivity decreases, whereas
reflectivity and absorptivity increase. The variation in optical properties caused by the
incidence angle depends on the glass type and thickness and, in particular, is more
pronounced for multiple-pane glazing systems.
Studies on glass and other transparent materials have focused mainly on the penetration
of UV rays through the glazings. Optically functional glasses have been proposed for
curbing its excessive penetration and performance assessments of the glazed materials
were reported by Kim & Kim (2010). Their results show UV protection glass is more
effective for controlling UV rays of natural light, clear glass treated with UV protection film
would provide excellent control of UV penetration and a pair of clear and UV protection
glass treated with UV protection film should be recommended. All such characteristics can
achieve 96.7% UV protection from natural light.
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12mm. However, the results would be significant for the analysis of the influence of the air
layer on the transmission of the double glazings. Table 1a-b presents the description of the
samples analysed.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. a-b. Device made with hard paper for the conformation of the double glazing (a); device
with the specimens positioned (b).
Table 2 shows the samples of the selected glazings to provide the visual aspect of the
selected materials. In the samples, the rusty part corresponds to the abrasion band on the
face with the film, so that the glazings could be correctly positioned in the
spectrophotometric characterization tests.
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Table 3a-b shows other characteristics of the studied glazings, as the U-values, solar heat
gain coefficient (SHGC), shading coefficient and relative heat gain (W/m²).
Table 3a. Characteristics of the Glazings.
Simple Glazing
Glazings
Characteristics Glass B (green solar
Glass E (extremely low-e
control)
Thickness 6mm 6mm
U-Value (W/m²K) 5.68 5.66
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) 0.43 0.62
Shading coefficient 0.50 0.71
Relative Heat Gain (W/m²) 351 485
Glazings
Characteristics Glass G (clear float
Glass C (self-cleaning)
annealed)
Thickness 6mm 6mm
U-Value (W/m²K) 5.80 5.80
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) 0.81 0.85
Shading coefficient 0.94 0.98
Relative Heat Gain (W/m²) 631 657
Table 3b. Characteristics of the Glazings.
Double Glazings
Glazings
Characteristics
Glazing 04 (double) Glazing 07 (double)
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The device used for the tests was the UNICAM UV/VIS (Fig. 2). It can provide data on
absorption, reflection and transmission of the tested materials. Due to the purpose of this
research was only used the mode of transmission. A tungsten lamp was used for the whole
spectrum. The samples were tested at 0° with the normal incidence (sheaf perpendicular
to the sample) and the sheaf incidence was in accordance with the coating of the samples,
as it followed the recommendations of the manufacturer for analyzed glasses.
The glazings with special films (except the self-cleaning one) were tested with their face
treated, facing the inner part of the device and not in contact with the sheaf of light. Such a
procedure was performed according to the manufacture´s recommendation that the face
must face the inner part of the glazing composition so that the coating should be intact, as
it easily oxidizes in contact with the air.
The software started the sweeping procedure at 200nm with the equipment closed and
ended at 1100nm. A 200 to 1100nm spectrum was analyzed in this spectrophotometric
characterization test. Another division was created in this interval and other sub-intervals
were generated to characterize the ultraviolet (300 to 380nm), visible (380 to 780nm) and
part of the infrared (780 to 11nm) regions.
3. RESULTS
The experimental results from the spectrophotometer are provided in graphs for a good
visualization of what occurs regarding transmittance inside the glazings studied for each
sample subjected to normal incidence of radiation. Such results will be shown per type of
glazing in a graph.
Regarding the transmission in the visible region, the use of glazings whose transmission
ranges between 30 and 50% is recommended, as they guarantee environments of
satisfactory illuminance level and enable the development of activities that require
precision of the visual system. The following intervals of luminous transmission (LT) can
be established as a parameter (Caram, 2002):
LT < 30% weak luminous transmission;
30% ≤ LT ≤ 50% medium luminous transmission;
LT> 0,50 strong luminous transmission.
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The LT coefficient should be between 30 and 50% in vertical surfaces and 25% and 40%
in covered ones. Besides the transmission in the visible region, which is usually the
parameter provided by the manufacturers of glazings, the transmission in the intervals of
the ultraviolet and infrared must also be considered. The curves of results will be
discussed based on such considerations and from the point of view of thermal comfort and
daylighting.
100
UV Visible IR
90
80
% Transmission
70
60
50
40
30 Glass B
20 Glass E
10
Glazing 04
0
100 300 500 700 900 1100
Wavelength (nm)
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UV Visible IR
90
80
70
% Transmission
60
50
40
Glass C
30
20 Glass G
10
Glazing 07
0
100 300 500 700 900 1100
Wavelength (nm)
Glazing 07, composed of Glass C (self-cleaning), a layer of air and Glass G (clear float
annealed) has shown a percentage of transmission in the UV region of 23.92%. Regarding
visible light, it transmits 70.34%, which guarantees high daylighting. In terms of infrared
irradiation, its transmission is close to that of Glass E (extremely low-e), which indicates
its use may heat the internal environment, however with a small decrease in the UV
radiation transmission. In this case, the self-cleaning coating caused no differences in
terms of transmission in comparison to the composition of double glazing with the low-e
glass analyzed.
4. CONCLUSIONS
As the climate in Portugal is temperate, the ideal glazing should work as a barrier against
ultraviolet radiation and enable the passage of the visible light to favor daylighting. In
other words, such glazing should enable good transmission in the visible region and a
small amount of heat from the near infrared so as to help the heating of the indoor
environment. Low-emissivity glazings display those characteristics as they usually show
good thermal performance for temperate climates. The results of high transmission in the
infrared for some materials analyzed show their adequacy for use in countries of
predominantly cold weather.
According to the results of the spectrophotometric tests, the lowest values of total
transmission and in the visible and infrared intervals were observed for the Glazing 04,
which employs the Glass B (green solar control) in the outer pane and Glass E (extremely
low-e) as inner pane. The lowest transmission result was observed for the simple Glass B
for the ultraviolet region. Such a characteristic has proven the performance of the green
glass was good for use in climates in which the decrease in the nominal cooling needs is a
priority.
The total transmission of Glazing 07 (Glass C-self-cleaning in the outer pane and Glass G-
clear float annealed, in the inner pane), mainly in the infrared region, has also proven its
efficiency regarding the decrease in the heat energy needs. The data of transmission of
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solar radiation are directly related to the thermal comfort conditions, principally in
relation to the results for the infrared interval.
Each type of glazing has led to distinct transmissions for each band of the solar spectrum.
The conception of a good daylighting system and thermal comfort requires attention
regarding the localization and orientation of the building, but also the variations of the
daylight in function of the seasons of the year, time and weather conditions. The results
show that evaluates the transmission only in function of the luminous transmission (in the
visible region) of the glazing is not adequate and may not be correct, because the
transmission in the other intervals will also influence the thermal comfort.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by Erasmus Mundus
ISAC – Improving Skills Across Continents for this research.
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REFERENCES
American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM). 1993. E 275: Standard practice for describing
and measuring performance of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectrophotometers.
Philadelphia.
Baldinelli, G. 2009. Double skin façades for warm climate regions: Analysis of a solution with an
integrated movable shading system. Building and Environment. 44, 1107–1118.
Boyce, P. R. 2010. The Impact of Light in Buildings on Human Health. Indoor Built Environment.
19;1: 8–20.
Caram, R. M. 1998. Caracterização Ótica de Materiais Transparentes e sua Relação com o Conforto
Ambiental em Edificações. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Civil) - Faculdade de Engenharia Civil,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP. Campinas.
Caram, R. M. 2002. Estudo e Caracterização de Fachadas Transparentes para Uso na Arquitetura:
Ênfase na Eficiência Energética. Tese de Livre-Docência – Departamento de Arquitetura e
Urbanismo Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos- EESC/ USP. São Carlos.
Kim, G.; Kim, J. T. 2010. UV-Ray Filtering Capability of Transparent Glazing Materials for Built
Environments. Indoor and Built Environment. 19;1, 94–101.
Li, D.; Li, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, C.; Lu, L. 2015. Optical performance of single and double glazing units in
the wavelength 337–900 nm. Solar Energy, 122, 1091–1099.
Sacht. H. M. 2013. Módulos de Fachada para Reabilitação Eco-Eficiente de Edifícios. Tese de
Doutorado. Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade do Minho, Portugal, Guimarães.
108
Industrial waste: Study for adding or partial replacement
in Portland cement
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1. INTRODUCTION
Portland cement is one of the main products in the production of concrete since its creation.
With the advancement in technology of constructions and population growth have boosted
the development of activities in the construction industry and, as a result, the increase in
the consumption of cement, which went on to be material more used in civil construction in
the world. The production of cement in 2013 revolved around 4 GT per year having a growth
of 9% compared to the previous year (Supino et al., 2016), the annual per capita
consumption of cement in 2009 was approximately 450 kg, with a view to 5 billion tons of
consumption in 2050 (WBCSDb, 2009, Battagin, 2011).
However, during the process of cement production requires a high energy consumption and
high levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, especially in the middle phase of production of clinker,
in addition to the high consumption of raw material (Aruntas et al., 2010, Supino et al.,
2016). The impacts can be measured in the consumption of around 3% of primary energy
used in the world (Juenger et al, 2011) in issuing the atmosphere of approximately 2 billion
tons of CO2 (Shi et al., 2011) and the consumption of 1.5T - 1,7T of materials minerals to 1T
clinker (Yen et al., 2011, Zang et al., 2013) causing major impacts if there is no sustainable
change in the production process.
Despite the difficulties of introducing new materials in the construction industry to be
characterized as a traditional sector, discussions and the needs around sustainability drives
the changes in the production process of Portland cement with the deployment of waste as
by-products in the promise of reducing environmental impacts in the emission of gases and
contamination of the environment, consumption of raw materials, the costs with outlets and
the enhancement of the qualities of concrete (Tsakkiridis et al., 2004, Juenger et al., 2011).
Recent studies have demonstrated that the use of industrial waste as raw material, bring
economic benefits, technological, environmental, and the civil construction industry a
potential for receiving various types of waste (Ribeiro et al., 2011, Pontikes & Angelopoulos,
2013).
The cement industry in order to contribute to the sustainable development has assumed
major challenges in improving waste management operations (Shi et al., 2011). An example
of this advance was the creation, in the late 1990's, by the main companies of cement,
Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI), composed of members of the Program World
Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), in order to identify and explore
sustainable actions in the cement industry (Schneider et al., 2011, Supino et al., 2016). The
producers of cement moved to review the methods and materials for the production of
cement began to search for studies for introduction of new raw materials more economical
and abundant (Yen et al., 2011).
In this context, the large volume of industrial waste deposited in landfills, as a result of
industrial growth and urbanization, emerges as shaft to replace the natural raw material in
the production of Portland cement contributes to reduction of environmental impacts in
both industries (Metha, 2001, Neeraj, 2011). It is observed that many of these materials
industries have undesirable in its composition significant levels of inorganic materials, such
as oxides of silica and aluminum that in appropriate mixtures can be used in the production
of Portland cement by improving their physical characteristics and mechanical properties
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as the workability and resistance and next to that contribute to reducing the environmental
impacts of the cement industry to Environment (Tsakkiridis et al., 2004, Neeraj, 2011).
The introduction of industrial waste in production and substitution of cement has three
sustainable basis, not only helping in reducing the use of natural raw materials and the
recycling of waste from other industries, as well as, contributing to a reduction in CO2
emissions and energy consumption to reduce the firing time of the clinker (Zhang et al.,
2013, Aliabdo et al., 2014).
The objective of this study is to promote a literature review of promising approaches
published for introduction of industrial waste for adding or partial replacement of Portland
cement. The analyzes were concentrated in the residues of the aluminum industry - the red
mud and in the processing of ornamental stones of marble and granite, due to the high
volume in disposal of waste in these industries in the production steps, exposing the
technical, environmental and mechanical when it incorporates waste in the cement
industry.
SiO2
21 (+-2)
Al2O3
5 (+- 1,5)
FeO3 3 (+-1)
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Neeraj (2012) performed a comparative study between the residues of dust of marble -
nonpozzolanic, and rice husk ash – pozzolanic, as mineral additions in common cement
Portland, analyzing the characteristics of time of setting and compressive strength. The
additions with other minerals were made in the levels of 20%, 40% and 60% of dust of
marble and 10%, 20% and 30% of rice husk with respect water/cement ranging from 0.30
to 0.38 with ages of testing for resistance to compression of 1, 3, 7, 28, 90, 180 and 360 days.
The results of the samples with mixtures of the residue of marble floor showed that adding
influence on behavior, functioning as an accelerator of hydration. As for the mechanical
properties, the incorporation of the residue decreased the resistance as the increase in the
percentage of addition. This is due to a concentration of CaO, who did not participate in the
process of hydration, because it acts as fillers. The author concludes as percentage great
increase of 20% in mineral mixtures of residues of dust of marble and 20% of residues of
rice husk to the development of Portland cement with a reduction in the use of natural
resources and the final cost of the product (Neeraj, 2012).
Barcaji et al., (2013), approach the chemical analysis and mechanical performance of the
residue of marble and granite, through tests of resistance to compression, modulus of
elasticity, water absorption and particle size distribution, in compositions in replacement
of Portland cement and its effect on the performance of the concrete. The levels of replacing
ranged between 5% and 10% and 20% with respect water/cement from 0.50 to 0.65 and
ages tests of 7, 21 and 28 days.
According to the authors, the residues of marble and granite analyzed have not pozzolanic,
working as fillers, leading to a reduction in the resistance to compression and modulus of
elasticity, affecting the compression ratio of the folder with the household. Through
consistency tests showed an improvement in the workability of the material with the
addition of the residue and an increase of around 0.9% in the absorption of water. Despite
the decrease in resistance the authors claim that can be used containing great for adding
5% by presenting a lower impact on the mechanical properties and rheological properties,
and be a model promising in sustainable issues (Barcaji et al., 2013).
Aliabdo et al. (2014) investigated the possibility of using waste of mud from processing of
marble as fat replacement in cement and in a second step for replacing the cement or sand
in the production of concrete. The relations of replacing studied were 0.0%, 5.0%, 7.5%,
10.0% and 15% by weight. The ratio of water to cement or reason (a/c) were 0.50 and 0.40
in the case of replacing cement. Were investigated the physical, mechanical and chemical
properties.
As a result they obtained that substitution of residue in the cement little influence in settings
of the start and end time to handle, however influence in increasing the compression force
and the production of a concrete less porous, having a great replacing dust of marble in the
cement and sand up to 15% affecting positively the characteristics of concrete. Aliabdo et
al. (2014) at the end of the experiment concluded that the use of the dust of marble for a
surrogate for seating in the concrete has most significant effect on the mechanical
properties of concrete.
Mashaly et al. (2016) studied the use of residues from the mud of processing of marble as a
substitute of cement to 40% and evaluated the production of blocks of paving of concrete.
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The proportions were 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. Studies conducted mineralogical,
physical and mechanical properties of both fresh concrete and hardened. Were determined
3, 7 and 28 days of curing the composite of cement and 28 days for concrete products.
The results showed that the introduction of residual dust of marble enhance the physical
and mechanical properties of the materials cementitious, arriving at a great replacement of
up to 20% of the mud of marble. They observed a reduction in water absorption, increased
density of concrete, improvement in compressive strength and abrasion resistance
increased (Mashaly et al., 2016).
5. CONCLUSION
The analysis of the studies presented show that both add as a substitution of residue in a
matrices cementitious promote physical improvements and chemical compounds, related
to increased resistance, decrease in the levels of water absorption and porosity, and the
increase of the density and resistance to abrasion.
The residues identified by authors with characteristics for pozzolanic activities obtained
better results in physical and chemical analyzes, in relation to the waste considered not
pozzolanic, indeed fillers.
However, due to variability in the chemical composition of the waste as production process
and place of landfill, the standardization in relation to percentage great is hindered, being
observed values of adding and replacing non-uniform.
Studies to identify the percentage great to be added or replaced of the residue in the
manufacturing process of the cement has great relevance and succinctly the exploratory
studies in this line, seen identify and support what is being researched and found at matrices
cementitious.
There is a need for dissemination of studies of red mud and residues of marble and granite
in composition of production or replacement of Portland cement, in order to analyze all or
possible ways to chemical, physical, environmental and economic benefits for this type of
addition.
As well as the need for studies that lead the connection between the additions and partial
replacements of types of industrial waste in Portland cement with a real reduction in
economic terms and levels of environmental impacts in order to advance in subsequent
steps of commercial introduction of the residue in the production of cement and concrete.
The occurrences of substitution of residue in the production process of Portland cement,
from the perspective of sustainability, is more powerful that the application of the residue
as addition or partial replacement of cement, by virtue of the reduction of the emission of
CO2, by allowing the reduction of burning time by reducing the consumption of raw material
and reduce the cost of production.
REFERENCES
Akalin O. 2014. Eco-Cement Optimization Using Statistical Mixture Design Method. AC I materials
Journal 111: 391-398.
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Aliabdo A. A., Elmoaty M A., Elmoaty A., Auda E. M. 2014. Re-use of waste marble dust in the
production of cement and concrete. Construction and Building Materials 50: 28–41.
Aruntas H., Guru M., Dayı M., Tekin I. 2010. Utilization of waste marble dust as an additive in cement
production. Materials and Design 31: 4039–4042.
Bacarji E., Toledo Filho R.D., Koenders E.A.B., Figueiredo E.P., Lopes J.L.M.P. 2013. Sustainability
perspective of marble and granite residues as concrete Fillers. Construction and Building Materials
45: 1–10
Battagin F.A. 2011. Cimento Portland. Concreto: ciência e tecnologia 1: 184 – 231.
Fujii A.L, Torres D.R, Romano R.C.O, Cincotto M. A., Pileggi R.G. 2015. Impact of superplasticizer on
the hardening of slag Portland cement blended with red mud. Construction and Building Materials
101: 432–439
Juenger M.C.G, Winnefeld F., Provis J.L, Ideker J.H. 2011. Advances in alternative cementitious
binders. Cement and Concrete research 41: 1232-1243.
Madloola N.A., Saidura R., Hossaina M.S.,. Rahimb N.A. 2011. A critical review on energy use and
savings in the cement industries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 2042–2060.
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of cementitious composites produced with red mud waste. Construction and Building Materials 67:
29–36
Mashaly A.O, El-Kaliouby B.A, Shalaby B.N, Gohary A.M, Rashwan M.A. (2016). Effects of marble
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Current status and a possible way forward. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 73: 53– 63.
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on hardened state characteristics of cement mortars. Construction and Building Materials 25: 163–
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to Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research 41: 750–763.
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de alumina: produção, características, disposição e aplicações alternativas. Revista Matéria 12 (2):
322 – 338.
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Zhanga N., Liub X., Sunc H., Li L. 2011. Evaluation of blends bauxite-calcination-method red mud with
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Characterization and Thermal Performance of a
Compressed Earth Construction System for Improving
Comfort and Achieving Energy Savings
Luis Guerrero
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco. Mexico City, Mexico
luisfg1960@yahoo.es
Gabriel Morales
Metropolitan Autonomous University. Mexico City, Mexico
gabriel_gala12@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT: Earth has been used historically as a construction material in various regions and
cultures for thousands of years. The primitive earth structures consisted mainly of simple
wooden frames covered with mud. Earth constructions are usually built in locations where
other construction materials are relatively scarce. The process of its fabrications consists of
sun-dried mud or adobe bricks with organic material and sometimes require stabilization
using lime, cement or sand. A variation of a typical adobe construction is by using compressed
earth and straw, and this process can change the material´s nature and physical properties,
among other features. The objective of this research is to characterize an experimental
prototype built with a manually compressed poured earth construction system (MPE) and
compared with a conventional industrialized system (CIS). The dimensions of the two
prototypes are 3 meters length, 3 meters width, and 2.40 meters height Important advantages
of the earth prototype investigated included its low ecological footprint, low embodied energy
and low cost. Then results showed that the MPE presented better thermal performance than
the CIS and the economic analysis proved that the MPE prototype has a low-cost to construct
relative to the CIS. Likewise, the sustainable analysis realized demonstrated that MPE is a
prototype with high potential for implementation in communities aimed at achieving a nearly
zero environmental impact. It is expected that the results of this research can be served as a
demonstrative example and be applied to generate a multiple effect in other similar regions
and that this approach can improve the environment and the quality of living.
Keywords Thermal comfort, low-cost housing, earth construction, energy savings, sustainability.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Earth has been used as building material since early times in history. Certainly, earth is one of
man's oldest building materials and most ancient civilizations used it to some extent and in a
wide variety of applications, frequently in relationship and harmony with the local climatic
conditions. It is a construction material easily available, cheap, strong and required only simple
technology. It also has a good thermal mass or thermal inertia properties, which makes it ideal
to be used as modulator of the temperature differential between the exterior and interior of a
building. For example, in Egypt the grain stores of Ramasseum built in adobe in 1300 BC still
exist; the Great Wall of China has sections built in rammed earth constructed over 2000 years
ago. Other successful examples of earth buildings can be found in Iran, India, Nepal, Yemen,
Alhambra, among others, which have examples of ancient cities and large buildings built in
various forms of earthen construction (Figures 1, 2). It is worth mentioning that earth wall
constructions have more heat capacity and thermal inertia and lower conductivity than
concrete walls. The earliest permanent dwellings yet discovered are found in the Middle East,
China, and the Indus Valley. Jericho, which dates back from 8300 B.C., is the earliest city in the
world with constructions made of earth. As early as 11, 000 year ago, the Jericho inhabitants
built their dwellings made of oval, hand- formed, sun-dried brick using wooden moulds.
Incidentally, the word “adobe” comes from the Arab word “toub”, which means brick. Other
historical application of rammed earth are found in Caral, Perú, the oldest city in America
(3000 BJ); the Great Pyramid of Cholula, Puebla, Mexico (700 AJ), which is the world´s most
voluminous pyramid; the Prehistoric City of Paquimé in Chihuahua, Mexico (1200 AJ) had up
to four stories totally built of earth (Figures 3, 4 and 5). The Djenné Mesquite is the largest
adobe building with its original use, built from 1180 to 1330) It was declared World Heritage
by the UNESCO in 1988 (Figure 6).
It is noteworthy that the oldest remaining examples of this building form using earth as the
main construction material are in located in hot arid areas of the world. The strength of
unstabilised earth walls comes from the bonding effect of dried clay. If the structures don not
have a suitable water protection systems integrated, they might be wet and the structural
strength can be lost and the construction can be eroded and fail. However, different countries
have approaches and corrective alternatives to solve and avoid this problem.
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Figure 3. Caral City, Perú (3000 BJ). Figure 4. The world´s most voluminous pyramid made of
adobe. Cholula, Puebla, Mexico (700 AJ)
The oldest city in America
However, there have been a number of misconceptions that have prevented to widely promote
and apply their advantages. At present 63% of dwelling are built with self- construction in the
country. Nevertheless, most of the houses are built with cement and concrete as well as
stainless steel bars, as the basic construction materials. Currently, 90% of housing
construction in the country based its construction in cement and concrete, particularly in the
walls, the use of concrete blocks is widely extended in the Mexico. Nonetheless, this use
involves a high energy consumption and huge emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses
(GHG) to the atmosphere, provoking a severe environmental damage at global levels and the
distortion of our natural balance resulting in destructive effects in the planet such as the global
warming and climate change, deforestation, ozone layer destruction, among others (IPCC,
2014). Therefore, it is important to find alternatives to this situation and the use of earth for
the construction of houses and buildings becomes a promising alternative to solve this
problem and its consequences.
3.1 The Role of the Building Envelope Relative to the Local Climate Conditions
Nowadays, most modern buildings incorporate architectural styles and materials that ignore
the local climate as well as its cultural and traditional factors. This is the predominant case of
many contemporary buildings located in different climate regions. As a result, such buildings
are highly dependent on mechanical and electrical systems to control the indoor environment.
This situation causes the consumption of large quantities of energy and thus high running costs
for both artificial lighting and air-conditioning systems (AC), associated with problems of
occupants' discomfort, both hygrothermal and visual, among others. Therefore, the climate
plays an important role in the performance of a building and it is crucial the strategies selected
from the conceptual stage of the design to the construction, such as orientation, solar control
and natural ventilation, among others. Under this approach, the envelope of the buildings plays
a fundamental role, and the use of earth in walls can provide significant benefits and
advantages to achieve indoor hygrothermal comfort conditions of the occupants and to reduce
the energy consumption for the climatization of the architectural spaces.
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Figure 9. Construction process of the walls of concrete Figure 10. Construction process of the prototype with
blocks with walls of manually compressed poured earth
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The construction of both prototypes was made with materials from the region, based on earth,
and wood in roofs; and doors and windows, were also made of typical local materials,
characterized to be very economical with important sustainable advantages and low energy
embedded properties.
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Figure 14. View of data logger to measure surface Figure 15. View of data logger to temperatures
surface temperatures measure on the timber ceiling
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The thermal performance of the MCE relative to CIS systems is shown in Figure 17, with a
maximum external temperature of 27.5°C and a minimal external temperature of 15.5°C, that
is a 12 K temperature swings, the MCE had a minimum DBT temperature of 18.5°C and a
maximum DBT of 25°C, then the time lag was 3.5 hours, with a decrement factor of 0.90,
whereas the CIS had a minimum DBT of 19°C and a maximum DBT of 25.5°C (Figure 17). In
this case, the same situation as in the previous case can be observed as the time lag of both
prototypes was rather similar during the hours of lower external temperatures, the ambient
temperature in the MCE were higher than in the CIS and lower during the hours with higher
temperatures. This situation reveals that the MCE prototype has a better thermal comfort than
CIS system. It is worth mentioning that the application of questionnaires has shown that most
of the thirty people who participated entering in both prototypes perceived the indoor
conditions of the MCE experimental prototype as more comfortable under overheating and
underheating conditions relative to the CIS prototype.
Figure 18. Thermal performance of MCE and CIS prototypes with radiant temperatures
During the last stage of the experimental work, the indoor radiant globe temperatures (RGT)
were recorded concurrently with the ambient dry bulb temperature in the MCE prototype,
using a digital globe thermometer. Figure 18 shows that a maximum external temperature of
23.5 °C and a minimal external temperature of 17.5°C, that is a 6 K temperature swings, the
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lag was 6 hours, with a decrement factor of 1, whereas the CIS had a minimum DBT of 21°C
and a maximum DBT of 25°C (Figure 17). In this case, the same situation as in the previous
case can be observed as the time lag of both prototypes was rather similar during the hours of
lower external temperatures, the ambient temperature in the MCE were higher than in the CIS
and lower during the hours with higher temperatures. However, it is significant to notice that
the RGT recorded followed the DBT during the hours after midnight up to 8 am when the later
increased until midday, then both temperatures were similar until 3:30 pm where RGT started
to be lower until 5 hours later, that is, 8:30 pm, then both temperatures had similar behavior
until midnight. It is important to clarify that the civil time in the location is 1 hour and 36
minutes ahead the solar time, this is the reason why the occurrence of the maximum and
minimum temperature conditions reported in both prototypes have a time offset of that period
of time.
As to the results of the RGT relative to the DBT in the MCE prototype, it is clear that the radiant
temperature is more closely related to the perception of occupant’s thermal comfort in the
MCE relative to the CIS prototype. Other studies have shown that human body is more sensible
to mean radiant temperature than to dry bulb temperatures. This situation also demonstrated
that the MCE prototype has a better thermal comfort perception than the CIS prototype.
Furthermore, the application of the questionnaires has also shown that, most of the thirty
people who participated entering in both prototypes perceived the indoor conditions of the
MCE experimental prototype as more comfortable under overheating and underheating
conditions relative to the CIS prototype.
9. CONCLUSIONS
The earth used for the construction of the MCE prototype was taken directly from the same
site where it was built, thus reducing the environmental impact and the ecological footprint
relative to the CIS. From the economical point of view, the MCE prototype was 40 cheaper than
the CIS one. Furthermore, earth is 100% recyclable and concrete used in blocks for the walls
is not. Even though the thermal advantages of MCE compared to CIS prototype was not
significant, its lower cost and environmental attributes make it a more suitable sustainable
alternative. It is also important to mention that the position and thickness of the blocks used
in the walls of prototype CIS are not found in most housing units in the country and these 127
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conditions were chosen to have the same dimensions as the MCE prototype. It is expected that
the results of this research work can be applied in locations either with temperate or with hot
arid climate conditions as the larger the temperature swings of the site the more evident the
benefits of utilizing the earth with its implicit thermal properties aimed at improving the
indoor comfort conditions of building occupants as well as the environment, the economy and
the quality of living.
REFERENCES
García Chávez, J. R., Fernández, F. (2013). Application of Combined Passive Cooling and Passive Heating Techniques
to Achieve Thermal Comfort in a Hot Dry Climate. Elsevier 2013 ISES Solar World Congress Energy Procedia.
García Chávez, J. R., Fernández, F. (2015). Application of Passive Cooling and Passive Heating as Sustainable
Environmental Strategies to Reduce the Energy Consumption in Buildings in Hot Dry Climates. CISBAT 2015
Proceedings.
Gernot, M. (2006). Earth Construction Handbook: The Building Material. Earth in Modern Architecture. Wit Press.
Gernot, M. (2012). Building with Earth. Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture. Birkhauser; 3rd
revised edition.
Guerrero, L., Soria, J., García Chávez, J. R., Fernández, F. (2015). Comportamiento Térmico un Módulo Experimental
Construido con Tierra Vertida Compactada en la Ciudad de México. Euro-Elecs 2015 Latin-American and European
Conference on Sustainable Buildings and Communities. Proceedings, Guimaraes, Portugal.
Guerrero Baca, L. (2014). Reutilización del Patrimonio Edificado en Adobe, México D.F.: Universidad Autónoma
Metropolitana.
Hall, M., Linsday, R., Karenyoff, M. (2012). Modern Earth Buildings, Materials, Engineering, Constructions and
Applications. A volume in Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy.
IPCC Climate Change 2014 (2014). Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014:
Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (Eds.). IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland, 151 pp.
Kwok, Alison G.; Grondzik, Walter T. (2014). The Green Studio Handbook. Environmental Strategies for Schematic
Design (Third Ed.). 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA: Architectural Press.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Convention (2016).
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list//en/news/1049/en/list.
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Innovative skins and domotic systems: the technological
design for residential buildings’ energetic efficiency
Lucia Melchiorre
Department of Architecture and Industrial Design “L. Vanvitelli”, Second University of Naples, Aversa
(CE), Italy
lucia.melchiorre@unina2.it
ABSTRACT: Comfort and efficiency needs require the realisation of “smart architectures”
with a supervised energetic and environmental operations, consisting of dynamic skins:
complex systems made up of blocks and filters able to adjust heat, solar radiation, air and
vapour flows and also to convert the radiations in energy (heat energy and electricity).
The innovation works above all through the operations of management and control of the
skins. Domotic systems, consisting of groups of sensors and computerized control unit, are
able to adjust the orientation, the opening or the position of the elements of the façade to
optimize the energetic efficiency of the building. Moreover, the technological integration
and installation aims making building as a “living being”, able to self-regulate to grant the
comfort of the users, using exclusively renewable energy.
Some kinds of innovative building skin façades are: parametrical and photovoltaic façades,
photocatalytic covers, self-cleaning systems treatments and façades with micro-algae.
This contribute shows the results of a research about the technological systems of façades
adjusted by domotic systems, able to comply with more and more ambitious performing
targets and more and more restrictive normative requirements, and it suggests a
classification that joins traditional functions and innovative performances.
In particular, it is a technological project of a multilevel building placed in the
mediterranean area, where the domotic system adjusts the air flows according to the
external environmental conditions, reducing energetic consumptions and in the
meanwhile contributing to satisfy the indoor comfort performances.
Keywords Building skin, Domotic system, Technological design, Energetic efficiency
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1. INTRODUCTION
Either we speak about a curtain, or we speak about a heavy masonry building or made up
of concrete or full of glass, the envelope has always played the function of repairing and
protection from outdoors. To achieve performance goals imposed on European level for
the construction of buildings with nearly zero energy level, the concept of the building
envelope has been necessary transformed. In fact, it is turned from the concept of external
protection (Passive system) into the regulator active element (Dynamic system).
Even if the discussion about the role of the mechanically controlled environmental
systems was born in 1920, the major awareness about the influence generated from the
building sector about energy consumption has taken place in 1960 in conjunction with the
spread of the 'bioclimatic architecture' concept, and even more in 70s after the energetic
crisis. However, we have to wait until 1990 for the full realization of innovative ideas
about sustainable buildings envelopes from prestigious architect (Foster, Otto, Rogers and
Piano), (Hawkes & Foster, 2002).
If you think that the building represents over the fourth percent of total energy
consumption to which the building envelope gives a great contribution, it is also evident
that energetic saving can be obtained through simple alteration in the façades systems. In
fact, the need to try system of wall that can assure flexible energetic performances and
adequate to the weather conditions and indoor wellness needs, have pushed the scientific
world to render more strong technological search in this sector. There are often new
specimen ration of innovative envelope systems in order to demonstrate how it is possible
to adopt, for the vertical and horizontally surface of closures, thanks to which it is possible
to manage and control passers flux with dynamic mechanism as if it was an “living
organism”. The evolution and the development of informatics control system, from home
automation to the Building Management System (BMS), have allowed to transfer to the
building scale the potentiality of system with artificial intelligence.
2. BUILDING FACADES
Intelligent architectures represent the last frontier of contemporary architectural
research, which aims at proposing new dynamic envelope models able to contribute to the
reduction of energy needs of buildings, making it strictly dependent from external climate
- environmental conditions, and developing all those components that increase the ability
to change the conformation in relation to the necessity to control the flux of thermal,
bright and sound energy passing through it (Sala & Romano, 2011).
If the possibility of conventional façades to turn is managed by who occupies the building
(for example by the simple opening of windows or the manual adjustment of shading
devices), the intelligent façades, instead, can turn it-self through instinctive autonomous
regulation (Wigginton & Harris, 2002).
Since the need of users and the climatic condition are variable, a performant façades
cannot be conceived as static element but as dynamic dispositive able to adapt it-self to
different conditions and respond to these changes. For this reason, the intelligent
architecture can be defined as a kind of architecture that is able to reconfigure itself if it is
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stimulated by the environment and users. The capacity to provide a dynamic response
presupposes that the building is able to “know” the changes having inside and outside, "to
choose" effective solution to give a comfortable environment for users, and "to react"
according to this choice (Atkin, 1989).
Parametric façades, photovoltaic façades, photocatalytic envelopes, treatments for self-
cleaning systems, façades systems with micro-algae, are only few types of innovative
building envelope.
2.1 Definitions
Although the literature on the intelligent envelope is still lacking, there are many
definitions about intelligent buildings e intelligence façades. It is difficult to find a single
definition because each author highlights some factors compared with others. For this
reason, in fact, is possible to identify four categories of definition about the intelligence of
buildings, elaborated in relation to (Table 1):
System and technology used
Performances
Users role
Costs.
For example, the definitions based on the façade system, shows the main technological
aspects used in the construction system, like the automation, system of control,
communication and networking (Leifer, 1988).
Instead, a definition of sustainable and intelligent façade based on guaranteed
performance, it will have to consider different performance criteria, for example solar
protection, control of daylight and shielding systems, active control of air and ventilation,
the use of renewable energy source, control of the quality of the internal air, adoption of
passive design strategy, auto regulation of systems. Also the possibility to react in relation
to the façades by users, is very important to define an intelligent envelope; in fact, these
systems, allows to the users to replace the system according to personal preference,
certainly, in condition that the replacement doesn't compromise building performances in
general.
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Table 1. Summary of Definitions_ Classification for Intelligence in Buildings (Source: MASRI, 2015)
System and technology - Integration of several resource management systems;
Leifer 1988, Wong
used - Focus on technological aspects; et
- Change to the configuration through informatization al. 2008, Atkin
system; 1989,
- Change of the building management system Atkin and Brooks
algorithms. 2009
Performance - Readjustment of the performance according to
different internal and external conditions; Wigginton and
- Algoritmo modification based on environmental data; Harris 2002,
Selkowitz 2001,
- Reports on the energy consumption of the building
Elkadi 2012, Masri
and the interaction of the occupants; 2015
- On the basis of feedback data.
The role of the users - Adaptation to 'standards' of human comfort; Wang 2009,
- Possibility of human replacement; Clements-Croome
- User interaction with the system. 2011
Costs - Maximizing investment and operation;
Smith 2002, Wong
- Life cycle approach;
and So 2002
- Maximize productivity, and reduce costs.
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Another type of passive dynamic facade is the Hygro-Skin pavilion project, designed by the
Stuttgart University. This example is very significant, because, while most of the research
and applications of interactivity between architecture and the environment is based on the
use of electronics applied to inert materials, this project uses the response ability of the
material itself. In this particular case, in fact, it is used the wood hygroscopicity, in order to
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realize a membrane able to open and close in response to weather changes, without any
necessity of electrical energy or any kind of mechanical or electronic control. With this
system, the structure of the material itself is the sensor, processor and also actuator (Fig.
2).
The Al Bahar Towers, located in Abu Dhabi, designed by Aedas Architects group, instead,
constitute an emblematic example of parametric facades, characterized by a geometric
game modules that enable the creation of complex curved shapes. The facade proposes a
modular grid able to respond to solar exposure and to the changing incidence corners
during the different days of the year. The screen is placed on an independent frame from
the glass surface, and is composed of triangles covered by glass fiber. Each component
independently reacts to the stimuli coming from the sun and their behavior has been
studied in such way to adjust the amount of light in relation to the daytime and night-time
hours (Fig. 3).
In addition to the so-called "bio-inspired" facade systems, the research moves towards
increasingly advanced systems that not only artificially mimic natural processes, but aim
to make the building an independent living organism, through the integration of the
dynamic biology in systems, materials and components. Of this type of systems, definable
as "bio-adaptive façade", an example is the case of the BIQ House, designed by Arup. This
intelligent facade system consists of a series of bioreactors with micro-algae that
triggering the process of photosynthesis, biomass and simultaneously produce thermal
energy, bringing the building energy consumption close to zero. In addition, the direct
exposure to the sun accelerates the proliferation process of algae which, growing in
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number, they increase not only the amount of energy produced, but they create a natural
insulating layer between inner and outer turning into a natural brise-soleil. According to
different weather conditions the building performances change, turning itself into a real
living organism (Fig. 4).
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To improve the natural cooling conditions in summer and the passive heating in winter, is
possible to design in the central part of the building, an integrated technological system
consisting of a ventilated wall and roof with a single pitch where there is an installation for
the energy production from renewable sources. In the gap of the ventilated wall, the air
flow creates a chimney effect because of the pressure and density’ level variations, caused
by the temperature difference of the air that goes from a high density area to a low density
area: warm air (lighter and less dense) goes up and out thanks to the openings on the top
of the building, while cold air (heavier and denser) goes in through the openings near the
base to substitute the expelled air. Therefore, the air goes in from the lower grill at the
outdoor temperature and goes up through the gaps cooling the wall expelling the
accumulated warm air thanks to convective motions (Figs 5 - 6).
“The ventilated wall coverings represent one of the main options of opaque modern
external finishing, in particular if it is combined with a high performance isolation layer.
They are particularly recommended and employed in big and high buildings, and in all
those buildings where the research of functionality, image, high performance, efficiency
and the highest level of sustainability of the architectural and building envelope is the
main design’s target” (Lucchini, 2000).
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kitchens. The layers’ opening temperature varies according to the season inserting
“warm” air in winter and “cool” air in summer (Fig. 7).
All the system guarantees energy efficient performances and suitable from a bio-climatic
point of view to this specific climatic context, with the surplus value of integrating
innovative technological solutions in buildings with a wooden building system (Lavagna,
2010).
4. CONCLUSIONS
Ventilated walls and envelopes guarantee shelter from atmospheric agents and improve
energy performance. The installation of these systems on the façades and on envelopes of
new buildings or existing ones produces remarkable advantages in terms of durability and
maintenance, reducing the incident energy load in summer and neutralising the heavy rain
effects on the envelope in winter, above all concerning exposed and isolated buildings.
In thermal-energy terms, thanks to the ventilation in the space between walls and to the
insertion of a soundproof layer and to the reflection of a solar radiation percentage,
ventilated walls and envelopes guarantee a thermal load reduction obtaining a relevant
reduction of electric energy consumption for summer air conditioning. Moreover, holding
heat back in the space between the walls, they ensure a cost reduction for heating in
winter.
The domotic system here illustrated allows optimizing the ventilated walls and envelopes
performance increasing the ventilation in summer with grid and thin layer’s opening and
reducing airflows closing the openings in winter that guarantees greater heating of the air
in the space between walls.
To sum up, a building to be considered a “quality” building has to ensure energy
consumption reduction and the satisfaction of indoor comfort conditions. The
technological innovation, eco-friendly and energy sustainable, contributes to optimize
performances. More than being original “at any price”, it is important to develop and
pursue the ability to insert in the system needs and knowledge for a real and widespread
design process’ innovation.
For sure, it is not enough to integrate a photovoltaic or solar thermal system in the cover
to build an energetically efficient building, but it is needed to find building solutions
(materials, systems and elements) that use raw materials and building systems controlling
all the life-long (... and over!) environmental and energy cost, aiming to a bio-compatible
and eco-friendly architecture.
References
- Atkin, Brian. 1989. Intelligent Buildings: Applications of IT and Building Automation to High
Technology Construction Projects. Halsted Pr.
- Lavagna M., 2010. "Progettare con il clima, progettare nel contesto: tipologie, tecnologie e cultura
materiale" CIL 133 FOCUS.
- Leifer D. 1988. “Intelligent Buildings: A Definition.” Architecture Australia, no. 77 (May): 100–102.
- Olgyay V., 1963. Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. First
Edition edition. Princeton University Press.
- Lucchini A., 2000. "Pareti ventilate ad alte prestazioni - Teoria e soluzioni".
- Romano R., Sala M., 2011. Building envelope innovation: smart facades for non residential buildings.
TECHNE -02-2011.
- Wigginton, Michael, and Jude Harris. 2002. Intelligent Skins. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
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LCA of waste PET particles as a partial replacement for
sand in self-compacting concrete
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1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most consumed artificial material in the world and sand is the second raw
material more consumed in the planet after water (ANEPAC 2014, Mehta & Monteiro
2008). The sand is extracted from riverbeds, lakes, floodplains, decomposition of rocks
and sandstones. Despite of its abundance in a global scale, the availability of natural fine
aggregates is becoming scarce close to urban areas (MME 2009, Van den Heed & De Belie
2012), and alternatives have to be proposed. A great transport distance increases the final
product economic cost, representing close to two thirds of the product final cost in the
case of sand (MME 2009), additionally it increases its environmental load due to transport
emissions. For the supply of the metropolitan area of the capital Vitória - Espírito Santo –
Brazil (latitude: 20°19'10"S; longitude: 40°20'16"W), it started to be used sand from the
city of Linhares – Espírito Santo - Brazil (latitude: 19°23'28"S; longitude: 40°04'20"W),
distant 150 km from the capital. Thus, it is necessary to find best alternatives of supply for
this raw material in order to reduce the transport distance and relieve the natural
environment from our needs.
Another important issue in nowadays society is the correct disposal of solid residues.
Waste PET bottles can contaminate natural water streams, killing aquatic animals, and it
can also block urban drainage systems and contribute to urban floods if they are not
properly disposed (Saikia & de Brito 2012). If it is landfilled it becomes a problem because
it is not biodegradable due to its high thermal, mechanical and chemical resistance. A
proper approach to this residue is recycling, as it is a 100% recyclable polymer. In 2011 it
was consumed in Brazil 572 thousand tons of PET, 90% used in the production of
packaging of food and beverages. The recycling rate of this material in Brazil despite being
one of the biggest in the world (reaching in the referenced year 57.1% - 294 thousand
tons), holds still a great growth potential (ABIPET 2013). This residue is already recycled
for use in the industry of clothes manufacturing (ABIPET 2013, Nakatani et al. 2010). In
the construction industry, researches have been done for its use in concrete, focusing on
three main alternatives: as a resin for polymer concrete (Jo et al., 2008), as fiber for fiber-
reinforced concrete (Kim et al. 2010) and as an aggregate replacement of sand for
concrete (Akçaözoğlu et al. 2010, Sadrmomtazi et al. 2016).
Despite of polymer concrete made with PET reduce its total cost, it is still a costly process
and energy intensive (Akçaözoğlu et al. 2010, Jo et al. 2008). Fiber-reinforced concrete
with waste PET used as fibers has a small volumetric capacity of absorbing waste PET –
content between 0.3% and 1.5% (Akçaözoğlu et al. 2010, Kim et al. 2010). Thus, the use of
waste PET as fine aggregate for concrete emerges as a possible solution for the destination
of this residue, as it seems possible to absorb a greater volume of material and it yields
low impact in its transformation – washing, grinding and sieving. More comprehensive
reviews about the different recent researches of the utilization of waste PET and plastics,
in general, in concrete are already available and can be seen in the works of Sharma &
Bansal (2016), and Gu & Ozbakkaloglu (2016).
It has been reported that concrete using waste PET particles as a replacement for
aggregates has a better resistance against sulfuric acid attack, showing a good advantage
in its use for industrial structures and sewer pipes (Araghi et al. 2015). However, some
studies have shown that the use of waste PET particles in concrete can reduce its
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mechanical strength (Gu & Ozbakkaloglu 2016). To compensate for this, the use of
pozzolanic materials, such as silica fume, can be used to diminish this negative effect
(Sadrmomtazi et al. 2016).
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology that quantitatively assesses the
environmental performance and the related impacts of products, processes and systems,
helping to identify options for mitigating impacts. It is considered a valuable tool for
identifying appropriate solutions to waste management issues (Laurent et al. 2014,
Nakatani et al. 2010). Additionally, the LCA approach is increasingly used for evaluating
the sustainability of construction materials, such as concrete and its composition
(Marinković et al. 2010, Van den Heed & De Belie 2012, Hossain et al. 2016). Much has
been said about the positives environmental impacts of using wastes in concrete, but the
literature lack of comprehensive studies focused in this issue. A study has been published
performing an LCA of recycled polypropylene fibres in concrete footpaths (Yin et al. 2016).
Nevertheless, it was not found any study assessing the environmental impacts of using
waste PET in concrete. Therefore, this methodology is used in this work to evaluate the
environmental feasibility of the incorporation of waste PET as a fine aggregate into self-
compacting concrete (SCC) for a case study in Brazil - metropolitan region of Vitória-ES.
2. METHODOLOGY
LCA is a tool that can elucidate how a modification in the composition of a product alters
its environmental impact, and it was performed in this study by using the software
SimaPro version 8.2 (SimaPro 2016). The LCA methodology and principles are described
in the international standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 (ISO 2006a, b). It consists of four steps: goal and scope
definition; life-cycle inventory (LCI); life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA); and
interpretation. The first three steps will be developed in the following subsections and the
interpretation is an interactive step that occurs along with them and in section 3.
Table 1. Mix proportions (kg/m³) and compressive strength at 28 days (MPa) of SCC.
Powder
Description W/P Water PET Sand Gravel SP fck
C SF
SCC (control) 0.43 195 450 - - 850 770 6.8 36.19
NC-PET05 0.43 195 450 - 36.1 813.9 770 7.0 22.03
NC-PET10 0.43 195 450 - 72.2 777.8 770 7.4 20.25
NC-PET15 0.43 195 450 - 108.3 741.7 770 8.1 18.7
SF-PET05 0.43 195 405 45 36.1 813.9 770 6.8 33.77
SF-PET10 0.43 195 405 45 72.2 777.8 770 7.7 28.82
SF-PET15 0.43 195 405 45 108.3 741.7 770 8.3 21.44
Source: Adapted from Sadrmomtazi et al. 2016
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The prefix NC in mixture description refers to ‘Normal concrete’, concrete with no cement
(C) replacement, and SF means that there is a partial replacement of cement by silica fume
(SF). The water/powder ratio (W/P) was fixed in 0.43. The waste PET replacement of sand
was of 5, 10 and 15% by weight. An addition of 10% of silica fume was considered in three
mixtures to decrease the negative effect that waste PET has on the compressive strength
of concrete. Additionally, a control mixture with no waste or silica fume was used (SCC
control). A polycarboxylic superplasticizer (SP) was used to achieve the desirable
workability of the mixtures. It can be seen in Table 1 that despite of its high cement
content, the SCC control mix has a low compressive strength. The explanation for that may
lie in the fact that in the mixtures analysed in the original study of Sadrmomtazi et al.
(2016), the aggregates used in the mixes had high porosity, with water absorption of
3.26% and 3.2% for fine and coarse aggregate, respectively.
The goal establishes the system boundaries of the study, which in this case, is considered a
cradle-to-gate LCA. The construction, service phase, demolition phase and end-of-life
scenario are not included in the boundaries of the study. These phases are expected to be
similar for the concrete types analysed in this study, thus they will not be taken into
account in the comparative analysis.
Thus, the analysis encompasses the following steps: extraction, production and transport
of cement and its raw materials; extraction, processing and transport of natural aggregates
(sand and gravel); processing and transport of waste PET aggregate; production and
transport of superplasticizer; processing and transport of silica fume. It was not
considered the infrastructure items of the processes in the assessment. The system
analysed can be seen schematically in Figure 1, and it will be explained further in the next
subsection. Additionally, a comparative assessment of 1 kg of sand and 1 kg of waste PET
was performed for 2 different transport scenarios (Sc1 and Sc2).
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eco-point). The Impact2002+ impact assessment method was chosen to be used in this
study; it encompasses both problem-oriented (midpoints) and damage (endpoints)
approaches for the analysis (Jolliet et al. 2003).
For this study, it was considered the midpoint approach and the impact categories of
respiratory inorganics, global warming and non-renewable energy for the comparison of
waste PET (1 kg) and sand (1 kg) in the characterization step, due to being the three most
important impacts of both products. For the comparison of waste PET and sand
incorporated into self-compacting concrete (unit of m³), it was considered both midpoints
and endpoints approach. The analysis encompassed the impact categories of global
warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy (midpoints) in the
characterization step, due to being the most significant impacts of overall concrete
production. Additionally, human health, ecosystem quality, climate change and resources
(endpoints) in the single score stage were analysed.
Table 2. Indicator results for 1 kg of waste PET and 1 kg of sand in both scenarios.
Waste PET Sand Sc1 Waste PET Sand Sc2
Impact category Unit
Sc1 (10 km) (150 km) Sc2 (20 km) (50 km)
Respiratory
kg PM2.5-eq 2.03E-05 3.65E-05 2.16E-05 2.43E-05
inorganics
Global warming kg CO2-eq 0.013482 0.022225 0.014538 0.011665
Non-renewable
MJ primary 0.19107 0.34713 0.20741 0.18379
energy
100
90
80
70
60
% 50 Respiratory inorganics
40 Global warming
30 Non-renewable energy
20
10
0
Waste PET Sand Sc1 Waste PET Sand Sc2
Sc1 (10 km) (150 km) Sc2 (20 km) (50 km)
Figure 2. Characterization results for 1 kg of waste PET and 1 kg of sand in both scenarios.
Figure 2 presents the characterization results, and the % represents the product
equivalent impacts to the most impacting product, the sand in the scenario 1. However, in
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the scenario 2, the global warming and non-renewable energy impacts are higher for
waste PET, despite of reducing the impact of respiratory inorganics. This shows the
significance of the transport distance for the LCA analysis, especially in products where
the highest emissions and energy consumption originate from its logistics, as it is the case
of sand. In this initial result analysis, it seems tempting to conclude that the waste PET
particle is a better alternative from an environmental point of view in this scenario where
it is much closer the supply of the waste PET than the natural sand. Nonetheless, a further
analysis is required to assess the influence of this substitution in the concrete mixture.
To complement the environmental analysis, the full final product must be assessed. Thus
the indicator results for 1 m³ of different mixtures of self-compacting concrete are
presented in Table 3 and Figure 3. As can be observed, the actual overall impact of the
concrete mixture did not reduced significantly solely with the incorporation of waste PET,
and it actually slightly increased for some impact categories, for example, in the case of all
impact categories analysed in the mix NC–PET15. This can be explained by the highest
amount of superplasticizer needed in the mixes with the increasing waste PET
incorporation to compensate for the loss of workability of the concrete. The highest
dosage of superplasticizer required eliminated the potential small environmental benefit
of incorporating the waste PET into the matrix.
Table 3. Indicator results for 1 m³ of different concrete mixtures.
Impact SCC
Unit NC-PET05 NC-PET10 NC-PET15 SF-PET05 SF-PET10 SF-PET15
category control
Respiratory
inorganics kg PM2.5-eq 0.31962 0.31930 0.31946 0.32036 0.29679 0.29818 0.29883
Global
kg CO2-eq 487.39 487.26 487.44 488.08 443.54 444.49 444.97
warming
Non-
renewable MJ primary 2534.93 2532.19 2534.93 2545.91 2359.12 2375.59 2383.82
energy
100
90
80
70 Respiratory
inorganics
60
% 50 Global
40 warming
30
Non-renewable
20 energy
10
0
SCC control NC-PET05 NC-PET10 NC-PET15 SF-PET05 SF-PET10 SF-PET15
Figure 3. Characterization results for 1 m³ of different concrete mixtures.
On the other side, the mixtures with silica fume (at 10 wt.% of cement) presented a more
significant lower impact in the selected categories, as noted in Figure 3 (SF-PET05/10/15),
reducing nearly 9% the global warming impact. This can be explained by its neutral
impact production – it is a byproduct from the ferrosilicon production. On the other hand,
cement production has intense energy consumption and gases emissions. Moreover, the
cement logistics in this scenario is more environmentally harmful due to the high
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transport distance by road, and the silica is supplied at a shorter distance and with a
transport mode that impacts less, the rail.
The eco-points results for the mixtures can be seen in the Table 4 and Figure 4. Here, the
problem-oriented results are transformed into damage results. They are presented as
dimensionless figures called millipoints (mPt), which represent the potential population
affected by the environmental impacts in a period of one year, and have the sole purpose
of compare the difference between products, in this case, the seven concrete mixtures. The
results of the previous stage were normalized according to the impact assessment method
and then grouped together. It can be noted that the three most relevant damage impacts
for the concrete mixes are climate change, human health and resources. They represent
approximately 45%, 32% and 15% of the total environmental impact of concrete,
respectively, while the impact on ecosystem quality represents approximately 8%.
Table 4. Single Score and ‘total impact intensity’ for 1 m³ of different concrete mixtures.
Damage SCC NC - NC - NC - SF - SF - SF -
Unit
category control PET05 PET10 PET15 PET05 PET10 PET15
Total mPt 110.1723 110.1882 110.3510 110.7341 101.5290 102.0590 102.3687
Human health mPt 35.0467 35.1041 35.2324 35.4668 32.6583 32.9635 33.1625
Ecosystem
mPt 9.1964 9.1853 9.1834 9.1953 8.5274 8.5485 8.5557
quality
Climate change mPt 49.2259 49.2135 49.2319 49.2964 44.7979 44.8932 44.9423
Resources mPt 16.7033 16.6853 16.7033 16.7757 15.5454 15.6539 15.7081
Total impact mPt
3.04 5.00 5.45 5.92 3.01 3.54 4.77
intensity fck
120 7,00
110
6,00 Resources
100
90
5,00 Climate
80
change
70
mPt/fck
4,00
mPt
60 Ecosyste
50 3,00 m quality
40
2,00 Human
30 health
20 1,00
10 Total
mPt/Fck
0 0,00
SCC control NC-PET05 NC-PET10 NC-PET15 SF-PET05 SF-PET10 SF-PET15
Figure 4. Single Score results for 1 m³ of different concrete mixtures and Total mPt/fck.
Figure 4 shows the single score results and gives a good overall view of the impacts of the
mixes. The control and the NC mixes presented a similar environmental load. The total
impact is reduced by a little more than 7% for the SF mixes compared to the control mix.
An additional analysis has been performed, to assess the ‘total impact intensity’ of the
incorporation of waste PET into SCC. It was defined as the Total mPt results divided by the
compressive strength (fck) of the concrete. The lower the value, the lower is the
environmental impact, and more eco-efficient is considered the mix. It can be noted that
the ‘total impact intensity’ is abruptly increased for the NC mixes, and it is then reduced
for the SF mixes. Additionally, it can be noted that only the SF–PET 05 mixture is more
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eco-efficient than the SCC control mixture, but not significantly. This analysis is important
because the incorporation of wastes and byproducts can influence much negatively some
the properties of concrete, and this should be considered in an environmental analysis as
well. In this case, only the compressive strength has been examined, due to be considered
the most important characteristic of the final product. However, for a full detailed analysis,
it is advisable that the durability properties are also considered.
Thus, it can be seen that the potential environmental benefits of incorporating waste PET
into concrete are depreciated by its poor combination with the cement matrix, reducing
the workability and compressive strength. Sadrmomtazi et al. (2016) reported that this is
due to the fact that, when compared with natural sand, waste PET particles have more
specific surface area due to their plane shape, what causes an increase in the amount of
water in the transition interfacial zone. Thus, the porosity increases weakening the
microstructure and decreasing the compressive strength. Despite of this, the authors
stated that its incorporation has several advantages, such as no effect on electrical
resistance and in reducing brittleness of concrete, including improvements in the
environmental aspect, without evaluating it properly, as by LCA means. In this study, it
was found through the LCA methodology that the environmental aspect can be enhanced
only when waste PET is combined with silica fume.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The waste PET as an aggregate has a reduced environmental load when compared with
natural sand in the studied scenario. However, when the whole supply chain in analysed,
this environmental improvement does not have much significance, since the biggest
impacts are located in the cement production and supply chain. Thus, the initial expected
environmental improvements obtained by the sole incorporation of waste PET into the
self-compacting concrete were not found. However, it presented an improved
environmental performance when combined with silica fume.
There is actually a lot of fuss about the benefits of incorporating some wastes into
concrete, and it has been shown in this article that using waste PET into concrete as a
partial substitution for sand is not as environmentally favorable as previously thought.
Furthermore, there is no proof that this concrete is equivalent in term of mechanical
properties and durability traditional concrete, and many studies findings state otherwise
(Sharma & Bansal 2016, Gu & Ozbakkaloglu 2016).
However, the civil construction sector might still hold a good option for waste PET use,
and alternatives should be analysed properly by using the adequate methodology. A LCA
of non-structural lightweight concrete blocks or a comparative LCA of recycled waste PET
resin for polymer concrete, for example, is advisable for future studies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of FAPES (Fundação de Amparo à
Pesquisa e Inovação do ES).
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ANEPAC (Associação Nacional das Entidades de Produtores de Agregados para a Construção Civil)
2014. Construindo o Futuro – Sustentabilidade na Mineração de Agregados. Areia e Brita. São Paulo.
Akçaözoğlu, S., Atiş, C., & Akçaözoğlu, K. 2010. An investigation on the use of shredded waste PET
bottles as aggregate in lightweight concrete. Waste Manag. 30(2):285-290.
Araghi, H.J., Nikbin, I.M., Reskati, S.R., Rahmani, E. & Allahyari, H. 2015. An experimental
investigation on the erosion resistance of concrete containing various PET particles percentages
against sulfuric acid attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 77: 461-471.
Castro A.L., Silva F.B., Arduin R.H., Oliveira L.A. & Becere O.H. 2015. Análise da viabilidade técnica da
adaptação de dados internacionais de inventário de ciclo de vida para o contexto brasileiro: um
estudo de caso do concreto para paredes moldadas no local. Congresso Brasileiro do Concreto; Event
proceedings. Bonito-MS, October 2015.
Gu, L. & Ozbakkaloglu, T. 2016. Use of recycled plastics in concrete: A critical review. Waste Manag.
51:19-42.
Hossain, M., Poon, C., Lo, I., & Cheng, J. 2016. Comparative environmental evaluation of aggregate
production from recycled waste materials and virgin sources by LCA. Resour. Conserv.
Recycl. 109:67-77.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 2006a. Environmental management - life cycle
assessment - principles and framework. ISO 14040
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 2006b. Environmental management - life cycle
assessment - requirements and guidelines. ISO 14044
Jo, B.-W., Park, S.-K. & Park, J.-C. 2008. Mechanical properties of polymer concrete made with
recycled PET and recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 22:2281-2291.
Jolliet O., Margni M., Charles R., Humbert S., Payet J., Rebitzer G. & Rosenbaum R. 2003. IMPACT
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Kim S.B., Yi N.H., Kim H.Y., Kim J.H.J. & Song Y.C. 2010. Material and structural performance
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Laurent A., Bakas I., Clavreul J., Bernstad A., Niero M., Gentil E., Hauschild M.Z. & Christensen TH.
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Marinković, S., Radonjanin, V., Malešev, M. & Ignjatović, I. 2010, Comparative environmental
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Mehta P.K. & Monteiro P.J.M. 2008. CONCRETO. Microestrutura, propriedades e materiais. tradução
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Analysis of concrete properties by incorporating wash
water
Jeison Feltes
Feevale University, Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences, Civil Engineering Course. Novo
Hamburgo (RS), Brasil
jeisonfeltes@gmail.com
Marcelo de Melo
Feevale University, Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences, Civil Engineering Course. Novo
Hamburgo (RS), Brasil
marcelonhster@gmail.com
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1 INTRODUCTION
Water is a very important element for human life and is an exhaustible natural resource.
This resource has promoted the advancement and the constant civilization development
over the centuries. Any variations, both in quality and quantity of it this that cause
environmental imbalance directly effects on water availability, in the food production,
material resources to the wellbeing, and, above all, on the health of living beings
(ANDREOLI, 2003).
According to Bueno (2003), our planet is constituted of 70% water and 30% soil, but of all
existent water 97, 61% is salt water and only 2, 39% is freshwater, considering that a great
part of the fresh water is distributed in glaciers, icebergs and deep underground, and this is
a limited and finite resource. As such, its distribution is not uniform and is available with an
easy access to human consumption only in rivers and lakes.
Tundisi (2014) points out that Brazil possess about 12% of all fresh water of our planet,
however, its distribution among country regions it is not homogeneous and the lack of water
stands out on the north and northeast Brazilian regions, which are the ones that suffers
most with the influence of a great variety of climatological process.
The Human Development report (United Nation Program for Development, 2015)
highlights that all investments for people life quality through access to the sources of
potable water in many countries still aren’t enough. It is estimated that about 633 millions
of people all over the world yet draw water from unimproved sources of drinking water and
the water scarcity affects more of 40% of the population worldwide.
Even knowing the water importance to life survival and development of our society, water
continues to be devaluated and mismanaged and the lack of interest can be noticed in many
places in our planet, as an example the proper control absence for quality and amount of
water resources. The degradation of potable water and absence of residual water
management contribute to the growing water crisis, creating a water stress that fatefully is
a part of world population reality (UNSGAB, 2015).
According to the National Confederation of Industry report (2013), the growing
consumption over the worldwide freshwater resources reflects in increase degradation of
supplies sources because of population growth, fast industrialization and climate changes.
The degradation is the bigger problem, because of the unprecedented rate of pollution make
quality sources (potable water) in unusable sources.
Tundisi (2011) highlights that the main cause of the deterioration of water sources and
potable water supply is a result of constant increase in water consumption for several
human activities to explore water resources and expand the economic development due to
the world’s population growth and the need to demands of industrial and agricultural
consumption.
According to the United Nation World Report about the Development of Water Resources
(ONU, 2015) about 20% of the whole world’s aquifer are under exploration, both in surface
water as in groundwater and it predicts an increase of 400% of the global water demand by
the manufacturing industry between 2000 and 2050, affecting all other sectors, with the
most part of this increase in emergent economies and in developing countries.
Mierzwa (2005) stresses that the industry, due to the diversity in activities, mainly those
related to the production of consumer goods, consumes great part of planet’s freshwater.
Among the global economy sectors, the civil engineering sector is the responsible for
consuming one third of our planet’s natural resources, and among them, consumes about
12% of the total freshwater.
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The civil construction besides being one of the segments that most consume planet’s natural
resources, mainly water, also contributes to the environment’s pollution and it is further
aggravated in Brazil that is facing several problems referring to the low water levels in the
rivers, in the last few years. As concrete is indispensable to the sector, large developers opt
for industrialized concrete that are produced by concrete industries. For the confection of
this material, they end up consuming a large quantity of potable water.
The concrete transport to its final destination is on account of the concrete mixer trucks,
which are loaded with concrete in the concrete’s company and, before leaving to perform
the delivery, need a wash to remove the excess concrete that stays deposited on the external
part of the truck. After the delivery, it must be cleaned again before returning, to prevent
soiling the city with this material. Once it arrives in the concrete’s company, it must be fully
washed, so the remaining concrete will not damage the truck’s accessories, such as the rail,
hopper and the balloon.
Silva e Violin (2013) stand out that for the confection of 1 m³ of concrete dosed in central is
spent on average 211 liters of potable water. Cardoso (2015) highlights that for the washing
of concrete mixer trucks it is used a large amount of water that potentially contributes on
the generation of harmful waste for the environment. Ekolu e Dawneerangen (2010)
estimate that for the washing of the concrete mixer truck’s roll, chute and funnel, in the
process of concrete’s fabrication, per day, are used around 1000 potable water liters. For
that reason, the concern with technological development and the urgent necessity of
rational use of natural resource, for example, the rational use of water in concrete’s
fabrication process, showing the reutilization possibilities of this resource without harming
the environment (Concreto & Construção, 2009).
Given the above, and knowing of the water crisis faced by the country in recent times, this
work seeks to reuse the water from the washing of concrete mixer trucks to the confection
of new concretes. The goal is to diminish the use of potable water and also give a proper
destination to the residual water, which currently is a big problem for de concrete
industries, creating great costs, because the residue needs treatment before disposal.
2 METHODOLOGY
Knowing the high consumption of potable water in concrete production and thinking of
finding an alternative to minimize the use of this natural resource, and create a possible
solution for the proper destination of wastewater, coming mainly from concrete mixer
trucks washing step, started this study. The research was also motivated by the high cost of
treatment of the effluent for the concrete producers companies.
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Consumption for washing concrete mixer trucks in the company which the samples were
collected it is about 7000 liters of potable water per day, according to data collected on site.
This effluent must be deposited in a decanter tank and then be treated so it can return to
nature, generating a costly process for the enterprise.
The aggregates were stored in 200 liter drums and underwent characterization tests, wich
they were submitted to tests to determinate the particle size distribution for coarse and fine
aggregate, according to NBR NM 248 (ABTN, 2003), specific mass for fine aggregates, NBR
9776 (ABNT, 1987), specific mass for coarse aggregate NBR NM 53 (ABNT, 2009), unit mass
for coarse and fine aggregate, NBR NM 45 (ABNT, 2006).
2.3 Cement
The cement used was the Votoran brand, classified as CPIV-32-RS, provided by Rio Branco
unit. Lots of cements used were L05-170604 e L010-1212074104. Their characterization is
determined by NBR 5736 (ABNT, 1991), according to tests performed by the manufacturer,
Tables 1, 2 and 3.
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After performing quantitative calculations, it was separated the needed amount for testing,
in this case, two cement bags of 50 kg each. These packages were individually wrapped in
plastic bags and secured with the aid of masking tape, and has been properly identified.
All cement bags were stored on wooden pallets and in dry location, preventing damage to
the material.
2.4 Additive
The additive added to the mix was made possible by the concrete producer company and it
is, according to information from Viapol, the manufacturer, is a Plasticizer additive -
Polyfunctional, used in concrete. It is a liquid material, free from chlorides, with a specific
mass of about 1,2 g/cm³ and its color is dark brown.
The company generating the liquid effluent provided the feature that it was used in this
study, the feature was calculated aiming to use the specified additive.
2.5 Water
It was used two types of water in the research, a potable water from public supply in the
city of Novo Hamburgo – RS, Brazil, called water reference, and reuse of water washing of
concrete mixer truck, known as effluent.
The water used on the study were tested for the pH, color, turbidity, total solids and density,
all analyzes were performed at the Analytical Center of the Feevale University.
2.6 Mix
The feature used in all samples were provided by the concrete producer company, having
only to be determined the amount of water to be employed, because the settlement was
fixed as the company’s own data. The mass feature was 2,32 : 0,58 : 1,73, as shown in Table
4, were values correspond to the cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The
water/cement relation (w/c) was 0,53 plus plasticizer additive.
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It was used in the study three different features: a reference feature (just with drinking
water, from public water supply in the city of Novo Hamburgo), feature 50% (half drinking
water and half effluent, collected from the concrete mixer truck’s washing) and the feature
100% (with only the effluent). Figure 3 shows the water samples used in each feature.
Figure 3. Samples with the three water contents: 0% (reference), 50% and 100%
Therefore, the current standard NM 67 (ABNT, 1996) was consulted and applied. The
reference used was 120 mm 20 mm, as specified by the concrete producer company in
question.
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air conditioner on site was kept on to make the temperature stabilized at about 30° C with
varying 5 °C.
Figure 5. Samples in placeholder in the laboratory, waiting to be extracted from the mold.
For the characterization of hardened state was performed the compressive strenght test.
NBR 5739 (ABNT, 2007) lays down the guidelines for the execution of the samples
compression test (Figure 6) and the assay was performed according to it, as well as the
preparation of the bases (Figure 7) that followed NBR 5738 (ABNT, 2003).
3 RESULTS
3.1 Water
Table 5 shows the results of tests conducted by the Analytical Center of the Feevale
University with samples of waste and potable water.
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With the results, it is clear that both types of water samples used are in accordance with
Ordinance nº 2914 of the Ministry of Health, December 12, 2011, considering the analyzed
parameters.
NBR 15900-1 (ABNT,2009), responsible for determining the water requirements for
kneading concrete, shows that water pH should be greater than or equal to 5 and a
maximum of solid material should not exceed the value of 50 000 mg/L. As shown in Table
2, both samples used meet this determination.
It is clearly observed that the total solids in the wastewater samples did not alter concrete’s
workability significantly.
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It can be seen in previous images that concrete’s resistance with the feature of 100%
(residual water) was close to the feature 0% (drinking water). Satisfactory results, showing
that the analyzed water did not significantly influences the compressive strength of the
examined ages.
All analyzed features showed no significant differences in the workability and mechanical
resistance. The performed tests showed good perspective in using the studied effluent for
the production of a new concrete, it can be used 100% substitution of potable water at
effluent.
4 JUSTIFICATION
The project was carried out aiming environmental concern, because construction industry
is very harmful to nature, seen that it possesses a high consumption of raw materials and a
large waste of drinking water, mainly in activities that do not add value, in this case, the step
of washing of concrete mixer truck.
Water resulting of this process can be used to produce new concrete, helping to reduce
company's cost for treating this effluent and consuming less drinking water in the concrete’s
production, furthermore, it reduces the amount of waste to be treated and disposed of in
the environment.
In this regard, the work obtained good results, as were maintained concrete’s properties
with the incorporation of wastewater when compared to the reference concrete, and in
some tests even improved these properties.
REFERENCES
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 5736: Cimento Portland pozolânico. Rio de
Janeiro, 1991.
______. NBR 5738: Concreto – Procedimento para moldagem e cura de corpos-de-prova. Rio de Janeiro,
2003.
______. NBR-5739: Concreto – Ensaio de compressão de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos. Rio de Janeiro,
2007.
______. NBR 9776: Agregados – Determinação da massa específica de agregados miúdos por meio de
frasco chapman – Método de ensaio. Rio de Janeiro, 1987.
______. NBR 15900-1: Água para amassamento de concreto – Partes 1,2,3. Rio de Janeiro, 2009.
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______. NBR NM 45: Agregados – Determinação da massa unitária e do volume de vazios. Rio de Janeiro,
2006.
______. NBR NM 53: Agregado graúdo – Determinação da massa específica, massa específica aparente e
absorção de água. Rio de Janeiro, 2009.
______. NBR NM 67: Concreto – Determinação da consistência pelo abatimento do tronco de cone. Rio de
Janeiro, 1996.
______. NBR NM 248: Agregados – Determinação da Composição granulométrica . Rio de Janeiro,
2003.
ANDREOLI, C. V. Mananciais de abastecimento: planejamento e gestão. Curitiba: Sanepar Finep, 2003.
P 35.
BUENO, L. A água e a vida. Artigo Embrapa 2003. Disponível em: www.ainfo .cnptia.embrapa.br.
Acesso em: 17/04/2016.
CARDOSO, V.A.V.P. Utilização de Lavagem em Betoneiras na Produção de Concreto Fresco. Ribeirão
Preto, 2015. 15º Congresso Nacional de Iniciação Cientifica – Universidade São Judas Tadeu.
CONCRETO & CONSTRUÇÃO. ABNT NBR 15900 – Água de amassamento do Concreto. Ibracon, 2010.
CONFEDERAÇÃO NACIONAL DA INDÚSTRIA. The Ceres Aqua Gauge: a framework for 21st century
water risk management. Brasília, 2013. 107 p.
UNSGAB - CONSELHO DE ASSESSORAMENTO DO SECRETÁRIO-GERAL DA ONU PARA ASSUNTOS DE
ÁGUA E SANEAMENTO . A Jornada do UNSGAB. Nova Iorque, 18 de novembro 2015. Disponível em
www.arquivos.ana.gov.br. Acesso em: 13/04/2016.
EKOLU, S.; DAWNEERANGEN, A. Evaluation of Recycled Water Recovered from a Ready-Mix Plant for
reuse in Concrete. Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering 2010. Vol.52 (2), 77-
82.
MIERZWA, J. C. Água na indústria: uso racional e reúso. São Paulo: Oficina do Textos, 2005. 143p.
PROGRAMA DE AVALIAÇÃO MUNDIAL DA ÁGUA DAS NAÇÕES. Unidas. Relatório Mundial das Nações
Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento dos Recursos Hídricos - Água para um mundo sustentável 2015.
Disponível em: www.unesco.org. Acesso em: 17/04/2016.
PROGRAMA DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO. Relatório do Desenvolvimento
Humano 2015. Disponível em: www.pnud.org.br. Acesso em: 23/03/2016.
SILVIA, R.R.; VIOLIN, T.Y. R. Gestão da Água em Canteiros de Obras de Construção Civil. VIII EPCC.
Maringá: CESUMAR, 2013.
TUNDISI, J. G. Recursos hídricos no Brasil: problema, desafios e estratégias para o futuro. Rio de
Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2014. 75 p.
TUNDISI, J. G; TUDISI, T. M. Recursos hídricos no Século XXI. São Paulo: Oficina de Texto, 2011. 328
p.
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME. Bildings investing in energy and resource
efficiency. Disponível em: www.unep.org. Acesso em: 13/02/2016.
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The Thermal Influence of Envelopment in Naturally
Ventilated Environments
Marlon Sergio Manthay Oliveira
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo, Colatina (ES), Brazil
marlon.oliveira@ifes.edu.br
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1. INTRODUCTION
Motivated by the 42% average increase in Brazilian demand for electricity in the period
2003-2013 and due to the growth of its population which reached 12.3% since the year
2000, has become a priority the adoption of improvements in construction, in order to get
a higher thermal efficiency (IBGE, 2010; ONS, 2014). At the same time, the construction
industry is in a evolution period, where is given a growing importance to benefits imposed
by materials of less environmental impact and directly linked to the concepts of
sustainability (Carvajal, 2004).
It is important to note that in the search for satisfactory thermal behavior, whenever
possible, the use of local natural resources, such as natural ventilation, and the use of
materials with better thermal performance, in order to increase comfort and reduce
electricity consumption, mainly in artificial conditioning environments. In this sense must
be intentional the development of solutions that allow the user to enjoy a designed
environment integrated to the local climate, providing well being, and adequate spaces for
human occupation. Whereas the tropical and humid climate, it should be noted especially
the control of heat gains, removal of heat energy and excess moisture from inside of the
building (Corbella & Yannas, 2009; Frota & Chiffer, 2009).
An important factor of influence on thermal comfort of buildings is related to the local
climate. Due to its large extension the Brazilian territory is covered by various climates
and numerous particularities that characterizes them. Given this diversity, it has always
been evident the need for definition of climatic groups. Thus the division of the country in
bioclimatic zones allows to guide project solutions and constructive guidelines that help in
thermal comfort for each region (Roriz et al., 2001).
In tropical and humid climates whereas the absorption of solar thermal energy which
focuses on the envelopment, the roof system is the main element of influence on the
internal thermal conditioning once is the most exposed to solar radiation in the case of
horizontal buildings. The transmission or blocking of thermal load transmitted to the
adjacent environments besides influence on thermal comfort also interferes with the
energy consumption from forced ventilation equipment and artificial conditioning,
demonstrating the importance of heat gains through control of thermal energy dissipation
(Corbella & Yannas, 2009; ABNT, 2013).
The specifying materials step during the preliminary design phase fundamental
importance on the development of projects with greater thermal efficiency, given the
significant influence of those choices on the economic, environmental and social context
(Bissoli-Dalvi et al., 2011).
Among the elements of the building envelopment, also stands out as an important factor of
influence the side openings. On his historical synthesis Nico-Rodrigues (2008) describes
the windows and its influence on ventilation, on his historical synthesis Nico-Rodrigues
(2008) describes about windows and its influence on ventilation, demonstrating solutions
over time through the adoption of opening protections against solar incidence and
allowing natural ventilation permeability, adjusting the comfort temperature. However,
these solutions were being forgotten in favor of guidelines and contemporary trends,
leading to questionable performance elements.
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One of the processes to the dissipation of the inner thermal load of the environments is the
use of ventilation, which occurs exchanging the indoor air by renewed air in search for
better air quality and more acceptable comfort temperatures. This process becomes more
efficient when there is natural ventilation made by conventional air distribution (Costa,
2005; Liping & Hien, 2007).
Include regulations which deal with the thermal performance of buildings and of thermal
variables involved, such as the use of natural ventilation as a passive thermal factor,
influencing the increased amount of studies mainly in tropical climates, demonstrating a
growing interest on thermally suitable environments (Santo et al., 2013).
The study by Armelin and Cherry (2004), about facilities with several levels of solar
radiation barrier; different levels of ventilation; use of tiles with different colors, types and
materials; it was verified the possibility of achieving a reduction in the flow of heat
through the roof of about 80% when the cover system is designed to use solar radiation
barriers, ventilation and under blankets of aluminium base.
In this way, the regulation ASHRAE Standard 55 addresses the environmental thermal
conditions comfortable theme of the interior of buildings for the human occupation which
would be acceptable to the majority of occupants in naturally ventilated environments.
Through its adaptive method of analysis is set a relationship between temperature range
indoor comfort to the users and the outside air temperature. Variations of 2.5% and 3.5% -
more or less - in relation to the limits of comfort presented by regulation, establish
comfort of 90% and to 80% respectively of individuals in the environment (Silveira &
Labaki, 2012; ANSI & ASHRAE, 2014).
The survey aimed to analyze the influence of components of the envelopment of the
building of classrooms - DCAB/DCS of the Center University North of Espírito Santo/UFES,
in the city of São Mateus, ES, with the condition to the thermal comfort natural ventilation.
The results allow to extrapolating the solutions for similar situations, mainly, to the
campus of São Mateus which is in process of deployment. In this sense, the objective of the
survey is also to seek appropriate solutions to maximum comfort with minimal energy
expenditure, as well to promote school buildings that serve as example of appropriate
architecture to the place.
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the coast, (Figs 1-3), characterized as zone 8 (Z8) as the Brazilian Bioclimatic Zoning
(ABNT, 2005b; INCAPER, 2011).
The municipality of São Mateus, ES has a tropical and humid climate, with incidence of the
wind northeast (NE). Has a range of average maximum temperatures for the summer
period of approximately 31°C in December to 33°C in February and March for the period
1984 to 2014. The annual average precipitation accumulated is 1,313 mm, with a range of
relative humidity for the summer period of approximately 60% to 90%, and is considered
a negative factor for comfort when related to high temperatures (INCAPER, 2011;
INCAPER, 2014; INMET, 2014).
The model studied was the building of classrooms of the departments of Agricultural and
Biological Sciences and Health Sciences of the Center University North of Espírito Santo
(CEUNES) of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES). Was chosen for being a
standard unit that tends to be repeated elsewhere. Has a horizontal rectangular prismatic
architectural typology, composed of four blocks of rooms, distributed in two floors –
ground floor and above - with 1,162 m² and 900 m² respectively, totaling 2,062 m² of
constructed area. Consists of two blocks of bathrooms, two computer labs and twelve
classrooms. Horizontal circulation is established in galleries covered lengthwise and
vertical circulation occurs through an external metal stairs and a ramp (Figs 4-5).
For the simulated model (Figs 6-7) were adopted the reference values of the thermal
properties of building envelopment elements (Table 1). Your roofing system is
lightweight, with aluminium trapezoidal tile of little mass, embedded by parapets,
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supported on pre-cast concrete slab of 10 cm and PVC liner. The walls are in masonry of
ceramic slabs with 8 holes, plaster on both sides and painting with latex paint PVA and
coated with white ceramic, totaling approximately 15 cm thick, with the structural system
in concrete. The frames are aluminium with colorless glass of 6 mm, with opening system
maxim-ar.
The study did not consider the possible influence of the surroundings of the building,
considering the actual situation of the building on Campus - without elements built
nearby, because the studies in Brazil inherent impacts of buildings in the neighborhood
are still poorly developed (Scaldo, et al., 2010).
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Figure 8. Buoyancy diagram of FDT and GhDT. Source: Adapted from Sicurella et al., 2012
The simulations were carried out to the classrooms 01, 06 and computer lab 01, located on
the ground floor and upper floor equivalents for rooms are located at the ends of the
building and have larger envelopment area exposed to solar incidence and electronic
equipment in the laboratories (Fig. 9).
Figure 9. Schematic layout of the analyzed environments. Source: Adapted from UFES, 2006
For the definition of the days analyzed, we used a normal model of probability and
statistical interference, based on the use of external air temperatures in summer days,
defining the valid days of effective analysis, determining an operational temperature range
with 99% confidence, resulting in the final set of 23 days, namely, 552 hours (Table 2). The
comfort temperature ranges for the summer months in study were established from the
adaptive comfort chart of ASHRAE standard 55, adopting the temperatures obtained
through computer simulations (Table 3) (Nico-Rodrigues, 2015; Nico-Rodrigues et al.,
2015).
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Table 2. Set of days defined by the confidence interval for the summer period
Months Analyzed dates
December 21
January 5 6 17 22 25
February 1 5 8 9 10 19 20 21 25 26
March 1 3 6 9 10 11 17
3. RESULTS
To the maximum values of the indicators for the season of the summer, were established
the FDT-% (100%) = 552 h or 23 days and GhDT-°C.h = 62.75°C, reached on March 17 date
for the computer lab 02 in the upper floor.
The study diagnosed the widespread occurrence, uncomfortable environments,
demonstrated that the indicators are non-conforming virtually throughout the analysis
period. It has an average range of occurrence of GhDT of 14.54°C.h to 39.60°C.h, indicating
temperatures above the range of comfort. Similarly, there was an average range of
occurrence of FDT 49.68% to 64%, pointing to a daily frequency in occurrence of
discomfort (Table 4).
For the month of March, where all the days analyzed showed high temperature and
frequency, the day 17, characterized as the largest day FDT, between 18 and 21 hours of
the day (Table 5).
Table 4. Results by environments
Total GhDT Average Average Total Average
Environments
(°C.h) GhDT (°C.h) FDT (%) FDT (h) (23 days) FDT (h)
Ground floor
Classroom - 01 334.42 14.54 49.68 274 12
Classroom - 06 335.97 14.61 50.40 278 12
Computer lab - 01 768.56 33.42 56.93 314 14
Upper floor
Classroom - 07 435.72 18.94 56.02 309 13
Classroom - 12 437.03 19.00 55.66 307 13
Computer lab - 02 910.75 39.60 64.00 353 15
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FDT (h) 17 17 16 18 18 11 20
Upper floor
FDT (%) 66.72 66.72 58.38 70.89 70.89 45.87 79.23
Classroom - 07
FDT (h) 16 16 14 17 17 11 19
FDT (%) 66.72 66.72 58.38 70.89 70.89 45.87 79.23
Classroom - 12
FDT (h) 16 16 14 17 17 11 19
FDT (%) 79.23 75.06 66.72 79.23 79.23 54.21 87.57
Computer lab - 02
FDT (h) 19 18 16 19 19 13 21
Comparing the indices of classrooms with computer labs, the classrooms present frequent
and slight discomfort, with temperatures slightly above the comfort temperature and
lower maximum values compared to laboratories (Fig. 10).
The laboratories present frequent and intense discomfort, with temperatures above the
comfort temperature and maximum values higher than the classrooms, with larger and
more negative buoyancy, showing high temperatures for longer period of the day, caused
by electronic equipment (Fig. 10).
The resulting discomfort demonstrates that even the environments having one of the walls
protected with a space with porch, which assists in blocking solar incidence, the obtained
values still remained above the comfort temperature, a fact noted by the absence of night
ventilation, since the window model does not provide constant ventilation and thermal
inertia increases the internal temperature overnight. The thermal gain of the equipment
and the user, as well as the envelopment and roof increases the internal temperature,
increased by the absence of night ventilation.
The comparison of environments between decks pointed to an increase in the indicators of
FDT and GhDT, demonstrating an important interference factor in the thermal gains by
inefficient roof system (Figs. 11-12).
Figure 11. Hours in thermal discomfort Figure 12. Sum of the GhDT-°C.h in 23 days
equivalent to FDT-% in 23 days analyzed analyzed
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4. CONCLUSIONS
The results presented by the simulations showed high percentages of FDT and GhDT for
all environments. Was evidenced that the configuration of the architectural typology and
envelopment elements that are commonly used in buildings of the campus of CEUNES
directly influence for the creation of ambiences uncomfortable.
An important factor of increase in the negative performance observed in the study is
related to the typology of maxim-ar type windows used in construction and widespread on
campus, and its relationship with the night ventilation. Its structure is completely fenced
to ventilation, without any element that allows the renewal of the air when closed,
requiring the need for manual opening, for only thus allowing natural ventilation and air
renewal.
The method of analysis allowed to quantify the disparity between the operative
temperature which exceeds the limit of adaptive comfort temperature set for the period.
In this way, allow to characterize the environments according to the simulated
environmental conditions, making possible performance improvement interventions, even
so, allow the establishment of data for the development of future projects for campus and
region, with higher quality and thermal efficiency.
The simulations have made it possible to conclude that the materials specified for the
envelopment, widespread and found in other buildings on campus, do not offer
satisfactory thermal performance for comfort. The results showed the need of intervention
actions in order to improve the performance of the environments examined. In accordance
with Nico-Rodrigues (2015), there is a need for the adoption of protective envelopment
shaders, as well as the need for more efficient materials specification, especially for the
system of roof in horizontal buildings cover.
It is observed that in the current reality is indispensable to artificial conditioning
prerogative on warmer days and times of the summer, but at the same time it is feasible
that by specifying more efficient materials achieve a reduction in the frequency and
intensity of the indoor temperature in building environments studied.
5. REFERENCES
Armelin, H.S.; Cherry, N. 2004. Avaliação do uso e desempenho de barreiras de radiação térmica na
construção civil. Revista E-Mat., vol. 1, n. 1, p. 79-82.
American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers (ANSI/ASHRAE). 2014. STANDARD 55 - Thermal Environmental Conditions
for Human Occupancy. Atlanta.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). 2005a. NBR 15220-2: Desempenho térmico de
edificações - Parte 2: Métodos de cálculo da transmitância térmica, da capacidade térmica, do atraso
térmico e fator solar de elementos e componentes de edificações. Rio de Janeiro.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). 2005b. NBR 15220-3: Desempenho térmico de
edificações - Parte 3: Zoneamento bioclimático brasileiro e diretrizes construtivas para habitações
unifamiliares de interesse social. Rio de Janeiro.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). 2013. NBR 15575-5: Edificações habitacionais -
Desempenho - Parte 5: Requisitos para sistemas de coberturas. Rio de Janeiro.
Bissoli-Dalvi, M.; Rembiski, F.D. & Alvarez, C.E. 2011. Materiais de construção com características
sustentáveis e reaproveitáveis: oferta no Estado do Espírito Santo (Brasil). Revista Hábitat
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Heliodon's Use for the Development of Bioclimatic
Architecture Projects in for the city of Araras, São Paulo -
Brazil
Juliana M. A. do Nascimento
Architect and Urbanist, Araras, SP, Brazil.
juli_nascimento@yahoo.com.br
Helenice M. Sacht
PhD Professor, Civil Engineering of Infrastructure, Federal University of Latin American Integration,
Foz do Iguaçu
helenice.sacht@unila.edu.br
Luís Bragança
PhD Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
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1. INTRODUCTION
The architecture has sought throughout history the development of environmental control
tools that can provide shelter and comfort for the man, and the climate of each city has
been the determining factor in defining the used architectural concepts, materials and
construction techniques. In this way, the study of climate and its relation to the design
practice is increasingly becoming a differential in the architectural field.
There are different terms related to bioclimatic architecture as Green Architecture",
"Ecological Architecture", "Bioconstruction", "Bioclimatic Architecture", "Eco-Efficient
Architecture" and "Passive Solar Architecture." There are also different ways of relating
architecture with the environment by using similar or close meanings, and they are
directly related to the sustainable architecture subject.
In the context of bioclimatic architecture, there are two major parameters: (i) a
multidisciplinary approach that requires the development of efficient projects and (ii) its
insertion into the sustainability subject, searching an efficient passive design. In this way,
is necessary to understand that there is not a perfect solution and this concept can be
applicable to all situations. However, numerous mechanisms can be selected in order to
find an appropriate solution for a given problem (Lanham et al, 2004), and this will give
birth to a more sustainable architecture.
Considering these aspects, the study of strategies for bioclimatic architecture is extremely
important to the current context of buildings and urban environment. In this context, the
design and use of shading devices in buildings is highlighted since an adequate design can
maximize shading during summer while allowing direct sunlight and heat gain during the
winter. For the hottest climates, the need for shading throughout the warm season
generates the greatest energy savings.
In Brazil, the knowledge of solar geometry is critical for engineers and architects once the
most part of the territory has warm summers with long periods of sunshine, having the
shading as one of the most suitable bioclimatic strategies. In this way, the solar protections
are used when direct solar radiation is not desired within the environment. The design of
the protections (or brises) requires knowledge of the movements of the Sun and Earthand
its effects in the eye of the observant, that can be described as a point, a line, a plane as a
wall or window or volume (in the case of a building) (Lamberts et. al, 2011). Thus, to
developed this type of study, an equipment called Heliodon can be used in order to
simulate the "apparent movement of the sun" (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Heliodon
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Solar radiation can be understand as a short electromagnetic wave, responsible for the
energy on the planet because is their main source. The elliptical path of the Earth around
the Sun, with the rotation of the earth, determines the variations in the intensity of
radiation throughout the year and during the day, respectively.
Insolation study is one of the most important aspects of the thermal comfort of a building.
In this context, the Heliodon, that is an equipment for the test of sunlight effects on
physical models of constructions or urban design that reproduces the actual direction of
sunlight in relation to a building, can be used. The Heliodon can be considered as an useful
analysis tool of insolation in architectural projects. the is. In this study, an equipment
available in Laboratory of Environmental Comfort of University Center Dr. Edmundo Ulson
- UNAR was used, and it allows the observation of apparent trajectory of the sun in the
desired latitude in significant periods of the year, corresponding to the spring and autumn
equinoxes, and the summer and winter solstices.
Thus, the main objective of this work was to identify the potential of the use of Heliodon
for the study of bioclimatic strategies for buildings considering the climate of the city of
Araras, countryside of São Paulo State, Brazil, mainly on the aspects related to the design
of shading devices.
2. METHODOLOGY
In this work, the study of insolation, performed with the use of Heliodon, followed the
steps herein presented: (i) study of the area of buildings recently constructed in the city of
Araras/São Paulo; (ii) idealization and construction of the models; (iii) tests of the models
by using the heliodon and (iv) analysis of results.
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For single-story typologies, 15% of the data were discarded, which corresponds to 11
typologies, considering the extreme values of areas (higher and lower than its average).
Then, an average area of 137.78 m² was considered in the simulation, as shown in Figure
3.
As 56% of typologies are rectangular, this format will be used in the simulation of the
models. For the two-storey typologies, 10% of the data were discarded, which
corresponds of 2 typologies. In this case, the larger area ratios were discarded since they
are above of the data average. Thus, an average area of have 295,47m² was used in the
simulation of the two-storey buildings, as shown in Figure 4.
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According to the golden rectangle rule, "b" is equal to 7.00m, obtaining a 'B' equal to
49.00m² (i.e., 7 x 7), and "A + B" = 137.78m², so "A" is equal to 88.78m². Thus, "a" is equal
to 19.68 meters for the single-story model,. That is, the first model of deck should be 7.00 x
19.68m.
The model with two floors should have a total of 295.47m². Considering the two floors,
each one must contain 147.73 m². If "B" is equal to 49.00 square meters, then "A" is equal
to 98.73 meters (i.e., from 147.73 to 49.00). Thus, "a" is equal to 21.10 meters. Therefore,
the model should floor 27.00 x 21.10 meters in each floor. In this study, a scale model of 1:
100 was used in the construction of the models, as shown in Figure 6.
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3. RESULTS
In this work, the simulations in Heliodon were made for the following days: June 21
(8:00/12:00/16:00 hours) (Winter Solstice) and 21 December (8:00/24:00/16:00)
(Summer Solstice), and the solar orientations vary during the tests. Thus, this variation
was analysing by photographing them.
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Figure 7. Solar Chart of Araras,SP city. Reference: SOL-AR 6.2 Software (2014)
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Table 7 presents the types of brise soleil that can be used, or constructed, in the buildings,
according to the face of the façade for the main directions (Northern, Southern, Eastern
and Western) for the latitude of Araras (South Hemisphere).
Table 7. Type of shading devices for buildings according to solar orientation.
Face of the
Brise soleil type Observations
terrain
This device provides shading and may be composed of a single
Northern Horizontal
element or multiple small components.
For this solar orientation occurs low incidence of light to Araras,
Southern Indifferent requires practically no brise soleil, unless it is for aesthetic
reasons.
The use of horizontal brise soleil occurs when is wanted
protection for a certain schedule, because usually in the early
Horizontal, Vertical
Eastern morning the radiation is desirable for the morning sun. The
or mixed
vertical brise soleil completely covers the aperture, and the
mixed brise soleil includes both vertical and horizontal.
The vertical brise soleil is efficient to protect openings positioned
on the eastern and western directions, and if is movable the
Western Vertical or mixed.
efficiency is even higher. In the case of being mixed, includes the
characteristics of the horizontal and vertical brise soleil.
The shading of the northern façades includes horizontal elements. Using this type of
device it is possible to prevent solar gain in the summer, allowing the entry of radiation in
the winter.
The ideal is to obtain the compatibility of the protection elements of the northern solar
orientation with the eastern and the western, when the openings are adjacent. In this case,
for instance, the horizontal brise soleil placed in the eastern should be extended and in the
western should be introduced vertical elements. The protection elements also should take
care for the eastern and western to the solar orientation northern once to the permanent
environments with glazing oriented to north receive large amount of solar radiation.
The southern façade receives low incidence of radiation (South hemisphere) thus
practically, is not necessary to use the brise soleil, unless you desire a similar aesthetic
effect to other facades. If the option is open glazed openings to heat up the environment
during the winter, this orientation is not a correct option, instead it shall be well insulated
and have few glazings.
To shade the east facade the horizontal brise soleil are recomended. As in most cases it is
not intended to obtain the total shading of the façade (but in a certain schedule and
specific dates, for example, in summer), it not make sense to use a vertical protection
element, because the same provides shading from the beginning of the sunrise, period that
the usually radiation is desired.Therefore, the objectives of the sun protection element
should be analysed.
For the shading of the west facade a pivoting vertical brise soleil, positioned across the all
glazing height, is recommended in order to protect the building especially during the
hottest months of the year. On the other hand, during the winter and during the day, it is
ideal that the element could be deactivated to allow the entry of solar radiation and the
consequent passive heating of the environment.
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4. CONCLUSIONS
It was observed that the heliodon is a very useful tool for analysis of the solar trajectory
for the study of architectural project. Some recommendations can be made, for example, in
relation to the use of equipment: is ideal that the North be always visible in the model; for
evaluating, the user should take pictures always in the same position, or with the use of a
tripod, in order to avoid mistakes in their interpretation due to the difference in angles
view.
According to the obtained results some conclusions were made in relation the limitations
given by the heliodon: the only existing arc, even allowing movement, often gets in front of
the shade that need to be photographed (mostly for schedules next noon day), limiting the
visualization of it to certain solar orientation and schedules. However, the fact that is a
mobile arc, that rotates with the base and allows the movement of light to any schedule,
allows a good amount of analysis.
REFERENCES
Bittencourt, L. 2008. Uso das Cartas Solares. Edufal: Maceió.
Frota, A. B. 2004. Geometria da Insolação. São Paulo: Geros.
Goulart, S. V. G. 2007. Sustentabilidade no Edifício e no Espaço Urbano. Apostila da Disciplina de
Desempenho Térmico das Edificações - ECV 5161. Laboratório de Eficiência Energética em
Edificações da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC, Florianópolis. 2013.
Lamberts, R.; Ghisi, E.; & Papst, A. L. 2000. Desempenho térmico de edificações. Laboratório de
Eficiência Energética em Edificações, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Construção, Departamento de
Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis.
Lamberts, R.; Ghisi, E.; Papst, A. L.; Carlos, J. C.; Batista, J. O.; Marinoski, D. L.; Naranjo, A. 2011.
Desempenho térmico de edificações. Disciplina ECV 5161. Laboratório de Eficiência Energética em
Edificações, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Construção, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis.
Lanham, A.; Gama, P.; Braz, R. 2004. Arquitectura Bioclimática: Perspectivas de inovação e futuro.
Lisboa: Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Seminários de Inovação.
Nascimento, J. 2013. Estratégias Bioclimáticas para o Clima de Araras-SP: Edifício e Desenho
Urbano. Relatório Final de pesquisa. Centro Universitário de Araras “Dr. Edmundo Ulson” - UNAR,
Architecture and Urbanism. Araras.
Nascimento, J. M. A.; Sacht, H. M. 2013. Estratégias Bioclimáticas para Edifícios Destinados ao Clima
da Cidade de Araras-SP. UNAR. Revista Científica do Centro Universitário de Araras "Dr. Edmundo
Ulson". v. 7, p. 07.
Nascimento, J. M. A.; Sacht, H. M.; Braganca, L. 2013. Bioclimatic Buildings Strategies for the Climate
of Araras City, São Paulo - Brazil. In: SB13 Portugal Contribution of Sustainable Building to Achieve
the EU 20-20-20 Targets, 2013, Guimarães. SB13 Portugal Contribution of Sustainable Building to
Achieve the EU 20-20-20 Targets.
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El uso de diseño paramétrico para la conformación de
volúmenes de museos ambientalmente compatibles para
el clima subtropical húmedo de Brasil
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1. INTRODUCCIÓN
De acuerdo con el estudio del Instituto Brasileiro de Museus (IBRAM, 2013), Brasil inició el
siglo XX con 12 museos, y ahora cuenta con 3200 entidades. Se ha evaluado que en 2009
los museos brasileños fueron visitados por cerca de 82 millones de personas y, de los
5.564 municipios brasileños, un 21,1% (1.172) poseen, al menos, un museo. La meta del
Gobierno es que la mitad de las ciudades brasileñas tenga por lo menos un museo hacia el
2020, lo que implicaría más de 2.000 nuevos museos en el país, con más de 250 millones
de visitantes al año, la mayor parte localizados en climas cálidos. Estas consideraciones
motivan el estudio del diseño y gestión del ambiente interior de los nuevos edificios,
especialmente en estas zonas.
Para asegurar el buen funcionamiento de un museo es fundamental mantener sus
colecciones dentro de valores ambientales adecuados para su preservación y garantizar, al
mismo tiempo, que las condiciones de confort sean las apropiadas para los visitantes. Los
conflictos existentes en las condiciones ambientales en museos fueron aclarados por
Gennusa et al. (2008), a través de un “Simultaneous Index” (índice de simultaneidad)
propuesto desde la Normativa Italiana de Museos, por medio de una matriz de interacción
de distintos materiales que componen las obras de arte, combinada con las condiciones
térmicas para el confort del usuario según el método de PMV de Fanger. El método
permitió desarrollar un diagrama para curadores de museos donde se pueden visualizar
rangos comunes de temperatura y humedad para las obras y usuarios. Este procedimiento
fue probado en salas de exposiciones en Italia, regulando la velocidad del aire en invierno
y verano. A partir de esta experiencia la, se evaluaron tres estudios de caso en el clima
subtropical húmedo de Brasil.
El estudio objetiva la implementación de algoritmos en una plataforma de diseño
paramétrica basada en los estudios de caso, para la concepción de edificios
ambientalmente compatibles. Es posible decir que estos sistemas se componen de
mecanismos relativamente simples que consiguen asociar y entregar de forma rápida
resultados en torno a la manipulación e integración de diferentes criterios de diseño. De
esta manera, el diseño puede llegar a ser concebido como una búsqueda óptima y
apropiada para asistir a la Compatibilidad Ambiental en los edificios.
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Según Serra y Coch (1995), cuatro aspectos pueden ser relacionados con la geometría de la
forma son la compacidad, la esbeltez, la porosidad y la perforación. Estos autores
establecen ecuaciones que evalúan los aspectos de geometría del edificio relacionándolos
con el comportamiento térmico ambiental. Afirman, además, que para el Factor de Forma
no es regular porque su fórmula de superficie dividida por volumen es dimensional.
Debido a ello, un edificio más compacto que otro, si tiene un volumen más grande, puede
resultar con un Factor de Forma más pequeño, lo cual es conceptualmente ilógico.
Igualmente, dos edificios de forma idéntica, pero de tamaños distintos, tendrán factores de
forma diferentes. Por lo que sugieren un valor absoluto de compacidad. En cuanto a la
esbeltez, dan una idea de que las proporciones generales de un edificio, desde el punto de
vista de lo alargado que sea en sentido vertical y su repercusión térmico ambiental, está
determinada por el hecho que, a mayor esbeltez, hay menos superficie de contacto con el
terreno y, por lo tanto, mayor exposición climática (radiación, vientos, etc.). También se
debe contar con que, a menor altura, aumentan los problemas interiores de estratificación
del aire. En general, no hay climas donde sea recomendable una esbeltez mayor.
Así mismo, un alto grado de porosidad significa que tiene mucha superficie de intercambio
con el ambiente exterior, por lo que es más difícil aislarlo pero, al mismo tiempo, más fácil
conseguir una buena ventilación de las zonas interiores. Otro aspecto a considerar es que
ofrece la posibilidad de crear espacios intermedios con un microclima propio, que puede
ser útil para aumentar la humedad del ambiente. De lo anterior se concluye que, en
general, los edificios con patios sean recomendables para climas cálidos secos pero no
recomendables para climas templados. Por último, la perforación de un edificio plantea
que la permeabilidad de su envolvente arquitectónica al paso del aire, depende tanto de la
superficie de perforación como de las dimensiones y la orientación relativa de las
aberturas.
El edificio, por lo tanto, se considera un mecanismo de control térmico y ambiental donde
el usuario se siente protegido, bajo efectos sicológicos y físicos aceptables. Siguiendo estos
preceptos, es de suma importancia entender el objeto arquitectónico como un modificador
del sistema natural que es, a su vez, modificado por las características del medio ambiente
en el cual se inserta.
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cuadrados. La condición enterrada del proyecto permite una menor ganancia térmica y,
por lo tanto, un menor consumo energético para conservar sus obras. Sin embargo, como
el sistema de aire acondicionado atiende a las tres salas, aunque funcionen
independientemente, se mantiene sin aire acondicionado en gran parte del tiempo.
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Parámetro:
5. METODOLOGIA
La herramienta utilizada para la implementación de una plataforma de diseño está
incorporada con el sistema de programación paramétrica Grasshopper® sobre la
herramienta de modelado tridimensional Rhinoceros®. Según Turrin, et al., (2011)
existen grandes beneficios derivados de combinar el modelo paramétrico y los algoritmos
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en etapas tempranas del diseño ya que permite obtener rápidamente gran cantidad de
soluciones a un problema mediante la exploración de distintas geometrías. Para el
desarrollo de la implementación de las condiciones geométricas para los museos en el
clima subtropical húmedo de Brasil, se utilizaron dos herramientas que se describen a
continuación;
• Rhinoceros® es una herramienta para modelado 3D basado en NURBS- los NURBS
permiten la construcción de una variedad de formas, independiente de su tamaño o grado
de complexidad.
• Grasshopper® es un editor gráfico de algoritmos integrados con las herramientas de
modelado 3D. Empleando conceptos de instrucciones lógicas, convierte las definiciones de
los algoritmos en formas en la plataforma de Rhinoceros. Tal editor está orientado al
diseño paramétrico y permite al usuario el manejo de componentes que ayudan a definir
todo tipo de formas, operaciones matemáticas, operaciones entre sólidos y componentes
auto programables, entre otros.
En primer lugar se definieron el dominio de criterios geométricos. Estos refieren a los
casos de estudio y sus dimensiones reales en la cual se define un cubo teórico delimitado
por dimensiones (x, y, z) determinado por un ancho, largo y alto. Estos valores son
especificados en la tabla a continuación:
De esta forma, el área mínima de una geometría posible es de 500m² (de 22m de ancho y
22m de largo con un alto de 5m) lo que equivale al metraje cuadrado predominante en los
museos en Brasil (IBRAM- Museus em números, 2010, pág. 98). Asimismo, corresponde un
área máxima de 6500m², para (x, y, z) de 45m de ancho y de largo en un total de cuatro
pisos, equivalente al caso de estudio con mejor compatibilidad ambiental.
De acuerdo con el dominio de criterios geométricos, a este cubo teórico, definido por el
ancho largo y alto, se exploraron cuatro diferentes transformaciones tridimensionales.
Éstas, tienen base en el trabajo de Marín (2008), que exploró distintas transformaciones
para una geometría. Para este estudio, se eligieron cuatro modificaciones, las cuales son:
Twist (torsión), Strech (estirar), Bend (curvar) y Taper (estrechar) que darán forma a la
geometria.
Definidos los criterios geométricos para el cubo teórico y sus transformaciones
tridimensionales, se definieron el dominio de criterios ambientales o evaluación de la
compatibilidad ambiental. Para las características ambientales de la geometría a ser
generada, se vincularon las ecuaciones de compacidad, de porosidad, de perforación y de
esbeltez, ya que, según Serra & Coch (1995) estas son las características que definen la
forma.
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Estos valores son resultantes de la geometría generada en donde, datos como la superficie
global, volumen y alturas son revisados a medida que se aplican las transformaciones,
permitiendo simultáneamente vincular la geometría concebida con sus cualidades
geométricas asociadas a la compatibilidad ambiental. Con respecto a las ecuaciones que
evalúan la compatibilidad de las relaciones de Porosidad (P) ha sido considerada como la
diferencia entre la magnitud global del volumen (la media entre ancho y largo (X1-Y1)/2)
y la magnitud de espacio abierto interior (X2-Y2)/2) estableciendo como valor de
referencia (1) el 50%, o sea P = (X1-Y1)/2)x 0,5-(X2-Y2)/2).Para Compatibilidad
Ambiental de museos en esta zona el valor preferente es P < 0,25 (un patio reducido para
evitar superficie envolvente) y el óptimo P=0 (sin patio). La herramienta paramétrica se
programó para partir con volúmenes integrales, al evaluar directamente debería validar
con porosidad óptima (0). Ahora, si el diseñador modifica la geometría colocando patios
interiores anulará la solución si supera 0,25.
Superfície
Proyectada
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Betancourt, M. C. 2013. Diseño Generativo de Vanos para el confort en viviendas del trópico. Tesis
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Caldas, L. et. al. 2002. A design optimization tool based on a genetic algorithm. Automation in
Construction.Vol. 11 (2).Pág.173-184.
Gennusa, M. L. & Lascari, G. R. 2008. Conflicting needs of the thermal indoor environment of
museums: In search of a practical compromise. Journal of Cultural Heritage, Vol. 9 125-134,
Palermo.
Ibram. 2016. Instituto Brasileiro de Museus. Disponible en: [http://www.ibram.gov.br/] Acceso en
junio de 2016.
Marin, P., Bignon, J. C. & Lequay, H. 2008. Paramètres environnementaux et mécanismes de
conception évolutionnaire. Disponible en [http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00440272]
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planning b. 1975.
Serra, Rafael.; COCH, Helena 1995. Arquitectura y energía natural. Universidad Politécnica de
Cataluña. Barcelona, España.
Singh, V. & Gu, N. 2012. Towards an integrated generative design framework. DesignStudies. Volume
33, Issue 2.185-207.
Tedeschi, A. 2011. Parametric Architecture with Grasshopper. Brienza, Italia. Edizione Le Penser.
Turrin et.al. 2011. Desing Explorations of performance driven geometry in architectural design using
parametric model and genetic algorithms. Advanced Engineering Informatics.V.25, 656-675.
_______. 2012. Performative skins for passive climatic comfort. A parametric design
Woodbury, Robert. 2010. Elements of Parametric Design. Routledge, New York, USA. ISBN-
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Sustentabilidade em edificações na Região Metropolitana
da Grande Vitória: Caracterização da amostra
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A Indústria da Construção Civil (ICC) sempre exerceu grande importância no
desenvolvimento econômico e social do Brasil. Porém, o cenário macroeconômico atual
apresenta-se com retração da economia, em praticamente todos os setores no país,
inclusive o da construção civil. O momento de crise política e econômica que o país
atravessa tem acarretado aumento no número de desemprego, queda da renda das
famílias e, ainda, baixo crescimento, expressado pelo Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), soma
de todos os bens e serviços produzidos, com queda de 3,8% em 2015. Por sua vez, o PIB da
construção civil alcançou índice negativo de 7,6% em 2015 (CBIC, 2016).
Nesse momento, a ICC precisará reinventar-se e se reestruturar, de forma a ultrapassar as
referidas dificuldades, apostando em novas vertentes, como é o caso do incremento de
requisitos de qualidade ambiental em seus projetos e obras. A busca por uma construção
mais sustentável contempla “[...] fornecer mais valor, poluir menos, ajudar no uso
sustentado de recursos, responder mais efetivamente as partes interessadas e melhorar a
qualidade de vida presente sem comprometer o futuro” (Silva, 2003, p.4).
Dessa forma, surgem alguns desafios a serem vencidos pela ICC, dentre eles, a opção por
um desenvolvimento de forma sustentável, ou seja, aquele que busca o equilíbrio entre o
que seja ecologicamente sustentável, socialmente desejável e economicamente viável,
descrita em função do tripé da sustentabilidade, que abrange as dimensões ambiental,
social e econômica (Sachs, 2002; Edwards, 2005).
A construção sustentável é uma nova forma de planejar a construção e seu entorno, e
segundo Araújo (2016) deve ser implantada em todo o ciclo de vida da edificação,
iniciando na extração dos materiais, passando pelo beneficiamento e transporte,
planejamento, projeto, execução, uso e manutenção, demolição e destinação dos resíduos.
Com foco na dimensão ambiental da sustentabilidade, esse tipo de construção abrange a
gestão eficiente do uso de materiais, água, energia, resíduos, qualidade do ar, conforto
térmico e acústico, entre outros, o que poderá trazer benefícios econômicos e ambientais.
Sabe-se que o público em geral e potenciais clientes do mercado imobiliário, estão cada
vez mais conscientizados, sendo assim, ações de sustentabilidade aplicadas às edificações,
certamente irão se destacar quando comparadas às convencionais.
Desde 1990, segundo Agopyan & John (2011) a ICC no Brasil busca reduzir os impactos
negativos sobre o ambiente, através de pesquisas em uma grande gama de aspectos, com
ênfase nos temas relacionados à redução do consumo de energia e perdas, assim como na
reciclagem de resíduos. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento da construção sustentável depende
dos esforços de toda sua cadeia produtiva e dos órgãos governamentais, visando à
elaboração de políticas públicas condizentes a realidade sócioambiental e econômica
brasileira.
No Brasil observa-se que princípios da construção sustentável precisam ser colocados em
prática, visto que CBCS et al. (2014) levantaram as seguintes demandas junto ao mercado
profissional: carência de conhecimento, demandando conscientização dos consumidores e
capacitação dos projetistas; criação de ferramentas específicas para avaliação da
sustentabilidade; criação de incentivos fiscais e linhas de financiamento pelo governo e
legislação e regulamento direcionado ao setor.
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2. METODOLOGIA
Embasado na pesquisa bibliográfica, este trabalho possui característica descritiva,
realizado através de levantamento de dados que, segundo Gil (2002), trata-se da coleta de
diversas informações sobre determinado assunto, a fim de, por meio de uma análise quali-
quantitativa, registrá-las e avaliá-las.
Dessa forma, procurando-se cumprir o objetivo da pesquisa, iniciou-se a revisão
bibliográfica para aproximação do tema. Diversas fontes de pesquisa foram utilizadas,
dentre elas, artigos científicos, livros, dissertações e teses. Através de seminários os
assuntos foram apresentados e discutidos o que permitiu alinhamento de conhecimento.
Em abril de 2016, iniciou-se a pesquisa de coletas de informações das empresas
construtoras, tendo como base a lista disponível no site do SINDUSCON-ES que continha
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O fato de quase 40% das investigadas possuírem mais de 30 anos de atuação pode indicar
que essas empresas, apesar das características conservadoras e tradicionalistas
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Observou-se que a grande maioria das empresas não inclui ações ou práticas relativas à
conservação do meio ambiente e sustentabilidade no planejamento estratégico. É
importante ressaltar que nas três empresas proprietárias dos três empreendimentos com
certificações ambientais (sendo um institucional com selo LEED, um de uso misto e outro
de uso multifamiliar, ambos com selo Casa Azul), verificados durante a realização dessa
pesquisa, sua missão, visão e valores não possuíam relação com a sustentabilidade. O
Quadro 1 apresenta partes das descrições do planejamento estratégico de algumas das
empresas que incluem tais ações.
Quadro 1. Planejamento estratégico de algumas empresas analisadas
“Ser reconhecida, até 2017 como a empresa da área de construção civil do Estado do Espírito Santo com maior
agilidade na entrega de seus produtos, garantindo sustentabilidade e qualidade diferenciadas”.
“A Empresa se orgulha de realizar seus empreendimentos com responsabilidade ambiental, diminuindo os
impactos de suas obras e garantindo qualidade de vida para as gerações futuras. Em respeito aos clientes,
parceiros e colaboradores, atua com transparência, se dedicando a oferecer agilidade, qualidade e preço justo”.
“Consciente de sua responsabilidade na preservação do meio ambiente, a Empresa produz seus imóveis de
acordo com os preceitos da sustentabilidade, respeitando a natureza, minimizando o impacto ambiental,
utilizando materiais reciclados certificados de empresas especializadas e acima de tudo cuidando para que o
planeta fique cada vez melhor”.
Fonte: Dados disponíveis nos sites das construtoras pesquisadas
Dentre as que citam tais práticas ou ações, pode-se perceber alguma sensibilização com as
questões relacionadas ao meio ambiente, à sustentabilidade e a preservação do planeta, o
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que pode induzir atitudes inovadoras quando comparadas às outras empresas que não
citam tais ações em seus planejamentos estratégicos. Conhecidas as características básicas
das construtoras, iniciou-se a contagem das edificações concluídas desde 2010, em obras e
em lançamento das 44 empresas construtoras selecionadas, totalizando-se 800
empreendimentos (Tabela 5).
Tabela 5. Quantidade de empreendimentos concluídos, em construção e em lançamento
Quantidade de Em Em
Nº Construtoras Concluídos Total
Empreendimentos obras lançamento
1a5 7 12 4 2 18
6 a 10 15 88 34 8 130
11 a 20 13 134 36 21 191
21 a 30 4 79 17 9 105
31 a 60 3 99 24 9 132
61 a 100 1 57 10 5 72
Mais de 101 1 135 10 7 152
Total 44 604 135 61 800
8,2%
Edificações entregues (118 - 64,8%)
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Observou-se que, quase 50% das construtoras possuem entre uma a duas edificações com
algum requisito de qualidade ambiental, e apenas 4,5% delas possuem acima de dez
edificações com essas características.
Esses dados podem indicar que a grande maioria das construtoras da RMGV, ainda não
incorporou tais conceitos, apesar da onda de marketing verde que se observa em outras
regiões. Segundo Gonzaga (2005) o termo consiste na produção e comercialização de
produtos ou serviços que tenham sido fabricados ou desenvolvidos causando menor
impacto ao meio ambiente, baseia-se no pressuposto que os consumidores almejam um
meio ambiente mais limpo e estão dispostos a pagar por isso.
Em seguida buscou-se investigar em qual município da RMGV concentra-se o maior
número de construções com a incorporação de requisitos de qualidade ambiental (Tabela
7). Observa-se que a maioria está no município de Vila Velha, apresentando 45% de
incidência, seguido do município de Vitória com 40,7%. Por sua vez o município de
Cariacica apresenta apenas 1,1% desse percentual. Os municípios de Fundão, Guarapari e
Viana, não possuem nenhum empreendimento com requisitos de qualidade ambiental.
Tabela 7. Edificações com requisitos de qualidade ambiental versus Municípios da RMGV
Município da RMGV Quantitativo (Nº) Quantitativo (%)
Vitória 74 40,7
Vila Velha 82 45,0
Cariacica 2 1,1
Serra 24 13,2
Total 182 100,0
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Tabela 9. Quantitativo de edificações com requisitos ambientais versus Área construída por unidade
Área máxima das unidades (m²) Quantidade (Nº) Quantidade (%)
30-50 7 3,8
51-80 42 23,1
81-100 21 11,5
Mais de 100 60 33,0
Não Divulgado (N.D.) 52 28,6
Total 182 100,0
Considerando-se que o uso de bicicletas para trabalhar, estudar, ou mesmo como atividade
física, está sendo incorporado no dia-a-dia da população e, sendo essa uma das exigências
dos clientes, investigou-se a existência ou não de bicicletários nas edificações. Observou-se
que nas 182 edificações estudadas, 131 delas não divulgam se possuem ou não
bicicletários, e apenas 51 divulgam a sua existência. Esse resultado pode sugerir que a
empresa considera esse um item bastante comum e por isso não divulga sua existência nos
seus sites, ou não esta acompanhando essa tendência e realmente não possui esse item.
Nessa linha de investigação por transportes alternativos, pesquisou-se a existência de
vagas para carros elétricos nas edificações estudadas. Observou-se que apenas 8
edificações divulgaram possuir vagas para carro elétrico, chegando ao pequeno percentual
de 4,3% de incidência. Esse resultado pode indicar que esse meio de locomoção ainda é
pouco utilizado na região, não apresentando vantagens a sua inclusão em itens de
sustentabilidade disponibilizados.
Os demais resultados obtidos nessa pesquisa de iniciação cientifica, ou seja, resultados
referentes aos requisitos ambientais relacionados à gestão da água e energia, materiais de
construção, resíduos e certificações ambientais implantados nas mesmas 182 edificações
selecionadas, e aqui caracterizadas, estão expostos nos outros dois artigos citados
anteriormente.
4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
A pesquisa apresenta um diagnóstico do atual momento da ICC em relação às empresas
construtoras e seus empreendimentos concluídos nos últimos seis anos, em obras e em
lançamentos que apresentem aspectos sustentáveis, localizados na RMGV. Tendo como
base a lista de empresas associadas ao SINDUSCON-ES, que continha em abril de 2016,
110 empresas associadas, pode-se perceber que apenas 44 dessas empresas são ativas e
realizam edificações com essas características.
Foram identificadas 182 edificações que declaram a incorporação de requisitos de
qualidade ambiental nas suas configurações, sendo que a maioria delas, 64,8% se refere a
edificações concluídas nos últimos seis anos. Esse resultado condiz com o atual momento
de retração no mercado imobiliário vivido pela população do país, mostrando que apenas
35,2% se referem às edificações em obras e em lançamentos. Observou-se ainda pouca
frequência de edificações que incorporem requisitos de qualidade ambiental por
construtora, o que pode indicar que produzir edificações com essas características ainda
não é muito comum na região.
Dessa forma, os resultados demonstram uma região onde produzir edificações
incorporando requisitos de qualidade ambiental não é tão comum e apresenta
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REFERÊNCIAS
AGOPYAN, V.; JOHN, V.M. O desafio da sustentabilidade na construção civil. v.5. São Paulo: Blucher,
2011.
ARAÚJO, M.A. A moderna construção sustentável. 2016. Disponível em:
<http://www.idhea.com.br/artigos1.asp>. Acesso em: 6/04/2016.
BASTOS, C.S. Arquitetura institucional de ensino superior: Ações sustentáveis projetuais baseadas
nas categorias do LEED Schools NC - V3. Dissertação (Mestrado). Universidade Federal do Espírito
Santo, Vitória. 2012.
CBIC. PIB Brasil e Construção Civil. 2016. Disponível em: <http://www.cbicdados.com.br/home/>
Acesso em: 15 maio 2016.
CONSELHO BRASILEIRO DE CONSTRUÇÃO SUSTENTÁVEL;PROGRAMA DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS PARA
O MEIO AMBIENTE;MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMBIENTE. Aspectos da construção sustentável no Brasil
e promoção de políticas públicas – subsídios para promoção daconstrução civil sustentável.
Novembro, 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.cbcs.org.br/website/aspectos-construcao-
sustentavel/show.asp?ppgCode=31E2524C-905E-4FC0-B784-118693813AC4>. Acesso em 6 abr.
2015
EDWARDS, B. O Guia básico para a sustentabilidade. 2.ed. Barcelona. Ggilli, 2005, 226p.
FARIAS FILHO, J.R.; CÓ, F.A.; FERNANDES; R. S.; NOGUEIRA, W.B. A utilização de mídia interativa
como ferramenta para o desenvolvimento do “pensamento sustentável” na construção civil. In:
Encontro Nacional de Engenharia de Produção, 25, Porto Alegre. Anais... Porto Alegre: ABEPRO,
2005.
GIL, A.C. Métodos e técnicas de pesquisa social. 5 ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2007. 206 p.
GONZAGA, C.A.M. Marketing verde de produtos florestais: Teoria E Prática. FLORESTA, Curitiba, PR,
v.35, n.2, mai/ago. 2005.
IBGE. Censo 2010 ES. 2010. Disponível em
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/tabelas_pdf/total_populacao_esp
irito_santo.pdf Acesso em 18 maio 2016
SACHS, I. Caminhos para o desenvolvimento sustentável. 4ª ed. São Paulo: Garamond, 2002, 96p.
SILVA, V. G. Avaliação da Sustentabilidade de Edifícios de Escritórios Brasileiros: Diretrizes e Base
Metodológica. 2003. 258p. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Civil). Escola Politécnica da Universidade
de São Paulo. São Paulo, 2003.
SINDICATO DA INDÚSTRIA DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO. 29º Censo Imobiliário.
Novembro 2015. Disponível em: http://www.sinduscon-
es.com.br/v2/upload/232016101648_Apresentacao_Censo_Novembro_2015_Previa.pdfAcesso em
29 maio 2016
VENÂNCIO, H. Minha casa sustentável: guia para uma construção residencial responsável. 2 ed. Vila
Velha (ES): Edição do Autor, 2010.
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The influence of envelope variables on energy
consumption in buildings in Vitória, Brazil
ABSTRACT: The awareness for energy efficiency in building sector has grown during the
last years in Brazil and in the World. The new energy scenario brought to light the
importance of energy efficiency in commercial buildings, encouraging discussions, studies
and development of a new reality based on energy efficiency. This work aims to identify
how some architectonic variables affect the energy consumption in commercial buildings,
verticalized and artificially conditioned, in the city of Vitória, Espírito Santo. As
methodology, a reference building was modelled based on the typical features of
constructions located on the bioclimatic zone of study, which could be found in literature.
Then, four variables of this building were altered: window to wall ratio (WWR), solar heat
gain coefficient (SHGC), absorptance of opaque surfaces (α) and orientation of façades. The
modelling and simulation of the cases were performed on the software DesignBuilder, an
interface to EnergyPlus, a widely used Building Energy Simulation tool. The analysis
considered the results of annual energy consumption and assessed the variation of the
amount spent with air conditioning. The Window to Wall Ratio showed the highest impact
on the energy consumption (12.4%), representing an increase of 32.3% on air
conditioning spent. The impact of the other variables on total energy consumption
followed the order: SHGC (8.7%), façades orientation (7.5%) and absorptance (4.0%). The
difference between the highest and lowest total energy consumption out of all the cases
analyzed reached 16.8%.
Keywords energy efficiency, building envelope, thermo-energetic simulation
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1. INTRODUCTION
In the last years, energy consumption has been on the spotlight of numerous researches.
The world’s dependence on energy has been increasing at an alarm rate, and the building
sector has largely contributed to that growth (Martínez-Molina et al., 2016). In Brazil, the
awareness for energy efficiency in commercial and public building sector has risen during
the last years as a result of governmental actions and research projects (Bodach &
Hamhaber, 2010). Therefore, this energy scenario brought to light the importance of
optimizing the energy consumption in buildings, the motivation of this work.
The energy consumption in buildings is related to losses or gains of heat through the
envelope. And associated with the internal load due to occupancy, equipment and artificial
lightning, result in the air conditioning system consumption (Fossati & Lamberts, 2010). In
fact, the building envelope have a great impact on energy efficiency and indoor
environmental quality, being also an important component of building structure and have
a great influence on their budget (Méndez Echenagucia et al., 2015).
There are several envelope variables that affect energy consumption in buildings, such as
shape of the building, height, orientation, floor-to-floor height, internal loads, openings
transmittance and shading coefficient, wall transmittance and others (Signor et al., 2001).
Assessing their impact on energy consumption can be done applying thermal-energetic
simulation, which has proven to be an effective and widely used tool for energy
consumption evaluation.
In this context, the aim of this work is to identify how some architectonic variables affect
the energy consumption in commercial buildings, verticalized and artificially conditioned,
in the city of Vitória, Espírito Santo. The assessment was done through thermal-energetic
simulation using the Design Builder software. The evaluation was done based on the
variation of air conditioning consumption and total electricity consumption.
2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology of this research was based on the simulation method procedure,
simplified in Figure 1. The choice of the software was based on literature review, which
showed that the software EnergyPlus had an adequate applicability to this research.
However, many users complained about the unfriendly interface of this software (Mendes
et al., 2005). Therefore, to overcome this problem, a graphic interface for the EnergyPlus
was chosen to perform the simulation, the DesignBuilder.
Configuring
Constructing Configuring Simulating Analyzing
the site of Modelling
the geometry the model the base case the results
study
Figure 1. General method for modelling, simulation and analysis. Source: Adapted from Venâncio (n.d.)
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At first, the site of study needed to be characterized. The study is developed in Vitória,
located on the coast of the Brazilian Southeast region, in the state of Espírito Santo, with
coordinates 20°16’S latitude and 40°17’W longitude. The required climate data was
obtained from the TRY (Test Reference Year) of Vitória, available in LabEEE (2016). The
choice of this specific source was done because it had a more recent update (2005) than
the other available sources and it has the proper configuration to input in the software.
To construct the geometry and to configure the model, a reference building was defined
based on a study developed by Lamberts et al. (2006) which described the most widely
used features in buildings located on the bioclimatic zone of Vitória: Zone 8. Additional
data required were obtained from other sources, referenced in Table 1. A perspective
drawing of the building and the plant are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
The reference building also considered air conditioning system. The system was set to
reach the control temperature of 24 °C, indicated by Ghisi & Tinker (2005).
In order to evaluate the impact of envelope variables on the climate consumption, it was
necessary to select the parameters to vary and, therefore, evaluate their impact. To select
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those variables, a literature review was executed. In this paper, the studies developed by
Signor et al. (2001) and Venâncio & Pedrini (2008) are highlighted.
Among the several envelope variables, Signor et al. (2001) selected the ten most relevant
to energy consumption in Brazilian cities, based on sensitivity analysis. They are: Roof
Area/Total Area; Façade Area/Total Area; WWR – Window to Wall ratio; PF – projection
factor of windows overhangs; SC – shading coefficient of glazing; Uroof – roof transmittance
and αroof – roof absorptance; Ufaçade – exterior wall transmittance and αfacade – exterior wall
absorptance; and ILD – internal load density.
As the goal of the project was to analyze the typical buildings located in Vitória, the
building geometry and the internal load density were kept the same. In addition, although
the transmittance is an important variable, there is no real consensus of its impact on
energy consumption using air conditioning (Carlo & Lamberts, 2008), therefore this
analysis was not considered in this work. Windows overhangs were not considered as
their use is limited in the existing commercial buildings of Vitória.
Venâncio & Pedrini (2008) quantified the influence of some architectural decisions on
energy consumption and thermal performance of administrative buildings of the Campus
of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, and the orientation of the building has
proven to be an influence factor. Therefore, additionally to the variables mentioned above,
the orientation of the largest façade was considered.
Hence four variables were chosen to be studied: Window to Wall ratio (WWR),
absorptance (α) for both roof and exterior wall, the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC),
which is used, as the shading coefficient of glazing, to evaluate the amount of the total
solar heat gain that passes through the glazing, and orientation of the largest façade. The
values of the variables used in the simulations are shown in Table 2 were used.
The SHGC values of 0.86, 0.74 and 0.26 represent clear single glass (3 mm), clear double
glass (3 mm) and reflective glass (3 mm), respectively. Absorptance of 0.30 corresponds to
the yellow color, 0.40 to middle gray and 0.70 to dark green.
It is important to emphasize that for the reference building the following values were
adopted for the variables: SHGC 0.86, WWR 40%, α equal to 0.4 and orientation North-
South. To evaluate each variable, the reference building was used and only the parameter
analyzed were variated in the ranges described in Table 2.
3.1 Absorptance
Comparing the energy consumption values found varying absorptance (Figure 4), it is
possible to see that as the absorptance increases, the energy consumption due to air
conditioning rises 9.8%, increasing total energy consumption by 4.0%.
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Venâncio & Pedrini (2008) analyzed a building with WWR 40%, like the building in this
study, and located in Rio Grande do Norte (5°45’54”S latitude and 35°12’05’’W longitude).
They found that the adoption of light colors, comparing to the base case with dark colors,
reduced total consumption between 5% (rooms in South façade) and 6.1% (rooms in
North façade). This result is fairly close to the result found in this work, and the small
difference may be justified by the location of the buildings analyzed, especially the
different latitudes.
It is important to highlight that the other parameters of the reference building were
maintained, and only the WWR was altered. Therefore, the orientation of this buildings is
North-South and the values of SHGC and α are 0.86 (clear single glass) and 0.4 (Middle
gray), respectively. It is possible to state that the clear glass contributes to the influence of
the WWR, as it allows a greater amount of solar radiation to pass through the glazing, in
such a way that an increase in openings area contributes greatly to the heat gain of the
building. The increase in total energy consumption was 12.4%.
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Carvalho et al. (2010) analyzed a variation of the energy consumption in a building in Rio
de Janeiro, with 40% of WWR, like the building analyzed in the present study. The authors
found 18.79% of increase in air conditioning consumption when varying the glazing from
reflective glass to clear glass (6mm). In the present study, an increase in air conditioning
spent of 22.9% was found. The difference was considered acceptable considering the
dissimilar pattern of the buildings analyzed in the two studies, especially the geometry, as
the building analyzed by Carvalho et al. (2010) has 5 floors whilst the base case of this
study is a 15-storey building.
Furthermore, according to Fossati & Lamberts (2010), the use of glazing with low shading
coefficient (in this work the solar heat gain coefficient is addressed, proportional to
shading coefficient) may increase the energy efficiency in a building, especially if used
along with other strategies.
3.4 Orientation
Figure 7 shows the energy consumption when varying the orientation of the largest
façades. Changing the orientation to East-West promotes an increase of 17.5% of the
energy consumption by air conditioning due to the increase in solar heat gain. The impact
in the total energy consumption was 7.5%.
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Fossati & Lamberts (2010) highlight that the orientation of façades is an important
variable when linked to the WWR. In the present study, the WWR of the reference case is
significant (40% of the total area, 60% of the main façades), in such a way that the
orientation has an important effect.
The impact of the other variables on the total energy consumption can be organized in the
following order: SHGC, 8.7% on total energy consumption and 20.3% on air conditioning
consumption; façades orientation, 7.5% on total energy consumption and 17.5% on air
conditioning consumption, and absorptance, 4.0% on total energy consumption and 9.8%
on air conditioning.
The lowest consumption (60.26 kWh/m².year) corresponds to the building with the
lowest SHGC and the highest consumption (70.36 kWh/m².year) was the case with the
East-West façade orientation. The consumption variance reached 16.8% and up to 44.5%
for the air conditioning consumption. This corresponds to 68184.8 kWh/year, a saving of
R$ 18737.86 each year, considering the tariff in Vitória in April 2016.
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4. CONCLUSION
This study assessed the impact of four variables in the total energy consumption of a
building considering a base case, they are: Window to Wall Ratio, absorptance, Solar Heat
Gain Coefficient and Orientation. The Window to Wall Ratio showed the highest impact on
the energy consumption (12.4%). The air conditioning energy consumption varied 32.3%
when changing this parameter. The clear glass contributes to the influence of the WWR, as
it allows a greater amount of solar radiation to pass through the glazing, in such a way that
an increase in openings area contributes greatly to the heat gain of the building.
The impact of the other variables on total energy consumption followed the order: SHGC
(8.7%), façades orientation (7.5%) and absorptance (4.0%). The difference between the
highest and lowest total energy consumption out of all the cases analyzed reached 16.8%,
with a 44.5% reduction in air conditioning spent. This savings can represent a reduction in
energy consumption of 68184.8 kWh/year.
REFERENCES
Bodach, S. & Hamhaber, J. 2010. Energy efficiency in social housing: Opportunities and barriers
from a case study in Brazil. Energy Policy, 38(12), 7898-7910.
Carlo, J. & Lamberts, R. 2008. Development of envelope efficiency labels for commercial buildings:
Effect of different variables on electricity consumption. Energy And Buildings, 40(11), 2002-2008.
Carrières, K. R. 2007. Desempenho Térmico e Consumo Energético de Edifícios de Escritórios em
São Carlos (Thermal Performance and Energy Consumption of Office Buildings in São Carlos).
Dissertation. University of Campinas.
Fossati, M. & Lamberts, R. 2010. Energy efficiency of office buildings envelope: discussions around
application of prescriptive method of RTQ-C. Ambiente Construído, 10(2), 60.
LabEEE - Laboratório de Eficiência Energética em Edificações. (2016). Labeee.ufsc.br. Retrieved 29
May 2012, from http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/antigo/downloads/downloadaclim_anterior.html
Lamberts, R., Ghisi, E., & Ramos, G. 2006. Impactos da Adequação Climática Sobre a Eficiência
Energética e o Conforto Térmico de Edifícios de Escritórios no Brasil. Florianópolis.
Martínez-Molina, A., Tort-Ausina, I., Cho, S., & Vivancos, J. 2016. Energy efficiency and thermal
comfort in historic buildings: A review. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 61, 70-85.
Méndez Echenagucia, T., Capozzoli, A., Cascone, Y., & Sassone, M. 2015. The early design stage of a
building envelope: Multi-objective search through heating, cooling and lighting energy performance
analysis. Applied Energy, 154, 577-591.
Signor, R., Westphal, F., & Lamberts, R. 2001. Regression Analysis of Electric Energy Consumption
and Architectural Variables of Conditioned Commercial Buildings in 14 Brazilian Cities. In Seventh
International IBPSA Conference (pp. 1373-1380). Florianópolis.
Venâncio, R. & Pedrini, A. 2008. Influência de decisões Arquitetônicas na Eficiência Energética de
Edificações do Campus/UFRN (Influence of Architectural decisions on Energy Efficiency of
Buildings on Campus/UFRN). In ENTAC. Fortaleza.
Venâncio, R. Trainning for the Design Builder software (pp. 1-83). Natal: Federal University of Rio
Grande do Norte.
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Viability for the use of foundry sand to reduce use of
cement in cement concrete
Pedro Goecks
UNIJUI University, Department of Exact Sciences and Engineering, Ijuí (RS), Brazil
pedro.goecks@gmail.com
Eduardo Rizzatti
Federal University of Santa Maria, Department of Structures and Construction, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
edu_rizzatti@yahoo.com.br
ABSTRACT: Foundry sand is among one of the most produced industrial solid residues in
the world. Currently, there are numerous researches around the world about the possible
uses for discarded foundry sand, including its use as a substitute for part of the natural sand
used in construction. However, the volume of this residue used in different sectors of
industry is still small. In this context, understanding that the construction industry presents
a great potential for the solution of problems related to the discarded residues generated
by other processes by incorporating these materials as building material, this paper seeks
to promote the use of FS by reducing the use of Portland cement in the manufacture of
cement concrete. To this effect, our experimental program replaced sand for FS and reduced
a percentage of the use of Portland cement to determine the characteristics of the materials
used and the properties of the cement concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced by
foundry sand at the percentages of 5%, 10% and 15%, and the use of Portland cement was
reduced by 5%, 10% and 15%. The results showed that de use of FS for Portland cement
concrete manufacture is viable. It was concluded that de sample with the reduction of 5%
in cement and the substitution of 15% of natural sand for FS presented the best technical,
economical and environmental viability.
Keywords Foundry sand; cement concrete; construction.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Among the manufacturing processes, the foundry occupies a prominent place in the market,
depending on their ability to produce elements with a variety of shapes and sizes, being
responsible for creating parts of the utmost responsibility, which are aeronautics,
mechanical and automotive industry (Soares, 2000). His process uses sand to create male
molds that shape metal parts. These sands called sandy base, virgin sand or even
conventional sand, have the ability to absorb and transmit heat, they allow the gases evolved
during the molding process to go through its grains (Alves, 2012).
Usually, the sands are used for several cycles in the casting process; however, there is a
limited number of times that can be effectively reinserted because their grains lose angular
shape required for the formation of molds (Alves, 2012). So they are discarded and intended
to trench landfills, receiving the name of discarded foundry sand (UFS) or simply foundry
sand (FS). If the FS are deposited in improper or unmonitored sites may change the
chemical, physical and biological soil and water, causing damage to the environment.
The amount of sand consumed depends on the type and the part produced ranges from 0,8
to 1 ton per ton of molten; after the demolding step, about 90% of the sand can be easily
reinserted into the process, but about 10%, contaminated, to be discarded (Casotti et al,
2011). The FS represent one of the largest volumes of industrial waste produced in the
world and its reuse contributes to the reduction of gaseous emissions, consumption of
virgin material and results in economic gains.
Brazil occupies the seventh position in world production of castings, which are made about
three thousand tons of metal parts per year. More than half is destined for the automotive
components market, because of the sector to be strong in the country. For 2018 it is
projected a production of almost four thousand due to indirect exports as engines,
automotive components and capital goods (Brazilian Foundry Association, 2014).
Currently, there are numerous national and international researches, discussing
possibilities for the use of foundry sand disposal, including the partial replacement of fine
aggregate (natural sand). However, the volume of waste used in different industrial sectors
is still small. In this context, given that the construction industry has great potential for
solving problems related to the disposal of industrial waste generated in other processes,
through its incorporation into building materials, this paper seeks to promote the
attractiveness of using FS by reducing the use of Portland cement in the manufacture of
concrete.
Thus, the experimental program proposed aimed to determinate the characteristics of the
materials used and the Portland cement concrete properties, obtained with replacements
of fine aggregate by FS and also with percentage reduction Portland cement consumption.
It carried out the partial replacement of natural sand for foundry sand disposal under 5%,
10% and 15% content and Portland cement reductions of 5%, 10% and 15%.
This research was motivated by the positive results obtained in previous research (Lima,
2014) which replaced part of the natural sand (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 50%)
by casting dispose sand (channel break) from the same source. In that investigation, it was
found that all mixtures molded from foundry sand, from the earliest age of the Portland
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cement concrete, showed axial compression strength higher to the ones molded only with
natural sand.
In this sense, internationally, the recent research conducted by Prabhu et al (2015)
concluded that a replacement rate up to 30% natural sand by FS is favorable for the
production of concrete without adversely affecting the strength and durability. Siddique et
al (2015) also have positive results for the partial replacement of fine aggregate for foundry
sands.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The experimental program was developed in three parts. Initially the materials were
characterized, by performing the recommended laboratory tests in the Brazilian Technical
Standards. Then there was the dosage of Portland cement concrete and finally were carried
out tests on the produced concrete.
2.1 Materials
The materials used were Portland cement type CP IV-32, coarse aggregate (crushed stone
1), natural sand, foundry sand (FS). It was used Portland cement type CP-32 IV of Votoran
brand because that has as main characteristic their environments resistance to chemical
attack as sulfate, sewage and seawater.
For the physical characterization of cement, fineness modulus tests were carried out,
density and determining setting time. Results in Table 1.
Table 1. Portland cement characterization
Features Results
Fineness # 0,075 (%) 0,28
Specific Gravity (g/cm³) 2,84
Loose Bulk Density (kg/dm³) 0,97
Setting Time (h) 03:40
The natural sand needed for the research came from the city of Santa Maria (RS), 180 km
from Ijuí (RS) - the research site. In it the following tests were performed: granulometric
composition, specific weight of fine aggregate and loose bulk density (Table 2).
The FS was courtesy casting company located in distant municipality 45 km from Ijuí (RS).
For this research, we used the sand generated in the channel break process.
The FS characterization tests were the same as natural sand due to the similarity of
materials. But as it is a residue, it was necessary to carry out specific laboratory tests
(leaching and solubilization). In these, the FS performed within the limits allowed by the
Brazilian Technical Standards for the solubilization and, for leaching, the residue was
classified as non-toxic class IIB - inert. Table 2 also shows the characteristics of FS. It is
noticed that the FS has specific and unitary mass loose less than the natural sand.
Table 2. Characterization of natural sand and ADF
Features Results of natural sand Results of ADF
Max. Diameter (mm) 1,20 0,60
Fineness Modulus 1,90 1,16
Specific Gravity (g/cm³) 2,60 2,43
Loose Bulk Density (kg/dm³) 1,53 1,33
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The coarse aggregate #1 crushed basaltic from the Ijuí region (RS), was characterized as its
particle size distribution, density and absorption of coarse aggregate and loose bulk density
(Table 3).
Table 3. Characterization do coarse aggregate
Features Resultados
Max. Diameter (mm) 19
Fineness Modulus 6,75
Specific Gravity (g/cm³) 2,93
Loose Bulk Density (kg/dm³) 1,69
The water required for the hydration of cement, came from the Civil Engineering Laboratory
of UNIJUÍ’s well. The standard unit used was kilogram; it has lower probability of error in
dosage tests compared to the liter.
The factor of water/cement (w/c) was calculated to achieve the strength of 25MPa. Set the
w/c ratio of 0.59 were calculated substitutions 5%, 10% and 15% conventional sand for FS
and 5% cement reduction, 10% and 15%, all changes were made in mass (Table 5).
Table 5. Material consumption
Consumption (kg)
Mixture
Cement Natural sand FS Crushed stone #1 Water
R0S0 8,69 14,95 0,00 32,50 5,13
R0S5 8,69 14,20 0,75 32,50 5,13
R0S10 8,69 13,45 1,50 32,50 5,13
R0S15 8,69 12,71 2,24 32,50 5,13
R5S0 8,26 14,95 0,00 32,50 5,13
R5S5 8,26 14,20 0,75 32,50 5,13
R5S10 8,26 13,45 1,50 32,50 5,13
R5S15 8,26 12,71 2,24 32,50 5,13
R10S0 7,82 14,95 0,00 32,50 5,13
R10S5 7,82 14,20 0,75 32,50 5,13
R10S10 7,82 13,45 1,50 32,50 5,13
R10S15 7,82 12,71 2,24 32,50 5,13
R15S0 7,39 14,95 0,00 32,50 5,13
R15S5 7,39 14,20 0,75 32,50 5,13
R15S10 7,39 13,45 1,50 32,50 5,13
R15S15 7,39 12,71 2,24 32,50 5,13
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After separate the materials, began the molding of the test specimens (10x20cm). Before
receiving the material, the mixer was dampened to control the amount of water used in the
molding, thus avoiding that part of the mixing water were adhered by the equipment. The
launch sequence of materials was, gravel, cement, FS and natural sand. Gradually put up
water until the concrete was visually with good workability, and the Slump Test was
performed according to the Brazilian Standard.
Upon reaching the desired workability (90 ± 10mm) the amount of water left was measured
and the factor w/ c was recalculated. Sequentially began the molding of the test specimens
in cylindrical molds that contained a layer of mineral oil. After molded, the specimens were
taken to the humid chamber, where they remained under hydration until the test.
2.3 Axial compression strength test and tensile strength by diametrical compression
The axial compression strength tests were performed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The tensile
strength by diametrical compression analysis were performed only after 28 days of each
mix. Such tests were performed in the Civil Engineering Laboratory of UNIJUÍ under
standardized press (Figure 1), were evaluated by body-of-proof cylindrical with dimensions
of 10cm in diameter and 20cm in height.
For the determination of the compressive strength test, specimens were placed in the center
of the press, so that the resultant of the forces pass through the axis of the sample under
compression. The advance of the machine was set in 0,05MPa per second. Determination of
axial compressive strength is extremely simple, obtained only by the division of the rupture
force by the specimen area.
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To determine the tensile strength by diametrical compression first were placed two small
battens on the extreme points of the test piece, so the contact with the universal test
machine dishes were only along two diametrically opposed generatrices. The progress has
also been set up in 0,05MPa per second up to rupture of the specimen. The result was
obtained from the ratio of twice the strength at the time of rupture and the result of π
multiplied by the diameter and the height of the specimen.
3. RESULTS E DISCUSSION
In order to display the results, it was decided to remove the mixtures molded with 15%
cement reduction and without FS in the mix. Were there was a reduction of 15%, the
concrete workability lost, making it difficult to produce the specimen.
At 14 days (Figure 3) show up the same previous findings, especially on the low strength
gain obtained in the features molded with 10% reductions. The reduction of 5% brought
average drop 2MPa of strength, while 10% reduction brought downward 7MPa. It is noticed
that the loss of the strength does not behave linearly with cement reduction.
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The Figure 4 illustrates the results obtained for 21 days. The mixtures without reducing
cement and replacement of 10 and 15% natural sand by FS reached 25,8MPa while the
traces with 10% reduction of cement had little evolution between 7 and 21 days.
The specimens made with a reduction of 5% cement maintained similar strength with those
specimens molded without any reduction, with only a small decrease. It can be seen that
10% or more cement reductions considerably impair the compressive strength of the
concrete.
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At 28 days (Figure 5), it was clear that a gain in strength was obtained with higher FS
contents. The best results were obtained with 15% replacement of conventional sand by FS.
The mixtures R0S15, R5S10 and R10S15 reached, respectively, 29,7; 26,4 and 19,2MPa.
Mehta and Aïtcin (1990) cited Furquim (2006) studied partial Portland cement replacement
for mineral additions and explained that the increased strength is caused by physical effects:
Very small particles fill the voids and improve the effects in the transition zone, bringing up
the strength of concrete. This explanation can be confirmed in this study, because the
fineness modulus of FS was 1,16 and the natural sand, 1,9.
The Table 6 presents concrete properties at early age. The Slump Test was set between 8
and 10 cm, ranging from 8.5 to 10cm. Little variation in actual density was observed (γ),
getting around 2500 kg/m³.
Table 6. Property of concrete at early age
Mixture R0S5 R0S10 R0S15 R5S5 R5S10 R5S15 R10S5 R10S10 R10S15
Slump (cm) 9,5 8,5 9 10 9,5 9,5 9,8 9,5 10
Not
γ real (kg/m³)
obtained
2556,6 2516,9 2544,5 2526,8 2546,7 2524,6 2537,9 2509,1
Water
consumption (kg)
4,59 4,5 4,64 4,49 4,48 4,48 4,47 4,43 4,45
w/c revised 0,53 0,52 0,53 0,54 0,54 0,54 0,57 0,57 0,57
Water consumption was greater in mixtures without cement reduction. As less cement is
reduced a greater amount of water was needed to achieve the required reduction. However
the ratio between water and cement has increased due to reduced amount of cement. One
possible cause for the slump test stipulated value has reached a lower amount of water is
the fact that when the cement is removed, the concrete loses some of its cohesiveness, being
more unstable and acquiring therefore a high reduction.
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In the same manner as in the compressive strength tests, the results without reduction in
cement and 5% cut were close, while 10% reduction resulted in a greater loss of strength.
This data confirms the idea that 10% cement reduction would be very harmful to concrete.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The results show that the use of FS Portland cement concrete is technically feasible.
Whereas the objective of this research was to promote the attractiveness of using FS by
reducing cement consumption Portland in the manufacture of concrete, it can be concluded
that the trace to 5% reduction of cement and replacing 15% of conventional sand for FS,
presented the best technical, economic and environmental scenarios.
In terms of technical feasibility, this mixture was chosen because it got higher then 25MPa
of Axial Compression Strength, value stipulated during the mix proportioning by the ABCP
method. Moreover, presented tensile strength by diametrical compression 3,2MPa, at the
rupture; was similar to the maximum found in the samples.
About the economic viability, this mixture can reuse 15% of FS, which correspond to
approximately 9kg use of FS for each cubic meter of concrete. It infers that it is a cost-
effective solution for the construction industry, which tends to pay less for raw materials,
since the generating companies discards lots of this waste and has high cost for the
maintenance of industrial landfills.
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REFERENCES
Alves, B.S.Q. 2012. Estudo da viabilidade ambiental da reutilização das areias de descarte de fundição.
Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis.
Associação Brasileira de Fundição. 2014. Anuário. São Paulo: [s.n.].
Casotti, B.P.; Bel Filho, E.D.; Castro, P.C. 2011. Indústria de fundição: situação atual e perspectivas.
Brasília: Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social.
Lima, G.T.S. 2014. Análise de resistência e microestrutura em concretos com substituição parcial de
areia natural por areia de fundição. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. Curso de Engenharia Civil,
Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Ijuí.
Prabhu, G.G.; Bang, J.W.; Lee, B.J.; Hyun, J.H.; Kim, Y.Y. 2015. Mechanical and durability properties of
concrete made with used foundry sand as fine aggregate. Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering (Volume 2015): 11p.
Siddique, R.; Singh, G.; Belarbi, R.; Ait-Mokhtar, K.; Kunal. Comparative investigation on the influence
of spent foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates on the properties of two grades of
concrete. Construction and Building Materials 83 (2015): 216–222
Soares, G.D.A. 2000. Fundição: mercado, processos e metalurgia. Rio de Janeiro: COPPE/UFRJ.
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Envelope assessment of university building on South
Brazil reaching the eco-efficiency
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1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, there are a lot of worries about sustainability, including the construction and the
energy efficiency in the new buildings. Climatic change caused extreme temperature ranges
in different seasons of the year, demanding buildings preparation for such sudden changes.
Places like universities and colleges that have studying rooms need to have some design
standards accomplished to make people who use the place to feel comfortable.
According to National Energy Balance in 2013 (EPE 2014), the generation of electrical
energy in public service and auto producers of Brazil reached 570.0 TWh in 2013, increasing
3.2% compared to 2012. The public service power stations with 84.8% of total generation
are the mainly contributed. The major source of electric power is hydraulics, although this
source reduced 5.9% compared to previous year.
The electricity generation from non-renewable sources represented 20.7% of national total,
an increase comparing to 15.5% in 2012. The auto producers in 2013 represented 15.1% of
total produced, considering the aggregate of all sources used.
Net imports of 39.9 TWh added to national generation, ensure an internal supply of energy
power of 609.9 TWh, 2.9% more than 2012. The final consume was 516.3 TWh, an increase
of 3.6% comparing to 2012. In 2013, comparing a total of 570 TWh, 48.5% (276.45TWh) of
electrical energy consumption is represented by edifications, including 24.2% (137.04TWh)
of total national for residential, 16.3% (92.91 TWh) for commercial and 8.0% (45.6 TWh)
for public sector.
This data shows the necessity of an energy improvement in construction. A good energy
efficiency is obtained by a high economy service of energy, including necessities, place,
construction techniques, equipment’s and systems efficiency.
According to ABESCO (Brazilian Association of Industries in Energy Conservation and
Services), energy efficiency is to make more with less energy. It can be defined as an
optimization of energy consumption to obtain a better result. In Brazil, as previously
mentioned, there is a planning in energy sector called Energy National Plan as well as
Energy Efficiency National Plan (Brasil 2011). Examples that reduce the energy necessary
to attend society demands by different services: light, heat/cold, transportation, and using
less energy to reduce environmental impacts.
Approximately two decades ago Brazil created National Program of Electricity Conservation
(PROCEL) that help to reduce electrical fare through labelling programs for efficiency
equipment`s, ensuring security to the consumer with labels marks from INMETRO –
Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (Brasil 2001).
In 2003, it was created the National Program of Energy Efficiency in Edifications (PROCEL
EDIFICA) by ELETROBRÁS, acting in civil construction and governmental, technology and
economic sectors (Tubelo et al. 2013). The main goal is to promote rational use of energy
consumption in edifications, conserving the use of natural resources, reducing waste and
environmental impacts. The consumption of electrical energy represents 45% of
edifications, reducing 50% of new edifications that are going to be part of energy efficiency.
In spite of the mostly Brazilian building regulations had a non-obliged character, according
to the Regulations MPOG / SLTI nº2 (Brasil 2014), since August 2014 is mandatory the use
of the label certification process in federal public buildings, in new construction or
processes of retrofit, even with the development and dissemination of a manual to guide
managers on procedures for obtaining labelling, according to the specific regulations.
The Brazilian regulation related to the building performance on energy efficiency started
more than ten years ago (Carlo, 2008; CB3e, 2014; Lamberts, et al., 2011), although it’s not
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much disseminated in the country. This research proposes a reflection about the
parameters used for the V2 construction (V2 is the name adopted by the University of Passo
Fundo in a reference to the building of Engineering and Architecture courses) in order to
verify if the energy efficiency was achieved or not. It also intends to contribute to the
improvement of a conscious design taking into account the integration of architecture and
all the systems involved in the process.
2. METHOD
According to the Brazilian regulation about energy efficiency labelling - Regulamento
Técnico da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços
e Públicos - RTQ-C (Brasil 2010, 2013) - the certification can be obtained in two ways. For
the building design and construction, the evaluation can adopt the prescriptive method or
software simulation (Lopes et al. 2011 a, b); the as-built assessment should be obtained by
an in-situ evaluation, following the requisites of the normative of the evaluation of level
compliance RAC-C - Regulamento de Avaliação da Conformidade do Nível de Eficiência
Energética de Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos (Brasil 2013). The labelling
considers five levels: from A, B, C, D and E (the more efficient to the less efficient,
respectively).
The normative principles include three issues: the thermal performance of the building
envelope; the efficiency of lighting systems and the efficiency of HVAC systems (heating,
ventilation and air conditioning).
The envelope performance considers solar orientation, glass surfaces, thermal properties
of materials and shadow on the façades. The lighting systems are evaluated by the installed
power for artificial lighting and strategies for the use of natural light. Finally, the air
conditioning systems considers performance coefficients of independent or central systems
(Lopes et al. 2011 a, b).
It was chosen to analyse just the building envelope due to the fact that the air conditioning
system still in installation process and as well as the lighting system, which is in
complementary evaluation.
The present evaluation of the building named V2, the envelope thermal performance adopts
the prescriptive method of RTQ-C (Brasil 2013). Then, the work was divided in the
characterization of the building, data collection for the prescriptive method, calculation
procedures and determination of the prerequisites.
The real indoor conditions were analysed through temperature and humidity measuring
devices - data-loggers testo, models 175-H2 e 175-T1.
3. CASE STUDY
The University of Passo Fundo (UPF) is a multi-campus university, located in Southern
Brazil; the main campus occupies a peripheral zone of the city, the building park is of around
110 thousand square metres, receiving a population of around 22.000 users (including
students, teachers and staff) with several impacts on the neighbourhood context and
mobility (Frandoloso & Brandli 2015).
The building study named V2: Faculty of Engineering and Architecture by the University is
located in Campus I, the main campus of University of Passo Fundo, close to the Law Faculty
and Technologic and the Science Park of Civil Engineer (CETEC I and II), according to Figure
1. The initial physical data characterized the area with a different construction and design
typology. The building has an educational use with studying and draw rooms, living places
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and services. The construction is for Architecture and Engineer students of UPF, and is
composed by three floors, of which the ground floor has 1254.18 sq. meters, the first floor
has 1171.24 sq. meters and the last one has 1245.50 sq. meters, totalizing a construction
area of 3670.92 sq. meters for 1135 students.
The building was constructed between 2014 and 2015 with reinforced concrete cast on site,
exterior closures in masonry brick 6 holes, internal partitions of plasterboard. The main
façade is composed by aluminium composite plates (ACM) and spider glass system, showed
in Figure 2. For West and East façades it was used vertical shadowing as a protection in the
second and third floor.
4. BUILDING EVALUATION
After getting all the necessary information about the building architecture and construction,
it was identified the efficiency level acquired by the building V2 and then established
normative prescriptions and partial classifications for the building envelope.
For the commercial building to be classified, the normative distributes three different
percentages for each requirement, and the final classification is determined according to
this percentage punctuation that varies between A (more efficiency) and E (less efficiency)
presented by ENCE – National Label of Energy Conservation, see Figure 3.
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Temperature Humidity
Season
°C %
Summer 20.94 76.00
Autumn 24.36 77.67
Winter 14.40 78.66
Spring 19.60 73.27
To analyse and classify the building envelope, which represents 30% of general
classification, composed by walls, openings and roof, it was collected physical data of the
building V2, presented in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4:
Table 2: Building Envelope
Numerical Equivalent
AU Useful Area (m²) 3.670.92
Atot Total Area (m²) 3.670.92
Apr Roof Projection Area (m²) 1.357.10
Aenv Envelope Area (m²) 2.240,71
V tot Building Volume (m³) 14.572.40
PFO Total percentage of façade opening (%) 0.19
VSA Vertical shadowing angle 20.43
VHA Horizontal shadowing angle 9.31
FS Solar factor 0.87
⍺ wall Sola absorptance wall 0.64
⍺ roof Solar absorptance roof 0.25
U wall Thermal Transmittance wall (W/m²k) 2.4
U roof Thermal transmittance roof (W/m²k) 0.6
IC min Consumption indicator minimum 24.09
IC max Consumption indicator maximum 50.78
IC env Building envelope consumption indicator 6.67
* considered: Bioclimatic Zone 2; Ape (projection area of the building) >500m²
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Figure 4. V2. Ground and 2nd Floor Plans; South and East Façade. Source: Setor de Projetos UPF,
2014.
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where HF: height factor; FF: form factor; PFTOT: total percentage of façade opening;
FS: solar factor; VSA: vertical shadowing angle; HAS: horizontal shadowing angle
For the calculation of efficiency level is used the maximum and minimum consumption
level‘s (IC) for the building, through the equation described above, only modifying values of
PAFt, SF, VSA, HAS, as presented in the Table 6 and Table 7.
The values obtained for maximum IC is 50.78 and minimum 24.09. The values obtained was
considered breaks, which are divided in 4 more sub-breaks through the equation 4 bellow:
i= ICmax – ICmin = 50.78 – 2409 = 667 (4)
4 4
Applying the equation for consumption indicator (CI) it was found 30.77. Comparing the
maximum and minimum limits for each classification it gets to the final building envelope
classification.
By the comparison with CI calculation and the limits presented above, it is concluded that
the building V2 is classified as A.
For the walls that have ceramic blocs and mortar, the thermal transmittance is 2.4(W/m²K).
The ceramic bloc with mortar, air layer, and aluminium composite plate has thermal
transmittance of 1.6 W/m²K.
The roof thermal transmittance is 0.6 W/m²K. The comparison of the values obtained
through calculations of thermal transmittance with values established from RTQ-C fits the
building V2 in category C or D for walls thermal transmittance and A for roof thermal
transmittance.
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6. CONCLUSION
The evaluations took into consideration only the aspects connected to the building
envelope, which achieved the level A of classification for the coverage and C and D for the
remainder. Levels C and D are a consequence of the walls’ transmittance that did not achieve
desirable performance in order to reach a higher level of classification.
This paper demonstrates that the decisions made during the design phase, as well as the
materials and techniques used in the construction of the building V2 will serve as the basis
for the decisions that will be taken for the construction of others buildings, which are part
of a complex of 5 buildings that makes up the Faculty of Architecture and Engineering
(FEAR). This analysis is of extreme importance to obtaining further constructive guidelines,
aimed at energy efficiency and sustainability in the campus.
REFERENCES
ABNT - Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2005. NBR 15220: desempenho térmico de
edificações. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
ABNT -Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2013. NB 15575-1: Desempenho de edifícios de até
cinco pavimentos: parte 1: requisitos gerais. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
Amorim, C. N. D et al. 2010. Energy efficiency code in Brazil: experiences in the first public building
labeled in Brasilia. In: Fourth National Conference of IBPSA-USA. New York City, New York. August 11
– 13, 2010.
Brandalise, M. P. et al. 2016. Analysis of the Brazilian Standards for Energy Efficiency Regarding the
Variation of Internal Load Density in Office Buildings in Brazilian Bioclimatic Zones 1 and 7. Journal
of Civil Engineering and Architecture: 10, 22-36. DOI:10.17265/1934-7359/2016.01.003.
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Brasil. 2001. Lei n. 10.295, de 17 de outubro de 2001. Dispõe sobre a Política Nacional de Conservação
e Uso Racional de Energia. Lex: Diário Oficial da União, Brasília. [Access: 25 May 2011]. Available
at:<http://www.inmetro.gov.br/qualidade/lei10295.pdf>.
Brasil. Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior. Instituto Nacional de
Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO. 2010. Portaria INMETRO 372/2010 de
17 de setembro de 2010. In: INMETRO [On-line]. [Access: 4 Dec. 2012]. Available
at:<http://www.inmetro.gov.br/legislacao/rtac/pdf/RTAC001599.pdf>.
Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Secretaria de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Energético.
Departamento de Desenvolvimento Energético. 2011. Plano nacional de eficiência energética:
premissas e diretrizes básicas. In: Ministério de Minas e Energia [On-line]. Brasília, 18 de Oct. 2011.
[Access: 11 Feb. 2013]. Available
at:<http://www.mme.gov.br/mme/galerias/arquivos/PlanoNacEfiEnergetica.pdf>.
Brasil. Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior. Instituto Nacional de
Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO. 2013. Portaria n.º 50, de 01 de fevereiro
de 2013. In: INMETRO [On-line]. [Access: 25 Nov. 2014]. Available
at:<http://www.inmetro.gov.br/legislacao/rtac/pdf/RTAC001961.pdf>.
Brasil. Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior. Instituto Nacional de
Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial - INMETRO. 2013. Portaria n.º 299, de 19 de junho
de 2013. In: INMETRO [On-line]. [Access: 25 Nov. 2014]. Available
at:<http://www.inmetro.gov.br/legislacao/rtac/pdf/RTAC001982.pdf>.
Brasil. Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão. Secretaria de Logística e Tecnologia da
Informação. 2014. Instrução normativa (IN) Nº02, de 04 de junho de 2014. In: DataPrev [On-line].
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Carlo, J. C. 2008. Desenvolvimento de Metodologia de Avaliação da Eficiência Energética do
Envoltório de Edificações Não-residenciais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil –
PPGEC, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis: UFSC [Access 22 Apr. 2011]. Available
at:<http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/sites/default/files/publicacoes/teses/TESE_Joyce_Correna_Carlo.p
df>.
CB3e - Centro Brasileiro de Eficiência Energética em Edificações – UFSC. 2014. Manual para
etiquetagem de edificações públicas: Gestor Público. Rio de janeiro: CB3E, Inmetro, PROCEL-
EDIFICA, Eletrobras.
EPE. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. 2014. Balanço Energético Nacional 2014: Ano base 2013. Rio
de Janeiro: EPE.
Frandoloso, M. A. L. & Brandli, L. L. 2015. How to improve eco-efficiency and indoor comfort at
University of Passo Fundo - Brazil. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture: 9, 179 – 187.
Lamberts, R. et al. 2011. Método de simulação: edifícios comerciais, de serviço, públicos e
residenciais. LABEE-UFSC, oct. 2011.
Lopes, M. N. et al. 2011. The building simulation as an alternative method in Brazilian energy
efficiency labeling of commercial buildings. In: Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011:12th
Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney, 14-16
November2011. 2040-2047.
Lopes, M. N. et al. 2011. Development of computational tool to evaluate the building efficiency level
according to the Brazilian labeling. In: Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011:12th Conference of
International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney, 14-16 November2011. 2055-2062.
PROCEL. 2012. Manual para aplicação dos Regulamentos RTQ-C e RAC-C. In: PROCEL Info. [On-line]
Rio de Janeiro: PROCEL/Eletrobras, 2012.
PROJETEE. 2014. RS-Passo Fundo. Dados climáticos. In: PROJETEEE [On-line]. [Access 20 Apr. 2016].
Available at:<http://150.162.76.139/graficos/>.
Santos, J. C. dos & Roriz, M. 2012. Influência do ângulo de incidência nos ganhos de calor solar através
de materiais transparentes. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, 12-1, 149-161, jan./mar. 2012.
Tubelo, R. C. S. et al. 2013. A Parallel between the Brazilian Energy Labelling System and the
Passivhaus Standard for Housing. In: PLEA2013 - 29th Conference, Sustainable Architecture for a
Renewable Future, Munich, Germany 10-12 September 2013.
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Sustentabilidade em edificações na Região Metropolitana
da Grande Vitória: Gestão de materiais de construção,
resíduos e certificações ambientais
Juliana Silva
Graduanda, Faculdade Brasileira, Vitória (ES), Brasil
juliana.arq1@gmail.com
Kevin Espicalski
Graduando, Faculdade Brasileira, Vitória (ES), Brasil
kevinespicalski@hotmail.com
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
No final do século XX, a questão da sustentabilidade ganhou força, especialmente em
função da crise energética mundial associada ao reconhecimento da influência da queima
de combustíveis fósseis, entre outros fatores, às mudanças climáticas globais
(Proskuryakova & Filippov, 2015). Somado a isso, a expansão do setor da construção civil,
decorrente do crescimento da população e aumento da expectativa de vida, fez com que no
Brasil, e em outros países, fossem observados vários impactos originados desse setor
(Franzoni 2011, Gurgun et al. 2015, Lazzarini & Penna 2015).
Desse modo, nas últimas quatro décadas houve uma expansão do mercado de construção
sustentável no Brasil e no mundo (Bortolini et al. 2015, John et al. 2007). Contudo,
verifica-se a escassez de leis e normas sobre edificações de baixo impacto ambiental,
gestão de resíduos do canteiro de obras e especificação de materiais de construção
sustentáveis (Ribeiro & Castro 2012, Minas Gerais 2008).
Associada ao grande consumo de matéria prima para produção dos materiais de
construção, outra grande preocupação da construção sustentável é a alta geração de
resíduos. A gestão de resíduos de construção civil (RCC) no canteiro de obras compreende
segregação, acondicionamento e destinação final. Essa gestão está associada às questões
de concepção do projeto, desperdício de materiais, falta de qualificação da mão de obra e
outros (Rembiski, 2011). Tam & Tam (2006) recomendam a elaboração de um plano de
gerenciamento, conforme tecnologias construtivas e organização dos canteiros.
No Brasil, para os projetistas, o material de construção sustentável está associado à
produção artesanal, sem controle de qualidade e uso de matérias primas reaproveitadas, o
que ocasiona algumas limitações ao uso como o desconhecimento da durabilidade,
desempenho e eficiência (Silva, 2012).
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2. METODOLOGIA
Embasado na pesquisa bibliográfica, este trabalho possui característica descritiva,
realizado através de levantamento de dados que, segundo Gil (2002), trata-se da coleta de
diversas informações sobre determinado assunto, a fim de, por meio de uma análise quali-
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Ainda neste cenário, observou-se que mais de 82% das construtoras analisadas não
disponibilizava em seus sites informações sobre algum desses requisitos (gestão de
resíduos, materiais de construção e certificações ambientais) adotadas em seus
empreendimentos. Isso pode ser um indicativo que:
(a) as empresas não consideram essas informações importantes para os consumidores;
(b) o site não é relevante para comercialização de seus produtos;
(c) a construtora não realiza esses requisitos em seus empreendimentos;
(d) o planejamento estratégico da empresa ou o setor de marketing, ainda, não estão
alinhados com a crescente conscientização ambiental dos consumidores, entre outros.
Além disso, a presença dos requisitos de qualidade ambiental nessa pesquisa (materiais,
resíduos, certificações ambientais) variava segundo a tipologia do empreendimento
conforme Tabela 01, na qual se observa a predominância desses requisitos em edifícios
residenciais multifamiliares.
Tabela 01. Presença de requisitos ambientais por tipologia
Tipologia dos empreendimentos Quantidade (Nº) Quantidade (%)
Residencial 46 25,3
Comercial 10 5,5
Uso misto 10 5,5
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Ainda que o resultado dos materiais utilizados não tenha sido significante nos
empreendimentos, durante a análise nas construtoras foram identificados requisitos de
qualidade ambiental relacionados aos materiais (Tab. 05), dentre os quais se destaca a
otimização do uso, visando à redução da geração de resíduos no canteiro de obras.
Tabela 05. Materiais e práticas usadas pelas construtoras
Informação Quantidade(Nº) Quantidade (%)
Otimização do uso de materiais 4 9,1
Uso de componentes pré-fabricados 2 4,5
Pavimentação permeável 1 2,3
Telhado verde 1 2,3
Segundo Lazzarini & Penna (2015), a baixa eficiência nos processos de fabricação,
transporte e construção influenciam no desperdício de grande parte dos materiais de
construção e RCC que poderiam ser utilizados, gerando um impacto ainda maior, tendo em
vista o aumento da necessidade de extração de recursos naturais.
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A maioria dos edifícios que possuía coleta seletiva de resíduos possuía, também,
recipientes e locais específicos para coleta de óleo, pilhas e baterias (Tab. 03). Em geral, os
postos de coleta destes itens localizavam-se em áreas comuns da edificação, buscando
incentivar aos moradores com o conceito sustentável da edificação.
Tabela 03. Gestão de resíduos no empreendimento (etapa operação)
Coleta Seletiva Quantidade (Nº) Quantidade (%)
Resíduos domiciliares 38 20,9
Óleo de cozinha 15 8,2
Pilhas e Baterias 15 8,2
Este resultado indica uma baixa preocupação com a reciclagem e reutilização de resíduos
sólidos. Para Lazzarini & Penna (2015), se estes materiais fossem separados e destinados
corretamente quase 1/3 dos resíduos gerados no Brasil retornariam ao ciclo de fabricação,
tendo em vista que, aproximadamente 32% dos resíduos gerados tem potencial de
reciclagem. Neste contexto, a adoção de certificações ambientais pode ser uma grande
aliada, incentivando a implementação da prática da reciclagem através da coleta seletiva.
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uma edificação de uso misto, composto por uma torre com 11 pavimentos, 62
apartamentos, 4 lojas. o edifício atingiu o nível ouro do selo casa azul com 33 pontos,
sendo atendidos 18 itens obrigatórios e 15 itens de livre escolha. Outro empreendimento,
também certificado pelo selo casa azul (nível ouro), é um edifício residencial multifamiliar
que possui 13 pavimentos, com 52 apartamentos, com previsão de entrega em dezembro
de 2016. o único empreendimento comercial no estado, certificado LEED NC (nível ouro)
em 2013, abriga um edifício comercial com área construída de 5.700m². Todas as
edificações certificadas situam-se no município de vitória.
Ainda que não possuíssem certificação de desempenho ambiental dos empreendimentos,
mais de 59% das construtoras analisadas tinha outro tipo de certificação, como o
Programa Brasileiro da Qualidade e Produtividade do Habitat (PBQP-H); o conjunto de
normas da International Organization for Standardization (ISO 9.001) e a norma da
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSAS 18.000).
A adoção de certificações de desempenho ambiental nos empreendimentos, bem como
outras certificações que visam a qualidade, estimulam o desenvolvimento de tecnologias e
a cultura de sustentabilidade, principalmente, na cadeia produtiva das empresas
construtoras. Além disso, saciam a busca da sociedade por soluções que visam o
desenvolvimento sustentável (Lazzarini & Penna, 2015).
4 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Essa pesquisa apresenta um diagnóstico do atual momento da ICC em relação às empresas
construtoras e seus empreendimentos concluídos desde 2010, em obras e em lançamentos
que apresentem requisitos de qualidade ambiental, localizados na RMGV, com foco em
materiais de construção, resíduos e certificações ambientais. Tendo como base a lista de
empresas associadas ao SINDUSCON-ES, que continha em abril de 2016, 110 empresas
associadas, pode-se perceber que apenas 44 dessas empresas são ativas e realizam
edificações com esses requisitos.
Foram identificadas 182 edificações que possuem requisitos de qualidade ambiental nas
suas configurações, sendo que apenas 1/3 das edificações apresentam pelo menos um
requisito, raras são as edificações com algum certificação ambiental e a maioria das
construtoras não descreve a gestão de resíduos como uma ação sustentável. Além disso, os
sites apresentavam informações desatualizadas e/ou inexistentes sobre os requisitos
analisados nesse artigo e, por isso, não retratavam as práticas construtivas desenvolvidas
pela construtora devido ao diferencial de mercado ou a adesão à construção sustentável.
As práticas, presentes na maioria dos canteiros ditos sustentáveis, relacionam-se a gestão
de resíduos, aproveitamento de recursos naturais e otimização do uso de materiais de
construção. Em geral indicando que a maioria das construtoras analisadas não realiza o
planejamento do canteiro de forma sustentável.
A seleção e uso de materiais de construção sustentáveis é uma etapa importante para o
desenvolvimento da construção sustentável, no Brasil e em vários países do mundo.
Entretanto, observou-se nessa pesquisa que, a grande maioria dos empreendimentos
analisados não possuía nenhuma informação no próprio site a respeito do seu uso.
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REFERÊNCIAS
BORTOLINI, G. G. ; BISSOLI-DALVI, M. ; ALVAREZ, C. E. A identidade visual nas ferramentas de
avaliação de sustentabilidade: ênfase ao ISMAS. In: Euro-ELECS 2015 - Latin American and European
conference on sustainable buildings and communities, 2015, Guimarães. Proceedings… Portugal:
Multicomp, 2015. v. 1. p. 257-266.
BRASIL. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. Censo 2010 ES. 2010. Disponível em
<http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/tabelas_pdf/total_populacao_es
pespir_santo.pdf>. Acesso em 18 maio 2016
COUTINHO, S. M. Percepções relativas às práticas em sustentabilidade nos canteiros de obras. 2013.
209f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade
Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, 2013.
FRANZONI, E. Materials selection for green buildings: which tools for engineers and architects?
Procedia Engineering. v. 21, 2011, p. 883 – 890.
GURGUN, A.P.; KOMURLU, R.; ARDITI, D. Review of the LEED Category in Materials and Resources
for Developing Countries. Procedia Engineering, v. 118, 2015. p. 1145 – 1152.
JOHN, V. M.; OLIVEIRA, D. P.; LIMA, J. A. R. de. Levantamento do estado da arte: Seleção de materiais.
Documento 2.4. Projeto Tecnologias para construção habitacional mais sustentável (Projeto FINEP
2384/04). São Paulo: FINEP, 2007.
LAURIANO, L.A. Governos locais para a sustentabilidade: o setor da construção e as Regiões
Metropolitanas de Belo Horizonte e São Paulo. Nova Lima, Minas Gerais: Fundação Dom Cabral, 2012.
(Caderno de Ideias, CI1210).
LAZZARINI, R.; PENNA, C.D. (coord.). Sustentabilidade – tendências na construção brasileira 2015.
São Paulo: CTE, Criactive, Editora O nome da rosa 2015. 96 p.
MINAS GERAIS. Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Manual de
obras públicas sustentáveis. Versão preliminar. Belo horizonte, 2008. Disponível em: <http://
www.semad.mg.gov.br/images/stories/ manuais/manual_obras_sustentaveis.pdf>. Acesso em 11
jan.2016.
PROSKURYAKOVA, L.; FILIPPOV, S. Energy technology foresight 2030 in Russia: an outlook for safer
and more efficient energy future. Energy Procedia, v.75, 2015, p.2798-2806.
REMBISKI, F.D. Análise multimétodo de percepções de agentes intervenientes na pesquisa e no
gerenciamento de agregados reciclados de resíduos da construção civil. Dissertação (Mestrado) –
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória,
2011.
RIBEIRO, M.F.; CASTRO, A.A. Políticas públicas e os novos rumos para as construções verdes. In:
Congresso Nacional do CONPEDI, XI, Anais... Niterói: FUNJAB, 2012. Disponível em:<
http://www.publicadireito. com.br/ artigos/? cod=42cd63cb189c30ed>. Acesso em 5 fev.2016.
SILVA, O.J.de C. Critérios para Seleção de Ecoprodutos: uma visão crítica acerca do emprego de
matérias de construção sustentáveis no Brasil – o caso da madeira plástica. Dissertação (Mestrado)
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– Programa de Engenharia Urbana, Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio
de Janeiro, 2012.
TAM; V.W.Y.; TAM, C.M. A review on the viable technology for construction waste recycling.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 47, n.3, p.209–221, jun. 2006.
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Uma proposta de diretiva ROHS Brasil: Exigências e
desafios
Celso Romanel
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Rio de Janeiro
(RJ), Brasil
romanel@puc-rio.br
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1.INTRODUÇÃO
O crescente aumento de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (EEE) no mundo fez crescer a
preocupação com o grau de contaminação humana e ambiental decorrente da produção,
do manuseio de EEE e do descarte dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos (REEE), visto que tais
equipamentos e resíduos são formados por substâncias químicas, várias destas
sabidamente nocivas ao ser humano e ao meio ambiente. Nesse sentido, a Comunidade
Europeia (CE) elaborou a Diretiva 2002/96/EC, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(WEEE) que orienta quanto ao tratamento e a reciclagem de REEE. Este contexto foi
determinante para que, complementando a WEEE, a CE elaborasse a Diretiva Restriction of
Certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS) que restringe em EEE as substâncias cádmio,
mercúrio, cromo hexavalente, chumbo, éteres difenil-polibromados e bifenilos
polibromados nos valores máximos de 1000 ppm para todas as substâncias da Diretiva,
exceto o cádmio cujo limite é de 100 ppm. As duas Diretivas juntas abrangem a hierarquia
do resíduo eletrônico: prevenção na fabricação (RoHS), redução, reuso, reciclagem e
disposição final (WEEE) (Souza, 2015).
Vários países como a China, Japão, Coréia e o Estado da Califórnia (EUA) alinharam-se,
com características próprias, à Diretiva RoHS visando, principalmente, o mercado
europeu. O Brasil tem se empenhado em legislar em busca de soluções sustentáveis que
permitam o progresso do país assegurando, ao mesmo tempo, a redução de impactos
ambientais nocivos. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), embora seja um
avanço na legislação ambiental e em seu artigo 7° incisos III, IV e V determine a adoção de
medidas para emprego de tecnologias limpas, redução de volume e periculosidade dos
resíduos sólidos (Brasil, 2010) não detalha quais as substâncias nocivas à saúde humana e
ao meio ambiente que devem ser evitadas, volume a ser reduzido ou escopo permitido.
Não especifica restrições específicas para EEE.
Assim, o Brasil ainda não possui regulamentação específica para o setor eletroeletrônico
quanto ao uso e limitações de substâncias químicas nocivas na fabricação de EEE. Neste
sentido, visando complementar a PNRS, é verificada a urgência na realização de acordo
setorial para equipamentos eletroeletrônicos.
A Diretiva ROHS foi atualizada em 2011 pela Diretiva 2011/65/EC, mantendo o mesmo
escopo da Diretiva 2002/95/EC e limitando as mesmas substâncias. Em 2015, a Diretiva
de 2011 foi novamente revista sendo verificada a necessidade de inclusão das substâncias
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalat (DEPHP), Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Dibutyl phthalat (DBP)
e Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP).
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4.1 EXIGÊNCIAS
4.2 DESAFIOS
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Segundo Gordon (2008), foram gastos US$ 32bilhões para adequação mundial à Diretiva,
sendo estimados US$ 3,7 bilhões, anuais, para atualização da mesma. O Instituto de
Pesquisas Tecnológica de São Paulo (IPT-SP, 2011) estima em torno de 30% o acréscimo
nos custos de EEE decorrentes de adaptações à Diretiva RoHS. Muitos fabricantes
repassam este aumento ao valor de venda do produto; outros recorrem a demissões de
pessoal visando recuperar o investimento realizado. Alguns poucos preferem agregar
valor à própria marca arcando com os custos de adaptação.
Outro desafio a ser superado é quanto ao entendimento da Diretiva que originalmente era
de difícil compreensão devido às suas várias exceções. Bogaert et al. (2008) informa que
grande parte dos custos (67%) inerentes à adoção da Diretiva recai sobre coleta de dados,
análise de exceções, treinamento de pessoal e certificação dos produtos. Apenas 33% é
gasto com adequação técnica à RoHS.
Outro fator desafiador a ser suplantado diz respeito à confiabilidade técnica a ser obtida.
Os EEE RoHS devem atender completamente às características técnicas, funcionais e
operativas de EEE não RoHS. Vários estudos neste sentido estão sendo realizados,
principalmente quanto à restrição ao uso de chumbo nas ligas de solda para aplicação em
eletrônica.
5. CONCLUSÃO
REFERÊNCIAS
ABINEE. 2015. Desempenho setorial abril 2015. Disponível em:
http://www.abinee.org.br/abinee/decon/decon15.htm. Acesso em: jun. 2015.
ABINEE. 2016. Desempenho setorial – Dados atualizados em março de 2016. Disponível em:
http://www.abinee.org.br/abinee/decon/decon15.htm. Acesso em: mai. 2016.
ANSANELLI, S. L. M. 2008. Os Impactos internacionais das exigências ambientais da União Europeia
para o Setor de Equipamentos Eletro-Eletrônicos sobre o Brasil. Campinas, SP. 227p. Tese de
Doutorado em Economia Aplicada. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia.
ATSDR. 2015. The ATSDR 2013 substance priority list. Disponível em: <
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl/index.html> Acesso em: nov. 2015.
BOGAERT, S., et al. 2008. Study on RoHS and WEEE Diretives N° 30-CE-0095596/00-09 – Final
Report. 369p. <ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/pdf/rpa_study.pdf> Acesso em: out. 2015.
BRASIL. 2010. Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos: Lei nº 12.305/10, altera a Lei no 9.605, de 12
de fevereiro de 1998 e dá outras providências. Disponível em:
<http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2010/lei/l12305.htm>Acesso em: set.
2015.
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Estudo do comportamento mecânico de tijolos de solo-
cimento cp-ii e solo-cimento cp-iii com fibra de sisal
RESUMO: O estudo tem como objetivo avalia o comportamento mecânico de tijolos de solo
com cimento convencional e os de terra crua estabilizados com cimento “verde” e fibra de
sisal. Deu-se início aos ensaios: caracterização do solo (granulometria, limite de liquidez e
plasticidade), confecção dos tijolos solo-cimento convencionais, solo-cimento verde e solo-
cimento verde com adição de fibra de sisal. Todos os tijolos foram confeccionados nos traços
1:8 e 1:6 e submetidos a analise de resistência média à compressão a cada 21 e 28 dias de
cura respectivamente. O tijolo solo-cimento convencional apresentou resistência média nos
traços 1:8 foi de 67,26 kN e 69,46 kN; 1:6 de 92,72 kN e 96,78 kN. Para a confecção do tijolo
solo-cimento verde sua média no traço 1:8 foi de 80,59 kN e 64,01 kN; no traço 1:6 foi de
66,97 kN e 66,43 kN. Nos tijolos solo-cimento verde e fibra de sisal foram utilizados três
diferentes comprimentos de fibra: 5mm, 10mm e 20mm. No traço 1:8 (5mm) a média foi de
67,12 kN e 63,8 kN; no traço 1:8 (10mm) foi de 46,69 kN e 52,89; no traço 1:8 (20mm) foi
de 58,82 kN e 58,06 kN. No traço 1:6 (5mm) foi de 75,08 kN e 56,59 kN; no traço 1:6 (10mm)
foi de 45,40 kN e 39,16 no traço 1:6 (20mm) foi de 42,99 kN e 40,74 kN. Os resultados
confirmam aumento da resistência dos tijolos com uso do cimento CP-III. Por outro lado a
adição da fibra de sisal aumentou apenas o volume da mistura, em comparação ao tijolo
convencional.
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sintética demora até 150 anos para se decompor no solo, enquanto a fibra de sisal, em
meses, torna-se um fertilizante natural. principais características das fibras de sisal: alta
tenacidade se compara com outras fibras naturais; excelente resistência à abrasão e ao
calor; textura excepcional, que permite grande aderência de contato; excelentes
propriedades térmicas, acústicas e mecânicas; rusticidade e beleza natural; excelente
biodegradabilidade em qualquer ambiente (Cotesi do Brasil, 2014). A fibra de sisal é
classificada quanto a sua classe em: longa (comprimento acima de 0,90m), média
(comprimento entra 0,70m e 0,90m) e curta (comprimento entre 0,60 e 0,70m) (Batista,
2009).
Segundo Abiko (1980), cimento é um material pulverulento, calcário, que misturado com
água forma uma pasta plástica que dá pega e endurece podendo aglomerar uma boa
proporção de materiais inertes, com propriedades hidráulicas e pozolânicas, como areia,
solo, cascalho e pedregulho. Os tipos de cimento fabricados diferem entre si em função da
adição de matérias-primas.O cimento verde é uma opção que pode aumentar o potencial
sustentável do tijolo. É uma técnica proposta por pesquisadores da Universidade de São
Paulo (USP) que permite dobrar a produção de cimento sem aumentar a emissão de CO 2.
Para isso ocorreram mudanças na base de preparo do cimento, e a ideia foi aumentar o uso
de materiais não reativos, no caso o calcário moído e a argila, que permitem a redução das
emissões do Dióxido de Carbono, mantendo a mesma resistência do produto convencional,
e podendo ser usado em todos os usos do cimento convencional, exceto aqueles que
necessitam de concreto especia USP (2013). Portanto, o uso do cimento verde no tijolo solo-
cimento é aceitável e admissível.
2. OBJETIVOS DA INVESTIGAÇÃO
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3. METODOLOGIA
Primeiramente, escolheu-se o solo da região Asa Norte, mais precisamente SQN 508, Brasília
– DF para a realização dos experimentos, caracterizou-se o material de acordo com as
normas da ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas), através de ensaios de
granulométria, limites de liquidez e plasticidade. Após caracterização, o solo foi secado e
peneirado em peneira de 4,8mm e usado para a confecção dos tijolos solo-cimento
convencional, tijolos solo-cimento “verde” e tijolos solo-cimento “verde” com adição de fibra
de sisal, feitos com a ajuda de uma prensa manual para tijolos ecológicos, nos traços 1:10,
1:8 e 1:6 (cimento:solo).
Para os tijolos solo-cimento “verde” e fibra de sisal, após a mistura feita foi adicionada a
fibra já cortada no tamanho escolhido, 5mm, 10mm e 20mm (Fig. 2), aos poucos na
betoneira. O tamanho da fibra foi escolhido de acordo com análise do trabalho Izquierdo
(2011), que propõe um tamanho médio de 12cm para uma melhor resistência no caso de
utilização do CP II-32. A porcentagem de fibra escolhida foi de 0,5%, segundo também
análise do trabalho de Arruda Filho et al (2011). Os tijolos foram modelados em prensa
manual e em tempo de cura de 7 dias em estufa. Foram moldados 3 tijolos para cada mistura
proposta.
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As misturas de solo com o CP III nos traços 1:8 e 1:6 (Tabelas 4 e 5), apresentaram
resistência mecânica também conforme exigências da Norma técnica.
Tabela 3. “Tensão Máxima (mPA) para tijolo solo-cimento convencional - Traço 1:8”e 1.6”
Traço 1:8 Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa) Rompimento (dias)
1 58,37 1,8
2 58,65 1,8
21
3 74,97 2,3
4 77,06 2,4
5 66,05 2,1
6 69,46 2,2
28
7 71,37 2,2
8 70,95 2,2
Traço 1:6 Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa) Rompimento (dias)
1 88,41 2,8
2 102,89 3,2 21
3 86,86 2,7
4 90,48 2,8
5 93,11 2,9 28
6 106,74 3,3
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Tabela 4. “Tensão Máxima (MPA) para tijolo solo-cimento “verde” - Traço 1:8”
Traço 1:8 Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa) Rompimento (dias)
1 83,10 2,6
21
2 78,07 2,5
3 66,68 2,1
28
4 61,35 1,9
Tabela 5. “Tensão Máxima (MPA) para tijolo solo-cimento “verde” - Traço 1:6”
Traço 1:6 Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa) Rompimento (dias)
1 72,26 2,3
2 67,05 2,1 21
3 61,66 1,9
4 73,03 2,3
5 68,93 2,1 28
6 57,34 1,8
Os resultados dos ensaios de tensão de tijolos de traço 1:8 com fibra de 5,0, 10 e 20mm, são
apresentados na Tabela 6, e mostram que com o aumento do tamanho da fibra de 5,0 para
10 e 20mm, a tensão máxima diminuiu. Para o traço de 1:6 nas mesmas condições de
quantidade de fibra em variados tamanhos (5,0, 10 e 20mm) o comportamento em relação
a resistência dos tijolos foi similar ao observado para o caso do traço 1:8 (Tabela 7).
Tabela 6. “Tensão Máxima (MPA) para tijolo solo-cimento “verde” com adição de fibra de sisal (5
mm, 10 mm e 20 mm) - Traço 1:8”
Rompimento
Traço 1:8(5mm) Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa) (dias)
1 67,35 2,1
21
2 66,9 2,1
3 49,43 1,5
28
4 78,18 2,4
Rompimento
Traço 1:8(10mm) Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa)
(dias)
1 46,50 1,4
21
2 46,89 1,4
3 51,89 1,6
28
4 53,89 1,7
Rompimento
Traço 1:8(20mm) Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa)
(dias)
1 54,37 1,7
2 61,40 1,9 21
3 60,70 1,9
4 62,36 1,9
5 56,33 1,7 28
6 55,51 1,7
Tabela 7. “Tensão Máxima (mPA) para tijolo solo-cimento “verde” com adição de fibra de sisal (5
mm, 10 mm e 20 mm)) - Traço 1:6”
Rompimento
Traço 1:6(5mm) Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa)
(dias)
1 69,87 2,2
21
2 78,42 2,4
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3 76,97 2,4
4 37,84 1,2
5 46,24 1,4 28
6 69,79 2,2
7 72,50 2,3
Rompimento
Traço 1:6(10mm) Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa)
(dias)
1 43,39 1,3
21
2 47,42 1,5
3 37,05 1,1
28
4 41,28 1,3
Rompimento
Traço 1:6(20mm) Força Máxima (kN) Tensão Máxima (mPa)
(dias)
1 43,15 1,3
2 41,30 1,3 21
3 44,52 1,4
4 45,81 1,4
5 43,02 1,3 28
6 40,09 1,2
7 34,07 1,0
5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
De acordo com as figuras 6, 7 e 8 os resultados com cimento CPIII para 21 dias foram os
mais satisfatórios, no entanto essa resistência diminuiu com o passar dos dias, isso ocorreu
também com a adição da fibra. Aos 28 dias a resistência do tijolo com cimento CP III foi em
torno de 7% a menos que o tijolo confeccionado com cimento CPII – 32.
Figura 6. Relação de resistências em KN e as misturas com cimento CPII-32, CP III e CPIII com fibra
de 5,0mm
Figura 7. Relação de resistências em KN e as misturas com cimento CPII-32, CP III e CPIII com fibra
de 10,0mm
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Figura 8. Relação de resistências em KN e as misturas com cimento CPII-32, CP III e CPIII com fibra
de 10,0mm
Figura 9. Relação de resistências em KN e as misturas com cimento CPII-32, CP III e CPIII com fibra
de 5,0mm (Traço 1:6)
Figura 10. Relação de resistências em KN e as misturas com cimento CPII-32, CP III e CPIII com fibra
de 10,0mm (Traço 1:6)
Figura 11. Relação de resistências em KN e as misturas com cimento CPII-32, CP III e CPIII com fibra
de 20,0mm (Traço 1:6)
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6. CONCLUSÃO
Mediante a análise dos resultados, pode-se afirmar que o uso do cimento CP-III aumentou a
resistência dos tijolos de terra crua, sendo assim, essa pesquisa foi bastante satisfatória, pois
a utilização segura de materiais menos poluentes somente acontecerá com confiança após
as pesquisas com tais materiais. Sabe-se a importância e necessidade de melhores técnicas
com custo/benefício apropriados, porém em torno deste conceito, ainda é preciso buscar
soluções sustentáveis. O uso do solo misturado a um tipo de cimento menos poluente, com
desempenho no que diz respeito a resistência igual ou melhor que o uso de um cimento mais
poluente é sem dúvida uma resposta importante nas soluções que visam misturas de solo e
cimento. Quanto a adição da fibra de sisal ao traço de solo e cimento “verde”, percebeu-se
que ocorreu apenas o aumento no volume da mistura, em comparação aos tijolos solo-
cimento CPII-32 sem fibra. Para este caso, a intenção era a melhora da resistência dos tijolos,
porém como o cimento utilizado foi o CP III, acredita-se que alguma propriedade deste
material pode ter alterado este resultado. No entanto, foi válido levantar esses resultados
para que assim não se tenha dúvida do desempenho quanto ao comportamento de uma
mistura aos moldes desta pesquisa.
Enfim, em avaliação aos objetivos propostos nesta pesquisa, percebeu-se que as eficiências
mecânicas dos tijolos estabilizados com cimento convencional foram muito próximas aos
estabilizados com cimento “verde”, porém a segunda solução é mais viável devido a
necessidade de atender aos critérios de sustentabilidade, principalmente no aspecto
ambiental. Quanto aos traços ideais, para que o desempenho de novas pesquisas seja
satisfatório, o tipo de solo deve ser o mais próximo possível do escolhido neste trabalho
devido a heterogeneidade do material. Todavia, não existe um traço ideal para estudos com
solos, devido às diversas características destes materiais que mudam de local para local.
Pode se usar um norteador, como o desta pesquisa, sempre atentando-se para as
características intrínsecas de cada solo, que altera os resultados de eficiência mecânica
destes materiais, mesmo quando estabilizados.
REFERÊNCIAS
ABIKO, A., K. Tecnologias Apropriadas: Tijolos e Paredes Monolíticas de Solo-Cimento. Dissertação (de
Mestrado). Escola Politécnica da Universidade dde São Paulo, São Paulo, 1980. Consultado em:
14.04.2014BARBOSA, N. P., MATTONE, R. com Terra Crua. I Seminário Ibero Americano de
Construção com Terra, 2002. Consultado em: 15.02.2014
FILHO, N.A, DANTAS, C, P, LEAL, A, F,. BARBOSA, N, P, SILVA, G, C, MAVINIEUX V. A.. Resistência
mecânica de compósitos cimentícios leves utilizando resíduos industriais e fibras de sisal, 2011.
Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1415-
43662012000800012&script=sci_arttext. Consultado em: 15.02.2015
BATISTA, A. F. Fibras Naturais. Casa do Produtor Rural – ESALQ/USP. Piracicaba, 2009.
Disponívelem:http://agro.unitau.br:8080/dspace/bitstream/2315/187/1/CR+677+Fibras+naturai
s+-++Utiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf. Consultado em13.04.2014
CODETEC – Unicamp. Considerações sobre Tecnologia Apropriada. Campinas, 1979. Darrow, K., Pam,
R. Appropriate Technology Sourcebook. Volunteers in Asia Publications, 1976. Consultado em:
13.04.2015
COTESI DO BRASIL Com Ind de Fios e Participações ltda. Conceição do Coité – BA. Disponível em:
http://www.cotesi.com.br/sisal.html. Consultado em13.04.2014
IZQUIERDO, Indara Soto “Uso de fibra natural de sisal em blocos de concreto para alvenaria
estrutural”, 2011. Disponívelem:http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-
05042011-164738/pt-br.php Consultado em 13.03.2015
USP. UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO. AGENCIA USP DE NOTÍCIAS. 2013. Disponível
em:http://www.usp.br/agen/?p=134582. Consultado em: 31/03/2014
VARGAS, M. Para uma Filosofia da Tecnologia. Editora Alfa Omega, São Paulo, 1994. Consultado em:
15.05.2014
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Estudo de caso: Comparativo entre os orçamentos de uma
escola urbana ou rural executada utilizando-se materiais
convencionais e materiais não convencionais
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O Brasil sempre conviveu com um déficit alto no campo da educação ocupando as mais
baixas posições nas pesquisas, segundo o Fórum Econômico Mundial (WEF, na sigla em
inglês), em seu último Relatório de Capital Humano (The Human Capital Report, em inglês)
– divulgado em 2013 – o Brasil ocupa a 88º posição dentre os 122 países que compõem o
ranking (The human capital report, 2013).
Devido a grande extensão territorial do país, muitas vezes pequenos municípios ficam
esquecidos, faltam recursos e acabam sem escolas de ensino de base para a população
local. Tal fator é impactante na educação nacional já que grande parte da população está
localizada nessas regiões isoladas.
Sendo necessário economizar verbas e gerar empregos nesses municípios, a
sustentabilidade encontra o ambiente perfeito para desenvolver seus princípios basilares:
o econômico, o social e o ambiental, todos em perfeita harmonia para alcançar o melhor
resultado. Ao buscar uma solução sustentável para os municípios onde não há escolas,
principalmente de ensino de base, é possível agir economicamente, diminuindo custos e
assim conseguindo contornar o problema da falta de verba em municípios interioranos,
utilizando recursos presentes no meio e dentro dos padrões exigidos para evitar agressões
ao meio ambiente.
Dessa forma, engenheiros e arquitetos devem pôr em prática seus conhecimentos,
principalmente ao projetar, buscando soluções viáveis e que de forma eficiente diminuam
os custos, aproveitando os recursos disponíveis, otimizando o tempo e atingindo o
objetivo primordial: levar educação aos municípios mais carentes e com índices de
escolaridade ínfimos.
2. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA
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Figura 1. Técnica construtiva denominada “bahareque de bambu”. 1a. Bahareque apenas em bambu. 1b.
Bahareque com vedação em argila. 1c. Bahaque com vedação em barro vermelho. Fonte: Yosoyxinka, 2016.
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3. METODOLOGIA DA PESQUISA
TERRENO CUSTO
ÁREA VALOR MÁXIMO DEMANDA
TIPOLOGIAS (dimensões REFERENCIAL
CONSTRUÍDA A FINANCIAR ATENDIDA
mínimas) / m²
Escola 01
35 m x 50 m 111,03 m² R$ 1.200,00 R$ 133.236,00 36 alunos por turno
sala de aula
Escola 02
35 m x 50 m 204,06 m² R$ 1.200,00 R$ 244.872,00 72 alunos por turno
salas de aula
Escola 04
60 m x 80 m 785,54 m² R$ 1.200,00 R$ 942.648,00 144 alunos por turno
salas de aula
Escola 06
60 m x 80 m 851,63 m² R$ 1.200,00 R$ 1.021.956,00 216 alunos por turno
salas de aula
Escola 12
80 m x 100 m ─ ─ R$ 3.534.000,00 432 alunos por turno
salas de aula
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Figura 2. Projeto Arquitetônico Espaço Educativo Urbano e Rural II 6 salas - Planta baixa para elaboração do
projeto de implantação com disposição dos blocos e suas as respectivas áreas. Fonte: FNDE, 2014.
4. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES
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A substituição do bloco cerâmico pelo tijolo em solo cimento apresenta outra vantagem,
que é a possibilidade de manter a alvenaria aparente apenas com uma camada protetora
de resina acrílica. Revestimento cerâmico para parede e pintura sobre paredes, podem ser
substituídos apenas pela aplicação da camada protetora de resina acrílica.
Com todas as composições relacionadas à alteração do sistema de vedação do projeto foi
possível a elaboração de uma tabela na qual a diferença real entre os dois sistemas fosse
definida. A Tabela 3 apresenta o resumo das diferenças de custo entre os sistemas de
vedação.
Tabela 3. Resumo da diferença de custo entre alvenaria em bloco cerâmico e tijolo de solo cimento. Fonte:
Próprio autor.
DIFERENÇA VALOR (R$)
Diferença na alvenaria de bloco cerâmico e tijolo de solo cimento 3.493,15
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telhas, foi elaborada uma composição de custo para a estrutura do telhado baseada nas
orientações do fabricante.
Ainda que a estrutura do telhado para as Telhas Leves mostre-se significativamente com
menores custos – R$142,70/m² para telhas cerâmicas e R$ 61,90/m² para telhas leves – o
custo das peças de Telhas Leves® são mais caras que as convencionais, todavia o maior
custo se justifica pela praticidade da Telha Leve®, além da manutenção ser menos onerosa
e principalmente pelo fato do desperdício chegar próximo de 0% já que elas não quebram,
evitando perdas durante a construção. Apesar da diferença no custo unitário das telhas
instaladas – R$ 40,04/m² a telha colonial, e R$ 74,42/m² a Telha Leve® – o custo final
indica maior economia com a utilização das telhas leves, apresentando enorme economia
na estrutura, que – segundo o fabricante – precisa suportar apenas 6 kg por metro
quadrado. Logo, a diferença de custo da estrutura da cobertura supera a diferença de custo
entre a telha cerâmica e a Telha Leve®, e com a substituição é possível obter uma
economia de quase 55 mil reais, o que representa 5,12% do orçamento total da obra. Além
de benefícios proporcionados pela utilização de tal material, como a não proliferação de
fungos, que deixam o telhado escurecido e com aparência de degradado com o tempo, há o
benefício proporcionado ao meio ambiente com milhões de garrafas PET sendo recicladas
e tendo um destino útil para a sociedade.
O piso cerâmico seria mantido apenas em 36,35 m² – nos sanitários e no vestiário, para
facilitar a limpeza desses ambientes – sendo substituído pelo cimento queimado em todo o
restante da escola, já que se mostra mais econômico, sem a geração de resíduos
apresentada pela cerâmica. Apesar de o insumo principal ser o cimento, que em seu
processo produtivo passa pela queima e polui a atmosfera, quando comparado à
quantidade de cerâmica que seria utilizada (que também passa pelo mesmo processo
produtivo), a substituição mostra-se satisfatória ao meio ambiente. A diferença de custo
comparado do revestimento cerâmico para piso substituído pelo cimento queimado foi de
R$ 23.370,39.
A diferença de custo entre o piso de concreto ecológico drenante e o piso de concreto
simples desempolado foi de R$ 11.061,27. Ainda que o piso em concreto simples seja de
execução mais rápida e mais resistente, não há necessidade de sua utilização. É certo que o
concreto drenante, além de mais econômico, é uma solução sustentável e que manterá o
reabastecimento natural do lençol freático daquela região.
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frente de serviço, o que certamente seria suficiente haja vista o pequeno porte da obra. Tal
escolha foi determinante na significante diferença entre os orçamentos.
A Figura 3 apresenta resumidamente estes itens e o percentual que a diferença representa
no total do orçamento, para que então seja possível avaliar a economia alcançada.
Comprova-se ainda que seja possível economizar significativamente com a substituição
daqueles insumos que mais impactam no orçamento final do projeto. A diferença de R$
176.581,84 representa 17% de economia em relação ao orçamento atualizado, fechado na
licitação.
Figura 3. Comparativo orçamentário: materiais convencionais x materiais sustentáveis. Fonte: Próprio autor.
É certo que o comparativo apresentou uma dentre diversas soluções não convencionais
possíveis para substituição dos materiais, logo, a depender da substituição proposta, a
diferença pode ser maior ou menor. O certo é que as possibilidades existem e o que falta
são projetistas e administradores determinados a realizar tais mudanças.
5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
A substituição de materiais convencionais por não convencionais mostra-se deveras
vantajosa não apenas na seara econômica, mas certamente na ecológica e ainda, social.
Com a evolução da ideologia mundial para a proteção do meio ambiente e consumo
consciente, a construção civil busca soluções que atendam a tais exigências. Sem dúvidas
não serão todas as soluções sustentáveis inovadoras que se mostrarão mais econômicas
que as convencionalmente utilizadas, todavia este trabalho demonstrou que com pesquisa
e planejamento é possível a substituição de insumos mais poluentes e menos sustentáveis,
por alternativas sustentáveis e menos onerosas ao empreendedor.
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REFERÊNCIAS
Barbosa, N. P. 2005. Considerações sobre materiais de construção industrializados e os não
convencionais. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia
Urbana - UFPB. João Pessoa – PB.
Censo escolar. 2011. Censo Escolar/INEP – Qedu.org.br. Acesso em 30.jan.2014
<http://www.qedu.org.br/cidade/4848-araripe/censo-escolar>
Colenci Jr., A. & Guerrini, F. M. 1998. Gestão da produtividade e competitividade. In: ESCRIVÃO
FILHO, E. (Ed.). Gerenciamento na construção civil. São Carlos: EESC/USP- Projeto REENGE. p.159-
207.
Cruz, H. 2009. Bambu Guadua Guadua angustifolia kunth. Gráficas OLIMPICA S.A, Pereira. Colômbia.
Eires, R. M. G. 2006. Materiais não convencionais para uma construção sustentável utilizando
cânhamo, pasta de papel e cortiça. Escola de Engenharia. Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia
Civil. Universidade do Minho, Braga – Portugal.
Fabrício, M. M. 2002. Projeto Simultâneo na construção de edifícios. São Paulo: Escola Politécnica.
Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia) – USP.
FNDE. 2014. Projetos arquitetônicos para construção. Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da
Educação. Acesso em 29.jan.2014 <http://www.fnde.gov.br/programas/par/par-projetos-
arquitetonicos-para-construcao>.
Franco, L. S. & Agopyan, V. 1993. Implantação da racionalização construtiva na fase de projeto. São
Paulo: Escola Politécnica/USP.
Fundescola. 2002. Espaços educativos ensino fundamental – subsídios para elaboração de projetos e
adequação de edifícios escolares – cadernos técnicos 4 – volume 1.
IBGE. 2013. Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais. Nota 1:
Estimativas da população residente com a data de referência 1º de julho de 2013. Acesso em
30.maio.2016 <http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br>
Silva et al. 2010. Aplicação de bambu em estruturas: estudo de caso a estrutura da exposição “O
paisagista Roberto Burle Marx” em Brasília. Anais do seminário da rede brasileira de Bambu.
Brasília.
SINDUSCONPR. 2016. Serviço Social do Sindicato da Indústria da Construção Civil no Estado do
Paraná. Acesso em 29.mai.2016 <http://www.sindusconpr.com.br/
principal/home/?sistema=conteudos%7Cconteudo&id_conteudo=310>
Yosoyxinka. 2016. Arte: el bahareke o bahareque, un arte ancestral para la construcción. Somos
Xinkas - La pagina oficial del Pueblo Xinka. Acesso em 02.jun.2016.
<http://yosoyxinka.blogspot.com.br/2011/08/arte-el-bahareke-o-bahareque-un-arte.html>
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A influência da tipologia da janela na iluminação natural:
O caso da Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Existe um grande número de estudos que procuram otimizar a relação da iluminação
natural e o ambiente construído, entretanto, o contexto no qual o Continente Antártico se
insere difere-se bastante dos centros urbanos onde esses estudos são normalmente
desenvolvidos.
Conhecida como a “Terra dos Superlativos” por ser a região mais remota, mais estéril, mais
desértica, mais ventosa e de mais alta superfície média do planeta (Alvarez, 1995), a
Antártica apresenta características particulares que influenciam diretamente na obtenção
de luz natural no ambiente interno, como sua trajetória solar com grandes diferenças na
quantidade de horas de luz natural disponível nos períodos de verão e inverno, e o alto
índice de radiação recebido (Montarroyos, 2015).
Atualmente, a Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz (EACF), pertencente ao Programa
Antártico Brasileiro (PROANTAR), encontra-se em processo de reconstrução visto que
grande parte da antiga edificação foi destruída em um incêndio ocorrido em 2012. Para a
reconstrução das novas edificações foi promovido um concurso de projetos e lançado um
Termo de Referência contendo as principais orientações para o desenvolvimento do projeto
(Montarroyos, 2015).
Embora as diretrizes estabelecidas pelo Termo terem buscado a proposição de exigências
no âmbito da sustentabilidade para edificações mais eficientes, a realização de alguns
estudos preliminares indicou que a abertura das janelas projetadas não alcançaria
resultados satisfatórios relacionados à iluminação natural dos ambientes internos (Lima &
Caram, 2015). Sabe-se que o apropriado formato de janela influencia diretamente na sua
eficiência e quantidade de luz recebida (Acosta et al., 2016), e que a iluminância pode ser
advinda de luz direta, quando o céu é visto do ponto de simulação, ou indireta, através das
reflexões das superfícies existentes externamente.
Assim, como primeira aproximação ao tema abordado, o objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar o
tipo de janela proposto nas novas edificações da Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz
(EACF – Fig. 1), verificando a quantidade de luz natural disponibilizada pela abertura
padrão e avaliando outros tipos, coerentes com o sistema construtivo adotado, que
poderiam obter uma maior eficiência lumínica. Visto que as edificações ainda não foram
construídas, os resultados permitem, eventualmente, a modificação do modelo de janela
proposto, além de auxiliar em decisões futuras de projetos para edificações Antárticas que
apresentem condições similares.
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2. METODOLOGIA
Os programas de simulação de luz natural no espaço arquitetônico vêm ganhando
importância no campo do planejamento das edificações devido ao fato da crescente
preocupação em projetar ambientes confortáveis e energeticamente eficientes, existindo
atualmente diversos programas com essa finalidade. Para esse estudo, foi selecionado o
software RELUX PRO por ser um programa gratuito, apresentar confiabilidade e possibilitar
a elaboração de gráficos e imagens, certificado pelo CIE (International Commission on
Illumination) e por ser utilizado também em outros estudos recentes sobre eficiência
energética (Maamari et al., 2006; YU et al., 2014).
Sabe-se que uso da luz diurna faz parte das recomendações de órgãos regulamentadores
internacionais, tais como a IES (Illuminating Engeneering Society) que sugere uma
iluminância oriunda de fonte natural de 300 lux para escritórios, salas de aula e biblioteca
em pelo menos 50% do tempo de ocupação do ano (Mangkuto et al., 2016). Assim, foi
adotado o mesmo valor para a análise dos resultados.
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seja, a espessura das paredes externas e o vidro duplo para eficiência do isolamento térmico
do edifício.
Vidro interno
Envoltória
externa
Módulo
Vidro externo
Figura 2. Representação da janela tipo 1 (projeto original Figura 3. Representação da janela tipo 2, de
para as novas edificações da EACF), de 221x48,3cm, 53x200cm, 1,06m² e peitoril de 10cm
1,06m² e peitoril de 5cm
Para efeito de simulação computacional foi feito um plano ortogonal (Fig. 6) da zona de
avaliação do ambiente, a 75cm do piso conforme determina a ABNT NBR 8.955-1.
Plano de
trabalho
75 cm
Para a realização da análise foi determinado o dia 21 de cada do ano, a fim de permitir o
desenho do comportamento da entrada de luz natural nos ambientes internos, a
performance obtida em cada tipo de janela e a análise dos solstícios de verão e inverno.
Foram selecionados horários para as medições da iluminância do ambiente interno que
mapeassem o comportamento da luz natural ao longo de todo o ano, evidenciando assim a
verdadeira contribuição da luz solar e, consequentemente, sua influência no
desenvolvimento das atividades internas. Posteriormente, foi realizada a análise do horário
de 13h00 apenas, pois ele representa a influência do sol na sua maior altitude. Isso
possibilitou uma simplificação das análises e a obtenção de uma constante do potencial de
cada janela.
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Figura 7. Mapa solar EACF, com a marcação dos pontos de medida – horários e meses do ano – e o
deslocamento da hora legal para a hora real.
De acordo com os parâmetros CIE adotou-se o céu claro, o qual utiliza a luminância
proveniente da radiação direta do céu azul, sem considerar a luz solar direta (CIE S011,
2003). Assim, os gráficos solares de iluminância média anual da EACF (gráfico 1) permitem
analisar os diferentes comportamentos da luz natural dentro do ambiente ao longo do ano,
e comparar os resultados obtidos na simulação dos 4 tipos de janelas avaliados.
Onde, Ein é a iluminância dentro do ambiente num ponto fixo; e Eext é a iluminância
horizontal externa sob condições de céu nublado, conforme as normas CIE.
O FLD pode ser medido por um ponto específico ou expressos como uma média. Esta última
é a média aritmética da soma dos valores do ponto de tomadas a uma altura de 0,75 m de
uma malha que abrange a área total do ambiente.
O método de avaliação da performance lumínica deste trabalho utiliza o FLD expresso em
média aritmética como parâmetro de medição. É um indicador que fornece resultados
diretamente relacionados com a eficiência luminosa e de fácil manipulação e composição
com outros indicadores, por se tratar de um valor numérico absoluto, sendo um método
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também utilizado por outros autores, como Fontoynont et al. (2016). Segundo Fontoynont
(2016) essa escolha pode ser justificada por ser uma abordagem simplificada que utiliza
fatores de luz do dia em condições padronizadas para tipos de céus, de acordo com o CIE.
3. RESULTADOS
Gráfico 1. Iluminância média anual da EACF em 4 horários do dia referente à janela tipo 1.
Gráfico 2. Iluminância média anual na EACF em 4 horários do dia referente à janela tipo 2.
A janela tipo 03 (gráf. 3) apresenta um gráfico constante, com apenas 2 picos de luz natural
em fevereiro e setembro, que denotam o momento de entrada da luz direta do raio solar na
abertura. Nos outros momentos a curva anual configura-se constante e com valores médios
de 90lux, uma iluminação suficiente para circulação, identificação do espaço, e a
possibilidade de desenvolvimentos de atividades de não-leitura.
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Gráfico 3.Iluminância média anual na EACF em 4 horários do dia referente à janela tipo 3.
A janela tipo 04 (gráf. 4) apresenta repetidos picos de luz distribuídos ao longo do período
da manhã (às 9h00h) devido à orientação da fachada. Os resultados apontam valores
médios mais baixo que a janela 3, justificados por sua localização elevada na fachada.
Gráfico 4. Iluminância média anual da EACF em 4 horários do dia referente à janela tipo 4.
Com a visão geral das 4 janelas (gráf. 5) e seu respectivo potencial de entrada de luz natural,
é possível afirmar que a fachada leste permite a entrada de luz solar direta em diferentes
períodos do ano dependendo da escolha da abertura. Esta compilação de todas as curvas e
de todas as janelas, representa uma linha complexa de valores, que são diretamente
influenciados e mascarados pelos picos de iluminamento quando da entrada da luz solar
direta pelas aberturas testadas.
Gráfico 05. Iluminância média anual da EACF em 4 horários do dia referente a todas as janelas.
Por outro lado, a visualização da trajetória solar durante todo o ano nas 4 possibilidades de
janela apresenta a vulnerabilidade do espaço em referência à iluminação natural. Isso
significa que estas aberturas, mesmo que contendo a mesma área, proporcionam diferentes
situações lumínicas no espaço interno, enfatizando assim a importância dos estudos
aprofundados desta escolha.
Os resultados do gráfico 6, demonstram a performance da entrada de luz natural no
ambiente e seu comportamento nas 4 estações do ano. São representadas as mesmas
informações dos gráficos anuais anteriores, porém com a simulação realizada no horário de
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13h00h apenas. Essa escolha ocorreu por ele ser o horário que mais se aproxima com a
iluminância média no ambiente e por não apresentar picos de iluminação, que poderiam
distorcer a curva representativa.
A janela tipo 01 se comporta de forma inversa de todas as outras janelas. Enquanto no verão
ela permite a entrada de maior quantidade de luz, no inverno, quando o sol está posicionado
com altitudes mais baixas, o índice de iluminância dentro do ambiente verificado reduz de
forma significativa e funciona inversamente proporcional à janela 03. O mínimo atingido
ocorre no mês de junho com uma média de apenas 12lux. Após a passagem do solstício de
inverno a iluminância aumenta de forma suave com a mudança dos meses.
A janela tipo 02 apresenta valores de iluminância médios baixos e apenas uma pequena
variação da entrada de luz natural nas diferentes estações do ano. Esse resultado ocorre
devido a janela estar localizada abaixo do plano de trabalho estabelecido, resultando em
valores de iluminância não significativos.
Pode-se afirmar que dentro das condições estabelecidas, a janela tipo 03 foi a que obteve o
melhor resultado, pois apresentou o maior fator de desempenho durante o inverno, além
de ter obtido o valor de 67lux médios durante o solstício. Esse valor representa a quantidade
de luz suficiente para circulação e identificação dos objetos internamente e até valores
apropriados ao lazer e relaxamento com alguma atividade (ABNT NBR 8.955-1). Ressalta-
se que o inverno é um período que apresenta dias com pouca luminosidade devido à baixa
altitude solar e por receber luz natural por apenas 3 horas, portanto, esse resultado
apresenta uma grande melhora se comparado às demais aberturas.
A janela de tipo 04 apresenta uma performance semelhante à janela de tipo 03, porém, por
estar mais distante do plano de trabalho, a quantidade de lux recebida torna-se menor.
Nota-se que os valores se modificam conforme a estação do ano, semelhantemente ao
comportamento das janelas tipo 02 e 03.
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contando apenas com uma curva decrescente de luz direta com índices inexpressivos após
2m de distância da janela. Neste caso há também pouca luz indireta, assim, as superfícies
externas e internas que geram reflexão representam pouca relação com a performance da
entrada e distribuição da luz natural na superfície de trabalho do ambiente.
Gráfico 6: Seção transversal do ambiente x fator de Gráfico 7: Seção transversal do ambiente x Fator de
luz do dia (FLD) para a janela Tipo 01- vertical. Luz do Dia (FLD) para a janela Tipo 02 –horizontal
localizada na parte inferior da fachada
Gráfico 8: Seção transversal do ambiente x Fator de Gráfico 9: Seção transversal do ambiente x Fator de
Luz do Dia (FLD) para a janela Tipo 03 –horizontal Luz do Dia (FLD) para a janela Tipo 04 –horizontal
peitoril de 1,1m. posicionada na parte superior do ambiente.
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A janela tipo 04 representada no gráfico 9 distribui a luz natural para o fundo do ambiente
interno mantendo um valor de 20 lux até 5,5m de profundidade. O espaço se beneficia de
luz indireta refletida das próprias superfícies internas. Com a análise do gráfico é possível
afirmar que apesar de apresentar valores baixos, a quantidade de lux recebida é bem
distribuída.
4. CONCLUSÃO
Nota-se que as 3 tipologias de janelas com forma horizontal apresentam dados mais
eficientes para a situação geográfica da Antártica visto que elas permitem uma maior
entrada de luz natural por mais tempo do dia. O gráfico 6, nos resultados, demonstra essa
característica e denota a este tipo de abertura o fator de compensação entre a ausência de
luz no inverno e a luz abundante do verão. Através dessa comparação é possível atribuir o
comportamento da luz à geometria e proporção da janela. Como consequência da abertura
se posicionar ao longo do ambiente, ela permite a entrada da luz natural priorizando as
altitudes mais baixas, que, como já citado, é uma característica fundamental da Antártica.
Escolher aberturas que favorecem e controlem a entrada de luz natural por um período de
tempo maior é fator fundamental no processo de projeto. Permitir uma maior relação entre
o ambiente exterior e o interior auxilia na redução das tensões comuns em áreas inóspitas,
especialmente na Península Keller, cujo usufruto da paisagem exuberante é privilégio de
poucos.
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Daylighting of a Standard Office Building with Efficient Electric Lighting.” Energy and Buildings,
Kobenhavn, v. 110, p. 435–442. 2016.
Lima K.M. & Caram R.M. “Avaliação de sistemas de janela para suporte a decisões de projeto quanto
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Mangkuto, R. A., Mardliyahtur R., Asri A.D. “Design Optimisation for Window Size, Orientation, and
Wall Reflectance with Regard to Various Daylight Metrics and Lighting Energy Demand: A Case Study
of Buildings in the Tropics.” Applied Energy, Bandung, v. 164, p. 211–219. 2016.
Montarroyos, D. C. G. Indicadores de sustentabilidade para edificações na Antártica. 2015. Dissertação.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória,
2015.
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Análise da aplicação de materiais de mudança de fase
para armazenamento de energia em edifícios Portugueses
José Pinheiro
Universidade do Minho, Escola de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Guimarães, Portugal
A61818@alunos.uminho.pt
Catarina Araújo
Universidade do Minho, Escola de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Guimarães, Portugal
cba@civil.uminho.pt
Luís Bragança
Universidade do Minho, Escola de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A energia é uma fonte fundamental para o desenvolvimento das sociedades, pela qual o ser
humano se tornou dependente. Caso não existissem recursos energéticos seria impossível
para o ser humano desfrutar o estilo de vida que tem vindo a desenvolver ao longo do tempo
(Rodrigues 2011).
O setor dos edifícios contribui para 30% das emissões anuais de Gases de Efeito Estufa e
consome cerca de 40% da energia (EU, 2010). Contudo, os edifícios existentes representam
também um potencial de poupança energético muito grande, uma vez que o seu
desempenho se encontra frequentemente abaixo dos níveis de eficiência possíveis. O
consumo de energia nos edifícios pode ser reduzidos entre 30% a 80% através de
tecnologias comercialmente disponíveis (UNEP, 2016).
Cada vez mais há que ter em conta o aumento da escassez de fontes de energia em Portugal,
sendo grande parte da energia em falta importada. Em 2010, segundo a DGEG (Direção Geral
de Energia e Geologia), a dependência de Portugal em termos de importação de energia foi
de 77% (ADENE 2012).
A eficiência energética é definida como a otimização do consumo de energia e baseia-se na
implementação de medidas e estratégias de forma a combater os desperdícios de energia
ao longo de todo o processo de transformação, acompanhando todo o seu processo de
produção e distribuição de energia. Para inverter as tendências dos consumos energéticos
excessivos e inconscientes, existe um grande caminho a percorrer pela humanidade, sendo
cada atitude individual, um passo importante para a mudança global (Rodrigues 2011).
O consumo de energia nas habitações está maioritariamente associado ao aquecimento e
arrefecimento das mesmas, de forma a obter o maior conforto térmico dos ocupantes. Uma
solução para reduzir estes consumos é a implementação de tecnologias e materiais de
mudança de fase para armazenamento de energia térmica de forma a obter o maior
rendimento económico e conforto térmico.
O armazenamento de energia térmica é um método de conservação temporária de energia
para utilização futura. Em edifícios habitacionais esta energia pode ser utilizada para
climatização de espaços de forma passiva ou em sistemas ativos. Pode atender assim a
muitos setores como o comercial, o industrial e o habitacional. O armazenamento de energia
térmica pode ser efetuado através de aquecimento ou arrefecimento de uma substância
(armazenamento de calor sensível) ou através do processo de mudança de fase
(armazenamento de calor latente) (Costa 2014).
No armazenamento de energia por calor latente, utiliza-se o material de mudança de fase
que absorve e armazena energia calorifica ambiente, quando este transita do estado sólido
para o estado liquido, o que só acontece quando a temperatura que o rodeia é superior ao
ponto de fusão do material. Em seguida, este liberta a energia anteriormente armazenada
quando transita do estado líquido para o estado sólido, ou seja, quando a temperatura que
o rodeia é inferior ao ponto de solidificação do PCM (Phase Change Material) (Cunha et al.
2012).
O processo de armazenamento de energia dos materiais de mudança de fase é
esquematicamente apresentado na Figura 1.
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2. SISTEMAS PASSIVOS
Os sistemas passivos têm como objetivo cooperar no aquecimento ou arrefecimento dos
edifícios diminuindo assim o consumo de energia com sistemas de climatização (Durães
2013). Nestes sistemas a energia é captada pelos materiais que integram o edifício e flui
por meios naturais por radiação e convecção.
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energia fornecida pelo sistema de climatização é absorvida pelo PCM. Isto conduz a um
aumento com os custos de climatização de forma a manter a temperatura interior definida
no sistema de climatização. Tendo em conta os benefícios obtidos quando aplicados Delta
Cool 24 de forma passiva, Durães concluiu que o custo deste material é ainda elevado. O
investimento da aquisição do material para um edifício localizado em Lisboa não pôde ser
recuperado uma vez que as necessidades energéticas anuais aumentaram.
Oliveira (2012) e Durães (2013) obtiveram conclusões diferentes, Oliveira (2012) com a
implementação de PCM num edifício na cidade do Porto obteve uma poupança energética
no Inverno para os dias mais frios, enquanto que Durães (2013) com a implementação de
PCM num edifício em Lisboa obteve vantagens na estação de arrefecimento. Uma vez que o
território Nacional apresenta diferentes climas deveria ser estudado em diferentes zonas
do Pais a sua implementação, como também a utilização de outras soluções construtivas
com diferentes tipos de PCM.
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destes parâmetros fundamentais para uma aplicação bem sucedida. A solução mais viável
aparenta ser o microencapsulamento. Este estudo conclui que a utilização de PCM nos
edifícios apresenta vantagens tanto na humidade relativa como a nível das temperaturas
interiores.
Nos ensaios de aderência e de compressão, Cerdeira (2015) concluiu que nas argamassas
com adição de PCM a resistência reduz 50 % comparativamente com as argamassas
cimentícias tradicionais. Este autor concluiu que a parede de granito de cor preta tem mais
rendimento em relação à parede de granito de cor cinzenta, pois as temperaturas atingidas
são de maior conforto, assim com todos os modelos de cor escura. Verificou que o sistema
mais vantajoso é o ventilado, porque permite um maior conforto térmico quer durante o dia
quer durante a noite, pois permite a troca de ar entre o sistema construtivo e o espaço
interior dos modelos de teste. Cerdeira (2015) concluiu relativamente à condutibilidade
térmica que os modelos com parede de trombe em granito e com parede de trombe em PCM
– Parafina apresentam valores bastantes interessantes pois apresentam uma condutividade
térmica mais baixa que os restantes modelos, o que demonstra que o granito e o PCM –
Parafina não permitem dissipação da energia no interior dos edifícios.
Tanto Cerdeira (2015) como Silva et al. (2009; 2008) encontraram vantagens na utilização
de PCM, mas uma vez que o seu estudo foi experimental não obtiveram dados de algumas
estações do ano, ou seja, o seu estudo é limitado para um certo período de tempo. A
realização de uma simulação do modelo experimental permitiria obter conclusões mais
abrangentes em ambos os estudos.
3. SISTEMAS ATIVOS
Os sistemas ativos têm como objetivo aumentar a eficiência dos sistemas de climatização e
consecutivamente reduzir o consumo de energia (Durães 2013). Nestes sistemas a energia
é captada ou transportada por equipamentos que utilizam energia auxiliar (Durães 2013).
No âmbito desta temática têm sido desenvolvidos vários estudos (Evola et al. 2014; Hed &
Bellander 2006; Waqas et al. 2016).
Waqas et al. (2016) e Hed & Bellander (2006) estudaram o arrefecimento gratuito em
edifícios através da implementação de materiais de mudança de fase em que estes se
encontram em contacto direto com o ar. Waqas et al. (2016) estudaram experimentalmente
enquanto que Hed & Bellander (2006) estudaram por simulação dinâmica.
Com o uso de materiais de mudança de fase integrados num edifício em placas
encapsuladas, localizado no teto, Hed & Bellander (2006) concluíram que o coeficiente de
transmissão térmica entre o ar e o PCM aumenta significativamente quando a superfície é
rugosa comparada a uma superfície polida (sendo válido para a grossura de 0.02m). O
coeficiente de transmissão térmica para uma velocidade do ar de 4 m/s varia entre 13-30
W/m2.°C.
Waqas et al. (2016) investigaram o uso de uma unidade de armazenamento de energia no
sistema de ventilação dos edifícios, em climas quentes e frio. Experimentalmente foi
investigada a influência da temperatura e circulação do ar nas tubagens de acumulação de
frio com PCMs (Waqas et al. 2016). Através de resultados experimentais Waqas et al. (2016)
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concluíram que o PCM pode ser usado para manter a temperatura do ar quente entre certos
limites durante o dia, através da libertação do ar armazenado no PCM durante a noite.
Para seis cidades Europeias Arkar (2008) estudou o potencial de um dispositivo de
arrefecimento natural incorporando PCM num sistema de ventilação mecânica. Arkar
(2008) concluiu que para uma taxa de três renovações de ar durante o período noturno, a
temperatura de fusão ótima era de 2 °C acima da média das temperaturas ambiente dos três
meses de Verão (Junho a Agosto), ou aproximadamente igual à temperatura ambiente média
do mês mais quente. A razão ótima entre a massa de PCM e o fluxo de ar que passa através
do sistema foi determinada em 1-1.15 Kg/m3/h.
Evola et al. (2014), através de um caso de estudo, investigaram um melhoramento do
conforto térmico dos edifícios, durante a estação de Verão, e identificaram a distribuição de
temperaturas ao longo do sistema de ventilação. Neste caso foi utilizado um PCM
encapsuladas em contacto direto com as paredes divisórias. Através de simulação numérica
Evola et al. (2014) concluíram que o sistema permitia obter uma redução da temperatura
operacional media de um compartimento em Julho em cerca de 0.4 °C. Na maior parte do
tempo as condições de conforto foram controladas, e as sensações de desconforto menos
intensas.
Em Espanha Gracia et al. (2014) efetuaram uma avaliação e estudo do ciclo de vida (LCA)
baseado no Ecolndicador 99 de uma fachada ventilada com PCM na sua câmara-de-ar. Em
Puigverd de Lleida (Espanha) foram construídos experimentalmente dois cubículos, com e
sem o sistema de fachada ventilada. As diferenças de consumos de energia dos sistemas
AVAC formam registadas e utilizadas para determinar as poupanças ambientais durante a
fase operacional de cada edifício. A utilização deste sistema levou a uma redução
significativa do consumo de energia elétrica do sistema de climatização tanto para
aquecimento como para arrefecimento. Estas reduções do consumo energético produzem
poupanças económicas e ambientais durante a fase operacional. Os resultados do LCA
mostraram que, considerando uma vida útil de 50 anos, a utilização desta fachada ventilada,
reduz em 7.7% o impacto ambiental global de todo o edifício. O retorno ambiental deste
sistema ativo é significativamente mais baixo que os outros que utilizam PCM. O retorno
ambiental do sistema é de 30 anos, que pode ser reduzido em 6 anos, se em vez de aço for
utilizada madeira na estrutura.
A utilização dos sistemas passivos com incorporação de PCM’s num edifício nem sempre se
adequam bem a climas extremos (Iten et al. 2016). Nestas situações os métodos ativos
podem ser adotados para permitir poupanças energéticas (Iten et al. 2016).
4. CONCLUSÃO
Neste artigo pretendeu-se apresentar uma visão geral do estado da arte ao nível dos
materiais de mudança de fase na atualidade.
Os estudos já realizados a este nível permitem concluir que a utilização deste tipo de
material nos edifícios que através de sistemas ativos quer passivos tem um grande potencial
de poupança energética. Contudo, verificou-se também que a viabilidade económica deste
tipo de soluções em Portugal é ainda limitada dado o custo inicial dos PCMs. Este facto pode
ser justificado pela baixa aplicação (baixa procura) destes materiais em Portugal.
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Por outro lado, os estudos efetuados ainda não cobrem grande parte do território Português
pelo que o desenvolvimento de estudos deste tipo para outros pontos do país é de extrema
relevância.
5. AGRADECIMENTO
Este trabalho insere-se no contexto das atividades de investigação desenvolvidas no âmbito
da rede URBENERE, apoiada pelo CYTED “Programa iberoamericano da Ciencia y
Tecnologia para el Desarrolo”.
REFERÊNCIAS
ADENE. 2012. “Guia Da Eficiência Energética.” Retrieved June 9, 2016.
(http://www.adene.pt/sites/default/files/guiaee_v1310.pdf /).
Arkar, Ciril. 2008. “Correlation between the Local Climate and the Free-Cooling Potential of Latent Heat
Storage.” 40:429–37.
Cerdeira, Sónia. 2015. “ESTUDO DE UM SISTEMA SOLAR PASSIVO COM INCORPORAÇÃO DE PCM’S.”
Instituto Politécnico de Bragança - Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão.
Costa, Susana. 2014. “Armazenamento de Energia Térmica Através de Materiais de Mudança de Fase.”
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto.
Cunha, Sandra, Aguiar, José, Kheradmand, Mohammad, Bragança, Luís, Ferreira, Vitor. “Thermal
mortars with incorporation of PCM microcapsules”. Restoration of Buildings and Monuments - An
International Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2/3, pp: 171-177, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/26200
Cunha, Sandra, Aguiar, José, Martins, Vânia, Ferreira, Vitor, and António Tadeu. 2012. “Influência Da
Adição de Microcápsulas de PCM Em Argamassas de Cal Aérea.” Congresso Construção 2012, Coimbra
Portugal.
Durães, Tiago. 2013. “Identificação Do Tipo E Quantidade de PCM Adequado Ao Clima Português -
Lisboa.” Universidade do Minho.
EU, 2010. Directive 31/2010/EU of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings E.
Parliament, ed.
Evola, G., L. Marletta, and F. Sicurella. 2014. “Simulation of a Ventilated Cavity to Enhance the
Effectiveness of PCM Wallboards for Summer Thermal Comfort in Buildings.” Energy & Buildings
70:480–89. Retrieved (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.089).
Gracia, Alvaro De, Lidia Navarro, Albert Castell, Dieter Boer, and Luisa F. Cabeza. 2014. “ScienceDirect
Life Cycle Assessment of a Ventilated Facade with PCM in Its Air Chamber.” Solar Energy 104:115–
23. Retrieved (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.07.023).
Hed, G. and R. Bellander. 2006. “Mathematical Modelling of PCM Air Heat Exchanger.” 38:82–89.
Homebuilding&Renovating. 2016. “Homebuilding&Renovating - Phase Change Materials.” Retrieved
June 9, 2016 (https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/phase-change-materials/).
Iten, Muriel, Shuli Liu, and Ashish Shukla. 2016. “A Review on the Air-PCM-TES Application for Free
Cooling and Heating in the Buildings.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 61:175–86.
Retrieved (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.007).
Merlin, Kevin, Delaunay, Didier, Soto, Jérôme, and Traonvouez, Luc. 2016. “Heat Transfer
Enhancement in Latent Heat Thermal Storage Systems : Comparative Study of Different Solutions and
Thermal Contact Investigation between the Exchanger and the PCM.” APPLIED ENERGY 166:107–16.
Retrieved (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.012).
Monteiro, José, Aguiar, José, Bragança, Luís, Gomes, Jaime, and Pedro Santos. 2005. “Argamassas Com
Desempenho Térmico Melhorado Portugal Portugal Portugal Portugal Pedro Santos Micrópolis
Portugal.” Congresso Nacional de Argamassas de Construção.
Monteiro, José, Aguiar, José, Bragança, Luís and Gomes, Jaime, “Argamassas incorporando
microcápsulas de materiais de mudança de fase (PCM), seu processo de obtenção e sua utilização no
revestimento interior de sistemas construtivos”, Patent number: 103 336, 2007.
Oliveira, Daniel. 2012. “Identificação Do Tipo E Quantidade de PCM Adequado Ao Clima Português.”
Universidade do Minho.
Rodrigues, Maria. 2011. “Eficiência Energética No Setor Residencial.” Faculdade de CiÊncias e
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The Performance of Windows in Relation to the Amount
of Daylight Availability
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A luz natural, ao proporcionar melhores condições de iluminação interna, promove
ambientes mais saudáveis e agradáveis para a permanência humana, além de reduzir o
consumo de energia elétrica com os sistemas de iluminação artificiais (KEELER; BURKE,
2010; MESA et al., 2011; HARB et al., 2014). Segundo Amorim (2007) a luz natural exerce
uma importante atribuição no âmbito funcional, ambiental e qualitativo da arquitetura, e a
sua incorporação enquanto diretriz na fase inicial de projeto amplia os benefícios para os
usuários e reduz os impactos ambientais. Desta forma, cresce a busca por construir espaços
que otimizem aspectos ambientais, dentre eles a luz natural.
A disponibilidade de luz natural no ambiente interno está relacionada, entre outros fatores,
com as características da janela. A integração do espaço interno ao externo através delas é
um método eficaz para maximizar a luminosidade natural e oferecer maior eficiência
energética à edificação. Diversos são os autores que evidenciam a relação entre as
características de geometria e propriedades da janela e a disponibilidade de luz natural no
interior do ambiente (BOKEL, 2007; TZEMPELIKOS et al., 2010).
Vianna e Gonçalves (2001) abordam que as dimensões, área, tipo de vidro, posicionamento
na parede, dentre outros fatores, influenciam o acesso da iluminação natural no interior do
ambiente. Bittencourt e Oiticica (1995), destacam que apesar da forma e localização das
janelas também serem relevantes na iluminação natural do ambiente interno, as dimensões
das janelas são os parâmetros de maior grau de influência nos níveis de iluminação.
Conforme Capeluto (2003) e Li et al. (2006) múltiplos fatores influenciam a entrada de luz
natural no ambiente interno, dentre eles, destaca-se a profundidade e formato do ambiente,
refletâncias das superfícies internas, propriedade ópticas do vidro, além da orientação,
forma e tamanho da janela. Ünver (2009) também afirma que as características das janelas,
como dimensão, orientação e transmitância luminosa do vidro são parâmetros básicos que
interferem na iluminação natural no ambiente interno.
Diante dos aspectos tratados, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da
iluminação natural no interior do ambiente analisado à medida que são variadas as áreas
das janelas, constatando assim, a interferência que esta variação ocasiona na iluminação do
ambiente interno.
2. METODOLOGIA
A principal estratégia adotada para a obtenção dos resultados pretendidos foi a simulação
computacional, a qual foi realizada em um cenário fictício.
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Figura 1: Representação gráfica do ambiente interno simulado, sendo à esquerda, a planta baixa esquemática e
à direita o Corte AB. Fonte: Autores, 2016.
Em relação a geometria urbana, esta caracteriza-se por uma via frontal ao ambiente com 18
m de largura, classificada como via “Local Principal” de acordo com o Plano Diretor de
Vitória (Vitória, 2006). Considerou-se os terrenos do entorno ocupados por cinco edifícios
obstruidores, observando-se a legislação urbana em relação aos afastamentos frontais e de
fundo de 3 m, e laterais de 1,5 m, com altura máxima das edificações de 45 m, conforme
figura 2.
Figura 2: Composição hipotética da geometria urbana onde o ambiente interno avaliado está inserido. Fonte:
Autores, 2016.
As simulações foram realizadas com a janela orientada para Norte em todos os dias do ano.
Foram analisadas as médias anuais de iluminância nos horários de 8h; 10h; 14h e 16h bem
como os percentuais de horas das UDIs (Useful Daylight Illuminances) de todas as horas do
dia entre 7h às 17h.
Foram utilizados os céus padrões da CIE (International Commission on Illumination),
adotando para esta análise o céu 3 (encoberto), céu 7 (parcialmente nublado) e o céu 12
(claro), sendo respectivamente os valores mínimo, intermediário e máximo da média anual
dos valores de iluminação interna (Laranja, 2010).
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Foram fixados os valores de refletância das superfícies internas e externas, sendo: piso =
0,2; parede = 0,6; teto = 0,8; e para as externas: piso = 0,2 e edifícios obstruidores = 0,4.
Variou-se as áreas das janelas, adotando-se o preconizado nos Códigos de Obras brasileiro,
onde a relação da área de janela está vinculada a uma fração da área do compartimento.
Assim, nas simulações foram adotadas as frações que compreendem tanto as frações
usualmente estabelecidas nos códigos de obras (1/6 à 1/8) quanto as frações que induzem
às áreas maiores e menores para a janela, sendo elas, 1/5; 1/9; 1/10 e 1/11. Desta forma, a
janela de área correspondente à 1/5 da área do compartimento será classificada como J1,
assim como as janelas de área 1/6; 1/7; 1/8; 1/9; 1/10 e 1/11 da área do compartimento
serão classificadas como J2, J3, J4, J5, J6 e J7 respectivamente.
Os resultados obtidos nas simulações são os valores médios anuais da iluminação interna,
onde foi possível avaliar o comportamento da luz natural no ambiente em função da área da
janela.
Os resultados das simulações também permitiram a obtenção dos percentuais de horas em
função dos intervalos das UDIs. Estes intervalos são classificados como insuficientes quando
os valores são inferiores a 100 lx; suficientes, mas com necessidade de iluminação
complementar, quando os valores estão entre 100 e 500 lx; suficientes quando os valores
estão entre 500 e 2000 lx e excessivos quando os valores são superiores a 2000 lx (Nabil e
Mardaljevic, 2006).
3. RESULTADOS
No levantamento e análise das regulamentações edilícias das capitais brasileiras,
observando as diretrizes estabelecidas pelos Códigos de Obras, conforme a Tabela 1, é
possível concluir que de todas as capitais analisadas, 81,5% estabelecem as áreas de janela
em função da área do piso, com frações que variam entre 1/5 e 1/8.
Obs.: A regulamentação edilícia de Boa Vista determina que as aberturas laterais dos dormitórios tenham área
proporcional de 1/6 em relação à área do piso e as salas tenham área proporcional de 1/8 em relação à área do
piso.
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A partir dos resultados apresentados foram geradas simulações, utilizando para isto
diferentes áreas de janela em função da área de piso. Foram então elaborados gráficos a
partir dos resultados obtidos nas simulações do software TropLux, no qual permitem
observar de acordo com a variação das janelas como ocorrem as alterações nas médias
anuais de iluminância interna bem como as alterações nos percentuais de horas do dia dos
intervalos das UDIs.
250
200
150
100
50
0
J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7
8 HORAS 10 HORAS 14 HORAS 16 HORAS
Gráfico 1: Média anual da luz direta e difusa para céu 3 - orientação Norte.
O Gráfico 2, apresenta o percentual dos valores de UDI para o céu 3 (encoberto). Observa-
se que para todas as janelas, o aumento das áreas acarreta uma elevação no percentual útil
de iluminação 100≤E≤500. Para o intervalo 500≤E≤2000, nota-se que há um aumento pouco
significativo entre as janelas J2 à J7 contrapondo-se com o expressivo aumento do
percentual útil de iluminação entre as janelas J2 e J1. Desta forma, para o céu 3 ao variar a
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área da janela J7 para J2, têm-se um aumento maior que 80% na área da janela, porém, um
ganho um pouco maior do que 70% no intervalo suficiente, em contrapartida, a variação da
área da janela de J2 para J1, proporciona um ganho de 20% em área e de 75% em percentual
útil de iluminação. Observa-se ainda, que para todas as janelas, apesar do percentual
relativo ao intervalo E>2000 ser zero, haverá a necessidade de proteção solar devido à
parcela de luz direta.
0%
J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7
Gráfico 2: Percentual de horas dos intervalos das UDI para orientação Norte e céu 3 (encoberto) em função da
variação das janelas.
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ILUMINÂNCIA (LX)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7
8 HORAS 10 HORAS 14 HORAS 16 HORAS
CURVA DE DECAIMENTO DA ILUMINAÇÃO NATURAL
LUZ DIRETA LUZ DIFUSA
Gráfico 3: Média anual da luz direta e difusa e curva de decaimento da iluminação natural e o seu ponto de
deflexão para céu 7 - orientação Norte.
O Gráfico 4, apresenta o percentual dos valores de UDI para o céu 7 (parcialmente nublado).
Nota-se que para todas as janelas, o aumento das áreas gera uma elevação no percentual
útil de iluminação 100≤E≤500 e 500≤E≤2000. Entretanto, observa-se que da janela J7 à J1
mais do que triplicou o percentual relativo ao intervalo E>2000, acarretando a necessidade
de dispositivos sombreadores nas fachadas para todas as janelas.
40%
57,4 60 62 63,9
45,9 50 53,8
20%
0%
J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7
E<100 100≤E≤500 500≤E≤2000 E>2000
Gráfico 4: Percentual de horas dos intervalos das UDI para orientação Norte e céu 7 (parcialmente nublado)
em função da variação das janelas.
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Observa-se ainda que a medida que se reduz a área das janelas, decresce a amplitude da
iluminação natural entre os horários definidos ao longo do dia. Em todos os casos, a média
anual de iluminância aumenta das 8h às 10h, sendo às 10h o horário de maior ganho de
iluminação, decaindo suavemente entre as 10h e 14h e permanece em queda das 14h às 16h.
É importante destacar que a maior parte da iluminância obtida para quase todas as janelas
é proveniente da luz direta. Apenas as janelas J5, J6 e J7 às 8h tem a parcela de luz difusa
maior que a parcela de luz direta. Em todos os outros casos, em especial para os horários
das 10h e 14h, a luz direta representa uma parcela significante de iluminância, podendo
representar mais de 90% do total de iluminação. Desta forma, principalmente para estas
janelas, haverá a necessidade de utilização de dispositivos sombreadores da iluminação
natural, de modo a amenizar o ganho de luz solar direta para estas janelas neste tipo de céu.
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7
8 HORAS 10 HORAS 14 HORAS 16 HORAS
Gráfico 5: Média anual da luz direta e difusa e curva de decaimento da iluminação natural e o seu ponto de
deflexão para céu 12 - orientação Norte.
O Gráfico 6, apresenta o percentual dos valores de UDI para o céu 12. Nota-se que, para
todas as janelas, o comportamento é similar ao ocorrido no céu 3 e 7. Observa-se, porém,
que o intervalo cuja luz natural é suficiente como única fonte, a variação do percentual útil
é maior entre as janelas de maior área, ou seja, apesar da variação das janelas serem
proporcionais, o aumento no ganho da iluminação não segue a mesma proporção. Em
contrapartida, o percentual relativo ao intervalo E>2000 teve uma variação insignificante
para todas as janelas.
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40%
56,3 59,2 61,4 64,1
47,7 52,3
20% 43
0%
J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7
Gráfico 6: Percentual de horas dos intervalos das UDI para orientação Norte e céu 12 (claro) em função da
variação das janelas.
4. CONCLUSÃO
Diversos fatores influenciam a disponibilidade da iluminação natural no ambiente interno,
e este estudo aponta as interferências causadas pela variação da área das janelas e o ganho
de iluminância. Em todos os casos o aumento da área da janela conduz a um ganho de
iluminância, embora não ocorra na mesma proporção do aumento da área da mesma.
Observa-se que para todos os céus testados o aumento da janela contribui para o acréscimo
de luz natural no interior do ambiente, ressaltando-se que apenas para o céu 7
(parcialmente nublado) este aumento de iluminância ocasionada o ganho de luz excessiva.
Entretanto, destaca-se que para todos os céus a maior parte da iluminância obtida é
proveniente da luz direta, com apenas poucas exceções, tornando-se necessário o uso de
sombreadores solares para o céu 3, céu 7 e céu 12.
Observa-se também que para todos os céus testados, principalmente para as janelas
maiores, haverá a necessidade de utilização de dispositivos sombreadores da iluminação
natural, em função da maior variação da iluminância que ocorre ao longo do dia. Os
dispositivo sombreadores permitirão adequar os níveis de iluminância às atividades do
ambiente interno.
Através dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que para todos os céus, com janelas orientadas
para Norte, o aumento da área da janela contribui para o acréscimo de luz natural no
interior do ambiente, mas quando o aumento se dá entre as janelas de maior área – entre J1
e J3 – haverá um ganho maior de iluminação.
Em relação às normativas vigentes nas capitais brasileiras, as frações utilizadas nos códigos
de obras precisam ser revistas. Em função da orientação solar, do tipo de céu da localidade,
dentre outras variáveis, há ganhos diferenciados de iluminação natural no ambiente interno.
Desta forma, padronizar a área da janela do ambiente somente em função da área do
compartimento não dá garantias de uma iluminação adequada para o ambiente interno.
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5. AGRADECIMENTOS
Os autores agradecem o apoio do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica
(PIBIC) e a Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES). Trabalho vinculado ao Projeto
de Pesquisa “Iluminação natural: Eficiência energética e conforto visual no ambiente
interno” registrado no PRPPG (Pró-Reitoria e Pós-Graduação) da UFES.
REFERÊNCIAS
Amorim, C. N. D. 2007. Diagrama morfológico Parte I – instrumento de análise de projeto ambiental
com uso de luz natural. Paranoá Cadernos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo 3: 57-76.
Bittencourt, L.; Oiticica, M. 1995. Influência da localização, dimensão e forma das janelas nos níveis
de iluminação natural produzidos por céus encobertos. III Encontro Nacional e I Encontro Latino-
Americano de Conforto no Ambiente Construído, Gramado, 4-7 de Julho de 1995.
Bokel, R. M. J. 2007. The Effect of Window Position and Window Size on the Energy Demand For
Heating, Cooling and Electric Lighting. In: building simulation, Delft.
Capeluto, I.G. 2003. The influence of the urban environment on the availability of daylighting in office
buildings in Israel. Building and Environment 38: 745-752.
Harb, F.; Hidalgo, M. P.; Martau, B. 2014. Lack of exposure to natural light in the workspace is
associated with physiological, sleep and depressive symptoms. Chronobiology International 1 1-8.
Keeler, M.; Burke, B. 2010. Fundamentos de projeto de edificações sustentáveis. Porto Alegre:
Bookman.
Laranja, A. C. 2010. Parâmetros urbanos e a disponibilidade de iluminação natural no ambiente
interno. 2010. 285 f. Tese (Doutorado em Arquitetura) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Arquitetura,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
Li, D.H.W., Wong, S.L., Tsang, C.L, Cheung, G. H.W. 2006. A study of the daylighting performance and
energy use in heavily obstructed residential buildings via computer simulation techniques. Energy
and Building 38: 1343 - 1348.
Mesa, N. A.; Corica, L.; Pattini, A. 2011. Evaluation of the potential of natural light to illuminate
buildings in dense urban environment: A study in Mendoza, Argentina. Renewable Energy 36: 2414-
2423.
Nabil, A. & Mardaljevic, J. 2006. Useful daylight illuminances: A replacement for daylight factors.
Energy and Buildings, London: Elsevier 38: 1343-1348.
Tzempelikos, A. et al. 2010. Indoor thermal environmental conditions near glazed facades with
shading devices - Part II: Thermal comfort simulation and impact of glazing and shading properties.
Building and Environment 45: 2517-2525
Ünver, R. 2009. Prediction of interior daylight availability for external obstructions in Istanbul. Light
& Engineering 17: 54-64.
Vianna, N. S. & Gonçalves, J. C. S. 2001. Iluminação e Arquitetura. São Paulo: Virtus.
Vitória. Lei n°. 4821, de 30 de dezembro de 1998. Código de Edificações do Município de Vitória. Vitória,
1998. Disponível em: <http://sistemas.vitoria.es.gov.br/webleis/consulta.cfm?id=3164>. Acesso em: 02
fev. 2016.
Vitória. Plano Diretor Urbano. Lei nº. 6.705, de 2006. Institui o Plano Diretor Urbano e dá outras
providências. Vitória, 2006. Disponível em:
<http://sistemas.vitoria.es.gov.br/webleis/consulta.cfm?id=167650>. Acesso em: 05 fev. 2016.
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Analysis of the Bernardo Mascarenhas Cultural Complex
based on the criteria of sustainable development
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The Bernardo Mascarenhas Cultural Complex, a former textile company located in the
historical centre of Juiz de Fora, in Minas Gerais, was inaugurated on May 7th, 1888, being
responsible, according to Croce (2008), for the development and industrialization of the
“countryside”, turning it into a modern municipality, which has, subsequently, propitiated
the construction of the first hydroelectric dam in Latin America, the hydroelectric power
plant of Marmelos, designed in 1889.
The entire complex of buildings has about 12.498 m2, being that 11.233 m2 are of built
area and 1.264 m2 are free areas, such as: parking, loading and unloading areas, civic
squares and circulation areas. Nowadays, the Bernardo Mascarenhas Cultural Complex
(see Figure 1) is composed by four edifications: the Bernardo Mascarenhas Cultural Centre
(BMCC) (1); the Municipal Market and the Municipal Secretary of Education (2); the
Murilo Mendes Municipal Library (3) and the Dr. Geraldo Moutinho Centre of Education of
Youth and Adults (CEM) (4). The judgment of the Division of Artistic and Cultural Heritage
(DIPAC), contained in the process number 3649/82, is reflected in the law decree 2866 of
the year 1983, which deals with the preservation of the Complex where there are a
description of the buildings that house the BMCC and the Municipal Market, being
established the prohibition of modifications that may modify the characteristics of the
facade being only allowed internal changes that may provide new adhibition.
The actions analyzed in this study are contemplated within the point of view of the
sustainable development, which, according to a report by Brundtland (1987), can be
defined as being the ability of man to meet its needs without compromising future
generations, that is to say, social, economic, environmental and institutional parameters
are observed in order to extend the lifespan of the building.
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According to Tayra (2006), the indicators that point to the sustainable development are
essential when they join the environmental, social and economic parameters. In this paper
was conducted a survey with a qualitative approach, through the collection of visual data,
iconographical material, identification of the building materials, identification of the
pathological manifestations, and, finally, the identification of the solutions adopted in the
building works considering the indicators of sustainable development.
The structure of the building has received great attention during the process of
restoration, which occurred in the 1990’s, after its collapse. The external facade of the
factory apparently appeared to be in good condition, but, internally, it was in ruins and
modifications were needed to recover it (PEREIRA, 2013). The positive point in the
restoring was employment the steel as the main material, since it is a recyclable,
distinguishable and of easy reversibility material, that one of the better meets the
demands of a sustainable work. Table 1 shows the clarifications about the survey that has
been conducted.
In the qualitative approach adopted the scales the Development Indicators provided in
the Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (2015) in according to the Commission on
Sustainable Development, summarized below: Complete (C), Partial (P) and absent (A), i.e.,
the appointment categories include the indicators who guaranteed the integration in
sustainable development.
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Social C It's an important element of the culture and education in the city.
The regularity of the building is marked by the large windows entirely torn, with straight
lintels, metal finishing and occlusion made with glass, having security bars in the entire
ground floor.
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Figure 4: Ground Floor of the Municipal Market, with windows and a circulation corridor, improvised
thermal conditioners installed on the facade of the building, facilities for sales stands of concrete and masonry,
with a roof of metal structure, hollow elements and systems of air exchange.
Table 2 shows the clarifications about the survey that has been conducted. It was put in
evidence in the survey the employment of the internal steel structure of support. Besides
the masonry of solid bricks, it were also adopted in the reconstruction some
characteristics that allow the adaptation of the space to the new proposed utilizations,
such as double height ceilings, ceiling vents and ceiling atrium for smoke exhaust and,
finally, the construction of stairs for safer access.
Table 2: Conformity of the sustainability categories in the Municipal Market and the Secretary of Education.
Categories Conformity Comments
Institutional P FUNALFA, DIPAC, COMPAC, and the City Hall perform the
management of the space.
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Figure 5: Dr. Geraldo Moutinho Centre of Education of Youth and Adults (CEM).
Figure 6: Teacher training centre, sign language class, opening on the second floor to the air vents. Air
conditioning is provided in the reconstruction of the building.
The environments are composed by large multifunctional areas, which emphasize the
plurality of utilizations of the building, such as workshops, classrooms, spaces reserved for
the administrative services and for the administration. The double height ceiling helps
with the dispersion of the heat, along with the openings of the shed, producing the
exchange of air in the inner environments.
It weren’t found any records that can explain the plans that were adopted when the
adaptations of the space were performed, nor what kind of building works has the
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building received. It is, however, possible to visually check the outdating and
disagreement with the proposed use and point out that the expenses with the
maintenance of the space could be better managed through the improvement of the
systems that compose the building.
In accordance with the recommendations of Conarq (2011), one of the main functions of
the archive is the protection of its collection. The choice of the construction materials, of
the finishing and of the equipments must obey to strict safety specifications in order to
prevent accidents, environmental or biological aggression, and ensure a good
conservation. The materials found in the building are associated with the techniques of
precast and with metallic structures, which allow them to be reused, being this a positive
aspect of the building. Through photographic survey, it can be seen that these materials
preserve their good quality and durability, besides having great resistance to heavy loads,
as illustrated in Figure 8 and Table 4.
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Table 4. Conformity of the sustainability categories in the Murilo Mendes Municipal Library.
Categories Conformity Comments
Economic I The economic aspect was not a premise adopted in the project, in view
of the fact that the numerous possibilities to mitigate the ongoing
maintenance expenses, the possibilities to improve thermal suitability
and technical lighting were not taken into consideration, exemplifying,
the glass panel that causes overheating and direct sunlight in the
internal environments.
Institutional P The responsibility for the functioning and maintenance of the space is of
the city hall, which dispenses high expenses due to lack of suitability of
the project with the use of natural resources.
Social C Displays a connection with the social environment, since it allows the
community to be aware and have access to their heritage.
Thermal P All the categories of comfort have inconsistency in the use; there are no
Comfort mitigating solutions to internal problems and the architectural elements
Lighting and were not employed to encourage the use of natural resources in an
Ventilation efficient and positive way.
This building is the most recent construction of the Cultural Complex. Therefore, its
functionality and effectiveness in dealing with the demands of sustainability had a larger
contact with possibilities in the fields of civil construction as well as with the technologies
targeting to meet such demands. However, the building presents serious problems both in
the questions of energy maintenance and in the questions of environmental comfort,
characteristics that could be resolved through the preventive and propositional guidelines
applied in the phase of the project. About this matter, Tarre (2010) argues that it is
necessary to pay special attention to the increase of the energy performance and comfort,
and special attention to the materials to be used and their respective durability, pointing
also the concern to reduce at the maximum the consumption and waste.
6. CONCLUSION
This paper deals with the subject matter of historic heritage and the criteria of sustainable
development, intending to identify the positive and negative actions that took place during
the various building works in the buildings that compose the Bernardo Mascarenhas
Cultural Complex, a former textile company. The concept of heritage has evolved and has
progressively expanded. The diverse and new technologies started to be introduced and
accepted as solutions towards the maintenance and conservation of the cultural object,
collaborating in the reversibility and distinctness, collaborating in the reduction of the
energy costs, and collaborating in the adaptable reuse of buildings in ruins, searching for
ways to recover and maintain its structure and identity, besides adapting them to the
climatic changes.
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The extensive and relentless pursuit by the population for the recognition of the Cultural
Complex as being an element of historical and cultural value, together with the long
waiting periods for the rehabilitations, reconstructions and maintenance of the buildings
emphasizes the evolution line through which the society itself goes through. It becomes
evident that the Cultural Complex remains active and is constantly being modernized, a
fact that allows us to point out that the discrepancies that are obstructing a harmony
between the different buildings of the Cultural Complex concerning to the demands of
sustainability tend to be defeated. Therefore, this paper embraces itself in the attempt to
collaborate with the appointments of the emergent characteristics in what to the lifespan
of the buildings is concerned, not forgetting its maintenance for the future generations. In
addition, aims the comfort and security of the users, and aims to collaborate depending on
the complex being inserted in the context of sustainable development.
In short, rehabilitation should extend the life of the buildings, ensuring their functional
flexibility; minimize energy consumption and CO2 emissions, while maintaining a certain
aesthetic attractiveness has as first beneficiary man and inhabitant of these spaces.
The quality of the buildings is features that convey comfort and safety to users. The
incorporation of environmental, social, economic and cultural involved aesthetic and
technical parameters to be worked cohesively and harmonica.
REFERENCES
Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE). Indicadores do desenvolvimento sustentável.
2015. Available at: <http://www.ibge.gov.br>. [accessed: 12.11.15]
BRUNDTLAND (1987).O Nosso Futuro Comum ‐ Relatório de Brundtland. Nações Unidas: Comissão
Mundial sobre o Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, 430 p.
CARSALADE, Flávio de Lemos. Patrimônio histórico.Sustentabilidade e sustentação.Arquitextos, São
Paulo, ano 02, n. 013.10, Vitruvius, jun. 2001
CROCE, M. A. O Encilhamento e a Economia de Juiz de Fora: O Balanço de uma Conjuntura. 1888-
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Photovoltaic Powered Water System for an Indigenous
Community in the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest
Parker Haerr
Construction Management Student, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA USA
phaerr@calpoly.edu
David Mulder
Construction Management Student, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA USA
dsmulder@calpoly.edu
Tyler Peinado
Construction Management Student, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA USA
tpeinado24@gmail.com
Dhakshan Potuhera
Construction Management Student, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA USA
dpotuhera@gmail.com
Lonny Simonian
Professor, Construction Management, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA USA
lsimonia@calpoly.edu
Paul Redden
Lecturer, Construction Management, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA USA
predden@calpoly.edu
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the commissioning and start-up phases of a project to
allow the indigenous community of Santa Rosa, Ecuador gain access to fresh water, with
pumped storage provided by a photovoltaic (PV) system. The project used the initial
design prepared by a non-profit organization as the basis for construction as well as
materials from an industry funded grant. The work involved two faculty and four students
from the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) National
Electrical Contractors Association (NECA) and Mechanical Contractors Association of
America (MCAA) Student Chapters to complete the installation of a clean water system.
This included PV panels, electrical distribution and overcurrent protection, piping
connections to a direct current submersible pump, water storage tanks, and distribution
piping/connections to each village household. Although the initial design was a vital part
of the project, much of the details were resolved in the field with a design-build approach.
Keywords Photovoltaic, Water Distribution, Santa Rosa, Reach Beyond, Cal Poly
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1. INTRODUCTION
This paper presents student perspectives during the commissioning and start-up phases
of a project to help an indigenous community in Ecuador gain access to fresh water by
means of photovoltaic power. Duffy (2008) describes similar student service learning
projects in Guatemala where students designed and installed two different solar-powered
water supply and drinking water purification systems; one using a spring and gravity to
provide water and another which pumps water from a river to an elevated tank. Our
project used an initial design for a spring-fed, solar-powered, elevated tank pumped water
system prepared by Reach Beyond, a non-profit organization, as the basis for construction.
Reach Beyond involved students and faculty from California Polytechnic State University,
San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) to assist with a clean water distribution system. ELECTRI
International’s Student Passport Initiative grant provided incentive and partial funding for
the project to provide a clean water distribution system for the village of Santa Rosa,
Ecuador, in the Amazon rainforest.
2. BACKGROUND
Santa Rosa is located on the banks of the Rio Pastaza in Ecuador. The community is not
served by electric power and lacks the ability to pump water. Although fresh water is
available from an underground spring that feeds the river, the community must bucket
water over long distances. The community has seventeen homes along with a community
house, soccer field, volleyball court, and audience stands. A portion of the community is
shown in Figure 1, presenting an overview from our plane approach. The large dirt area is
the village soccer field and behind that resides the community households.
The community elects its own President who is in charge of leading the village as well as
being the representative to the Ecuadorian government. Once the need for a service
project is identified, the community develops this into a request, then community
members travel from their village to the city to reach a potential funding organization such
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as Reach Beyond. Reach Beyond then works with the community and government to
design and install the project. In many cases they also work with other religious or
educational institutions to complete the project.
Reach Beyond involved students and faculty from Cal Poly’s National Electrical
Contractors Association (NECA) and Mechanical Contractors Association of America
(MCAA) Student Chapters for a clean water distribution system. This included a
photovoltaic panel array, electrical distribution and overcurrent protection, piping
connections for a direct current submersible pump, water storage tanks, and distribution
piping/connections to each village household. Reviews of the research, demonstrations,
and case studies since 2001 indicate that solar energy can be a viable solution for the
provision of power throughout the world, especially to electrify rural off-grid locations as
an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution (Akikur 2013).
3.2 Budget
We were awarded a $20,000 (USD) grant and funds were secured, enabling us to develop a
project budget. Budget items included system materials, participant travel, and
contingencies for unforeseen events. Each of these subcategories was further developed in
line-by-line specifics.
3.3 Schedule
A proposal was submitted in May 2015, we were selected as finalists in June 2015, and
invited to present to the ELECTRI Council meeting in July 2015. Award was made at the
end of July 2015. Creating a schedule for the project involved the consideration of various
long-lead items. Completing the shipping paperwork started immediately since shipping
time was estimated to take up to three months.
4. EXECUTION
4.1 Pre-Departure
The trip was planned to occur during Cal Poly’s winter break, from December 11 to
December 21, 2015. We planned to fly into the jungle on December 14, 2015 and work
continuously until the project was completed and water was available to every community
member. Prior to our departure, we worked to ensure we would have all materials and
equipment needed to complete the project while we were on-site.
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4.2 Installation
The first day involved immediate integration into the community. We met some of the
villagers along with the village President. After a quick lunch we installed the pump in the
concrete cistern (Fig. 2). The pump was raised above the bottom of the tank on a bed of
rocks to keep it from pumping sediment that could collect at the bottom of the tank. It is
enclosed within a 6-inch piece of PVC pipe to provide protection while operating.
While one group of students was installing the water distribution system, another group
installed the PV system (Fig. 3) to provide power to the cistern pump. After the PV panels
were secured, we installed a circuit breaker and ground rod. Prior to connecting the
wiring, palm leaves were placed on the panels to prevent power from being generated.
By the end of the day, we connected the pump and piping, as well as the wiring for the
solar panels. The next morning began at sunrise with a test of the pump to verify the PV
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and piping connections functioned correctly to supply water to the tower storage tanks.
Once we determined everything was successfully installed, after lunch we began installing
the piping connections between the water storage tanks as seen in Figure 4. The two water
storage tanks were connected using ball valves that would allow the villagers to shut-off
the flow from one or both of the tanks. We installed two extra lines for future use and
there was physical space to add two more tanks if needed.
By the end of the day the pump was delivering water into both storage tanks, with a valve
preventing it from loading the community piping. The next day, we stared work early to
test the water pressure by filling the pipes with the water stored overnight. After the
piping was full, we began installing the final connection points at each household. This
involved a hose bib, shower, and meter connection so that each villager has easy access to
the water. The meter allows the President of the village to control water usage if people
don’t pay the monthly fee for using it. This connection can be seen in Figure 5, when we
were completely finished and had water running through the system. The water points
have been completely installed and we were able to get a strong flow of water through the
hose bib and shower connections.
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Figure 6: Water distribution and system monitoring for a similar system installation
5. NEW KNOWLEDGE
New knowledge that developed as a result of the project initially focused on the
differences between USA and Ecuador codes and industry standards. The local codes were
much more lenient; the original design that was per domestic codes could be executed by
easier means and less expensive methods. As a result, more time could have been
allocated to coordinating international material deliveries rather than on design specifics.
New knowledge was also gained in the area of fund allocation. Project-based student
projects typically are often difficult to pursue because they must be non-profit, without
out-of-pocket payment. However, there are various grant-funded programs that are
structured toward towards these types of goal-specific projects. For students looking to
pursue future projects, these service learning projects could be designed and executed to
meet the specific requirements of a particular grant. In this particular case, a goal-specific
grant made project planning narrow and well defined.
Service learning is a form of experiential education in which students work with others,
applying what they have learned to solve community problems (Eyler 2002). The project
presented a unique perspective to students in several ways. Much of the materials and
equipment had to be outsourced from other countries since Ecuador didn’t have access to
as wide variety of materials as available in the USA. This brought new and unique
challenges that students had to confront. The plumbing system was different due to the
simplicity of a gravity-fed system. Other new knowledge included discovering the optimal
design to get a pump to send water up a hillside and into storage tanks mounted on an
elevated tower. This type of gravity-fed system had to be mounted high enough to develop
sufficient head pressure to feed the water distribution system. If it were not high enough
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above the water points, it would not supply enough pressure to produce adequate flow
throughout the system.
Total: $ 20,700
7. LESSONS LEARNED
A key lesson that resulted from the project is that the planning of an actual project is
perhaps the most knowledge-promoting experience that a student can go through while in
school. In order to make these opportunities achievable, it is important to remember and
research what grant funding is available to deserving projects.
Many of the lessons learned came from the practical nature of the fieldwork. For example,
the project team came across issues in the field from mistakes or miscalculations. By
working with the materials that we had available and developing solutions we were able
to overcome every obstacle. Much of the lessons learned included incorrectly measuring
piping. Fortunately, the piping was very forgiving and easy to work with (as our team had
little prior experience with its installation).
One last lesson learned- international paperwork processes are very lengthy and often
create holds on a project that cannot be avoided.
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workforce. Projects that entail attention and dedication open a door to new knowledge
that cannot be taught in a classroom. This type of project-based approach enables
students to practice self-directed learning, to find solutions to design problems that are
sustainable, and to recognize that they are part of a global community (Savage et al. 2007).
The new knowledge that developed could be applied to many future installations. This
system design could be utilized for any project involving a need for clean water collection
from an underground spring. Studies have concluded that service work encourages
students to become more socially responsible, committed to serving their communities,
empowered, and committed to their education (Borg 2008).
9. CONCLUSION
This project was an overall success and the amount of work our team was able to
accomplish in such a short time was outstanding. The project itself was the experience of a
lifetime with much hands-on work. It also was impactful to provide a clean water source to
a village that had limited accessibility. Our team was very fortunate to work with an
organization and partake in a project at the completion phase. Altogether, this project
could not have been accomplished without the dedication from all parties involved.
REFRENCES
Akikur, R. K. (2013) “Comparative study of stand-alone and hybrid solar energy systems suitable
for off-grid rural electrification: a review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 27: 738–752.
Borg, J. P. & Zitomer, D. H. (2008) “Dual-Team Model for International Service Learning in
Engineering: Remote Solar Water Pumping in Guatemala”, Journal of Professional Issues in
Engineering Education and Practice, 134(2): 178-185.
Duffy, J. (2008) “Village Empowerment: Service Learning with Continuity Energy Engineering
Program”, International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, vol. 3, No. 2: 1-17.
Eyler, J. (2002) “Reflection: Linking service and learning - linking students and communities”,
Journal of Social Issues, 358, 517–534.
Savage, R. N. et al. (2007) “Integrating Project-based Learning throughout the Undergraduate
Engineering Curriculum”, Journal of STEM Education, vol. 8: issues 3 & 4, June-December 2007.
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Rio de Janeiro’s Flash Flood Warning System
ABSTRACT: The present paper describes the path walked by the Environmental Agency of
Rio de Janeiro (INEA) towards the implementation of a reliable weather forecast system in
order to prevent impacts due to extreme events. In 2007 INEA started to acquire new
equipment, extending its data collection net and aiming to create a flash flood warning
system, through monitoring rain and river levels. It was a huge gain, but the system was
only able to anticipate the events a few minutes before it happened, thus the agency
decided to increment the forecast system with more robust equipment. In 2012 it started
the proceedings to install weather radars. Nowadays, the net operated by INEA encompass
2 S-Band weather radars, installed at the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Macaé, capable of
quantifying water in the atmosphere up to 250 km radius, which makes the State of Rio de
Janeiro the first one in Brazil to have all its catchments covered by radar technology,
including the neighbor States areas, besides 130 water levels and rain monitoring stations.
This net provides data to the technical personnel, which interpret the collected
information and contact the response teams in the municipal, state and federal levels, in
case of need. Taking Quitandinha basin as an example, the mean lead time has significantly
increased since the operation of the radar system. It was about 3 hours from 2011 to 2014
and increased to more than 6 hours during the last rainy season.
Keywords Warning system, flash flood, weather radar
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1. INTRODUCTION
The State of Rio de Janeiro since long time has equipment measuring the quality of the
water in a few specific spots, as the Guanabara Bay (where the data goes back 30 years).
Besides these measurement spots there were a few others which collected information
with regards to water levels, intended to provide data to water collection systems.
Those hydrometeorological stations were of conventional reading at first, but after 2000
some stations, especially those installed at Rio de Janeiro lowland area, were automatized
and gained telemetric data transmission.
Due to extreme weather events, the environmental agency decided to extend such data
collection net in order to create a system that would anticipate heavy rains and its
consequences. That system would allow the authorities to inform the potentially affected
areas and prevent the loss of lives and properties.
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The acquisition of the radars were only initiate after answering the aforementioned
questions and the entire process took more than one year, considering the public tender
proceedings, equipment and building erection, personnel training and actual operation of
the facilities. All of this was funded by the World Bank.
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Every alert emitted is registered at a spread sheet, which contains the time when it
happened, the watershed, municipality, station, river and the warning level sent, like the
example of figure 3.
Event Observed
Yes No Total
Yes A B A+B
Event
Forecasted
No C D C+D
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After that, all of the alert protocol to Cel. Veiga’s station were listed and separated, taking
into account two periods: (i) between the date of its installation to 2015’s dry season; and
(ii) 2015-2016’s rain season. All the processes are listed in table 3.
Table 3. Alert processes for Cel. Veiga station
2013
MAXIMUM
- Day ATTENTION ALERT OVERFLOW VIGILANCE
ALERT
2015
1 20/01/2013 201301201225 201301201554 201301201612 201301201600 201301210755
2 05/03/2013 201303051505 201303052015 201303052025 201303052045 201303070800
3 09/03/2013 201303091700 201303091750 201303091800 201303091845 201303102308
4 17/03/2013 201303171405 201303171600 201303171700 201303172015 201303191540
5 22/03/2013 201303221405 -- 201303221520 201303221515 201303222140
6 23/03/2013 201303231215 201303231455 201303231508 201303231500 201303240850
7 02/04/2013 201304021320 -- 201304021925 201304021915 201304030755
8 17/05/2013 201305170650 201305171010 201305171025 201305171045 201305180950
9 22/10/2013 201310220254 -- 201310220400 201310220345 201310220725
10 17/11/2013 201311171410 201311171525 201311171535 201311171545 201311180800
11 05/12/2013 201312051610 201312051800 201312052251 201312052300 201312060720
12 08/03/2014 201403081455 201403081828 201403081838 201403081830 201403091000
13 28/03/2014 201403281330 201403281605 201403281605 201403281600 201403281940
14 23/04/2014 201404231445 -- 201404231520 201404231530 201404241050
15 24/04/2014 201404241230 -- 201404241615 201404241600 201404250945
16 30/12/2014 201412301720 201412301850 -- 201412301900 201412310635
17 08/02/2015 201502081625 201502081705 -- 201502081715 201502090400
2015
MAXIMUM
- Day ATTENTION ALERT OVERFLOW VIGILANCE
ALERT
2016
18 29/11/2015 201511291410 2010511291455 -- 201511291545 201511300526
19 15/01/2016 201601151435 201601151515 201601160028 201601160035 201601161246
20 27/01/2016 201601271450 -- 201601271500 201601271515 201601271950
21 11/02/2016 201602110945 -- 201602111905 201602111910 201602120710
22 16/02/2016 201602161700 201602161735 201602161815 201602161830 201602170540
23 20/02/2016 201602201641 201602201849 201602201901 201602201908 201602210605
24 28/02/2016 201602281435 201602281635 201602281645 201602281700 201602290500
25 29/02/2016 201602291230 201602291610 201602291635 201602291645 --
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Figure 5. False alarm rate between Maximum Alert and Overflow. Source: INEA, 2016
The figure above shows that there is still room for improvement in the State’s forecast
system, despite the recent expansion of the net. In this sense, it is important to note that
the acquisition of new and more modern equipment were steps needed to be taken in the
past.
Nowadays, however, it is important to provide new products from the data collected by
the radars and monitoring stations. In others words, although the equipment may be able
to provide a significant amount of raw data, the agency should be able to extract more
information by means of more sophisticated interpretation proceedings.
In this sense, information such as contribution area and runoff coefficients, for example,
can help to improve the forecast interpretation methodology as well as the system’s
accuracy. The knowledge of whole characteristics of the watershed is the main factor to
decrease the number of false alarms.
In addition to that, we also need to be able to interpret and cross exam different types of
data, such as weather conditions, water levels and basin characteristics, for example.
Table 4. Hydrological parameters estimated Lead time for Cel. Veiga station during 2015-2016 rain season.
Source: INEA, 2016
Rainfall Basin Response Time of Emptying Decreasing Useful
Date duration Lag time concentration time Time rainfall
(Tr) [h] (Tp) [h] (Ti) [h] (Tc) [h] (Te) [h] (Td) [h] (p) [mm]
02/01/2016 02:15 02:45 01:15 03:15 04:15 07:30 24,75
27/01/2016 00:30 00:45 00:45 01:15 02:45 04:00 15,50
28/02/2016 00:15 00:30 00:30 01:15 01:15 02:30 42,70
29/02/2016 03:15 03:30 01:30 03:45 06:00 09:45 33,50
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Figure 6. Hydrograph analysis to Cel. Veiga station in January, 2016. Source: INEA, 2016
After assessing the results from table 4, it is clear that Quitandinha basin has a small
response time (1h) and is vulnerable to overflows during events with moderate rain
amounts (~20mm/h). The growth line is very steep (figure 6) and it takes just 1 hour to
change between a normal to an overflow level. It happens because of the small size of the
basin and the slope geography of the area.
Taking this into account, we have compared the time between Petrópolis city receiving an
attention warning and the overflow of Quitandinha’s river. The results are shown in tables
5 and 6 and are separated in accordance with the periods before and after the radar
system implementation.
Table 5. Lead time for Cel. Veiga station after the radar system. Source: INEA, 2016
Lead Time
Lead Time before
2013 - 2015 PROCESS 2013 - 2015 PROCESS before Radar
Radar System
System
1 201301201225 03:35 10 201311171410 01:35
2 201303051505 05:40 11 201312051610 06:50
3 201303091700 01:45 12 201403081455 03:35
4 201303171405 06:10 13 201403281330 02:30
5 201303221405 01:10 14 201404231445 00:45
6 201303231215 02:45 15 201404241230 03:30
7 201304021320 05:55 16 201412301720 01:40
8 201305170650 03:55 17 201502081625 00:50
9 201310220254 00:51 Median Lead Time 03:07
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Table 6. Lead time for Cel. Veiga station after the radar system. Source: INEA, 2016
Lead Time after Lead Time after
2015 - 2016 PROCESS 2015 - 2016 PROCESS
Radar System Radar System
Comparing the average lead time before and after the radar system operation, it has
grown from ~3h to ~7h. It probably happened because of the radars’ capability of
monitoring the rain over the entire basin, which shows the importance of the acquired
equipment and its proper operation.
4. CONCLUSION
As seen by the results presented above, despite the improvement of the monitoring net
operated by the State Agency, there is still room for improvement. The scenarios assessed
in this study show that the acquisition of more data does not necessary generate more
accuracy to the system, which can be caused by the need of more sophisticate
interpretation methodology.
On the other hand, the equipment made possible to increase the lead time more than
twice, anticipating extreme events and the issuance of alerts to vulnerable neighborhoods.
Such increased lead time provided more safety for the potentially affected population and
the decrease of risks for human life and properties.
The next steps to be taken by the Agency should encompass data integration (radar,
lightning, river levels and rain gauge) and hydrologic modeling of the watersheds using
radar data and nowcast (Demerit et al., 2013). Both measures would help to reduce the
false alarm rate and increase the lead time.
REFERENCES
LENCASTRE, A. & FRANCO, F. M., 1984. Lições de hidrologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade
de Ciências e Tecnologia, Portugal.
Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA). Sistema de Alerta de Cheias.
http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/MegaDropDown/Monitoramento/Centrodemonitdedesastresam
b/Alerta_de_Cheias/index.htm&lang=. Accessed 07/01/2016.
Murphy, A.H., 1993: What is a good forecast? An essay on the nature of goodness in weather
forecasting. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 281-293.
Demeritt, D., Nobert, S., Cloke, H.L., Pappenberger, F. (2013) The European Flood Alert System and
the communication, perception, and use of ensemble predictions for operational flood risk
management. Hydrological Processes. 27: 147-157. DOI: 10.1002/hyp9419.
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Avaliação das propriedades de blocos de concreto
intertravados, com estudo comparativo de misturas
adicionadas de borracha de pneus inservíveis e resíduos
de Construção e demolição
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Nos últimos tempos, após o ser humano diagnosticar que o planeta está sendo prejudicado
por suas próprias ações, surgiu a necessidade de se amenizar os impactos que os resíduos
geram no meio ambiente, nascendo assim, basicamente, o conceito de sustentabilidade.
Diariamente, uma quantidade de pneus é descartada em locais indevidos, gerando áreas de
ploriferação de doenças e de poluição do meio ambiente.
Após muito estudo, e a realização de vários ensaios, os resultados mostram que a utilização
deste tipo de material não convencional é recomendada na construção civil, auxiliando
dessa forma na despoluição do meio ambiente, e no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias
nesta área.
2. OBJETIVO
Como forma de contribuir para os estudos desses materiais não convencionais, este
trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho de traços de concreto para
blocos, misturados com partículas de pneu e areia de resíduo de construção e demolição
(RCD) por meio de ensaios de resistência a compressão e de caracterização dos materiais
utilizados.
3. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA
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3.3.1 Pneu
Por volta de 1830, Charles Goodyear, descobriu acidentalmente que a borracha cozida a
altas temperaturas com enxofre, mantinha suas condições de elasticidade no frio ou no
calor. Estava descoberto o processo de vulcanização da borracha que, além de dar forma ao
pneu, aumentou a segurança nas freadas e diminuiu as trepidações nos carros. Mesmo
sendo o pioneiro no conhecimento da tecnologia, foram os irmãos Michelin, em 1845, que
patentearam o pneu para automóvel.
As etapas iniciais de desenvolvimento dos pneus (Figura 2) ainda passaram pelo feito do
inglês Robert Thompson que, em 1847, colocou uma câmara cheia de ar dentro dos pneus
de borracha maciça. No final do século XIX, as fábricas passaram a investir mais em
segurança, já que a ultlização do pneu havia aumentado consideravelmente.
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No Brasil, por ano, mais de 30 milhões de pneus inserviveis surgem no país. Já nos Estados
Unidos, de acordo com Orsi & Simon (2007), esse número chega a aproximadamente 200
milhões. Esses dados motivaram ainda mais a necessidade do estudo de um destino
alternativo para este material que não seja o seu descarte ao meio ambiente.
Conforme a legislação do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA), com a resolução
nº 416 de 2009, que revoga as resoluções nº 258 de 1999 e nº 301 de 2002, os pneus são de
responsabilidade do fabricante por todo o ciclo da mercadoria, desde a produção, quanto a
sua destinação final.
Em muitos casos, a utilização de materiais reciclados na construção civil, se mostram
satisfatórios tanto econômico como tecnicamente para o reaproveitamento da matéria-
prima (Prado, 2006).
4. METODOLOGIA
Para a realização das pesquisas e ensaios, foram utilizados os materiais e equipamentos
apresentados na Figura 4. Observa-se:
1 - Areia fina; 2 - Areia de RCD; 3 - Brita 0; 4 - Cimento CP III 40 RS; 5 - Betoneira CSM
145L; 6 - Betoneira MB 120L; 7 - Fôrma Própria; 8 - Mesa vibratória; 9 - Peneirador
eletromagnético; 10 - Conjunto de peneiras; 11 - Desmoldante; 12 - Verniz; 13 - Madeira
MDF.
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Para este estudo, foram feitos ensaios de caracterização dos agregados utilizados (areia fina
e de RCD, brita e borracha) e de resistência a compressão simples, baseados na norma NBR
7184/1992 da ABNT.
Os ensaios foram executados nos laboratórios do Centro Universitário de Brasília - UniCEUB
(campus Asa Norte) e nos laboratórios do Instituto Federal Brasília – IFB (campus
Samambaia).
Foram adotados os seguintes materiais para compor a massa de concreto para confecção
dos blocos:
Brita: os ensaios foram realizados com a brita zero normal, porém existe a ideia de
substituir essa brita comum, pela brita de RCD estrutural, e comparar os
resultados (bem como a utilização de seixo em substituição da brita);
Areia: a areia utilizada foi a areia lavada;
Cimento: o cimento utilizado foi do tipo CP III, uma vez que é mais sustentável
quando comparado ao CP II normalmente utilizado na construção civil;
Pneu: esse material foi utilizado triturado (Figura 9).
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Figura 9 – Borracha de pneu triturado usado na pesquisa. Fonte: Própria autoria, 2013.
Brita: 1,454 g/cm³; Areia de RCD: 1,407 g/cm³; Areia Lavada Fina: 2,659 g/cm³;
Pneu: 0,357 g/cm³.
Para a realização do ensaio de compressão simples, primeiramente é necessário a
moldagem dos corpos-de-prova de concreto. Nesse processo foi utilizado o seguinte traço
em massa: cimento: 1; areia: 4,75; brita: 2,7; borracha: 0,30 e fator água cimento de 0,91.
Esse traço leva a porcentagem de 10% de borracha triturada de pneus em sua composição.
Essa escolha foi devido à melhor resistência a compressão simples em corpo de prova
cilíndrico realizado anteriormente na fabricação dos blocos elaborada nessa pesquisa.
Na pesquisa, utilizou-se os métodos normatizados pela ABNT, para a fabricação dos blocos
de concreto, utilizando haste de metal com tamanho e peso pré-determinados para
compactar o material com o traço desejado. Constatou-se uma maior homogeneidade na
mistura, e consequentemente um menor número de vazios.
Na realização da confecção dos corpos de prova cilíndricos de concreto, notou-se que um
bom resultado não era alcançado, sendo observado este fato também na confecção dos
blocos, que por vezes não apresentaram homogeneidade quando desformados. Tal
acontecimento forçou à mudança da escolha do traço.
O concreto utilizado em blocos tem como característica ser muito seco. Foi observado a
existência de diversos vazios nos corpos de prova, o que prejudica a resistência do material.
Ficando ainda mais difícil com a presença da incorporação da borracha.
Uma das intenções da pesquisa foi prezar pela conservação do meio ambiente juntamente
com as suas preciosas matérias primas.
Foi utilizado como o ligante do concreto, o cimento CP III 40 RS, visto que, este possui em
sua composição até 70% de escória de alto-forno e apresentar após 24 horas, uma
resistência de 38% a mais do que os cimentos comuns. Além de na sua composição utilizar
uma menor quantidade de clínquer, o que permite a diminuição da quantidade de material
a passar por um forno à 1450°C para virar cimento, diminuindo assim a quantidade de CO₂
liberado por saco de cimento, quando comparado ao CPII.
Inicialmente, o traço utilizado nessa pesquisa para a incorporação da borrracha e o teste da
fôrma desenvolvida na produção dos blocos de concreto, foi o mesmo utilizado por Nogueira
(2013). Em seu trabalho, este foi o traço com a menor quantidade de água, característica
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Deixar os corpos de prova por 24 horas na câmara úmida, para depois desformar;
Molhar os corpos de prova em dias intercalados, e conservar na câmera úmida.
Para se comparar com o traço anterior, foi utlizada a mesma mistura analisada, porém sem
a substituição de 10% da brita por borracha. Esse traço contém a mesma quantidade de
areia e o mesmo fator de água/cimento. A variação se deu somente na quantidade de brita
e de borracha, que possui a soma entre elas constante.
Após a análise dos traços, foi decidido testar a mistura na fôrma para descobrir a forma mais
eficiente na confecção dos blocos.
Inicialmente, pensou-se que fosse possível compactar manualmente. Inúmeras tentativas
foram realizadas, mas sem sucesso. O processo foi iniciado com um número de golpes baixo
para a compactação, porém a eficiência foi ínfima. Os blocos não adensavam corretamente,
comprometendo assim a resistência do exemplar.
Ficou nítido que a utilização de uma mesa vibratória foi a melhor opção e foi escolhida na
pesquisa para exercer essa função de compactação.
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Gráfico 2 – Comparativo das resistências de misturas com e sem substituição de 10% da brita 0 pela borracha.
Baseado nos resultados que foram positivos, indica-se a utilização de RCD aos modos desta
pesquisa em obras de engenharia civil.
6. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
A pesquisa desenvolvida confirma a importância da utilização de pneus inservíveis
descartados pelo homem no meio ambiente. Ao mesmo tempo, auxilia na diminuição da
retirada de matéria-prima de recursos naturais necessários para o preparo da massa de
cimento na construção civil. Com isso, contribui e estimula a utilização da vertente da
construção sustentável. Além disso, coopera para o decrescimento do acúmulo de pneus em
aterros, ajudando a eliminar um problema de saúde pública atual.
Para atingir os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos
relacionados ao tema, que auxiliaram e direcionaram este estudo. De acordo com Silva &
Okimoto (2009), surge a idéia de um novo ramo de empreendimento com o uso de pneus
inertes no cimento. Os autores relatam que hoje existe uma atual fonte de lucros para
empresas recauchutadoras e responsáveis pelo descarte de pneus. Sendo possível vender
os resíduos da borracha para firmas terceirizadas que comercializam e utilizam o pneu
como matéria-prima.
Dessa forma, recomenda-se o incentivo do uso do pneu como material não convencional na
engenharia civil, sendo importante persistir e motivar a sua utilização apesar da rejeição
existente no mercado tradicional, que sente receio em aderir conceitos e concepções
diferentes das usuais. Além disso, se faz necessário encorajar a conscientização e a aceitação
de métodos sustentáveis na vida cotidiana de trabalhadores, fabricantes, empreiteiros,
empresários e outros envolvidos na construção civil e correlatos.
É necessário ressaltar que o traço com borracha desenvolvido na pesquisa, incorporou
materiais diferentes dos utilizados convencionalmente. E mais do que isso, não só atingiu
as expectativas, como ultrapassou com notabilidade as resistências exigidas na norma da
ABNT - NBR 7173/29182, para bloco de concreto não estrutural.
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REFERÊNCIAS
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 1992. NBR 7184: Blocos vazados de concreto simples para
alvenaria - Determinação da resistência à compressão. ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas
Técnicas. Sistema Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial. Origem Projeto MB-
116/1991. Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 1982. NBR 7173: Blocos vazados de concreto simples para
alvenaria sem função estrutural. ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. Sistema Nacional
de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial. Origem Projeto EB-50/1974. Rio de Janeiro: Rio
de Janeiro.
Nogueira, L. G. S. 2013. Utilização de RCD na confecção de um traço sustentável. Centro Universitário
de Brasília. Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas. Departamento de Engenharia Civil.
Distrito Federal: Brasília.
Portal ABCP. 2009. Website da Associação Brasileira de Cimento Portland. São Paulo: Jaguaré.
Disponível em: <http://www.abcp.org.br/>. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2013.
Prado, D. M. 2006. Propriedades físicas e mecânicas de blocos estruturais produzidos com agregados
reciclados de concreto. Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos. Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento
de Engenharia de Estruturas. São Paulo: São Carlos.
Resolução CONAMA n° 416. 2009. Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Revoga as Resoluções nº
258/1999 e nº 301/2002. Publicada no DOU nº 188. 1 de outubro de 2009. Legislação: 30 de
setembro de 2009. Origem: 02000.000611/2004-15. Brasil.
Santos, E. A., & Borja, E. V. 2005. Investigação experimental de traços para blocos de concreto para
alvenaria de vedação com adição de resíduos de pneus reciclados. Curso de tecnologia em produção
da construção civil e tecnologia em materiais. Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Rio Grande
do Norte. Rio Grande do Norte: Natal.
Santos, A. V., & Borja, E. V. 2007. Avaliação das propriedades mecânicas de blocos intertravados com
resíduo de pneu reciclado. Curso de tecnologia em construção de edifícios. Centro Federal de Educação
Tecnológica do Rio Grande do Norte. Rio Grande do Norte: Natal.
Silva, T. D. R., & Okimoto, F. S. 2009. Resíduos de pneu inservíveis na construção civil. Universidade
Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP. IN: Encontro Nacional, 5. e Encontro Latino-
Americano, 3. sobre Edificações e Comunidades Sustentáveis - ELECS. 28 - 30 de outubro de 2009.
Pernambuco: Recife.
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Normative references and instruments for flexible
housing design in Brazil
ABSTRACT: Housing design can play an important role in the promotion of a better life in
the perspective of a more sustainable urban environment. Nevertheless, even though the
advances in the regulatory context of civil construction in Brazil, the normative references
and wide range of instruments applicable to housing developments have not been
sufficient to guarantee design quality, particularly (but not only) of social housing. Those
references and instruments do not fully incorporate the necessary requirements for
enabling satisfying people-environment relations in housing and for the improvement of
the quality of life of its residents, in particular those related to the buildings’ capacity for
change through adaptable and flexible spaces. In order to contribute to the integration of
such values into housing design, the study identifies and revises the content of national
and international norms and instruments of classification, evaluation and design
management by normative and promoting institutes that present evaluating structures
and quality indicators for housing design. The researchers conducted a comparative
analysis and critical reflection over the identified data through the specific approach of
considering and facilitating flexible and adaptable spaces, also identifying eventual gaps
and opportunities for the improvement of such norms and instruments in further research
development. Conceptual paths for a future framework of categories, requirements,
criteria and design parameters are presented as an initial contribution to the design
process of flexible housing in Brazil.
Keywords Flexible housing. Normative references and instruments. Design process.
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1. INTRODUCTION
For a long time, the absence of quality in production of social interest housing in Brazil has
been recognized and addressed under a variety of approaches in academic contributions
(Morado Nascimento & Tostes, 2011; Kowaltowski & Granja, 2011; Sant'Anna Jr., 1990).
The program of these projects ranges from the viability, efficiency and quality of housing
solutions itself to the promotion of a better life from the perspective of more sustainable
urban environment. In view of the factors involved, producing housing under the
simplistic logic of the amount of low-cost units has implicated in damage to the residents’
quality of life. Disregarding the necessary specifics and exceptions, private promotion for
various income ranges either reveals concern with the necessary scope of qualitative
aspects to contemplate, being guided by the market (Ornstein et al., 2011; Queiroz &
Tramontano, 2009; Wilheim, 2008).
It becomes necessary a stricter relationship between observation of everyday human life
within the contemporaneous collective building and the urbanistic and architectonical
quality of its project. In that matter, being able to respond to the dynamics of uses and to
current and future residents' needs and expectations is of crucial importance. Regarding
the social-environmental aspect in cities, Du Plessis (2012) considers applying the concept
of resilience as the ability to adapt to changes which, in turn, would depend on the
diversity of uses and responses, borrowing from how ecosystems work. However, the
potential for a process of change in the dynamic of uses, along with the gradual increase of
the financial standard of households, is rarely considered. As a result, spontaneous
interventions in Brazil’s social housing, which lack design guidelines and professional
technical assistance, have been causing energy and material losses and an increase in the
construction and demolition waste, beyond compromising the soil permeability and the
structural and environmental quality of these houses.
Around the world, performance standards, as well as methods and instruments of
evaluation, have been gaining prominence, thus raising the complexity and responsibility
of the act of design. Opposed to prescriptive standards, aimed at specifying components or
details of construction with the use of specific products, the establishment of the
performance of the built environment is structured through the definition of qualitative
and quantitative criteria requirements, or assumptions, and evaluation methods that allow
the measurement of compliance. In Brazil, especially the NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) and
other normative references, in conjunction with the various instruments of classification,
evaluation and management, make important counterpoint to the usually strict and
technical standards and indexes of urban and architectural law required for project
approval in municipal, State and federal spheres.
In this sense, the present study aims to promote a critical reflection regarding normative
and non-normative materials, national and international, related to the design of housing
developments, in order to point out possible paths to development of future conceptual
framework, which promote consideration and facilitation of spatial flexibility in its design.
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2. METHOD
Firstly, the study identified, reviewed and analyzed the content of norms and instruments
for design classification, evaluation and management by regulatory and promoting
institutes of housing developments in the country, which have evaluation frameworks and
quality indicators. It included those prepared by the Associação Brasileira de Normas
Técnicas-ABNT, Fundação Vanzolini-FCAV, Green Building Council Brasil-GBCBrasil, Caixa
Econômica Federal-CEF, Ministério das Cidades-MCidades, among others.
Then, the study identified, reviewed, and analyzed the content of international norms and
instruments, among which stand out those of the Department of the Environment,
Heritage and Local Government-DEHLG, the Commission for Architecture and the Built
Environment-CABE, the Construction Industry Council-CIC, the International Living
Building Institute-ILBI and the United States Green Building Council-USGBC, among
others.
A comparative analysis and a critical reflection of the data collected in the national and
international spheres were conducted from the specific perspective of the consideration
and facilitation of spatial flexibility. Gaps and opportunities for improvement of such
standards and instruments were identified for future research development. Finally, paths
were indicated for the development of a future conceptual framework.
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without large financial and material costs. As illustration brings only two projects of the
Chilean Office Elemental, and only one was built.
A social housing project contest for state of São Paulo requiring a certain degree of spatial
flexibility was also identified. In order to explore and establish new typologies for social
housing in the state of São Paulo, the Housing and Urban Development Company - CDHU
promoted a contest of architectural project of new typologies for social housing
(Government, 2010). The proposals were required to consider the possibility of expansion
from two to three bedrooms in both single and multifamily housing types, but with no
further guidelines for that matter.
Other national non-normative instruments provide contribution to the objectives of the
research. Integrating a broader proposal of interdependent social and environmental
sustainability with humanizing concepts, Barros (2015) highlights the consideration and
facilitation of spatial flexibility in design as opportunity for adaptability to uses and
people, as a support to life quality improvement without compromising environmental
quality. Indicates the structural elements in the scales of building and housing
implementation. Pereira (2015) focuses on the functionality and flexibility concepts as
strategies that benefit the housing project, aiming to support contributions to NBR 15,575
(ABNT, 2013) based on requirements and criteria that meet users’ functional needs.
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housing evolution and adaptability. They consider the adaptability and gradual
improvement possibility for the dwellings, making possible for its own residents to
become privileged agents, as fundamental for fitting these dwellings to different lifestyles
and to autonomy and economy of interventions. Loureiro & Mateus (2015) analyze
oversized homes built in the years 1970 and 80 on the outskirts of Braga in Portugal, in
order to stimulate its densification. The authors propose ways of use and planning
considering three different levels of intervention -- slight, intermediate and deep -- in
addition to three levels of typological options. Forms of raising density are proposed from
functional, energetic, bioclimatic, and aesthetical considerations.
Schneider & Till (2007) proposes questioning the ability of the building to be adaptable
over time in the levels of design and construction. A rich variety of strategies and tactics
are incorporated and illustrated through diagrams drawn from built examples. Durmisevic
et al. (2011) present an inter-institutional experimental project developed for a
multipurpose building with a transformative capacity at three levels: spatial, structural
and material. They argue that in order to achieve the desired transformation capacity of
buildings, it is necessary to develop a design for disassembly approach.
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The proportion between width and depth of the lot has impact on the possibilities of
different internal arrangements and of expansion of the housing unit, the individual
variety, the quality of natural lighting and ventilation, privacy and contact with the yard.
Narrow and long lawns (Fig.2a) limit the mentioned aspects, whereas wide and short
lawns (Figs 2b-2c) facilitate these possibilities.
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(a) (b)
Figure 4: (a) neutral environments for different uses; (b) Usable Attic: adequate ceiling height and
structural system. Source: (a) Schneider & Till (2007, p. 189); (b) Hamdi (1991, p. 99).
It is necessary to consider the capacity of the future building to promote a potential for
expansion. The typology modalities require specific planning from conception through
construction project. It is necessary to consider the structural reinforcements, quality
assurance of the inside environment, attention to standards of fire safety and consistency
with the surroundings, especially regarding horizontal additions. Different typology
modalities may facilitate space use by residents through horizontal and vertical additions
(Fig.5a), terrace additions (Fig.5b), penthouse or garage additions (Fig.5c), considering
isolated housing units or conjoined ones.
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Figure 7: Levels of intervention: (a) Level 1-Slight, (b) Level 2-Intermediate, (c) Level 3-Extensive.
Source: Loureiro & Mateus (2015, p. 921).
5. CONCLUSION
The study offers an initial contribution from normative references and applicable
instruments, along the lines of performance standards, under the specific focus of the
promotion of spatial flexibility in design. It emphasizes the necessity of improvement of
the design process for social housing in Brazil. The study interposes the contribution and
contrast of normative and non-normative material, national and international, related to
the design of housing developments, in order to promote a critical reflection and show the
way for the development of a future conceptual framework.
The study synthesizes the content of norms and instruments of classification, evaluation
and design management from regulatory and promoting institutes for housing
developments in the country and abroad and offers a comparative analysis and critical
reflection with regard to the topic of space flexibility. It identified gaps and opportunities
for improvement with a view to the possibility of considering and facilitating spatial
flexibility in the design of housing developments. From these gaps and opportunities,
complementary paths to the development of a conceptual framework were outlined.
This set of results obtained from Leo (2016) contributes to the achievement of the goal of
a broader research in which the identified paths will be matched in a conceptual structure
of categories, requirements, criteria and design parameters, along the lines of performance
standards. Such a structure, open and dynamic, aims to promote the integration of
requirements for the generation and evaluation of solutions in the conception of housing
projects in the country with regard to the possibility of considering and facilitating spatial
flexibility in your project. Additionally, it is necessary to establish scenarios, which may
facilitate the implementation of constructional processes for flexible social housing in
Brazil, signaling possible future research developments.
The authors are thankful to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-
CNPq for the financial support (Institutional Scientific Initiation Scholarship Program-PIBIC).
REFERENCES
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas-ABNT. 2013. NBR 15.575. Norma de Desempenho -
Edificações Habitacionais. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
Barros, R.R.M.P. 2012. Humanização e geração de valor na concepção do projeto de habitação
coletiva mais sustentável. Relatório Científico de Pesquisa de Pós-Doutorado (FAPESP 2010/13401-
5).
Barros, R.R.M.P. 2015. Humanização e resiliência: a capacidade adaptativa para o habitar urbano.
In: Latin-American and European Conference on Sustainable Buildings and Communities-EURO
ELECS, 1., 2015. Guimarães. Proceedings of..., Guimarães: Univ. do Minho.
Coelho, A.B.; Cabrita, A.R. 2009. Habitação evolutiva e adaptável. ITA 9. Lisboa: LNEC.
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment-CABE. 2008. Building for Life. Evaluating
housing proposals step by step. U.K.: CABE.
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Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government-DEHLG. 2009. Urban Design Manual:
a best practice guide. Ireland: DEHLG.
Durmisevic, E.; Çolakoglu, B.; Pasic. 2011. A. International Design Studio 2011. Green Transformable
Buildings Center. University of Twente, University of Sarajevo, Yildiz Technical University.
Du Plessis, C. 2012. Applying the theoretical framework of ecological resilience to the promotion of
sustainability in the urban social-ecological system. In: Smart and sustainable built environments, 4.,
2012. São Paulo. Proceedings of... São Paulo: SASBE.
Moradias sobredimensionadas dos anos 70-90 na periferia de Braga: processo de transformação.
In: Latin-American and European Conference on Sustainable Buildings and Communities - EURO
ELECS, 1., 2015. Guimarães. Proceedings of... Guimarães: Univ. do Minho.
Fundação Carlos Alberto Vanzolini-FCAV. 2013. Referencial técnico de certificação Edifícios
habitacionais - Processo AQUA. São Paulo: FCAV.
Governo do Estado de São Paulo. 2010. Sustentabilidade e inovação na habitação popular: o desafio
de propor modelos eficientes de moradia. São Paulo: Governo do Estado de São Paulo. Secretaria de
Estado de Habitação. Available at: http://www.cdhu.sp.gov.br.
Hamdi, N. 1991. Housing without houses: participation, flexibility, enablement. Exeter: Intermediate
Technology Publications.
John, V.M.; Tadeu, J.R. (Coord.). 2010. Boas práticas para habitação mais sustentável. São Paulo:
Páginas & Letras.
Kowaltowski, D.C.C.K.; Granja, A.D. 2011. The concept of desired value as a stimulus for change in
social housing in Brazil. Habitat International, n.35, p.435-446.
Leo, V.I. 2016. Referências normativas e instrumentos aplicáveis a empreendimentos habitacionais:
requisitos para a consideração da flexibilidade espacial no projeto. Relatório Final de Iniciação
Científica e Tecnológica. Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica-PIBIC. Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq.
Loureiro, M.; Mateus, R. 2015. Moradias sobredimensionadas dos anos 70-90 na periferia de Braga:
processo de transformação. In: Latin-American and European Conference on Sustainable Buildings
and Communities - EURO ELECS, 1., 2015. Guimarães. Proceedings of... Guimarães: Univ. do Minho.
Morado Nascimento, D.; Tostes, S.P. 2011. Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida: a (mesma) política
habitacional no Brasil. Arquitextos (São Paulo), v.1, p.1-16.
Ornstein, S.W.; Villa, S.B.; Ono, R. 2011. Residential high-rise buildings in São Paulo: aspects related
to the adequacy to the occupant’s needs. J. Hous. and the Built Environ., v.26, p.73-84.
Pereira, G.M. 2015. Funcionalidade e qualidade dimensional na habitação: contribuição à NBR
15.575/2013. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-
graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Florianópolis: UFSC.
Queiroz, F.A.; Tramontano, M. 2009. Apartamentos paulistanos: um olhar sobre a produção privada
recente. Ambiente Construído (Online), v.9, p.139-150.
Sant’anna JR., A.C. 1990. Genius loci x zeitgeist: o dilema da modernidade. Projeto, São Paulo, v. 134,
p. 72-73, ago./set.
Schneider, T.; Till, J. 2007. Flexible housing. Oxford: Architectural Press.
Sherwood, R. 1994. Modern housing prototypes. 6ed. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
United States Green Building Council-USGBC. 2009. LEED for healthcare. Available at:
<http://www.usgbc.org/>.
Wilheim, J. 2008. Mão escondida projeta arquitetura medíocre. Minha Cidade, São Paulo, 08.096,
Vitruvius, jul. Available at: http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/minhacidade/08.096/1883.
342
Study of double windows efficiency in order to improve
sound insulation in buildings
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
Dinara Paixão
Federal University of Santa Maria, Acoustic Engineering, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
dinara.paixao@eac.ufsm.br
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to evaluate sound insulation behavior of double
windows, when a second window is placed upon a previous one, keeping an air layer
between them. This was done through standard tests carried out at the insulation chamber
of the Acoustics Laboratory of Federal University of Santa Maria in accordance with
international norms ISO 10140-2 and ISO 717-1. First, low air hermetic windows were
duplicated, each one having Rw = 18 dB. Second, good air hermetic windows were duplicated.
The objective, through this technique, was to find out sound insulation improvement of
double windows under the two mentioned circumstances. It was verified that low air
hermetic double window obtained Rw = 26 dB, with an increase of 8 dB in relation to just
one window of the same typology. In relation to good air hermetic double window, a Rw final
of 37 dB was obtained, considering that the increase in sound insulation depends on the
initial performance of the first installed window. The gain in insulation in the second
instance was between 4 to 8 dB, mainly in relation to low and medium frequencies.
Therefore, it was possible to quantify which sound insulation improvement could be done
on façades employing the technique of double windows in order to contribute to the
improvement and quality of buildings in Brazil.
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1. INTRUDUCTION
The Brazilian urbanization process, occurred since the mid-twentieth century onwards,
brought several improvements and well-being for the population as a whole. However, the
emergence of large urban areas in our country caused a lot of problems that deteriorated
the quality of life in these cities, such as the sound pollution caused by traffic noise. If on one
hand the noise level in cities like São Paulo can easily exceed 75 decibels, the vast majority
of residential façades in such cities have deficient sound insulation. This is mainly due to
the use of sliding windows with insufficient sound insulation. Considering the foregoing,
there is a need to develop and apply new technologies to existing windows, in order to
improve the sound insulation of façades in buildings.
2. OBJETIVES
The aim of this research is to evaluate sound insulation behavior of double windows, when
a second window is placed upon a previous one, keeping an air layer between them. The
specific objectives are as follow:
Quantify the sound insulation of double sliding windows both with insufficient sound
insulation;
Quantify the sound insulation of double maxim-air windows both with good sound
insulation;
Provide comparative data between the sound insulation of single and double windows,
in order to contribute to designers and consultants in the technical specification and
procedures for soundproofing projects.
3. METODOLOGY
3.1 Sound insulation experiment of double sliding windows both with insufficient
sound insulation
Masonry wall with solid bricks plastered on both sides, with total thickness of 22 cm;
One sliding window with aluminum frame having glass sheet of 4 mm of thickness, with
dimensions of 1.4 m x 1.6 m;
One sliding window with aluminum frame having glass sheet of 4 mm of thickness with
dimensions of 1.4 m x 1.6 m, placed upon a previous one;
One maxim-air window with PVC frame having glass sheet of 4 mm of thickness with
dimensions of 1.4 m x 1.6 m.
Figure 1 bellow shows a schematic drawing concerning the acoustic experiment of double
sliding windows, as previously mentioned:
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3.2 Sound insulation experiment of double maxim-air windows both with good sound
insulation
One maxim-air window with PVC frame and glass sheet of 6 mm of thickness with
dimensions of 1.4 m x 1.6 m;
One maxim-air window with PVC frame and glass sheet of 8 mm of thickness with
dimensions of 1.4 m x 1.6 m;
One maxim-air window with PVC frame and double glass sheet of 4 mm and 6 mm of
thickness, spaced 8.5 cm between them. The window dimension is 1.4 m x 1.6 m;
One maxim-air window with PVC frame and a double glass sheet of 4 mm and 6 mm of
thickness, spaced 8.5 cm between them, placed upon a maxim-air window with PVC
frame and glass sheet of 6 mm of thickness. The windows dimensions are 1.4 m x 1.6 m;
One maxim-air window with PVC frame and a double glass sheet of 4 mm and 6 mm of
thickness, spaced 8.5 cm between them, placed upon a maxim-air window with PVC
frame and glass sheet of 8 mm of thickness. The windows dimensions are 1.4 m x 1.6 m.
Figure 2 bellow shows a schematic drawing concerning the acoustic experiment of double
maxim-air windows, as previously mentioned:
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4. RESULTS
The results of the acoustic experiments are shown in the following Figures 3-6:
70
60
50
40
R (dB)
30
20
10
0
100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150
Frequency (Hz)
Masonry wall Rw = 50 dB
One sliding window with a single glass sheet of 4 mm Rw = 18 dB
Two sliding window each one with a single glass sheet of 4 mm Rw = 26 dB
One maxim-air window with a single glass sheet of 4 mm Rw = 28 dB
Figure 3: comparative results between one single sliding window, double sliding window and one
maxim-ar window
40
35
30
25
20
R (dB)
15
10
0
100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 4: comparative results between one sliding window and two sliding window
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40
35
30
R (dB)
25
20
15
10
5
0
100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150
Frequency (Hz)
45
40
35
30
25
R (dB)
20
15
10
0
100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 6: comparative results between single and double windows with good sound insulation
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Figure 7 bellow shows an experiment in the insulation chamber at the acoustic lab:
Figure 8 bellow shows a rotating microphone boom in the insulation chamber at the
acoustic lab:
Figure 8: rotating microphone boom in the insulation chamber at the acoustic lab
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5. CONCLUSIONS
Considering duplicated windows with insufficient sound insulation, it was found that:
• When a sliding window with Rw = 18 dB is duplicated with a previous one, from the same
typology, there is an increase of 8 dB in the sound insulation resulting in a Rw = 26 dB;
• When a sliding window is duplicated with a previous one, from the same typology, the
sound insulation does not achieve the same value as one maxim-air window with 4 mm of
glass sheet thickness. The results were 26 dB and 28 dB, respectively;
• The sound insulation gain mainly occurs in relation to low and medium frequencies. In the
frequency of 160 Hz occurs a resonance, whose position in the sound spectrum is slightly
displaced from the f0 frequency of a sealed double glass with the same spacing and
thickness.
Considering duplicated maxim-air windows with good sound insulation, it was found that:
• Duplicate maxim-air windows, both with good sound insulation, increases the sound
insulation index Rw. Depending on the Rw of the first window, the increase can be from 4
until 8 dB. This research achieved maximum index Rw = 37 dB;
• The sound insulation gain mainly occurs in relation to low and medium frequencies. Given
that the traffic noise has a predominance of energy at low and medium frequencies, it can
be said that the duplication windows with good sound insulation are effective to vehicular
noise.
REFERENCES
Acoustics – Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements: ISO 10140-2.
Acoustics – Measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room: ISO 354. 2003.
Báring, J. G. A. 1998. A conceituação necessária para se chegar ao desenvolvimento tecnológico em
acústica das edificações – 1º parte. Revista A construção. Nº 2087, IPT/PINI. São Paulo, 4p.
Bistafa, S.R.2006. Acústica aplicada ao controle do ruído. Editora Edgard Blucher, São Paulo, 368 p.
Brüel & Kjaer. 1989. Máster catalogue – Eletronic instruments. Denmark: K. Laresen & Son A/S, 904p.
Costa, E.C. 2003. Acústica Técnica. Editora Edgard Blucher LTDA, São Paulo, 127 p.
Freitas, A. P.M.2006. Estudo do impacto ambiental causado pelo aumento da poluição Sonora em
áreas próximas aos centros de lazer noturno na cidade de Santa Maria – RS. Dissertação de Mestrado,
Santa Maria, 99 p.
Gerges, S. N. Y. 1992. Ruído: fundamentos e controle. Florianópolis: UFSC, 600 p.
Gomez, G. O. 1988. Acústica aplicada a la construcción. Santiago de Cuba: Ediciones, 53p.
Marco, C. S. 1990. Elementos de acústica arquitetônica. 2. ed. São Paulo: Ed. Nobel, 129 p.
Méndez et al. 1991. Acustica arquitectonica. Buenos Aires: UMSA, 238 p.
Oliveira, M.A. 2007. Estudo da eficiência da duplicação de janelas na melhoria do isolamento acústico
destes components. Dissertação de mestrado. Santa Maria, RS.
Paixão, D. & SANTOS, J. P. 1994. A janela da edificação – Avaliação sob ponto de vista da acústica. In:
I CONGRESSO BRASIL/ARGENTINA – 15º ENCONTRO DA SOBRAC. Florianópolis. Anais, p. 399-402.
Picada, G. 2002. Potencial das sobras de porongos da fabricação de cuias como absorventes sonoros.
Dissertação de mestrado. Santa Maria, RS.B
Pujolle, J. 1978. La pratique de I’isolation acoustique dês batiments. Editions du Moniteur. Paris, 574
p.
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Rating of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements: ISO 717-1. Second Edition, 1996.
Santos, J.L.P.2012. Isolamento Sonoro de Partições Arquitetônicas. Editora UFMS, Santa Maria, 174 p.
Silva, D.T. 2000. Estudo da Isolação Sonora em paredes e divisórias de diversas naturezas.
Dissertação de mestrado, Santa Maria, 126 p.
Templeton D. et al. Acoustics in the built environment. Reed Educational and Professional Publishing
Ltd, 1997.
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Life cycle energy (LCEA) and carbon dioxide emissions
(LCCO2A) assessment of roofing systems: conventional
system and green roof
ABSTRACT: With the increase of urban occupation and therefore the constant need of new
buildings, the concern about its environmental impacts grows recently. Thus, is demanded
the research on the concept of buildings considering the economy of resources, especially
energy. Green roof is an ancient alternative to reduce the effects of heat islands and global
warming, providing architectural, construction, aesthetic and environmental benefits. The
efficiency of thermal performance of this system is already known, however, aspects
related to energy and environmental sustainable, including CO2 emissions, are still poorly
studied. Therefore, the study of sustainability of this alternative of roof is necessary,
considering the full life cycle of it to evaluate the energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the sustainability of a green roof compared to the
conventional system made of concrete slab with ceramic tile. Green roof system used in
the research is the modulate type with structure in solid wood beams and closure in
structural plywood sheets. The comparison will be done through the life cycle energy
(LCEA) and carbon dioxide emissions (LCCO2A) analysis in the extraction and processing
of raw materials, transport, construction and maintenance phases. With the research
results, the green roof confirmed the reduction of CO2 emissions the life cycle, but it has a
higher embodied energy than the conventional system.
Keywords Green roof, Sustainable, Life cycle assessment, Life cycle energy, CO2 emissions.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The building sector consumes an estimated 30 to 40% energy worldwide and it is
responsible for 40% of total primary energy consumption in European Union (Contarini et
al. 2015; Coma et al. 2016). Greenhouse gas emissions totaled in 2014 an average of
2.4 tCO2 per capita in Brazil (Brazil 2015). The data are alarming and the responsibility of
countries to reduce environmental impacts by human activities is growing. The COP 21
(ONU Climate Conference), that took place in December 2015, was a global framework to
reduce carbon emissions and to mitigate the effects of global warming.
According Coma et al. (2016), the construction sector is an effective way to achieve the
reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions, aiming sustainable buildings with
more energy-efficient. Some technologies have been employed to help mitigate the high
energy consumption in buildings and the recurrence of floods in urban centers, i.e. green
roofs (Savi, 2012). Sainz et al. (2006) stated that green roof is among several technologies
for the development of environmentally sustainable buildings and the creation of urban
environments visually appealing.
Brazilian laws are still insufficient about the use of this system. The state of Santa Catarina
created a program to encourage the adoption of green roofs by Law Nº14243 (December
11, 2007). But the only law that establishes the obligation of the green roof use is
Nº18112/2015 of Recife which provides the improvement of environmental quality of
buildings obliging also the construction of accumulation reservoirs or the flow delay of
rainwater to the urban drainage. This law establishes the mandatory use of green roofs for
multifamily residential buildings with more than four floors and non-housing with more
than 400 m² of area covered, under penalty of non-approval of the building.
A green roof differs from a conventional roof by having a substrate (soil or growing media)
with vegetation (Peri et al. 2012). The addition of a green layer in building coverage
causes many advantages, including: increased water retention, contributing to drainage
and reuse of rainwater, reduced urban heat island by reducing of CO2, sound absorption,
aesthetic improvement of cities, increased biodiversity and reduction of habitat loss
(Kosareo & Ries, 2007; Savi, 2012; Bianchini et al. 2012; Coma et al. 2016).
The benefits of this system are obvious, but the real potential to environmental
sustainability should be measured, since the material impacts are also important because
of its emissions and the use of raw materials during production and waste disposal
(Contarini & Meijer, 2015).
The most appropriate tool to assess the overall environmental performance of a building
and the quantification of its impacts, considering a wide range of categories of damage, is
the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). According to ABNT NBR ISO 14040 (2006), LCA is a
method in which the product or process is evaluated in the life cycle's phases: extraction
and production of raw materials, use, maintenance and demolition.
The choice for the quantification of energy consumption in the building life cycle (life cycle
energy assessment - LCEA) is because prioritizes data inventory of energy consumption
(direct and indirect). Although not use the concept of multi-analysis, characteristic of
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LCAs, a LCEA gives conditions for the evaluation of significant environmental impacts
(Tavares, 2006).
In this work will be used a type of LCA to quantify two categories: the total energy
consumption (LCEA) and CO2 emissions (LCCO2A) related with stages of the life cycle of
the systems. They are simplified versions of the LCA that focus only on the evaluation of
energy inputs and CO2 emissions for the different stages of the life cycle and are already
being widely used by researchers of construction as Atmaca & Atmaca (2015) and Chau et
al. (2015).
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as vertical gardens by having larger plants. They have substrate thickness ranging from 15
to 50 cm and they can't be run on sloping roof (Pereira, 2014).
A green roof usually has the following layers: structural support, waterproof membrane,
root barrier, drainage, filter, substrate and vegetation (Pereira, 2014). Although it is
common to find green roofs on slabs, green roof is a building system that allows variations
and application to different surfaces and structures (Tavares et al. 2014).
Looking for more sustainable and energy-efficient alternatives, in this research a system
with structure in solid wood beams with closure in structural plywood sheets of the type
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) was proposed as the basis for extensive green roof. The
geomembrane of high density polyethylene (HDPE) has been used for waterproofing and
under it lightweight cellular modules were composed by HDPE too. The choice of this
modular system was due to the decrease in the total weight of the roofing and operational
simplicity in maintenance phase.
A geotextile blanket was placed in the substrate layer within the module to facilitate
storage and filtration of water in the modules ribbed. To reduce the need for frequent
irrigation, the vegetation chosen were Cacto Margarida (Lampranthus productus). The
green roof scheme is shown in Figure 2.
3. METHODOLOGY
The study was applied in a housing unit approved by the Brazilian bank Caixa Econômica
Federal used in the program "My House, My Life" representing the reality of social housing
in the country. The same design was analyzed by Pedroso (2015) with the ground floor
shown in Figure 3. The housing has 45.64 m²of built area distributed in two bedrooms,
living room, kitchen, bathroom and an outside service area. The life service adopted was
50 years and the functional unit was 1 m² of roofing.
To standardize the transport distance, the building were located at the University of
Brasilia (UnB) in Brasilia (DF).
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Figure 3. Social housing project for the deployment of systems. Source: Pedroso, 2015
The elementary concept of LCA is to calculate the environmental impacts of product over
different life cycle stages: extraction, manufacture, construction, operation, demolition,
recycling and disposal (Atmaca & Atmaca, 2015). To calculate the LCA and LCCO2A, all
energy inputs and CO2 equivalent emissions released from a system in the pre-use and
maintenance phase were quantified, respecting the ABNT NBR ISO 14040 series of
standards. The calculation derived from a survey in national literature for the extraction of
secondary data. They were used preferably from Brazilian documents to better adapt the
production process and characteristics of the materials.
To calculate the energy consumption and CO2 emissions from the extraction and
processing of materials and components phase equations 1 and 2 were used. When
necessary, used the coefficient of 0.036 kgCO2/MJ for energy conversion in CO2 emissions
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was used. This value is the result of an average of the latest values from the National
Energy Balance (BEN), if the FCO2 coefficient in the studied sources did not exist.
EE = Q x FE (1)
CO2E = Q x FCO2eq (2)
Q – quantity of materials used in housing (Unit of measure - UM: kg or m³);
FE – energy embodied factor (MJ/UM);
FCO2 – emissions factor (kgCO2eq/kg or kgCO2eq/m³);
EE – embodied energy of the extraction and processing of materials stage (MJ);
CO2E – emissions of the extraction and processing of materials stage (kgCO2eq);
In transport stage of materials and components to the construction site, the coefficients
for the calculation of CO2 emissions used by NaBut Neto (2011) were: average
consumption of diesel equal to 0.0136 L/T.km and liter diesel emitting 3.15 kgCO2/km.
Throughout the transport phase, only CO2 emissions will be quantified.
Table 2. Quantity of materials for 1 m² of roofing.
MATERIALS AND FCO2 TRANSPORT
QUANTITY FE (MJ/UM)
COMPONENTS (KgCO2eq/UM) (Km)
CONCRETE (slab 10cm) 0.10 m³ 1002.40(1) 151.08(1) 14
CONVENTIONAL
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CONVENTIONAL
CONCRETE
STEEL 0.14 kg -
WOOD STRUCTURE 0.04 m³ -
ROOF TILES 86.20 kg 2.5(1)
PVC TROUGH AND
1.76 kg -
COLLECTOR
OSB 0.02 m³ -
BEAMS STONE ANGELIM 0.02 m³ -
BLANKET HDPE 5.25 kg -
GREEN ROOF
4. RESULTS ANALYSIS
The comparison of each life cycle phase analyzed in this study between the two roofing
systems. This allowed the observation of the environmental impacts of the green roof over
the conventional system (used in large-scale in social housing) in relation to energy
indicators and CO2 emissions. The result of the stages of extraction and processing and
transport of the pre-use phase transport is gathered in Table 4.
Table 4. Result of LCAE and LCCO2A in the pre-use phase to 1 m² of roofing.
MATERIALS AND CO2E CO2T
QUANTITY EE (MJ)
COMPONENTS (kg CO2eq) (kgCO2eq)
CONCRETE 0.10 m³ 100.24 15.11 0.045696
CONVENTIONAL
In the construction phase, the use of materials such as wood and steel, occurs in the
conventional system. The amount, with the total embodied energy and CO2 emissions are
shown in Table 5. The energy and CO2 factors were extracted from Table 1, considering a
metal shoring with cross pieces on wooden boards and closing in plywood.
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The maintenance phase of two systems is presented in Table 6, with the total amount of
energy consumption (EM) and CO2 emissions (CO2M) for the tiles (conventional system)
and the substrate (green roof).
Table 6. Result of LCAE and LCCO2A in the maintenance phase to 1 m² of roofing.
MATERIALS AND CO2M CO2T
QUANTITY RF EM (MJ)
COMPONENTS (kgCO2eq) (kgCO2eq)
The total values are shown in Figure 4 (in MJ/kg or MJ/m³). It were obtained for both
systems studied, correlated to the analyzed phases. The transport phase included all
shifts: the material transport of plants or sale point to the building site in the maintenance
phase.
LCEA
Green Roof
Extraction and processing
Transport
Construction
Maintenance
Conventional
Figure 4. Result of life cycle energy to the two systems. Source: Authors, 2016
In Figure 5, the same results are presented for CO2 emissions quantified in LCCO2A. The
results are in kgCO2eq/kg or kgCO2eq/m³ depending on the unit of measure of the
analyzed material.
LCCO2A
Green Roof
Extraction and processing
Transport
Construction
Maintenance
Conventional
Figure 5. Result of life cycle CO2 emissions to the two systems. Source: Authors, 2016
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With the results, it is observed that the higher energy consumption achieved by the green
roof system was in the phases of extraction and processing and maintenance, because it
has a frequent replacement of the substrate layer. However, in assessing the life cycle CO2
emissions, the conventional system has a disadvantage. All total values of the phases of
LCEA and LCCO2A are shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Result of all values of LCAE and LCCO2A in the phases to 1 m² of roofing.
LCEA (MJ) LCCO2A (kgCO2eq)
Conventional Green roof Conventional Green roof
Extraction and 786.53 1800.20 82.23 56.34
processing
Transport 0 0 0.16 0.37
Construction 547.05 0 0.0026 0
Maintenance 543.06 2295.55 54.31 8.43
5. CONCLUSION
Two roofing systems were analyzed: conventional and green roof system. The first one is
already used in large scale in Brazilian social housing. The second one is still not
broadcast, offers numerous aesthetic, environmental, thermal advantages, among others.
The methodology focused on the search for secondary data, especially national, to
composition of the life cycle assessment.
It is noted by the results that the isolated energy analysis doesn't indicate the best
solution, and neither the CO2 analysis. The evaluation of the two combined of LCA seems to
be more suitable to compose the environmental profile of the systems.
The conventional system has proved better in LCEA, but became worse in LCCO2A. In the
maintenance phase, the necessity for replacement of material in the conventional system
has a high emission levels embedded, which is ceramic tile. the green roof replacement is
the substrate, which is an organic material.
To confirm these values and extract other observations, it's necessary that in future work
should be use primary dates or other databases used in Brazil. Other indicators should
also be raised, such as the CO2 equivalent, water footprint, among others, selected
according to their importance in Brazil.
REFERENCES
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). NBR ISO 14040. Gestão ambiental – Avaliação do
ciclo de vida – Princípios e estrutura. Rio de Janeiro, 2009.
Atmaca, A.; Atmaca, N. Life cycle energy (LCEA) and carbon dioxide emissions (LCCO 2A)assessment
of two residential buildings in Gaziantep, Turkey. Energy and Building, v. 102, p. 417-437, 2015.
Bianchini, F. & Hewage, K. 2012 How “green” are the green roofs? Lifecycle analysis of green roof
materials. Building and Environment 48: 57-65.
Bengoa, X. Quantis Internacional. Análise comparativa do ciclo de vida das Telhas cerâmicas versus
Telhas de concreto. Montreal: Anicer, 2011. 77 p. Disponível em: <http://anicer.com.br/acv/ACV
Telhas Cerâmicas.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 maio 2016.
BRASIL. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética EPE. Balanço Energético Nacional 2015 ano base 2014.
Brasil, 2015.
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Cerón-Palma, I. & Sanyé-Mengual, E.; Oliver-Solà, J; Montero, J.; Ponce-Caballero, C.; Rieradevall, J.
Towards a green sustainable strategy for social neighbourhoods in Latin America: Case from social
housing in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Habitat International, v. 38, p.47-56, abr. 2013.
Chau, C. K.; Leung, T. M.; Ng, W. Y. A review on Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Energy Assessment
and Life Cycle Carbon Emissions Assessment on buildings. Applied Energy, v. 143, p.395-413, 2015.
Coma, J.; Pérez. G.; Solé, C.; Castell, A.; Cabeza, L. Thermal assessment of extensive green roofs as
passive tool for energy savings in buildings. Renewable Energy, v. 85, p.1106-1115, 2016.
Contarini, A.; Meijer, A. LCA comparison of roofing materials for flat roofs. Smart and Sustainable
Built Environment, vol. 4, p.97 - 109, 2015.
Estado De Santa Catarina (Estado). Lei Nº 14.243. Santa Catarina, 2007.
Kosareo, L.; Ries, R. Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of green roofs. Building and
Environment, v. 42, p.2606-2613, 2007.
Lamnatou, C.; Chemisana, D. Photovoltaic-green roofs: a life cycle assessment approach with
emphasis on warm months of Mediterranean climate. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 72, p.57-75,
2014.
Lopes, Thais Vieira. Telhado verde, energia embutida e emissão de CO2: uma análise comparativa a
sistemas de cobertura convencionais. 2014. 92 f. Monografia (Especialização) - Curso de Construção
Civil, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 2014.
Nabut Neto, A. C. Energia Incorporada e emissões de CO2 de fachadas. Estudo de caso do steel frame
para utilização em Brasília, DF. Dissertação de Mestrado em Estruturas e Construção Civil,
Publicação E.DM-009A/11, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade de
Brasília, Brasília, DF, 117 p. 2011.
Pedroso, G. M. Avaliação de ciclo de vida energético (ACVE) de sistemas de vedação de habitações.
Tese de Doutorado em Estruturas e Construção Civil, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e
Ambiental, Universidade de Brasília, DF, 226p, 2015.
Pereira, M. F. B. Conteúdo energético e emissões de CO2 em coberturas verdes, de telha cerâmica e de
fibrocimento: estudo de caso. 2014. 148 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Engenharia Civil,
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 2014.
Peri, G.; Traverso, M.; Finkbeiner, M.; Rizzo, G. Embedding “substrate” in environmental assessment
of green roofs life cycle: evidences from an application to the whole chain in a Mediterranean site.
Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 35, p.274-287, 2012.
Prefeitura do Recife. Lei Nº 18.112. Recife, 2015.
Saade, M.; Silva, M.; Silva, V.; Franco, H. G.; Schwamback, D.; Lavor, B. Material eco-efficiency
indicators for Brazilian buildings. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, v. 3, p.54-71, 2014.
Saiz, S.; Kennedy, C.; Bass, B.; Pressnall, K. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Standard and
Green Roofs. Environmental Science & Technology, v. 40, p.4312-4316, 2006.
Savi, A. C. Telhados verdes: uma análise da influência das espécies vegetais no seu desempenho na
cidade de Curitiba. 2015. 179 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de pós-graduação em
Engenharia de Construção, Setor de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 2015.
TAVARES, S. F. Metodologia de análise do ciclo de vida energético de edificações residenciais
brasileiras. Tese de doutorado, PPGEC, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, 2006.
Tavares, S.; Lopes, T.; Savi, A; Oliveira, E. Telhado verde, energia embutida e emissão de CO2:
análise comparativa a coberturas convencionais. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA DO
AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO, 15, 2014, Maceió. Anais do XIV ENTAC. Maceió: ANTAC, 2014. P. 1-10.
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Dificuldades na implementação do design builder no
mercado brasileiro
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O uso de energia varia desde atividades complexas, como abastecimento energético de
indústrias até usos em aparelhos mais simples como a bateria dos celulares e a energia
destinada a iluminação. Devido à grande demanda por energia, a humanidade vem
procurando sempre aperfeiçoar tecnologias energéticas a fim de minimizar perdas e
aperfeiçoar os processos de produção, transformação e condução da energia. O conceito de
eficiência energética, em um panorama amplo, pode ser entendido como a obtenção do
melhor desempenho na produção de um serviço com o menor gasto de energia possível
(C.E.L.P.E., 2013). Na arquitetura, porém, esse conceito é mais abrangente e detalhado,
podendo ser entendido como uma característica da edificação em possibilitar conforto
térmico, lumínico e acústico aos usuários com o menor consumo possível de energia. Sendo
assim, um edifício é considerado mais eficiente energeticamente que outro quando
consegue fornecer condições iguais ou melhores, com menor consumo de energia
(Lamberts, et al. 2004).
Os edifícios são grandes consumidores de energia, representando cerca de 40% do consumo
no Brasil. Esta realidade deve-se frequentemente à má concepção projetual, que ignora
condicionantes locais, sistemas e equipamentos que trazem economia de energia e o correto
dimensionamento das cargas térmicas. Quando analisados os usos comercial e serviço, com
14,8% e 8.0% respectivamente, a iluminação e o condicionamento de ar são os grandes
responsáveis por esse consumo (Ministério de Minas e Energia, 2016).
A eficiência energética é cada vez mais necessária em um mercado abarrotado de
edificações que não atendem as necessidades básicas de conforto ambiental. Simples
decisões de projetos podem mudar completamente a qualidade ambiental do mesmo e,
como se isso não fosse o suficiente, ainda pode acarretar em grandes economias no gasto
final de energia. Utilizar cores claras nas paredes e tetos e pensar corretamente na dimensão
e posicionamento das aberturas são algumas das atitudes que podem, de maneira geral,
diminuir o uso de iluminação. Deve-se, porém, ter cuidado com esta última visto que
aberturas permitem não só a passagem de luz e ar, mas também de radiação solar que
aumenta a temperatura interna do ambiente. É importante ressaltar também que, mesmo a
iluminação natural sendo importante tanto para qualidade de vida quanto para economia
do usuário, ela é imprevisível. Assim, não se pode descartar o trabalho em conjunto com a
iluminação artificial.
Tal qual a luminosidade, as condições térmicas são de extrema importância. Os
condicionadores de ar, muito comuns em empreendimentos comercias de grande porte, são
equipamentos de climatização muito difundidos no Brasil. Nesses empreendimentos,
preservar a qualidade do ar no interior do edifício pode evitar a poluição sonora e ambiental,
aumentando a sensação de conforto. Em contrapartida, caso sejam utilizadas fachadas
revestidas por pele de vidro, a temperatura interna dos edifícios se eleva e, se não forem
pensadas estratégias de ventilação que compensem o ganho de calor devido ao efeito estufa
do vidro, os aparelhos de ar-condicionado tornam-se indispensáveis. Todas essas
características são pensadas no período de projeto e simulação, e o desenho arquitetônico
da construção é parte essencial para esses estudos.
Durante o desenvolvimento do projeto arquitetônico, o desenho funciona como meio de
comunicação mostrando e descrevendo todos os detalhes de como foi pensada determinada
edificação, servindo ainda como ferramenta de registro para futuras consultas.
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2. METODOLOGIA
Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, foi utilizada uma metodologia composta por
pesquisa bibliográfica documental, busca de manuais sobre aplicativos de simulação, com
foco no Design Builder, uso experimental da versão de testes do programa pelos autores e
entrevistas com diversas empresas do ramo, dentre elas empresas de consultoria,
planejamento e projeto visando qualidade ambiental e laboratórios de referência no estudo
de eficiência energética e conforto.
A pesquisa bibliográfica documental foi primordial a fim de entender não só a essência da
simulação computacional, mas também a base da busca do homem pelo conforto ambiental
e da eficiência energética através da arquitetura. Depois de construída uma base com os
conhecimentos teóricos de conforto, simulação e eficiência energética, foram estudados
alguns dos programas conhecidos do meio por seus grandes diferenciais como Energy Plus,
Autodesk Ecotect Analysis e Design Builder.
Para adquirir experiência e testar a receptividade do programa a novos usuários, foi
utilizada a versão disponibilizada do programa de testes por um período de 30 dias,
encontrada no site da própria Design Builder Software (DBS), desenvolvedora do Design
Builder. Nele foi desenvolvida uma modelagem de edifícios já existentes por alunos do curso
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• Modelos detalhados multizona: Esta análise, sendo muito mais específica do que a anterior,
separa o edifício em zonas, atribuindo-lhe diferentes características. Desta forma, permite
a obtenção de um resultado final próximo da realidade, desde que assegurados todos os
requisitos de informação exigidos pela ferramenta, que contrariamente à anterior,
apresenta características de elevada especificidade e pormenorização.
Para a melhor utilização e otimização das características e "outputs" produzidos por estas
ferramentas, devem ser identificadas e fornecidas informações (elementos) sobre os fatores
externos, bem como a especificação das condições de relacionamento entre o edifício e esses
mesmos fatores externos. São eles:
• As características do local, tais como: a orientação solar, a direção do vento dominante, o
sombreamento provocado pela envoltória, entre outras; e
• Condicionantes internos, onde são analisados: a forma do edifício, localização e dimensão
das aberturas, os materiais utilizados, a dimensão dos espaços e as atividades existentes, as
áreas climatizadas e não climatizadas, bem como outras características de projeto
determinantes para a sua adequada análise.
A seguir são exemplificadas algumas ferramentas de simulação de desempenho energético
do edifício que se encontram disponíveis no mercado, algumas delas de utilização gratuita,
e outras apenas acessíveis de forma comercial, com ênfase nas dificuldades de
implementação do Design Builder no mercado brasileiro.
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Em junho de 2008, a empresa até então responsável pelo produto, a “Square One Research”,
vendeu o software para a Autodesk que acrescentou a este, ferramentas que possibilitaram
uma maior integração ao software “Revit Architecture”. O “Autodesk Ecotect Analysis” se
diferencia dos outros programas de simulação por focar na parte inicial de projeto, durante
o estudo da forma arquitetônica do edifício. A análise e simulação nesse momento em que
decisões simples podem ser determinantes, pode contribuir muito para alcançar o
desempenho exigido nos edifícios modernos atuais.
A Autodesk, porém, em março de 2015, anunciou que novas licenças para o software não
seriam lançadas. As licenças existentes, seriam mantidas em funcionamento e continuariam
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recebendo o suporte técnico da Autodesk. Ela decidiu que o “Ecotect Analysis”, antes
independente, irá fazer parte do conjunto de funcionalidades da família de produtos Revit.
O objetivo da empresa ao fazer isso, é integrar os softwares a fim de concentrar e otimizar
as equipes e recursos para o desenvolvimento de softwares relacionados ao sistema BIM.
(Autodesk Education Community, 2015).
Por ter sido desenvolvimento a partir do Energy Plus, ele permite a inserção de maiores
recursos de envoltória e envidraçamento quando comparado ao seu programa raiz. Além
disso, no Design Builder existe um enorme banco de dados de materiais, construções,
caixilharia e persianas que pode ser utilizado para aproximar ao máximo o modelo de
simulação do modelo real. Também possui as opções do Compact AVAC (HVAC) que permite
a montagem e simulação de um grande número de sistemas de aquecimento e resfriamento,
com facilidade e sem a necessidade de elaboração de diagramas complexos.
Conforme mencionado anteriormente, a experiência dos estudantes do curso de
Arquitetura e Urbanismo da UVV, somada à opinião de empresas de consultoria e projeto
de qualidade e conforto ambiental foram identificados pontos onde o Design Builder não
atende satisfatoriamente o público brasileiro.
4. Resultados
Conforme citado anteriormente, e de acordo com as dez entrevistadas, 8 das empresas que
trabalham com eficiência energética utilizam softwares de simulação e apenas 2 não os
utiliza. Quando questionado sobre o motivo da não utilização de softwares, uma das
empresas entrevistadas registrou o seguinte depoimento:
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“Na verdade, tive acesso e conheci o software Design Builder, que utilizei
em minha dissertação de mestrado. Posteriormente abri a empresa com o
objetivo de incluí-lo no nosso leque de serviços. Entretanto, o mercado
parece ainda não ter absorvido a necessidade de proceder investigações a
respeito do consumo de energia dos edifícios antes da construção.
Estamos preparados para atender às demandas preliminares do mercado,
seguros de que, com o aumento na procura, poderemos desenvolver e
divulgar melhor o assunto e inclusive nosso conhecimento a esse respeito
ainda mais. ”
Foi verificado ainda que 8 dos entrevistados (62,5%) conhece, mas não utiliza o Design
Builder (Fig. 5) sendo, como as principais causas de não utilização, à dificuldade com o
idioma inglês, o desconhecimento da ferramenta e o uso de outro programa de simulação.
O resultado mostrou também que, sem uma versão atual traduzida para o português e
devido ao uso de um vocabulário em inglês instrumental especifico da área, o Design Builder
torna o entendimento de suas funções e ferramentas, principalmente para pessoas que não
dominam o idioma, difícil e demorado. As entrevistas também demonstraram que se fosse
disponibilizado uma versão traduzida para o português brasileiro, 50% das empresas que
conhecem, mas não utilizam o programa, passariam a adotá-lo nas suas análises de
desempenho do edifício.
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5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Os edifícios são grandes consumidores de energia, tendo a iluminação e o condicionamento
de ar, os grandes responsáveis por esse consumo. A simulação computacional no processo
de projeto vem contribuir e facilitar o entendimento do desempenho térmico, acústico e
lumínico prevendo possíveis problemas que só seriam percebidos durante a utilização e
ocupação da edificação. O programa Design Builder foi lançado visando suprir uma lacuna
existente entre os programas já difundidos no mercado brasileiro, entretanto, os resultados
obtidos nesta pesquisa evidenciam que o vocabulário com uso de inglês instrumental
especifico da área, a falta de cursos de capacitação, a não-regionalização da biblioteca de
materiais são os principais obstáculos para seu uso, no mercado brasileiro.
Segundo os resultados apresentados, é possível perceber que existe potencial para
consolidação do Design Builder no mercado brasileiro. Essa consolidação deve ser resultada
de ações de ambos os lados, clientes e a Design Builder Software. Pelo lado dos clientes, é
necessário haver um interesse maior quanto a investigação a respeito do consumo de
energia dos edifícios antes da construção e a busca por empresas que atendam a essa
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necessidade. Vale ressaltar, apesar de não ter sido o foco deste trabalho mas que abre
oportunidades para futuras pesquisas, o uso acadêmico do programa que está presente em
núcleos de pesquisa e laboratórios, em diversas universidades auxiliando no ensino e
desenvolvimento de futuros profissionais. Dentre as universidades podemos citar o
LABEEE – Laboratório de Eficiência Energética em Edificações na UFSC, o LABESBIM -
Laboratório de Engenharia Simultânea e BIM na UFES e o NEP – Núcleo de Estudos e
Práticas na UVV-ES. Cabe a DBS, por sua vez, atender aos requisitos dos usuários mostrados
no resultado, como atenção a uma biblioteca de materiais regionalizada, tradução ao idioma
local e a realização de cursos de capacitação que se encaixem ao perfil de usuário brasileiro.
REFERÊNCIAS
Autodesk Education Community, 2015. Sustainable Building Design Software. [online]. [cited 5 july
2016] Available from: http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/software/ecotect
CELPE - Centro brasileiro de informação de eficiência energética. 2006. Etiquetagem em Edificações.
São Paulo: PROCEL
Jesus, L. A. N. 2011. Metodologia de aplicações de conceitos de sustentabilidade aplicados à edifícios.
Portugal: Universidade de Minho.
Lamberts, R.; Dutra L. & Pereira F.O.R. 2010. Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura. 3º Edição. Rio de
Janeiro: Eletrobrás
Melo, A. P.; Westphal, F. S. & Matos, M. 2009. Apostila do Curso Básico de Energy Plus. Santa Catarina
Ministério de Minas e Energia. 2016. Relatório Síntese ano base 2015. Rio de Janeiro: EPE
Moura, E. 2009. Tecnologia: Fachadas Respirantes. Edição 144. São Paulo: Technè
Naturalworks. 2009. Introdução a simulação do comportamento térmica dos edifícios. 8 ed. Lisboa.
Papa, R. P. & De Souza, R. V. G. 2010. Análise do desempenho térmico de uma edificação em termos
da classificação junto ao RTQ-C: Simulação computacional das salas de aula do 3º andar da escola de
arquitetura da UFMG. ENTAC 2010, Rio Grande do Sul
Rohleder, E.; Speck, H. J. & Gómez, L. A. 2000. A Importância do desenho no processo de Projeto. Santa
Catarina: UFSC.
Rupp, R. F. & Ghisi, E. 2013. Potencial de economia de energia elétrica através do uso da luz natural e
da ventilação híbrida em edifícios comerciais em Florianópolis, Rio Grande do Sul
Takaoka, M.; Campos, E. F. 2013. Boletim Informativo do Conselho Brasileiro de Construção
Sustentável. 7 ed. São Paulo: CBCS Notícias
Trindade, S. C. 2006. Simulação computacional como ferramenta de auxílio ao projeto: aplicação em
edifícios naturalmente ventilados no clima de Natal/RN. Rio Grande do Norte: UFRN
Rundell, R. 2008. BIM and Autodesk Ecotect (1-2-3 Revit Tutorial). [online]. [cited 07 august 2016]
Available from: http://www.cadalyst.com/aec/bim-and-autodesk-ecotect-1-2-3-revit-tutorial-3775
370
The influence of the window in energy consumption: A
study in multi-family residential buildings
ABSTRACT: The urbanized areas around the whole planet have grown increasingly and
according to the United Nations, the expectation is that over 70 % of the population are
located in the urban centers by 2050. This growing evolution of cities boosts the energy
consumption in all productive sectors and it is expected a continue growth for the coming
decades. The research analysed the thermal performance of a naturally ventilated
environment with different windows models, considering the quantitative Thermal
Discomfort Frequency FDT (Frequência de desconforto térmico) in relation to the kilowatt
hour (kWh) consumption for cooling in multifamily dwellings, Vitória / ES. There were
three methodological steps: firstly, it was set up the evaluation periods, the parameters of
the american standard American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning
Engineers ( ASHRAE 55 ), the model , characteristics and physical properties of materials,
with the software Design Builder. In the second step simulations were performed and in the
third step it was compared the FDT in relation to the energy consumption for cooling. The
results obtained by Nico -Rodrigues methodology (2015) demonstrated that the
consumption of kWh for the proposed window model is smaller than the most widely used
model due to the use of natural ventilation as a cooling factor and also the use of shaders.
The use of components that allowed the constant ventilation and the use of shaders on the
window, were important factors on improving the thermal performance of the building,
demonstrated by the decrease of 36.44% of the amount of kWh needed for cooling.
Keywords Efficient windows; energy consumption; thermal discomfort frequency
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1. INTRODUCTION
With a Growing global urbanization, challenges for sustainable development will be
potentially concentrated in cities, and according to the United Nations (United..., 2014) the
projections show that the urbanization, associated with the growth of the world population
will be able to bring approximately 2,5 billion people to the urban areas by 2050. This urban
growth influences the internal characteristics of the environments, which increasingly rely
on mechanical cooling or heating systems. The solutions to improve environmental comfort
are essentials, since people spend between 80% and 90 % of their lives indoors (Rupp;
Vásquez; Lamberts, 2015).
This situation highlights the need for strategies aimed at energy savings in the civil
construction. The National Program for Energy Conservation – PROCEL (Prorama Nacional
de Conservação de Energia Elétrica) - (Programa…, 2015), estimates a consumption
reduction potential of approximately 30 % with the implementation of energy efficiency
measures in lighting, air conditioning and architectural interventions in the envelope, for
existing buildings. This percentage rises to 50 % in new buildings, according to the National
Energy Efficiency Plan (Ministério…, 2015).
According to the National Energy Balance – (BEN – Balanço Energético Nacional) -
(Balanço…,2015), year base of 2014, the final energy consumption increased by 2.9 %, and
the sectors that most contributed were the residential and the commercial, with an increase
of 5.7 % and 7.4 %, respectively. In the residential sector, among the most consumer
equipment is the air conditioner. Data from the last survey on equipment ownership and
usage habits (Eletrobrás, 2007), year base of 2005, showed that the air conditioners are
responsable for 20% of the electricity consumption in the residential sector, highlighting
the refrigerator with 22% and the shower with 24%.
In commercial buildings it was found that the use of natural ventilation reduced by 40% the
energy consumption when compared to mechanically chilled environments. They also
found that the use of nocturnal ventilation is an effective method for mitigating the thermal
conditions in the environments. (Stavrakakis et al., 2012, Faggianelli et al., 2014). For Rupp
& Guisi (2012), the results obtained with hybrid ventilation in commercial buildings in
Florianopolis, within one year, determined that even with 31.9 % of energy savings there
could be dissatisfied users in the hottest season, thus requiring the use of air conditioners.
For Stavrakakis et al., (2012) the energy cost of a naturally ventilated building is 40% lower
than a building with air conditioning and strategies for natural ventilation are more
effective when you have a better use of local conditions. It appears that the benefits of
making use of natural ventilation are of great importance in reducing energy consumption
and improving environmental thermal conditions, beeing the main strategy for controling
the thermal comfort in residential environments located on tropical climate. (Yao et al.,
2010, Kim; Park, 2010, Yin et al., 2010, Pereira; Ghisi, 2011, Faggianelli et al., 2014).
The NBR (Brazilian Standard) 15.220 (Associação..., 2005) prescribes the guidelines for the
use of ventilation in seven of the eight bioclimatic zones, not recommending ventilation only
for the zone 1, being the cold region of the country. Natural ventilation as a passive thermal
conditioning has the ability to provide indoor environments more thermally pleasant when
compared to artificially conditioned, and as a passive strategy is one of the solutions to
achieve more sustainable buildings (Lamberts; Dutra; Pereira, 2014).
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Thus, this research has analysed the thermal performance of a naturally ventilated
environment with different windows models, considering the quantitative Thermal
Discomfort Frequency (FDT) in relation to the kWh consumption for cooling in multifamily
dwellings in Vitória/ES. The windows used were based on the models defined by Nico -
Rodrigues (2015).
2. METHODOLOGY
There were three stages carried out: definition of evaluation periods, parameters of
american standard, American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE 55) model and the characteristics and physical properties of the
materials; simulations, considering the operating temperature as an evaluation factor; and
determining the FDT, and the kWh values for cooling.
The model has five floors, with pilotis on the ground floor and apartments type consisting
of two bedrooms, living room, kitchen, laundry area and bathroom (Figure 2) of
approximately 70 m², highlighting to be the most commercialized type in the region of the
city of Vitória (Sindicato..., 2016). The environment analyzed was the dorm showed in
Figure 2
The use of natural ventilation was justified by the predominance of wind in the NE quadrant
with more speed frequency of 3, 6-5, 7 m / s, which, according to Lamberts, Dutra and
Pereira (2014) allows the use of natural ventilation as a resource to alleviate the thermal
discomfort, especially in the warmer months.
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Figure 2 – Floor plan and 3D view of the building. Source: Design Builder (2015).
The reference values used the thermal properties of the building components of the
envelope, the dress characteristics and the type of activity performed by the user defined
by the brazilian standard NBR 15220-3 (Associação..., 2005) and by the brazilian standard
NBR 15575-4 (Associação..., 2013b), on Table 1. The choice of the clothes and activities are
related to the summer, considered to be the hottest season and the one that needs further
studies to obtain thermal comfort.
The dimensions of the windows follow the brazilan standard NBR 15575-4 (Associação...,
2013b), considering 8% of the floor area to the Southeast region. The windows are located
on the outer walls and the window sill height is 1.0 meter. The room door is the second
element to allow cross ventilation.
Table 1:Details of the layers of the walls and slabs with the material properties . Source : drawn
from the Brazillian Standard NBR 15575-4 (ASSOCIAÇÃO..., 2013b).
Dimensions – Area of the room = 13,00m2
Windows dimensions and areas 1,80m x 1,30m = 2,34m2
Ventilation area M1 1,17m2
Ventilation area M2 1,17m2 de ventilation through the shutters
Walls thermal transmittance (U) 1,76 W/(m2.K)
Emissivity (Ɛ) of the walls and floor 0,9
Absorptance (α) of the walls and floor 0,3
Thermal transmittance glass inc. 6 mm (U) 5,77 W/(m2.K)
Ocupation density 0,14 person/m²
Clothing 0,5 clo
Metabolism activity - reading 115 W/person
Day
100% (7h00 – 10h00)
50% (10h00 – 12h00 e 16h00 – 19h00)
Standard occupancy: 2 people 0% (13h00 – 16h00)
Night
100% (24h00 – 7h00)
50% (19h00 – 20h00)
8h00 – 21h00 - 100% window opened
= 50% of the opening
M1 – window commonly used in buildings 21h00 – 8h00 – closed window – 0% of the opening =
c l o s e d 50% of the opening with glass
M2 – window indicated by Nico-Rodrigues (2015) 24 horas - 100% window opened = 50% of the opening closed
With glass with glass
08h00 – 21h00 - 100% window opened = 50% of the opening
With shutter overrides the glass
21h00 – 8h00 – window closed – 0% of the opening closed
50% with shutter
Obs.: the sliding opening system allows a maximum of 50% of opening on the window
Artificial lighting 5 W/m²
The windows models used in the simulation have the following characteristics: The M1
model, commonly used in buildings according to Nico -Rodrigues (2015), has a frame, two
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sheets with glass and a sliding system without sun protection; and the model M2,
considering the same dimensions, has shutters that provide shade in the width of the
window considered by Nico- Rodrigues (2015 ) a model of window much more efficient
(Figure 3 )
Model M1 Model M2
Figure 3 – Windows models analysed in the simulations. Source: Nico-Rodrigues, 2015.
2.2 Simulations
The simulations were performed using the software Design Builder and it was modeled on
a multifamily residential building, located in the city of Vitória, Espírito Santo. The climatic
conditions of the city were analyzed by the weather file TRY (Test Reference Year) from
2000 to 2010 (Laboratório..., 2012). During the simulations they were analyzed performing
thermal conditions with the use of two types of windows.
The simulations were performed for the 1st floor (on pilotis), and the orientation of the
window facing the west, according to the results obtained by Nico-Rodrigues (2015) as
being the worst situation for the summer season. The simulations took place in the summer
period (21/December - 21/March = 91 days) because it is the hottest in the region, as
defined by the brazilian standard NBR 15575-1 (Association..., 2013a), and for 24 hours of
the day.
This indicator quantifies the hours of discomfort in the unit of percentage for a certain time
interval, and the maximum value, refers to the maximum time limit. In this research, the
proposal was to analyze daily periods, (24 hours) corresponding to the maximum
discomfort frequency of 100%. Thus, by dividing the maximum frequence of 100 % for 24
hours, we have the equivalent of 4.16% of thermal discomfort for each hour of the day.
When natural ventilation is not sufficient to maintain the temperatures on the limit or below
the comfort temperature limit defined by ASHRAE55 (American..., 2004), it was used a
mechanical refrigeration. In order to reach the comfort conditions, the equipment was
selected with energy efficiency criteria of the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and
Technology (INMETRO – Instituto Nacional de Metrologia) (Instituto..., 2016), having the
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stamp “A”- best possíble - of the National Program for Energy Conservation (Procel –
Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica) (Programa, 2015). The selected
model was a Consul CCY12D, of window, 12000 BTUs, Cold.
For the quantitative definition of kWh it was considered the sum of the FDT (Σ %) over the
91 days simulated. This value was converted in hours (divide by 4.16%), resulting in the
number of discomfort hours that required the use of mechanical refrigeration. To define the
number of kWh consumed in this period, it was used the power consumed by the device,
according to manufacturer's data, which is 1,125 kWh (Consul, 2016). This value multiplied
by the number of hours of discomfort, considering the 91 days simulated, gave the required
power consumption for the air conditioner to maintain the comfort temperature set by the
ASHRAE 55.
3. RESULTS E DISCUSIONS
The results follow presented in two parts: first, with the Thermal Discomfort Frequency
(FDT) for each month of the summer and for each window model. The second, with graphics
of the quantity of hours and kWh for each window model.
3.1 Thermal Discomfort Frequence (FDT) of the months and the window models
To obtain and compare the results it was used the temperature parameters established by
the ASHRAE55 for each month of the summer (Table 2)
Table 2: Temperature parameters for the ASHRAE 55. Source: The authors, 2016.
Months Montlhly average Neutral Range comfort temperature ASHRAE Comfort
temperature of temperature (ºC) (ºC) ASHRAE 55 temperature ºC
outside air (ºC) Tn=0,31(Te)+17,8 90% acceptability
December 26,86 26,12 23,61 – 28,61 28,61
January 26,35 25,96 23,45 – 28,45 28,45
February 25,76 25,78 23,27 – 28,27 28,27
March 26,65 26,06 23,55 – 28,55 28,55
With the simulation results (Table 3) it was compared the FDT for each model over the
summer months. The results of the model M2 showed a significant decrease in discomfort
hours, 631.02 hours less of discomfort when compared to M1. This difference occurred
because the shutters used in the M2 model allowed the glazed and the opened areas to be
shaded. As well as the constant ventilation, provided by the model.
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Table 3 – Thermal Discomfort Frequence in the summer months. Source: The authors, 2016.
M1 M2
34
TEMPERATURE(°C)
21 - 31/DECEMBER
34
TEMPERATURE (°C)
33 33
32 32
31 31
30 30
29 29
28 28
27 27
26 26
25 25
24 24
23 23
0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 0 24 48 72 96 120144168192216240264
HOURS HOURS
34 34
TEMPERATURE (°C)
33 33
01 - 31/ JANUARY
TEMPERATURE (°C)
32 32
31 31
30 30
29 29
28 28
27 27
26 26
25 25
24 24
23 23
HOURS HOURS
34 34
33
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
33
01 - 28/FEBRUARY
32 32
31 31
30 30
29 29
28 28
27 27
26 26
25 25
24 24
23 23
HOURS HOURS
34 34
TEMPERATURE (°C)
33
TEMPERATURE (°C)
33
32 32
01 - 21/ MARCH
31 31
30 30
29 29
28 28
27 27
26 26
25 25
24 24
23 23
0 48 96 144 192 240 288 336 384 432 480 528 0 48 96 144192240288336384432480528
HOURS HOURS
All months showed improvements in the results using the M2 model (Figure 1). In
December, referring to 11 days evaluated, there was a decrease of 31 hours of discomfort.
In January, the results showed a lower percentage of hours in discomfort when compared
to other months, with 99.16 hours. The month of February gave the best results for the28
days simulated, and there was a reduction in the thermal discomfort of 264.42 hours. During
the month of March, 21 days were simulated, and the results were also significant, resulting
in 236.17 hours less of thermal discomfort when compared to the M1 model.
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600
400
HOURS
WINDOW M1
200 WINDOW M2
0
DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH
Figure 1 – Discomfort hours for each month of the summer. Source: The authors, 2016.
3000
TOTAL OF HOURS
2000
TOTAL OF kWh
1000
0
WINDOW M1 WINDOW M2
Figure 2 – Energy consumption for the hours of discomfort. Source: The authors, 2016.
The improvement provided by the model M2 represented 631.02 hours less in thermal
discomfort over the summer months, which resulted in 36.44% of energy savings only for
the four simulated months. The results obtained reaffirm the necessity of the windows to
be shaded and mainly with a constant ventilation, essential factors for reducing the amount
of energy required to cool the simulated environment.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The use of natural ventilation is one of the factors that most influence the energy
performance in buildings, when the conditions for the use of the same are favorable and
described as guidelines in the regulations. It was observed that the proper use of opening
elements is critical to the influence of ventilation in the building performance. Even though
the temperature parameters defined by ASHRAE have controversies regarding its use for
tropical climates, they are still the parameters that record the most consistent results with
reality. The adoption of adaptive actions by the user are attitudes that improve the thermal
sensations, resulting in the acceptance of higher comfort temperatures.
The results of the Thermal Disconfort Frequence defined for each window type was crucial
to ensure the efficient use of the windows, becoming decisive to the improvement of the
internal conditions. The M2 model showed less need for air conditioning use, as a way of
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achieving the conditions for thermal comfort, recorded by the quantitative of KWh. From
the results obtained, it can be said that the most common window in multifamily residential
buildings is not adequate and demonstrates poor performance for thermal comfort,
indicating environments with the need for mechanical cooling use and thus increasing the
energy consumption. The guidelines described in the performance standards recorded the
need for the use of ventilation and openings that allow its influence on the environment,
which mainly aims at reducing energy consumption.
THANKS
This research was supported by the Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES –
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo) and the Foundation for Research of the Espírito
Santo (FAPES - Fundação de Amparo à pesquisa do Espírito Santo).
REFERENCES
American society of heating, refrigerating and air conditioning engineers 55. ASHRAE 55 - Thermal
Environmental Conditions for human Occupancy. Atlanta, 2004.
Associação brasileira de normas técnicas. NBR 15220-3: Desempenho térmico de edificações – Parte
3: Zoneamento bioclimático brasileiro e diretrizes construtivas para habitações unifamiliares de
interesse social. Rio de Janeiro, 2005.
Associação brasileira de normas técnicas. NBR 15575-1: edifícios habitacionais: parte 1: requisitos
gerais. Rio de Janeiro, 2013a.
Associação brasileira de normas técnicas. NBR 15575-4: edificações habitacionais: parte 4: requisitos
para os sistemas de vedações verticais internas e externas. Rio de Janeiro, 2013b.
Balanço Energético Nacional, 2015. Acesso em 18 abr. 2016.
CONSUL. Disponível em: < http://www.consul.com.br/produto/ar-condicionado-janela-12-000-btu-
eletronico/#especificacoes >. Acesso em 15 fev. 2016.
Design Builder Software Ltda. Version 3.0.0.105. 2012.
Eletrobrás. Pesquisa de posse de equipamentos e hábitos de uso, ano base 2005: Classe Residencial
Relatório Sudeste. Rio de Janeiro: ELETROBRAS; PROCEL, 2007. 181 p.
Faggianelli G. A.; Brun, A.; Wurtz, E.; Muselli, M. Natural cross ventilation in buildings on
Mediterranean coastal zones. Energy and Buildings, v. 77, p. 206–218, 2014.
Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, 2016. Acesso em 29 fev. 2016.
Kim, T. J.; Park, J. S. Natural ventilation with traditional Korean opening in contemporary house.
Building and Environment, v. 45, p. 51–57, 2010.
Laboratório de Eficiência Energética em Edificações – LABEEE, 2012. Arquivos climáticos em formato
EPW. Acesso em: 2 set. 2012.
Lamberts, R.; Dutra, L.; Pereira, F. O. R. Eficiência energética na arquitetura. PW: São Paulo, 2014.
Ministério de Minas e Energia – MME, 2015. Plano Nacional de Eficiência Energética – Premissas e
Diretrizes Básicas. Acesso em 10 mar. 2016.
Nico-Rodrigues, E. A. Influência da janela no desempenho térmico de ambientes ventilados
naturalmente. 2015. 202f. Tese – Univerdidad del Bio-Bio, Concepción. 2015.
Pereira, C. D.; Ghisi, E. The influence of the envelope on the thermal performance of ventilated and
occupied houses. Energy and Buildings, v. 43, p. 3391–3399, 2011.
Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica - PROCEL. Centro Brasileiro de Informação
de Eficiência Energética, 2015.
Rupp R. F; Vásquez G. N; Lamberts R. A review of human thermal comfort in the built environment.
Energy and Buildings, v. 105, p. 178-205, 2015.
Rupp R. F.; Ghisi, E. Potencial de economia de energia elétrica em edificações comerciais híbridas
localizadas em Florianópolis, SC. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 13, n. 1, p. 143-160, 2013.
Sindicato da Indústria da Construção Civil do Espírito Santo – SINDUSCON-ES. Acesso em: 10 fev.
2016.
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Electronic waste as coating for construction industry
ABSTRACT: Electronic waste is a growing problem, as the production increases, also the
waste grows. The e-waste is composed of hazardous materials and metals, as copper, iron,
gold, aluminum, lead and others. A component that is massively present on electronic
waste is the Printed Circuit Board (PCB), which is fundamental for any electronic device.
Despite the danger that electronic waste brings with it, there is a large possibility of
recycling, which could solve the problem of discard and creates a new raw material for
another industry. Civil construction is an area that can incorporate several materials of
another branch of industry, because of its multidisciplinarity. Knowing that PCB are
present in large scale at the e-waste, this study has the main objective of evaluating the
feasibility of use of printed circuit boards as raw material for coating in construction,
which is a market that already uses coatings in board form, so, creating a product that uses
recycled raw material and has a green design, can increase the market of coating and
attract the public. As the main method for this study, as well as bibliographic research , it
uses the dismantling of printed circuit boards and evaluation of materials associated with
the board for its performance as a coating material in construction. At this stage, different
recycled polymers are analyzed as a possibility for incorporation into the product. This
material has the market needs, in association with recycling and innovating design, which
is an alternative for e-waste, as well for construction industry.
Keywords e-waste, recycling, coating, printed circuit board, sustainability
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1. INTRODUCTION
The industrial activity ally with the lack of efficient waste management processes causes a
discard without a proper use or disposition of these materials, which components are
often harmful for the human and animal health, as well as can contaminate the ground,
water courses and the water tables. (RIBEIRO & MORELLI, 2009)
This situation accurately applies to the technology industry, according to the exchange of
electronic devices becomes frequent due to the modernization of techniques and science
progress, the gadgets becomes obsolete more quickly, leading to an premature disposal,
while the development of technologies and logistics do not follow this process for the
proper handling of the e-waste (electronic waste).
According to Pereira et al. (2012), the competition between companies creates
customizable products, heading the market to attend the specific needs of the costumer
and modifying consume patterns. Thereafter, the companies see the need of adapting,
which the main objective is the evolution of a productive chain and market innovation.
Thus the consumer trends and production, to innovate in the technology field and creates
benefits to all kinds of knowledge areas, evokes the electronic waste generation, which, in
turn, causes environment degradation.
Therefore, the waste in discussion becomes a responsibility not only of the area scholars,
but of the society. That is, further than proper disposal, we have to create better ways for
the e-waste to become a part of the new productive cycles.
Glufke (2008) defends that design can contribute not only for the cost-cutting, but also for
the environmental damage reduction and for the creation of a sustainable environment by
all aspects, and to achieve that, we must associate design to other knowledge areas.
In this way, this study has the main objective to use printed circuit boards (PCB),
component present on the electronic waste, as raw material for coating in civil
construction. For a better use of the boards, it was decided for the cut on a commercial
pattern of tiles (ceramic, glass, etc.)
Printed circuit boards comes in a way that makes easy it use as coating, since there is
various materials in board form in civil construction, as coating tiles for floor or wall.
Besides, PCB exists in many colors and different hues, adding value to the design of the
final product.
2. ELECTRONIC WASTE
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A similar definition is found on ABNT NBR 16156:2013, in what refers to the waste of
electro-electronics, defining it as pieces or parts that reach the end of its life cycle or its
use were discontinued by the consumer.
Andrade (2002) points that there is a big diversity and quantity of metallic elements on
electronic waste, which could make recycling difficult, beyond turning difficult also the
proper final disposition, since metals represent a high level of contamination risk for
whichever the environment that will receive it.
For Rodrigues (2007), the problem of the electronic waste of post consumption lies on the
use of exhaustible natural resources and energy, totally lost when there is an early
disposal of electronic devices, beyond the impact caused by toxic elements emission in
practically all life cycle steps of these products.
According to Gonçalves et al. (2015), the collaboration between governments and private
companies with research centers becomes fundamental to seek proper techniques of
handling and management of e-waste, as well for access to information.
Yamane (2012) points out that the standard final destination given to the waste of electro-
electronic equipment, landfill and incineration, is not the most appropriate for our reality,
since that landfill can cause leaching of metals like cadmium, mercury and lead, which can
contaminate soil and ground water. Already incineration releases toxic gases. Therefore,
the recycling of this waste can contribute to natural resources maintenance and increases
useful life of landfills.
Shinkuma & Huong (2009) say that the flow of e-waste on Asia has been cause serious
problems, such as pollution and diseases, resulting of an inappropriate recycling of the
waste. And defend that the waste generator must be responsible for it, until all its
possibilities of reuse are exhausted. Shluep et al. (2009) points out that lack more
improved Brazilian legislation regarding the recycling of e-waste.
Moreover, in Brazil, what is done with e-waste is the collecting, followed by dismantling
and separation of the waste, then, printed circuit boards, where is the biggest
concentration of value metals, are exported to countries that has recycling plants. Staying
in Brazil only the waste that has lower value on market (YAMANE, 2012).
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Figure 1 – Boards in different sizes. From left to right: processor, processor, RAM, RAM and video
card.
In the case of the boards design, there are also different hues of color shades, which can
contribute for the aspect of the piece and attract the consumer with a differential not only
by environmental issues, but also by its aesthetic characteristics.
For the definition of the cut for the boards, was taken as a reference a commercial pattern
size used in glass and ceramic tiles. Bellow, an example of tiles in dimensions 2,5 x 2,5 cm.
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To disassemble, it was conducted training with the project team “RENOVATECH”, located
in Colatina – ES, Brazil, which has the main objective the reconditioning of discarded
desktops for donation to needy families in the region.
The dismantling has as objective the removal of metallic and plastic pieces attached to the
board, which are part of the functioning of the system, but to stop working for their
primary use, are discarded and composed by highly pollutant elements.
The printed circuit boards was dismounted with the help of simple tools like pliers,
forceps and screwdriver and they were cut in mentioned dimensions with the help of a
paper trimmer – 36 cm, Lassane brand.
The board pieces were organized so it can simulate the situation on a tile coating material.
For the composition studies, was used the methodology of Ching (2013), taking up the
principles of order: axis, symmetry, hierarchy and rhythm.
A coating plate, when applied to a surface is a plane.
A plane, in architecture, has the function of define the limits of a volume, being an art
which includes almost exclusively the modeling of three-dimensional forms. So, the plane
must be considered a fundamental element in the exercise of architecture (CHING, 2013).
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Figure 4 – Printed circuit board cut and organized according to the composition by rhythm.
After disassembling step of the electronic components and subsequent cutting of the PCI's
into smaller pieces, they were subjected to a coating procedure with polymeric materials
from recyclable packaging. Despite the variety of polymers used for the manufacture of
such packaging, this work was based on coating with polyethylene terephthalate - PET
found mainly in disposable bottles. Clear bottles were used to maintain the visual
appearance of the plaque.
To accomplishment the coating, a method were studied: the first occurred with the dip
coating of parts in the molten PET in oven; while in the second the coating was performed
out by means of a hydraulic press with heating, Model 4389, Carver, USA. After that, the
plaque’s polymeric coating was tested for the stability of the adhesive film.
The PET polymer was used for coating because this material is easily accessible and PET
bottles are recyclable products, who’s final destination is not efficient due to the amount
that it is produced and discharged, increasing environmental contamination risk.
The PCB plaques have a very heterogeneous composition, which includes polymers,
refractory oxides and several metals such as nickel, copper, iron and lead. (SAITO, 1994)
and (HOFFMANN, 1992).
These metals in contact with the skin can cause allergic inflammation, becoming, therefore,
necessary to coat the pieces with inert materials such as polymers.
After disassembling step of the electronic components and subsequent cutting of the PCB
into smaller pieces, they were subjected to a coating procedure with polymeric materials
from recyclable packaging. Despite the variety of polymers used for the manufacture of
such packaging, this stage of the work was based on coating with polyethylene
terephthalate - PET found mainly in disposable bottles. It was decided to use clear bottles
to maintain the visual appearance of the plates.
A portion of colorless PET bottle has been removed to cover the PCB. Then the coating
process was performed by compression with a hydraulic press heated, Carver, for 8
minutes at temperature of 230 °C and pressure of 10000 psi.
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Polyethylene terephthalate - PET was choose to coat the PCB because the bottles that
contain this polymer are commonly discharged in the environment. By recycling this
material, it is possible to decrease the value of the coating tiles and give a proper
destination to the disposable bottles, reducing the risk of environmental contamination.
In addition, researches using recycled PET have been reported over the years and have
shown that the mechanical and physicochemical properties are maintained in the tested
analysis conditions. (CARASCHI, 2002), (CORDOBA, 2013) and (FREIRE, 1998).
Other recyclable polymeric materials will be tested and after the definition of the most
appropriate to be associated to the board, the tests to attending the technical norms will
be developed.
In relation with the final product, it must meet the criteria of ABNT NBR 13818:1997,
which deals with test methods, ABNT NBR 13816:1997 and ABNT NBR 13817:1997,
which treat on terminology and classification, respectively. Since the glass tiles and
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) tiles also are tested in those parameters, the PCB tile
covered in plastic polymer has to be valued by the same norms.
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REFERENCES
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 13816:1997 – Placas cerâmicas para revestimento –
Terminologia.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 13817:1997 – Placas cerâmicas para revestimento –
Classificação.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 13818:1997 – Placas cerâmicas para revestimento –
Especificação e métodos de ensaios.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 16156:2013 - Resíduos de equipamentos
eletroeletrônicos – Requisitos para atividade de manufatura reversa.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 10004:2004 – Resíduos sólidos – Classificação.
Andrade, R. 2002. Caracterização e Classificação de Placas de Circuito Impresso de Computadores
como Resíduos Sólidos. 120p. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo.
Caraschi, J.C., Ramos, U.M., Leão, A.L. 2002. Avaliação das propriedades mecânicas dos plásticos
reciclados provenientes de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Acta Scientiarum, v. 24. n. 6, p. 1609-1614.
Cordoba, L.A., Barrera, G.M., Díaz, C.B., Nuñez, F.U., Yañez, A. L. 2013. Effects on Mechanical
Properties of Recycled PET in Cement-Based Composites. International Journal of Polymer Science. p.
1-6.
Ching, Francis D.K. 2013. Arquitetura: Forma, espaço e ordem. 3ª Ed. 438 p. São Paulo: Martins
Fontes. SP,
Freire, M.T.A., Felix, G.R.R., Castle, L. 1998. Estabilidade Térmica de Embalagens de Poli (Tereftalato
de Etileno (PET): Determinação de Oligômeros. Polímeros, v. 8. n. 1, p. 46 - 53. Disponível em:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-
14281998000100007&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 25 jul. 2016.
Glufke, R. M. 2008. A percepção do especificador de revestimentos cerâmicos sobre o papel do design
gráfico na indústria: O caso Portobello Shop. Florianópolis.176f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Design e
Expressão Gráfica) – Programa de Pós-graduação em Design e Expressão Gráfica - Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina.
Gonçalves, S. G. E., Ferreira, K. C., Pereira, L. F. S., Macêdo, E. N., Souza, J. A. S., Oliveira, K. Bittencourt.
2015. Descarte de Placas de Circuitos Impressos de Computadores: uma problemática ambiental
crescente. In: Encontro de Profissionais da Química da Amazônia, 14. p. 550 - 557. Belém. Disponível
em: <http://www.14epqa.com.br/areas-tematicas/meio-ambiente/82-P550-557-descarte-de-
placas-de-circuitos-impressos.pdf>. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2016.
Hoffmann, J.E., 1992. Recovery of Precious Metals from Electronic Scrap”. Journal of Metals, v. 44, pp.
43 – 48.
Lee, Ch et al. 2004. An overview of recycling and treatment of scrap computers. Journal of
Hazardous Materials. V. 114, n. 1-3 , p. 93-100.
Minuzzi, R. de F. B. 2001. A formação do designer de superfície na UFSM X a atuação do designer em
empresa cerâmica de SC no contexto da gestão do design. Florianópolis .148 f. Dissertação de
Mestrado – Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, UFSC
Pereira, A. L.; Boechat, C. B.; Tadeu, H. F. B.; Campos, P. M. G. 2012. Logística Reversa e
Sustentabilidade. São Paulo: Cengage.
Renovatech, Projeto de parceria entre órgãos públicos e associações. Disponível em:
<http://www.colatina.es.gov.br/renovatech/>. Acesso em: 15 jan. 2016.
Ribeiro, D. V., Morelli, M. R. 2009. Resíduos Sólidos: Problema ou Oportunidade?. Rio de Janeiro:
Interciência, 158p.
Ribeiro, S. dos S., Caracas, L. B., Santos, D. M., Azevedo, P. S. 2014. Revestimento de parede com
placas de circuito impresso de computadores e cerâmica: design e inovação. 11º Congresso
Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Design. Gramado. Disponível em:
<http://www.ufrgs.br/ped2014/trabalhos/trabalhos/601_arq2.pdf>. Acesso em: 14 maio 2016.
Rodrigues, A. C. 2007. Impactos Sócio-ambientais dos Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e
Eletrônicos: Estudo da Cadeia Pós-consumo no Brasil. 303 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia
de Produção) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Metodista
de Piracicaba, Santa Bárbara D'Oeste.
Sant’ana, H. B. da S. de, Moura, F. J., Veit, H. M. 2013. Caracterização Físico-Química de Placas de
Circuito Impresso de Aparelhos de Telefone Celular. Tecnologia em Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração,
São Paulo, SP, v.10, n. 3, p.231– 238, jul.-set..
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Saito, I., 1994. Recovery of valuable metals from printed wiring board wastes. National Institute
Resources & Environment, v. 18, p. 207-214.
Shinkuma, T.; Houng, N.T.M. 2009. The flow of e-waste material in the Asian region and a
reconsideration of international trade policies on e-waste. Enviromental Impact Assesment Review,
v. 29, n. 1, p. 25-31.
Schluep, M.; Hagelueken, C.; Kuerhr, R.; Magalini, F.; Maurer, C.; Meskers, C; Mueller, E.; Wang, F.
2009. Recycling – From E-waste to Resources. United Nations Environment Program – UNEP &
United Nations University.
Widmer, R., Oswald-Krapf, H., Sinha-Khetriwal, D., Schnellmann, M., Böni, H. 2005. Global
Perspectives on E-waste, Enviromental Impact Assesment Review, v. 25, n. 5, p. 436-458.
Yamane, L. H. 2012. Recuperação de metais de placas de circuito impresso de computadores obsoletos
através de processo biohidrometalúrgico. 2012. 128 f. Tese (Doutorado). Escola Politécnica da
Universidade de São Paulo.São Paulo.
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The housing in recycled container as an alternative to
social housing: A comparative cost and productivity
ABSTRACT: In Brazil, social housing are generally built with traditional building
techniques, which abdicates the technologies available in the market. Industrialized
systems enable productivity gains, lean construction and optimization of the construction
site. In this context, the Container System is presented as sustainable, recyclable and rapid
delivery, favoring even service in disaster situations. This study aims to study housing in
recycled container as a possibility for social housing, assessing the competitive potential
cost and productivity of this system compared to PVC Concrete System. This research is
classified as descriptive and exploratory, included in its methodology the following:
literature review; identification of industrialized building systems deployed in the State of
Espírito Santo; survey to municipalities and construction companies responsible for
innovative systems; system selection to be compared to the Container System as incidence
and geographical proximity; characterization of recycled container and PVC Concrete
System; analysis of the feasibility and basic project housing development in containers;
cost comparison later and productivity between systems previously characterized. The
study Container System seeks to identify positive applicability in social housing,
highlighting technical and cost advantages. The possible development of this system will
bring an important advance in building techniques used and will contribute to the
recycling of obsolete discards the current nautical market.
Keywords housing in container, industrialized construction, social housing, cost and
productivity.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Since the construction is the human activity greater impact on the environment,
sustainability is essential in the development of same. There are several practical
projective proposals to a sustainably correct construction, however, the use of raw
materials that contributes to the eco-efficiency of the process is also essential (Motta &
Aguilar 2009).
Within this context, the construction of social housing should encourage the adoption of
best construction practices and adequate to the peculiarities of each region also
contributing to improving the sustainability of the built environment.
As the real estate incentive scenario proposed by Brazilian financial Institution, Caixa
Econômica Federal (CEF), in the 70s, the Brazilian government encouraged the installation
of industrial construction processes, aimed at addressing the housing problem through the
mass production of housing, single and multi-family (Mello 2004). However, in the 80s,
there was the extinction of the installed housing programs (Financial System of Housing
and National Housing Bank) due to the crisis in the housing system, returning to the
traditional construction system (Mello 2004).
Again, from a Federal Government initiative, started in 2009, the Minha Casa, Minha Vida -
Residential Lease Fund Resources, in order to reduce the housing deficit through grant
funding and/ or social housing (Caixa 2016).
This study aims to add the housing system in containers to other industrial systems
approved by the CEF. They propose the use of discarded containers due to lower cost
achieved, since returning them empty the countries of origin is more costly than
producing new containers (Uittenbroek & Macht 2009). In addition, containers were to
deviate from the waste generation works because they are modular elements, creating an
effective and no corrective solution, the debris generated in conventional construction
processes (Mattosinho & Pionório 2009).
In the State of Espírito Santo, spatial area made for this study are currently being deployed
three innovative construction systems: PVC Concrete System, Integrated System in Steel
Structure and Mobile Steel System. The cities which are implementing are Cachoeiro de
Itapemirim, Linhares and Colatina.
Therefore, the objective is to study the feasibility of housing in recycled containers for
social housing, proposing an alternative sustainable construction and fast delivery, as well
as assess their competitive potential cost and productivity in relation to PVC Concrete
System. That said projects under these systems and same spatial distribution were
evaluated for cost per square meter and productivity in man/ hour for each wall type.
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industrialized building techniques implemented in this State. All systems studied were
approved by CEF for social housing purposes.
Diagnose the implemented technologies were carried out on-site visits. After identifying
the embedded industrial systems, it was elected the PVC Concrete System by incidence
and geographical proximity of IFES Campus Colatina. Since the proposal in containers for
social housing in the State it is innovative, it has developed a basic design of housing unit
following the same parameters of other systems, which includes areas of compartments as
required by the City of Colatina for social housing.
Later, through market research, from construction companies, manufacturers and
marketing of components places settled between the Container System and PVC Concrete
System, a comparative cost and productivity, both regarding the execution of walls, which
is a large impact item on the total cost of construction.
Figure 1. Location of the Espírito Santo and the South Central Region (Cachoeiro de Itapemirim), Rio
Doce Region (Linhares) and Midwest Region (Colatina). Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and
Statistics, 2016. Jones dos Santos Neves Institute, 2016.
Table 1 - Housing deficit of the Regions whose municipalities have implemented industrialized systems
City Industrialized System (Company) Region Housing deficit
Integrated System in Steel
Cachoeiro de Itapemirim South Central 7,3%
Structure (Usiminas)
Linhares PVC Concrete System (Royal) Rio Doce 10,7%
PVC Concrete System (Royal) e
Colatina Midwest 6,8%
Mobile Steel System (Fischer)
Source: Pehab 2030, 2013.
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municipalities, which is therefore the system designed for cost analysis and productivity
as opposed to housing system in containers.
Table 2 - Industrialized building systems in the Espírito Santo
City Industrial system
a) Cachoeiro de Itapemirim
b) Linhares
c) Colatina
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The sixth set (Table 2c), however, has proposed a constructive industrialized modular PVC
profiles filled with concrete. Located in the neighborhood Vicente Soella, the Allotment
Nilson Soella III is under construction and will provide 433 housing units.
In Linhares, Municipality which is also deploying PVC Concrete System for social housing,
are being built 253 residential units. Located in neighbourhood Santa Cruz, the Allotment
is called Conjunto Residencial Jocafe (Table 2b).
Originating in Canada, PVC Concrete System is designed to meet the post disaster
deficiencies (floods, storms) quickly. Basically it consists of hollow panels PVC with
internal reinforcements embedded vertically between them (tongue and groove) and
subsequently filled with lighter fluid concrete (Schmidt 2013).
The hollow interior of the walls of this system facilitates the insertion of armor and
necessary piping (hydraulic, electric). Subsequent concreting (only fine aggregates), aims
to increase the rigidity of the assembly and enable the mechanical strength by the
structure; coatings are the criteria (Schmidt 2013).
According to Royal's Brazil PVC Profiles Industry Ltd., a provider of system Municipalities
of Colatina and Linhares, the thickness of 64mm panels filled with structural concrete do
not require independent structures such as beams and columns, supporting up to three
floors with any kind of slabs. Generally, it uses the foundation radier type (Royal 2016).
It is noteworthy that, according to Schmidt (2013), because it is an industrialized system,
the number of activities carried out on site is reduced. For example, building kits arrive cut
the work in their final dimensions, ready to be assembled without the need of large
inventories. The housing consists of living room, kitchen, bathroom and two bedrooms
arranged in about 38 m².
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In the marine market, as is defined by Delta Containers (2016), there are two types of
dominantly used containers: Dry Container and Reefer Container, both with predefined
dimensions, as Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3. Reefer Container Sizing
Internal dimensions
Refer Container Area
Length Width Height
20’ Standart 5,456 mm 2,294 mm 2,273 mm 12,52 m²
40’ Standart 11,590 mm 2,294 mm 2,273 mm 26,59 m²
40’ High Cube 11,590 mm 2,294 mm 2,545 mm 26,59 m²
Source: Delta, 2016
Table 4. Dry Container Sizing
Internal dimensions
Dry Container Area
Length Width Height
20’ Standart 5,898 mm 2,352 mm 2,393 mm 13,87 m²
20’ High Cube 5,898 mm 2,287 mm 2,698 mm 13,87 m²
40’ Standart 12,032 mm 2,352 mm 2,393 mm 28,30 m²
40’ High Cube 12,032 mm 2,352 mm 2,698 mm 28,30 m²
Source: Delta, 2016. ECB, 2016
Model High Cube, whether Reefer or Dry is the best suited for residential purposes, as
your right foot is the largest category, with only him over 2.50 meters, minimum ceilings
established by NBR 15575: Standard performance (Tello & Ribeiro 2012).
As proposed by Aguirre et al. (2010), a social project in container shows adequate for the
purpose of minimizing the housing deficit. For the development of an implementation
proposal of this system in Colatina, followed by the current Code of Municipal Works. We
used a Dry Container 20' for wet areas due to the municipal legislation accept a lower
ceiling height to them. The other compartments are arranged in a Dry 40' High Cube
module (Colatina 1996). The building totals approximately 42 m² of floor area.
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The distribution of projects of housing units under analysis (Fig. 2), PVC Concrete System
and Container System, intentionally follow the same spatial logic. Both were governed as
floor area demanded by the CEF in conciliation with the requirements of the City of
Colatina for housing social.
Figure 2. Project constructive kit PVC Concrete System and housing unit in Container System. Source: Arpa,
2014.
5.1 Productivity
As Tables 6 and 7, respectively, are exposed productivity PVC Concrete System and
Container System, using the man-hour of the execution stage of the walls, for these are
important in the total cost of construction. In them are listed the basic procedures, based
on research conducted in State works.
Table 6. PVC Concrete System Productivity
Description Man-hour/ m²
Mount hollow wall 0.18
Anchor and put hardware 0.50
Concrete walls 0.25
Cleaning the walls and finishes 0.40
Total man-hour/ m² 1.33
Source: Domarascki & Fagiani, 2009
5.2 Cost
For comparison, this search considers only the closing stages of the coating structure and
construction systems, without inserting electrical and hydraulic systems since they are
inserted in both systems. Tables 8 and 9 discriminate against the cost of industrial systems
analyzed to 1m², adding the values of Social Laws, Benefits and Indirect Costs (BDI)
usually applied in the study area.
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Table 8. Composition of the cost per square meter structure and sealing PVC Concrete System
Description Unit Consumption Unit Price (R$) Total Price (R$)
Thickness 64mm PVC pannel m² 1.00 84.71 84.71
Dosed concrete and released fck =
m³ 0.08 279.00 22.32
20 MPa
Steel bar CA 50 ∅10mm kg 1.50 2.94 4.41
Slatted peroba 5x1.2 cm m 1.00 3.00 3.00
Nail 18.27” kg 0.001 8.80 0.01
Total workforce h 1.33 8.45 11.23
Social laws 127.95% 14.36
Total 140.05
BDI 30% 42.01
Adopted Unit Price (R$) 182.06
Source: Domarascki & Fagiani, 2009. Sinduscon ES, 2016
Table 9. Composition of the cost per square meter of the Container System structure and sealing
Description Unit Consumption Unit Price (R$) Total Price (R$)
Structure/ metal seal Container
m² 1.00 84.45 84.45
Dry 20 '
Plasterboard plate m² 1.03 20.00 1.54
Isosoft wool Tile Flex IA 75
m² 1.05 0.30 0.31
1.2x25m
Guide 70 mm m 0.70 2.82 1.97
Amount 70 mm m 2.30 2.93 6.73
Screw LA 9.5mm un 2.00 0.05 0.10
Screw TA 25 mm un 12.00 0.02 0.24
Grouting mass kg 0.43 2.22 0.95
Paste Kg 0.05 5.00 0.25
Latex paint L 0.17 8.78 1.49
Net preparer L 0.12 9.29 1.11
Enamel paint for metals L 0.16 12.00 1.92
Red lead L 0.12 6.60 0.79
Aguarraz L 0.03 16.20 0.49
Sandpaper un 0.50 1.00 0.50
Total workforce h 2.15 5.55 11.93
Total 114.77
Social laws 127.95% 15.26
Total 130.03
BDI 30% 39.00
Adopted Unit Price (R$) 169.03
Source: Gypsum, 2016. Sinduscon ES, 2016. TCPO14, 2012
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6. CONCLUSION
The fact that industrial systems be approved by the CEF as social housing alternatives,
exemplifies the reopening of the building to non-traditional techniques, which enables the
search for innovative processes.
Thus, the Container System has the potential to contribute to reducing the housing deficit
in the Espírito Santo, bringing quality housing, rationality, speed of execution, easy
expandability of these villas and the possibility of storing them in the long run, as needed.
Compared to other systems presented in this research, this system brings a site
management more streamlined works, with good final results in terms of cost.
Within this context, we emphasize that the Container System enables ecological
sustainable development with values within the market reality. Thus, key items the
housing needs would be taken care combined with responsibility for the environment, as
they opt for housing in containers helps in reducing the consumption of natural resources
and raw materials.
However, there are still no standards or drafts of Brazilian guidelines governing the
Container System. The possible approval by the CEF, which is subject to publication of
constructive guidelines of this system will bring a major breakthrough in the techniques
used and will contribute to the recycling of disposal of the nautical market.
REFERENCES
Aguirre, L.D.M. et al. 2010. Habitando o container – Proposta de uso de container reciclado para
Habitação de Interesse Social Bioclimática para a cidade de Pelotas. In: Congresso Internacional
Sustentabilidade e Habitação de Interesse Social, 2010, Porto Alegre. ANAIS - Congresso
Internacional Sustentabilidade e Habitação de Interesse Social. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. 150-150 p.
Arpa Construtora. 2014. Projeto Loteamento Nilson Soella 3. Available at:
<http://www.construtoraarpa.com.br/mostra_projetos/38/loteamento-nilson-soella-3-maio-
2014> [Accessed 7 April 2016].
Caixa Econômica Federal. Minha Casa Minha Vida. 2016. Available at:
<http://www1.caixa.gov.br/gov/gov_social/municipal/programas_habitacao/entidades/entidades
.asp> [Accessed 23 January 2016].
Colatina (Município). Lei n° 4.226, 12 February 1996. Código de obras. Dispõe sobre o código de
obras do Município de Colatina Estado do Espírito Santo. Available at:
<http://www.colatina.es.gov.br/legislacao/Codigo_obras.pdf> [Accessed 25 May 2016].
Delta Containers. 2016. Available at: <http://deltacontainers.com.br/> [Accessed 16 January 2016].
Domarascki, C.S. & Fagiani, L.S. 2009. Estudo Comparativo dos Sistemas Construtivos: Steel Frame,
Concreto PVC e Sistema Convencional. 75 p. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em
Engenharia Civil) – Centro Universitário da Fundação Educacional de Barretos, Barretos.
ECB Group. 2016. Available at: <http://www.ecbgroup.com/20ft-High-Cube-Shipping-
Container/20-ft/Containers/Products-and-Services/Product/content/9/22> [Accessed 29 May
2016].
Fortes, B.C.S. et al. 2014. Análise perceptiva da qualidade ambiental em habitação de interesse social
na cidade de Colatina - ES: Avaliação pós-ocupação. In: Fórum Habitar 2014 - Habitação e
desenvolvimento sustentável, 2014, Belo Horizonte. Anais do Habitar 2014.
Garrido, L. 9 September 2011. Sustainable architecture containers. Available at: <
http://www.architecturelist.com/2011/09/09/sustainable-architecture-containers-by-luis-de-
garrido/>. Architecture List. [Accessed 28 September 2016].
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400
Contribution to Perturb and Observe Algorithm to
Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Systems
ABSTRACT: Traditionally, for the photovoltaic module work around its maximum output
power is used a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The MPPT is extremely important
in photovoltaic systems its correct performance allows the best use of electrical power.
Therefor the MPPT is an essential part of a photovoltaic system. In the most case the MPPT
algorithm modify the duty cycle for switching converter, searching the point when its
delivery more power. This paper proposed a new method for MPPT called Delta P (ΔP),
based a traditional method Perturbation and Observation (P&O). The technique purpose
increasing the time of searching in transitional, reducing the error on permanent regime.
Furthermore this will increasing the system efficiency without used new Input parameters.
The performance of proposed technique was assessed with simulations and good results
were obtained.
Keywords MPPT, photovoltaic system, P&O.
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1. INTRODUCTION
With the unbridled increase in the demand for energy on a worldwide scale, and due to the
scarcity of available reserves, an intense search for alternative energy sources has been
prompted in the last decade. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2012), a
30% increase in the global demand for energy, is expected by 2035. This scenario has
stimulated a marked surge in the development of technologies applied to renewable energy
sources, prioritizing efficiency, reliability and cost reduction.
The growing demand for wind and solar energy has put them in the prime position as
renewable sources, and as indispensable components of the global energy matrix.
According to the IEA (2012), in 2035 renewable sources will represent one third of the
worldwide production, in which solar energy is the fastest growing source.
Efforts to develop national technologies in photovoltaic microgeneration – the next energy
revolution in the world, according to the IEA – will prevent the country from having to
import almost one hundred percent of the technologies from pioneering countries, which is
currently the case with systems based on aerogenerators.
In photovoltaic systems, the Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is done by a control
technique that operates directly on the duty cycle of the power switch of the converter
seeking the greatest power transfer possible for photovoltaic arrangement, which have
voltage and current values that vary, mainly in relation to the irradiance and temperatures
of the cells.
Based on the Pertubation and Observation (P&O) alogorithm method of control, MARTINS
& COELHO & SANTOS (2011), and a variation of this, the Delta P (ΔP) algorithm,
demonstrated better performance, being faster and more accurate in both degree type and
linear variations. The tests were carried out by PSIM® simulation software, with a Boost
type power converter linked to an Direct Current (DC) bus and a 200 W solar panel fed by
varying temperatures and irradiances.
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The voltage (where 𝑉𝑖 is the input voltage and 𝑉0 is the output voltage) and, consequently,
the current depends on the duty cycle (𝐷), by the equation (1); from the adjustment of this
cycle it will be possible to reach the maximum power point of the panel, once the output
voltage is fixed at 48 V, assured by the DC bus.
(1)
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4. ALGORITHM DELTA P
The ΔP algorithm is a contribution that seeks to increase the velocity of tracking in the
transient, while reducing errors in the permanent regime presented by the P&O algorithm
without the need for new input parameters nor compromising its low computational cost.
In the ΔP algorithm, Figure 3, the increase of the duty cycle will depend on the derivation of
the power variation. The greater the power variation, the greater the increase or decrease
of the work cycle – a proportionality that makes the algorithm run faster in the curve
seeking the highest point and having variations that tend to zero in the permanent regime,
this operation being simplified by the comparison between the present and former power
through a constant. In Figure 3, similar to algorithm P&O, we have the updating of the duty
cycle in region “A”, and the verification of the limits in region “B”.
Figure 3. ΔP algorithm.
5. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
The simulation is comprised of a photovoltaic panel linked to a Boost converter that is fed
by a 48 V DC bus. This converter has its switching controlled by a block with the MPPT
algorithm written in C language. In Figure 4 the diagram of the block system is shown.
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The parameters of the solar panel used in the simulation, illustrated in Figure 5, were taken
from the datasheet KC200GT model Kyocera Japanese manufacturer.
The converter components were calculated according to the equations (2), (3) and (4), using
a 10 kHz switching frequency, 48 V DC bus voltage (varying between 0,5 V more or less) and
the parameters of the panel chosen (Figure 5).
According RASHID (2001), the minimum capacitance (𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) of the converter is calculated
by equation (2) taking into account the duty cycle (𝐷), the maximum output current (𝐼0𝑚𝑎𝑥 ),
the voltage of ripple (𝑉𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) and the system frequency (𝑓).
(2)
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According to MOHAN, the current in the inductor (𝐼𝐿 ) is calculated by (3), where the
minimum inductance (𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) can be found at (4).
(3)
(4)
For the capacitance and inductance, greater values than the minimum were used, to
guarantee the functioning of the converter in a continuous way for the current. Even in
relation to the components used, the internal resistance was considered, and, in the bus,
drops in voltage, resistance representation and parasitical inductance, aiming to
approximate, a little more closely, a real experience, as shown in Figure 6.
6. RESULTS OBTAINED
To obtain results of the comparison between the methods, the same adjustments were used
in the parameters of initiating and sampling, and the values for irradiance and varying
temperatures, in order to obtain different outputs from the panel. Stretches of irradiance
were simulated between 100 W/m² and 1100 W/m² with a linear variation through a
sinodal function and discreet variation in the form of degrees, according Figure 7 (a) and
(b). The input temperature, when not fixed at 25 oC, was varied lineally between 25 oC and
45 oC through a sinodal function, as illustrated in Figure 7 (c).
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(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 7. Signals applied to the photovoltaic panel - (a) Steps of irradiance; (B) Seno function of
irradiance; and (c) Seno function of temperature.
To test the variation in irradiance in degrees switching was used in intervals of 100 W/m²,
200 W/m², 400 W/m², 600 W/m², 800 W/m², 1000 W/m² and 1100 W/m² with periods of
1.5 s, as shown in Figure 7 (a) and a fixed temperature in 25 oC. In Figure 8 graphics are
shown with the maximum power provided by the panel in blue and the power obtained by
the system in red, with the main graph showing the result of the method using the ΔP
algorithm and the second graph using the traditional P&O algorithm.
Figure 8. Graphics comparing maximum power reference values and simulated with variation in
irradiance of steps obtained in PSIM software.
In Figure 9, results of the panel power are shown with the irradiance variation in a linear
fashion through the sinodal function varying between 100 W/m² and 1100 W/m², as shown
in Figure 7 (b), with the fixed temperature at 25 oC, the maximum power provided by the
panel in blue color and the power obtained by the system in red color, the first graph being
the result of ΔP algorithm and the second with P&O algorithm.
In the third text, a linear temperature variation of the panel used a form of varying sinodal
wave, varying between 25 oC and 45 oC, as shown in Figure 7 (c), and fixed irradiance at 800
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W/m². The results are shown in Figure 10 - the first graph being the result of ΔP algorithm
and the second of the P&O algorithm, both with the maximum power in blue color and the
power obtained in red color.
Figure 9. Graphs comparing peak values of power and reference simulated linear variation of the
temperature, obtained in the PSIM software.
Figure 10. Graphs comparing maximum power reference values and simulated with linear variation
of irradiance obtained in PSIM software.
Figure 11. Graphs comparing peak values of power and reference simulated with linear variation of
irradiance and temperature obtained in the PSIM software.
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For the simulation of the typical situation, with the proportional temperature and
irradiance, a variation of irradiance and temperature was applied to the photovoltaic panel,
as shown in Figure 7 (b) and temperature as shown in Figure 7 (c), both varying in a sinodal
way and in the same phase, with the irradiance between 100 W/m² and 110 W/m² and
temperature between 25 oC and 45 oC. The graph in Figure 11 shows the panel’s output
power (red) and maximum (blue), in order, for the proposed algorithm and for the
traditional method. In Table 1, the summary of the results in the simulations obtained are
shown.
Simulation
Results
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Maximum power
109,88 104,92 146,27 97,17
panel (W)
Power extracted – ΔP
106,64 97,76 143,61 88,98
algorithm (W)
Power extracted –
108,93 104,17 145,12 95,77
P&O algorithm (W)
ΔP algorithm the
performance gain of 2,15 6,56 1,05 7,63
the P&O (%)
7. CONCLUSIONS
Studies that aim to increase the performance of the current systems that operate with
alternative energy sources are a prime necessity for the continuation of the electric energy
supply in the near future – photovoltaic sources being the major prospect in growth in this
area. Contributing to the popular P&O method of MPPT, the ΔP method uses the same
parameters and structure, presenting advantages with relation to the first and improving
tracking results. Simulations were carried out to compare methods, changing only the
algorithm used, with the converter linked between a photovoltaic panel using different
variations of irradiances and temperatures and an DC bus. The results obtained through
graphs and summary tables show a gain in performance of the contribution proposed of
more than 7.5 % in comparison with the traditional method, proving the effectiveness of the
new algorithm and thereby collaborating with the national technological development of
renewable energy.
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REFERENCES
ABDELSALAM, A., 2011, High-performance adaptive perturb and observe MPPT technique for
photovoltaic-based microgrids. Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on. ISSN 0885-8993.
Ahmed, K. A.; Shehad, A., 2012, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, World Energy Outlook, Paris
D’SOUZA, N.; LOPES, L. A. C.; LIU, X., 2005, An intelligent maximum power point tracker using peak
current control. In: Power Electronics Specialists Conference.
HAMDY, M., 1994, A new model for the current-voltage output characteristics of photovoltaic
modules. J. Power Sources. ISSN 0018-9251.
HUA, C.; SHEN, C., 1998, Comparative study of peak power tracking techniques for solar storage
system. In: Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC’98.
IBRAHIM, H.-S. et al., 1999 Microcomputer controlled buck regulator for maximum power point
tracker for dc pumping system operates from photovoltaic system. In: Fuzzy Systems Conference
Proceedings, 1999. FUZZ-IEEE ’99. IEEE International. ISSN 1098-7584.
MARTINS, D. C.; COELHO, R. F.; SANTOS, W. M., 2011, Técnicas de rastreamento de máxima potência
para sistemas fotovoltaicos: revisão e novas propostas. XI COBEP.
MOHAN, N.; TORE, M. U.; ROBBINS, W. P., 2002, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and
Design. ISSN 0471226939.
MUHAMMAD H. RASHID, 2001, Power Electronics Handbook. ISSN 0123820367.
410
Analysis of Generation Photovoltaic Potential at NIPE
Building
Douglas Sermarini
State University of Campinas, Institute of Physical, Campinas, Brazil.
douglassermarini@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The use of photovoltaic systems, through the Net Metering System, existing in
the Brazilian Electric Sector, can contribute significantly to the environment. Once
integrated into the building envelope, generating energy near the center of consumption,
prevent new and existing buildings consume energy from non-renewable sources. In this
sense, this work is to analyze the best way to integration and adaptation of a photovoltaic
system connected to the network at building of Interdisciplinary Center of Energy Planning
(NIPE) at State University of Campinas, located in Campinas - SP, Brazil. Evaluates the
potential for electricity generation and most efficient technology in terms of architectural
volumetry, existing shaders in building envelope and the environmental impacts caused by
the adoption of different types of cells (Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, Copper-Indium-
Gallium-Selenium - CIGS and Cadmium Telluride- CdTe). They are used the software
Sketchup and Radiasol for shading analysis and potential for electricity generation in
demand peaks. The results show that the power supply tracks are up to 45%, representing
a significant reduction of the total energy consumed by the building.
Keywords BIPV, Energy efficiency, Nearly Zero Net Buildings.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Normative Resolution No. 482/2012, developed by National Electrical Energy Agency,
that set the standards for power compensation through renewable energy sources,
significantly increased the share of photovoltaic systems connected to the network,
especially the smaller capacity systems in order to provide to small residential central and
small business. According to the Bank of Information Generation (BIG) of ANEEL's report of
October 2015, about 1074 plants were connected to the grid. Most buildings already
constructed do not have the ideal and favorable conditions for implementing these systems.
The integrated system in buildings near the point of consumption, helps in reducing peak
demand, decreasing the dependence on fossil fuels and non-harmful to the environment.
The integration of architecture and engineering is therefore essential for better energy
utilization technology. The objective of this study is to evaluate the energy potential with
the implementation of a photovoltaic system in the research building of the
Interdisciplinary Center of Energy Planning, located at Unicamp.
2. METHODOLOGY
According (Lima,2012), the method used to evaluate the best way to adapt and integrate
the photovoltaic system proposed in building the NIPE is given according to the flowchart
of Figure 1:
Initially the power consumption of the building was measured. As the building does not
have a clock electricity meter, current measurements were performed on the transformer
output that feeds the building through the data logger SmartReader Plus 3 and Trend Reader
software for reading and processing data values of current versus time for energy values.
Measurements were made during three consecutive days of April. Is noteworthy that were
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planned measurements for 7 days a week, including over the remaining months and
seasons, however operational problems with the NIPE unfeasible its implementation until
the end of this article. If possible, new measurements will be carried out and its results will
be reported. It held an average of these three days to determine the average daily
consumption. Then multiplied this consumption in the days of operation of the building
activities of the same month.
After determining the consumption through the collected data was carried out an analysis
of the solar potential of the areas available for implementation of the photovoltaic system.
This required the use Radiasol software to get the data of solar radiation at different
inclinations and orientations of the assessed areas, Scketchup and Design Builder to simulate
and analyze building 3D shading. It was necessary to use two software for shading analysis
due to computer problems, which led to loss of software Design Builder as well as some data
collected.
With the defined areas the third stage of this work is to raise the existing photovoltaic
technologies available in the market and its main characteristics.
Subsequently were defined the best forms of integration and adaptation of photovoltaic
systems in the building. For that they were raised the experiences of countries that have
large-scale implementation of this technology in the types of adaptation and integration of
these systems for the various types of applications such as roofs, facades and external
structures.
The final stage of the work consisted of simulate the amount of energy generated from each
form of adaptation and integration adopted for each technology through the technical data
of the selected panels models, data losses involved in each part of the system connected to
the network and the Radiasol radiation data. After estimating for each technology
generation comparison with consumption of the building was performed.
Figure 2 - Shading simulation throughout the year. Figure 3 - Implementation areas for panels at the
(Tassinari, 2015) NIPE building.
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The area A6 was discarded due to the shadowing in all its extension throughout the year
due to existing building next to the NIPE.
The incidence angle of sunlight depends on factors such as time of day, day of the year,
guidance and flat slope. For each area selected were verified the proper orientation and
inclinations and based on the software Radiasol 2.0 were raised irradiance and the average
irradiation, from 6:00 to 18:00 hours, during the days of the year. Values are shown as Table
1:
Table 1 - Irradiance e Irradiation for each area selected at NIPE.
Radiasol Data
Area Orientation Inclination Irradiance Irradiation
(MJ/m²) (MJ/m².day)
A1,A5 North 22° 3,48 18,97
A2 West 22° 3,12 16,99
A3 West 90° 1,81 9,79
A4 North 90° 1,99 10,87
4. TYPES OF TECHNOLOGIES
To evaluate the photovoltaic energy potential at the NIPE building were studied the most
consolidated technologies in the market, monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon, and
also those that have been developed for integration on the surfaces of buildings as cadmium
telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium selenide CIGS, according Figure 4 to 7. The main
data of the selected panels are shown in the table 2, as the standard test conditions (1000
W/m², 25ºC e AM = 1,5):
Figure 4 - Sunpower Figure 5 - Canadian Figure 6 - First Solar FS- Figure 7 - PowerFLEX™ BIPV
SPR-333NE-WHT-D. Solar CS6P-255P BLK. 397-PLUS. Source 300W. Source Datasheet of
Source: Datasheet of Source Datasheet of Datasheet of Manufactures
Manufactures. Manufactures. Manufactures.
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Table 2. Specifications of the PV modules used in application testing standards (STC). Source: Datasheet of
Manufactures.
Monocrystalline Polycrystalline
Type technology CdTe CIGS
(m-Si) (p-Si)
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The final simulation of the installation for each technology is given as the Figure 9 to 12:
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Analyzing the data obtained from the measured load curve in the transformer that supplies
the building it is concluded that the average monthly consumption of the building is 13,716
MJ/month (3,810 kWh/month). Comparing the profiles of the building load curve in NIPE
with the generation curve of the PV system for each technology, in selected areas, has the
Figure 13:
Figure 13 - Comparison of NIPE Demand Curve with PV generation curve for each selected area.
Analyzing the graphic, it is noticed that the peak demand coincides with the peak of
photovoltaic generation that occurs around 13:00 on the basis that most PV modules have
been incorporated in the simulation in the roof fall facing west. This is a typical feature of
the commercial sector, especially in buildings with air conditioning (Salamoni, 2004). Table
4 shows the percentage of energy supply of Nipe from each photovoltaic technology at the
conditions of the selected areas and in the ideal conditions:
7. RESULTS
The types of integration taken to implement the panels are able to generate for the lower
efficiency panels, CIGS, 3.415 MJ/month (949 kWh/month), while the panel more
efficiently, m-Si generate about 5,910 MJ / month (1.641 kWh/month). If all panels were in
ideal conditions (facing true north and inclination equal to local latitude) the monthly
generation group would be 4,676 MJ/month to 7,621 MJ/month, respectively (1.300
kWh/month to 2.116 kWh/month). Table 5 shows the comparison between the
photovoltaic generation adopted for the types of integration and optimal conditions:
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Table 5 - Comparison of photovoltaic monthly generation among selected types of integration and the ideal
conditions in MJ/month.
Analyzing the loss of irradiation relative orientation of the reference planes is perceived
that by directing the panels to the west, keeping the slope equal to the latitude, you lose
about 10.2% of energy. Regarding the inclination, to keep the panel oriented to the north
and tilt it 90 °, you lose about 43.1%.
8. CONCLUSIONS
It is essential to make an energetic use of study to obtain the maximum of possible efficiency
in buildings and then enter the utilization of PV systems.
No selected technology ensured 100% of the energy supply of the building. But even in
unfavorable conditions the supply range was 26 to 45%, representing a significant
reduction in dependence on energy from non-renewable sources and even helping to
preserve reservoirs of hydroelectric plants.
A greater incentive for public policies that buildings already built in Brazil to carry out a
retrofit study and improve their energetic use is necessary.
For new buildings is required greater interaction between professionals in architecture,
civil construction and photovoltaic technology to obtain a better use of the benefits of this
renewable generation source.
Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a great importance of designing buildings taking
into account conditions that favor the generation of photovoltaic solar energy, especially in
the commercial sector where the demand curve coincides with the solar generation curve.
In this case the photovoltaic systems can contribute to reduction in peak demand.
REFERENCES
Almeida, M. P. 2012. Photovoltaics qualification connected to the grid. University of São Paulo. São
Paulo.
ANEEL - National Electric Energy Agency. 2012: Normative Resolution No. 482/2012; 17/04/2012.
ANEEL - National Electric Energy Agency. 2015. Distributed generation exceeds 1000 connections in
Brazil.
Lima, B. W. F. 2012. Distributed generation applied to buildings: zero energy buildings and the case
of FEC-Unicamp teaching laboratory. Campinas State University. Campinas.
Salamoni, I. T. 2004. Methodology for calculation of photovoltaic generation in urban areas applied to
Florianópolis and Belo Horizonte. Federal University of Santa Catarina. Florianópolis.
Zomer, C. D. 2014. Estimate the influence of partial shading method in energy generation of integrated
solar photovoltaic systems in buildings. Federal University of Santa Catarina. Florianópolis.
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Use of photovoltaic solar energy in built environments in
accordance to NR 482/2012 and 687/2015
ABSTRACT: In recent years, the energy photovoltaics has been recognized internationally
as a very promising technology. International experiences have contributed to the analysis
of market expansion, economies of scale and reduced costs for investors. From a strategic
point of view, Brazil has a number of natural features favorable to this type of generation,
as its high levels of insolation. Such factors potentialize the attraction of investors, as well
as the development of an internal market, what highlights the important role what this
technology can play in the energy matrix of the country. In 2012 came into force on
Normative Resolution n° 482, which establishes the general conditions of access to the
electricity distribution systems in case of distributed microgeneration systems and
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distributed minigeneration systems, in order to reduce regulatory restrictions for the
connection of small power generator in the electricity distribution grid and introduce the
power compensation systems (net metering). This article was supported in the review of
related literature and applicable regulations and aims to discuss the revision of the power
compensation system what is described in normative resolution 482/2012, and modified
by resolution normative 687/2015, and its effects on the expansion of solar PV in built
environments, and its capacity in stimulate the use of new technologies, the increased of the
efficiency and the expansion of distributed generation. It was found that, despite the
advances that the normatives represent, the development of photovoltaic energy is still held
back by the lack of mainly economic and legal incentives.
Keywords: solar technology, renewable energy, the built environment, public policy.
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1. INTRODUCTION
In the last half of the century XX a urbanization process was verified in developing countries,
what resulted in large population concentrations in a few cities, aggravating the use of
public spaces, urban mobility and income gap. Similarly, the Brazilian population has
changed your profile in this same period, changing also its economy, mobility and
característics of its built environment. According projections released by Brazilian Institute
of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE), the
population follows a trend of growth to an increasingly slower pace until the 2040s, when
it provides the beginning of a decline in population growth rates. Thus, it is estimated that
by 2030, the average age of the Brazilian will be 36 years and 61.4% of the population will
be over 30 years old (Ibge, 2008), that is, there will be more adult people able to form family
and to demand housing (Eyt, 2008). This scenario provides a prediction that there will be a
increased demand for buildings, accompanied by the expansion of consumption of inputs
associated with the use and operation of the built environment, as energy. In addition, it
must be noted that two thirds of global energy consumption occurs in cities. In view of this,
considering such changes in the current model occupation, a considerable impact on the
energy supply and demand is estimated across the country and across its the generation
infrastructure, transmission and distribution of this energy. Therefore, the development of
the public policies related to energy sector and able to meet such demands is necessary. The
policies should to promote incentives and an effective change in the paradigms of the
generation, transmission and distribution chain of energy.
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future generations (Barbosa Filho et al., 2016). Thus, several successful initiatives of
sustainable constructions have been developed by cities around the world. Many of the
programs treat the individual sectors of construction, such as public buildings, commercial
buildings, schools or homes. Others programs set specific resource conservation goals, such
as saving in water use, reuse of materials seeking to minimize the level of greenhouse gases
emissions (GHG) level. However, it is evident on the world stage that private and public
initiatives should implement and further expand their approaches and scope of its actions
to the consolidation of this new paradigm of promoting sustainable development, including
new building codes or new standards and incentives for public buildings, private and new
ventures (São Paulo, 2011).
There are some consensus, which is increasingly growing in scientific discussions and
policies, which the global warming and other climate changes and their consequences are
not just a problem for future generations, and it is not a matter that governments can solve
alone, but is a problem that requires the involvement of every individual and of the whole
society. The broad participation of citizens should be seen and understood as a fundamental
factor for the changes to be promoted and felt by all the different layers of society in an
equitable way. Thus, some municipalities are already promoting campaigns and public
engagement projects in order to encourage people, businesses and community
organizations to be protagonists in proposing of mitigation and adapting solutions to new
requirements and demands, including the energy (Sao Paulo, 2011). It is, therefore, by the
popular participation that public policies can reach a level of greater efficiency and rapidly,
both by its applicability as for their monitoring and maintenance.
This new energy context, influenced by the question of adaptive need throughout the
contemporary built environment and future, makes evident the need for incorporation of
non-conventional energy sources in the energy mix that feed the development of human
activities, increasingly urban. Throughout the world, especially in countries with greater
economic and social development index, they have been presented a smorgasbord of
projects and programs aimed at the use of new generation technologies and non-
conventional energy use, as well as their applications in different urban environments and
suburban (São Paulo, 2011), especially with a concern focused on energy conservation and
improved efficiency of energy conversion systems (Aguiar, 2004). The total energy required
for the consolidation of a sustainable development model requires the proposition of a new
paradigm, in order to cause the convergence of new and innovative technologies, with new
institutional structures, new ways of doing public policies and behavior human, always in
transformation (Sao Paulo, 2011). That way, there is a growing demand for energy services
what ensure greater safety and systemic reliability, coupled with the need to reduce
emissions of GHGs. The solution of these issues is related to creation of new investment in
research and development and technological diffusion, as well as new policies and new
behavioral models lifestyle.
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and 2010, outpacing the growth of 12.5% of the population in the same period. The average
number of people per domicile has fallen from 5.3 people in 1970 to 3.3 people in 2010
(Alves & Cavenaghi, 2012) and can reach 2.3 people per domicile in 2050 (Epe, 2014).
Finally, the census shows that in 2030, Brazil will have 91.1% of the population in the cities
(Figure 1).
Figure 1. Stratification of the Brazilian population. Source: Alves & Cavenaghi 2012.
These factors are accompanied by an increased demand for services and products,
occurring a growth of commercial, service and industrial sectors. Therefore, it is expected
that will occur a booming of Brazilian built environment.
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Considering the whole country, the potential is 2.3 times higher than consumption. This
study of the EPE shows that the area is not a limiting factor for the massive integration of
distributed photovoltaic systems in the country. In addition, the future increase in the
number of households and the technological development of photovoltaics should raise the
estimated potential (Epe, 2014).
The Brazilian potential for solar use, coupled with the current risk of electricity shortages,
in a generator park based on large hydro and thermal power plants, serves as motivation to
seek alternatives renewable energy.
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include actions from multiple agents in various spheres, highlighting the regulatory, tax,
research and development, and economic fomentation. As inference of the current energy
model in Brazil and of the inexpressive participation of the country in installed PV capacity
in the world, it can be said that, GD, and in particular photovoltaic solar source, is something
still incipient and new. Still with regard to GD, it is possible that the greatest progress has
occurred due to the regulation of mini and microgenerators with the publication of
Normative Resolution 482/2012, which was updated by Normative Resolution 687/2015,
both of National Electric Energy Agency (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica - ANEEL). In
short, such normative resolution allows consumers install small generators in their
consumer units and inject excess power into the grid in exchange for credits that can be
discounted their electrical bills respecting certain periods of time (Brazil, 2012).
In general, the advancement of instalations of photovoltaic systems, especially in DG mode,
favors the implementation of photovoltaic technology in Brazil, following a world trend and
according to the characteristics of technical potential previously presented. However,
before April 2012, there was virtually no legal support for installing this type of system in
Brazil, especially regarding the regulation of connection to the electricity distribution
network. Even before the publication of this resolution, the distribution companies did not
have the technical and legal requirements to allow consumers compounders inject power
in the low voltage network. The Electricity Distribution Procedures in the National
Electricity System (Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica - PRODIST) were not
adapted the figure of consumer-generator, requiring process too bureaucratic and framing
projects as if they were accessing the medium voltage network, requiring operational
studies for plants with installed capacity of several tens of kW. With the publication of the
said Resolution, the module 3.7 of PRODIST (Brazil, 2012) was created and it describes the
procedures to access of micro and minigeneration distributed to distribution system.
The enactment of normative resolution 482/2012, the consequent implementation of the
Brazilian electric power compensation system and PRODIST modification, created a
regulatory possibility for so-called micro and minigeradores, GD agents, and removed it one
barrier connection and power generation. At the same time, there were declines in
equipment prices in the international market, favoring that the distributed photovoltaic
generation gained momentum and consolidating itself as one of the options to consider to
the attendance the growing demand of the Brazilian energy market (Abinee, 2012).
However, there was no incentive for these generators, excluding the increase in discounts
in the Transmission System Usage Tariff (Tarifa de Uso do Sistema de Transmissão - TUST)
and Distribution System Usage Tariff (Tarifa de Uso do Sistema de Distribuição - TUSD) from
50% to 80% in the first ten years of operation of solar power plants that go into operation
until 2017 (Brazil, 2012), which have an installed capacity of until 30 MW and which are not
classified as micro or mini generator (Brazil, 2015).
Since the publication of these regulations, it can be said that the market has become more
dynamic, what gave rise to a number of opportunities on the technology, although it was too
early to say the efficiency of the proposed model. There are still some technical, regulatory
and economic barriers that prevent the full development of the technology nationwide. One
of the difficulties in this beginning of the business development related to photovoltaic GD
is little expression of the national industry, insufficient skilled labor and available local
companies for the manufacture and installation of equipments. From economic and
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regulatory point of view, the adoption of premium tariffs (tarifas-prêmio) is perhaps the
greatest incentive to distributed systems but Brazilian law does not potentiates actions in
this regard, for the Law 10.848 / 2004 and Decree 5,163 / 2004 does not allow the trading
of energy between the consumer and the distributor. Thus, despite the micro and
minigeneration distributed be allowed, these are still discouraged by the legal limitations.
In a Public Hearing held by ANEEL in November 2015, the Normative Resolution 687/2015
amending the Normative Resolution 482/2012 was approved. In short, ANEEL has made it
easier for people and businesses to generate their own energy from renewable sources
(solar, wind, hydro and biomass). This revision brings the main changes described below
(Brazil, 2015):
The Normative Resolution 687/2015 seeks to meet the appeal of a new consumer market
profile, seeking above all encourage the growth of the photovoltaic generation technology
in GD mode. The reclassification of micro and mini generators with new power limits, and
the possibility of carrying out shared generation, tend to conduct the market and create new
businesses. The implementation of these new systems, as well as their integration into the
built environment, are notable advances related to the attendance the demands of a new
energy paradigm by inserting the DG as a tool to be considered in urban planning.
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5. CONCLUSIONS
Minimize the consumption of natural energy resources, the emissions of greenhouse gases
and promote the use of energy from renewable sources consciously and efficiently, all this
within a context of broadening of the built environment and of the urbanization processes
are characterized as high challenges to urban planners. A feasible possibility is the
application of DG, since, the renewable energy sources, with emphasis on solar photovoltaic,
due to its low energy content and other particular characteristics of conversion
technologies, are able to meet located and small demands so quite efficiently, showing a
clear space to be occupied by them.
The normative resolutions 482/2012 of Aneel, institucionalizou a new model for the
Brazilian electricity system that allows micro and mini generation distributed, as has
already happened in other countries. The normative resolutions REN 687/2015 of ANEEL,
changed the scope of micro and minigeneration distributed and brought new perspectives
for the sector, with remote self-consumption and also the shared generation characterized
by meeting consumers within the same area of concession or permission, through a
consortium or cooperative, made up of natural or juridical person who possesses consumer
unit in different location of the consumer units in which the excess energy will be
compensated With the enactment of these resolutions, it is expected a increase of use of
photovoltaic solar energy in Brazil, as has already been observed. However, the
compensation system currently adopted by legislation, is not sufficiently attractive to
consumers, because there is no rate parity. The current model is lacking in economic
incentives, represented by possibility marketability actual energy generated by micro and
mini generators. What is needed is a more efficient energy planning policy with support
grants such that enables the integration of renewable sources in the effective development
of DG in Brazil.
Therefore, is evident the need for discussion by society and the government on the need to
draw up an urban and energy planning more efficient for the development of DG in Brazil,
under the context of sustainable cities.
REFERENCES
Abinee, A. B. I. E. E. 2012. Propostas para Inserção da Energia Solar Fotovoltaica na Matriz Elétrica
Brasileira. Site da Associação Brasileira da Indústria Elétrica e Eletrônica. Avaible in
http://www.abinee.org.br/informac/arquivos/profotov.pdf.
Aguiar, W. M. 2004. O uso de fontes alternativas de energia como fator de desenvolvimento social
para segmentos marginalizados da sociedade. Rio de Janeiro: PPE/UFRJ.
Alves, J. E., & Cavenaghi, S. 2012. Tendências demográficas, dos domicílios e das famílias no Brasil.
Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ.
Barbosa Filho, W. P., Azevedo, A. C., & Xavier, M. V. 2013. Study of complementarity between wind
and hydropower schemes for the state of Minas Gerais. Campinas: I latin hydro power & systems
meeting.
Barbosa Filho, W. P. et al. 2016. Desenvolvimento sustentável e fontes renováveis: uma discussão
sobre a matriz elétrica do estado de Minas Gerais. Anais do VI Congresso Brasileiro de Energia Solar.
Belo Horizonte: ABENS.
Brasil, A N. 2012. Resolução Normativa nº 482/2012. ANEEL.
Brasil, A. N. 2008. Atlas de energia elétrica do Brasil (3ª ed.). Brasília: ANEEL.
Brasil, A. N. 2012. PRODIST - SEÇÃO 3.7 – Acesso de micro e minigeração distribuída. Brasília: ANEEL.
Brasil, A. N. 2015. Resolução Normativa Nº 685/2015. Brasília: ANEEL.
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The importance of vernacular strategies for a climate
responsive building design
Ricardo Mateus
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
ricardomateus@civil.uminho.pt
Helena Gervásio
University of Coimbra, ISISE research center, Civil Engineering Department, Coimbra, Portugal
hger@dec.uc.pt
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
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1. INTRODUCTION
After a period of a construction context based on industrial materials and relying mainly
on mechanical systems to provide healthy and comfortable conditions for occupants, the
rise of an environmental awareness has started to change the sector towards another
paradigm. Thus, nowadays, topics such as comfort, energy and environmental impacts are
inseparable from building design. The definition of ambitious targets on buildings energy
performance, as the defined by the European Union (EPBD 2010), implies giving relevance
to passive strategies that take advantage of available endogenous resources in order to
reduce consumption and the dependency on non-renewable energy.
On the topic of passive strategies, vernacular architecture is a type of construction that
should be studied, since it is characterized by having an intrinsic relation with local
conditions. Thus, through generations across the world, diverse vernacular building
techniques and forms have been developed and improved in order to better respond to
different climate constraints (Lau et al. 2007; Singh et al. 2009). According to several
authors, vernacular architecture could contribute towards reducing waste and energy
consumption through the use of passive solar design, traditional techniques, and local
materials, which were developed in accordance with a specific territory and climate
(Fernandes et al. 2013; Kimura 1994; Singh et al. 2011). The relevance of vernacular
features is still valid today being now the basis of sustainable building design (Cañas &
Martín 2004; Cardinale et al. 2013).
Portugal is a diverse territory, there are many different manifestations of vernacular
constructions and, consequently, different strategies have been developed for their
adaptation to the surrounding environment. From north to south, and from the interior to
the coast, buildings change in order to accommodate different strategies that serve
different ways of living in specific territories. Therefore, based on the need of designing
buildings adapted to a specific climate and territory, it is worthy to study Portuguese
vernacular buildings in order to develop and integrate their design strategies in the up-to-
date construction context.
The aim of the paper is to address the correlation between Portuguese vernacular
architecture and the different types of climate of the country, highlighting the advantages
of taking into consideration these strategies on a climate responsive building design. The
results of the study can be used to make a proposal for the retrofitting of vernacular
constructions with bioclimatic strategies and to adapt these strategies to new buildings.
2. METHODOLOGY
The research methodology of this study is based on case studies, using a deductive
approach and qualitative analysis for climatic-responsive strategies used in Portuguese
vernacular architecture. The data on vernacular strategies was collected from the main
surveys on Portuguese popular architecture (AAVV 1988; Oliveira & Galhano 1992). This
paper focuses on some case studies located along the mainland Portuguese territory. To
relate the use of certain vernacular strategies to specific local climate conditions, examples
of different strategies were chosen and mapped. The comparative analysis was established
overlapping the strategies points on different climate maps from the Iberian Climate Atlas
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(AEMET & IM 2011). The graphical analysis allowed understanding the relation between
strategies purpose and the surrounding climate.
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considering that the main energy source to heat these buildings was wood, it is easy to
understand that all the free heat from the sun is welcome.
These concerns are visible since the urban settlement, frequently implanted in valleys and
on south-facing slopes, seeking simultaneously to maximise solar gains and protection
from the wind. At the building's scale, the most widespread strategy is the correct solar
orientation, with the main rooms facing the south quadrant. However, the strategy that
takes more advantage of solar radiation is the glazed balcony. The glazed-balconies are a
feature of the architectonic identity of the northern interior part of the country (Fig. 1b).
The balconies are usually facing between south and west so that they can capture in
winter the most intense radiation during the higher number of hours of sunshine while
affording the best shelter from the prevailing winds (AAVV 1988). In a sunny winter day,
the use of this strategy allows to considerably increase indoor air temperature, reducing
energy demand for heating (Fernandes, Pimenta, et al. 2015).
Figure 1. Map of mean air temperature during the winter season in Portugal, showing the points
where strategies for promoting heat gains and reducing heat losses are placed. a) Thatched
construction; b) glazed-balcony building. Map adapted from (AEMET & IM 2011).
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Figure 2. Map of average maximum air temperature during summer season in Portugal, showing
the points where strategies for reducing heat gains and promoting passive cooling are placed. a)
building with a courtyard (patio); b) whitewashed rammed-earth building; c) ventilation window.
Map adapted from (AEMET & IM 2011).
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Figure 3. Map of average total annual precipitation in Portugal, showing the points where strategies
for rainwater harvesting are placed. a-b) Gutter system that leads water to a cistern (image "a"
source: (AAVV 1988); c) whitewashed floor for rainwater collection and cistern’s access point. Map
adapted from (AEMET & IM 2011)
The Estremadura mountains have the highest levels of rainfall in this region (Fig. 3) - a bit
similar to what happens in the northwest, mountain acts as a barrier to the winds from the
sea that bring the rain (AAVV 1988). But, ironically, due to the permeability of limestone
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soil of this zone, is where water is more scarce (AAVV 1988). To address this problem,
population needed to collect rainwater in cisterns through interesting gutter systems (Fig.
3a). The water tank was an essential element of houses in this area.
The village of Monsaraz due to the fact of being on a top of a cliff has water shortages. This
shortage has led to the inhabitants to provide their homes with a gutter system to collect
rainwater (Fig. 3b) that was conducted into a large cistern below the castle, ensuring the
provision for the whole village (AAVV 1988).
The low rainfall that occurs in most of the Algarve territory led populations to provide
their houses with rainwater harvesting systems for domestic use similar to the previously
mentioned. For this purpose they built gutters under the eaves, or inserted them in the
walls themselves, leading the water to a cistern. When the water collected from the roof
was not enough they also resort to the threshing floor to greatly increase the harvest area
(Fig. 3c). The threshing floor is covered with tiles and has several slopes that conduct the
water to a small hole, which communicates with the cistern, as illustrated by the example
in Figure 3c. Another point worthy of note is the confinement of the threshing floor by
small low walls and the abundant whitewashing of the entire ground surface to nullify the
natural acidity of rainwater (AAVV 1988).
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strategies in buildings from this region can greatly contribute to reducing energy needs for
cooling and therefore to reduce energy use.
The rainwater harvest in Portuguese vernacular architecture is paradigmatic due to the
numerous examples for capturing and storing water. Although the vast majority of
examples were located in areas with scarce water resources, the case of Estremadura
mountains is a good example of the opposite. From this example is possible to verify that
beyond the climate many other factors influence the architectonic form. Currently, there
are already plenty of rainwater harvesting systems developed, but the greatest potential
that withdraws from the vernacular examples is the architectural integration capabilities
of these systems.
Taking into consideration the results presented in this study, it can be stated that climate-
responsive passive strategies used in vernacular architecture to mitigate the effects of
climate, due to their simplicity and pragmatism, have significant potential to be improved
and adapted to contemporary construction.
Therefore, this is an on-going research work that intends to develop more detailed and
comprehensive data on vernacular strategies, in order to be useful for architects and
engineers involved in the development of climate-responsive and energy-efficient
buildings.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the support granted by the Portuguese Foundation
for Science and Technology (FCT), in the scope of the Doctoral Program Eco-Construction
and Rehabilitation (EcoCoRe), to the Ph.D. scholarship with the reference
PD/BD/113641/2015 that was fundamental for the development of this study.
REFERENCES
AAVV, 1988. Arquitectura Popular em Portugal 3rd ed., Lisboa: Associação dos Arquitectos
Portugueses.
AEMET & IM, 2011. Atlas Climático Ibérico: Temperatura do Ar e Precipitação (1971-2000)/Iberian
Climate Atlas: Air Temperature and Precipitation (1971/2000) AEMET & IM, eds., Available at:
http://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/publicacoes.site/atlas_clima_iberico.pdf.
Cañas, I. & Martín, S., 2004. Recovery of Spanish vernacular construction as a model of bioclimatic
architecture. Building and Environment, 39(12), pp.1477–1495. Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.04.007 [Accessed March 7, 2013].
Cardinale, N., Rospi, G. & Stefanizzi, P., 2013. Energy and microclimatic performance of
Mediterranean vernacular buildings: The Sassi district of Matera and the Trulli district of
Alberobello. Building and Environment, 59(null), pp.590–598. Available at:
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EPBD, 2010. Directiva 2010/31/UE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 19 de maio de 2010
relativa ao desempenho energé tico dos edifícios (reformulaç ão), Estrasburgo. Available at:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:153:0013:0035:PT:PDF.
Fernandes, J., Pimenta, C., et al., 2015. Contribution of Portuguese Vernacular Building Strategies to
Indoor Thermal Comfort and Occupants’ Perception. Buildings, 5(4), pp.1242–1264. Available at:
http://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/5/4/1242/html.
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vernacular materials and design approaches for sustainable construction. Architectural Science
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July 23, 2015].
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15, 2013].
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Earthscan.
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Navapalos (Spain): The advantages of reuse buildings of high thermal inertia. Construction and
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Quixote.
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Adaptation Measure — SIAM Project, Lisbon: Gradiva.
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east India. Building and Environment, 44(5), pp.878–888. Available at:
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North-East India. Solar Energy, 85(9), pp.2011–2022. Available at:
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Chapter 2
Ana Mestre
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
b7135@civil.uminho.pt
Manuela Almeida
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
malmeida@civil.uminho.pt
Muriel Iten
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
murieliten@civil.uminho.pt
Keywords Building renovation, energy performance of buildings, cost optimal, nZEB, ZEB.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The building sector accounts for almost 40% of the total energy consumption in the
European Union (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2008). This fact is
widely acknowledged by the Member States and many regulations are now in force to tackle
the reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in new
constructed buildings. However, since the replacement rate of existing buildings by the
new-build is only around 1-3% per year (Ma et al., 2012), the highest potential for energy
reductions lies in the existing building stock. The majority of the European building stock
was constructed before 1960 (Buildings Performance Institute Europe, 2011), when there
was no energy efficiency regulations, which makes of energy efficient retrofitting the fastest
solution to strongly reduce energy consumption in the built environment. However, for this
approach to be effective, European buildings have to be retrofitted to high energy
performance levels in a cost-effective way. Buildings retrofitted today will still be in use 40
years from now. On the other hand, the rates of retrofitting across Europe are also very low
and, in order to reach the goals of 2050 to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the
building sector, it is necessary to quickly improve the volume of renovation. One of the
reasons for the slow development of the European building renovation sector is its inability
to offer an integral solution for deep renovation towards nZEB for reasonable costs. MORE-
CONNECT project aims to tackle this issue by developing cost optimal solutions to renovate
buildings towards nZEB. To develop these solutions, it is essential to conduct thorough
energy, environmental and economic studies in the early design phase of a renovation. The
present study focus on the first stage of the project, through the simulation of three different
renovation scenarios for the Portuguese case study building and according to current
national requirements. It analyses and compares the energy performance of the building on
three levels: i) 80% reduction of the current primary energy consumption of the building,
ii) cost optimal solution (nZEB) and iii) net zero energy (NZEB). The approach gives priority
to the optimization of the building envelope, although solutions for the heating and cooling
systems are also developed. Furthermore, renewable energy production is considered as a
fundamental element to achieve highest levels of reduction of GHG emissions and the
sustainability of the built environment. To achieve cost-effective solutions, cost-optimal
method is used.
2. METHODOLOGY
The calculation for the energy performance of the building follows the Portuguese
regulation for the energy performance of residential buildings (REH, Decree-Law
118/2013). In order to reach the different energy scenarios it is necessary to select
renovation measures that are able to reduce the heat losses during winter, avoid excessive
heat gains during summer and improve the efficiency of the heating/cooling systems.
Additionally, renewable energy production must be considered in order to reduce GHG
emissions. Following the priority of the MORE-CONNECT project, the main focus is to
improve the energy performance of the building envelope, by improving the insulation
levels of the walls, roof, floor and windows. The selected Portuguese case study building is
representative of the national building stock of multifamily buildings built between 1991
and 2012.
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Firstly, the current energy performance of a single apartment is calculated along with the
impact of the maintenance measures that the building shall have in order to maintain its
structural integrity (baseline scenario). Furthermore, the impact of the different packages
of the proposed renovation measures (Section 2.1) is calculated to analyse the performance
of the apartment in terms of non-renewable primary energy needs for heating, cooling and
domestic hot water (DHW). Thus, the global costs for a 30 year period for the baseline
scenario and for each renovation package is calculated. The global costs include the
investment and the annual costs (running and maintenance costs). The cost-optimal
analysis of the present study follows the methodology of the Commission Delegated
Regulation Nº244/2012 in order to determine the cost optimal level. The analysis is focused
on the private perspective which considers the discount rates and does not include the
carbon dioxide emissions costs (European Commission, 2012). The discount rate
considered in this study is 6%. The investment and maintenance costs are based on a price
generator tool, the Cype® software. No incentives are included in the calculations. The
evolution of energy prices for the period under study (2016-2046) follows the Energy
Roadmap 2050 (European Commission, 2011).
The non-renewable primary energy and global cost for each package are then compared and
analysed against the baseline scenario, and the cost-optimal (lowest cost) for each system
solution to cover the heating, cooling and DHW needs is identified and further discussed.
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the building includes eighteen apartments. The front view of the building and its floor plan
are displayed in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively.
The building is facing west. It includes a pitched roof with ceramic tiles (3 cm of insulation),
double pane masonry walls without thermal insulation and aluminium frames with double
glazing without thermal break. The domestic hot water is provided through a gas heater for
each apartment and there is no heating or cooling system installed in the building. Table 6
presents the thermal transmittances of the building envelope.
In order to simplify the analysis, the calculations are undertaken for one two-bedroom
apartment (59.96 m2), which is located on the top floor of the building and for which the
majority of the external walls are exposed to north (Fig. 2). This apartment is selected as it
shows the worse thermal performances of the building, due to its location below the roof
and the poor solar exposure.
Figure 2 - Floor plan of the building with the selected apartment for the calculations of the scenarios
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4. RESULTS
In this section, the results are presented for the simulation of the different renovation
packages of the case study apartment. The results are compared with the baseline scenario
which includes only the maintenance measures. Figure 3 shows the non-renewable primary
energy consumption and the global costs for the baseline scenario and for the different
renovation packages under analysis.
Global cost
(€/m²)
1200,00
Baseline
1100,00
Package 1
1000,00
Package 2
900,00 Package 3
800,00 Package 4
Package 5
700,00
600,00
500,00
400,00
300,00
200,00
100,00
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Non-renewable primary energy (kWhPE/m².y)
Figure 3. Non-renewable primary energy consumption and global cost of each renovation package
The results show that the renovation packages 3 and 5 present nearly the same global
annual costs (544-559 €/m2) as the baseline (552 €/m2), however, present significantly
lower energy performances: 73.4-87.6 kWhPE/m2.y (package 3) and 41.3-49.4 kWhPE/m2.y
(package 5). These solutions represent a reduction on the non-renewable primary energy
from 64-70% (package 3) and 79-83% (package 5). Package 4 presents the highest global
costs of all packages, varying from 749 to 766 €/m2, although it presents a non-renewable
primary energy between 53 and 60.5 kWhPE/m2.y, with reductions of more than 70%. The
higher cost of this package is explained by the high investment cost of the heat pump. The
highest reduction in the non-renewable primary energy consumption (96.5-99.9%) is
achieved with the renovation package 2, that includes the use of a biomass (pellets) boiler
for heating and DHW, combined with the multi-split for cooling. It presents global costs
between 574 and 589 €/m2 and an expected non-renewable primary energy consumption
between 0.3 and 8.6 kWhPE/m2.y. This was expected due to the use of renewable energy
(biomass) and the high efficiency of the multi-split. The lowest global costs are achieved
with renovation package 1, which combines a multi-split for heating and cooling and a gas
heater for DHW. It presents global costs between 448 and 471 €/m2 and reductions
between 71 and 74% of the non-renewable primary energy (63-71 kWhPE/m2.y). The low
global costs are explained by the low investments of both the gas heater and the multi-split,
when compared to other technologies such as the heat pump. From these results,
renovation package 1 can be regarded as the nZEB solution, due to its lowest global cost
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(investment and energy costs) and reduced non-renewable primary energy consumption.
It also represents a reduction of 72% in the non-renewable primary energy consumption of
the apartment, which can be regarded as close to the 80% reduction that is one of the More-
Connect targets.
The cost optimal solution for the building envelope strongly depends on the efficiency of the
system used for heating, cooling and DHW. The higher the system efficiency, the lower
insulation thicknesses are needed to guarantee the same levels of comfort. Accordingly, for
each simulated renovation package in this study, the cost optimal solution differed, being
characterized by different insulation levels. Table 7 presents the characteristics of the cost
optimal solution for each of the previously described renovation packages that differ in the
systems used.
Table 7. Characteristics of the cost optimal solution for each system solution to cover the heating, cooling and DHW
needs
Building element
Exterior walls U (W/m2.K) Roof U (W/m2.K) Windows U (W/m2.K)
Renovation PVC frame
EPS 20 mm 0.64 RW 30 mm 0.50 2.7
package 1 (g=0.75)
Renovation PVC frame
EPS 60 mm 0.38 RW 50 mm 0.39 2.7
package 2 (g=0.75)
Renovation PVC frame
EPS 60 mm 0.38 RW 50 mm 0.39 2.7
package 3 (g=0.75)
Renovation PVC frame
EPS 20 mm 0.64 RW 30 mm 0.50 2.7
package 4 (g=0.75)
Renovation PVC frame
EPS 20 mm 0.64 RW 30 mm 0.50 2.7
package 5 (g=0.75)
Table 8 presents the non-renewable primary energy consumption, the respective reduction
compared to the baseline scenario and the global costs of the cost optimal solutions
presented in Table 7.
Following the aim of this study, one possible solution to achieve ZEB solution (third
scenario) is the installation of a photovoltaic system in order to meet the remaining energy
needs (68.9 kWh/m2.y) of the cost optimal solution of renovation package 1. Thus, it would
be necessary to install approximately 21 m2 of photovoltaic modules to cover the annual
energy needs (4132 kWh/y) which would have an investment cost of approximately 67.7
€/m2.
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5. CONCLUSIONS
The present study was conducted under the MORE-CONNECT project which aims to develop
cost optimal solutions to renovate buildings towards nZEB. Several combinations of
renovation measures were analysed for the Portuguese case study building in order to
achieve three renovation scenarios: i) 80% reduction of the current non-renewable primary
energy consumption of the building, ii) cost optimal solution (nZEB) and iii) net zero energy
(NZEB). Results show that it is possible to achieve an nZEB solution by insulating the
building envelope, using a multi-split to supply the heating and cooling needs and a gas
heater to supply DHW needs. Cost optimal solution for the building envelope is achieved by
insulating exterior walls with 20 mm of EPS, insulating the roof with 30 mm of RW and
installing windows with higher energy performance (U=2.7 W/m2.K; g=0.75). The non-
renewable primary energy consumption of this solution corresponds to 68.9 kWh/m2.y
with a global cost of 448 €/m2. Results also show that the nZEB scenario (ii) matches
approximately (72%) with the 80% reduction of energy scenario (i). The NZEB scenario (iii)
is possible to achieve by installing a photovoltaic system to cover the remaining non-
renewable primary energy needs of nZEB scenario. For this last scenario the non-renewable
primary energy needs would be zero and the global costs would be 487 €/m2. The
achievement of these scenarios shows that it is possible to achieve cost-effective solutions
for this particular case study building.
Acknowledgements
MORE-CONNECT is funded by the European Commission within the framework of the
Horizon 2020 program. This support is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
Buildings Performance Institute Europe. 2011. Europe’s buildings under the microscope: A country-
by country review of the energy performance of buildings. (ISBN No. 9789491143014). Belgium:
BPIE.
European Commission “Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012”.
Official Journal of the European Union, page 81/18; 2012.
European Commission. 2011. Energy Roadmap 2050.
Ma, Z., Cooper, P., Daly, D., & Ledo, L. 2012. Existing buildings retrofits: Methodology and state-of-the-
art. Energy and Buildings, 55, 889-902.
Regulamento de desempenho energético dos edifícios de habitação (REH). Decree-Law 118/2013.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development. (2008). Energy efficiency in buildings:
Business realities and opportunities (ISBN No. 978-3-940388-26-1). Switzerland: WBCSD.
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Considerations on the energetic use of landfill biogas in
MSW compactor-collector trucks
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1. INTRODUCTION
Municipal solid wastes (MSW) are associated with two factors related to greenhouse gas
emissions (GHG): (a) the collection system for trucks fueled by fossil fuels, with the
generation of large amounts of Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOX), and (b)
landfills, which are the third largest source of anthropogenic Methane (CH4) emission
(Usepa, 2012).
Surveys conducted by Ziegler (2012) comprising 15,700 vehicles throughout Brazil found
that garbage transportation is what emits more CO2 per km run. According to the survey,
garbage compacter trucks emit some 1.24 kg/CO2 per km run. The high CO2 emission is
related to the characteristics of the operation and the use of diesel as fuel. In this activity,
to allow garbage collection, the vehicles stop and go continuously. Thus, the trucks often
do not pass the second gear, what generates a high fuel consumption.
According to a study by World Bank (2004), the feasibility of collecting and using biogas as
a source of energy is normally limited to large and deep landfills (above 1 million ton of
waste and depth of more than 15 meters) and for cities with at least 400,000 inhabitants
or neighboring municipalities sharing a large landfill.
In Brazil, where the large MSW production causes huge social and environmental impacts,
the inclusion of biogas in its energy matrix is a promising alternative. In large centers, the
increased waste generation is higher than the population growth; thousands of tons of
garbage are dumped daily into landfills or places without any preparation to receive that
type of waste.
The country has, in most part of its territory, advantageous conditions to biogas
production in landfills all of the year, like temperature and humidity and, mainly, the
predominance of organic matter in the solid waste composition. The biogas generated has,
as basic feature, a concentration above 30% of CO2 and 50 to 55% of CH4, approximately
(Ensinas, 2003). Its calorific value is directly related to the amount of Methane in the
mixture, which can range from 5,000 to 7,000 kcal/m³ (Deganutti, 2002).
Considering the energetic potential of the biogas produced in MSW landfills, this paper
aims to quantify advantages in the substitution of diesel powered MSW compactor-
collector trucks by both NGV and electric powered trucks. Data related to the Metropolitan
Landfill of Rio de Janeiro, known as Jardim Gramacho Landfill, and to the collection system
employed in the city of Rio de Janeiro were taken as a basis for the quantification
procedures herein presented.
2. TECHNICAL ASPECTS
There are some options for reducing GHG emissions by the MSW transport sector. Several
cities in the world are taking advantage of their landfill biogas as fuel energy to supply
heavy MSW collection vehicles; and there are those, still in an experimental way,
employing electric or hybrid vehicles.
In this work, considering the electric modal, it was taken as model a XXL 26t vehicle, with
a 16 t waste loading capacity (PVI, 2012). Such truck is equipped with an ion–lithium
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battery that consumes about 170 kWh in an 8 hours round, and has an autonomy of 170
km, enough to collect some 6100t of waste produced daily in a city such as Rio de Janeiro.
As for the use of biogas as NGV, its transformation into electric equivalent energy was
introduced in order to provide a comparison with the electric model analyzed. For that it
was used a 26t Renault D-Wide truck with a cylinder capacity of 126 m³ of gas, totaling an
average performance of 1.9 km/m3, with 239.4 km of autonomy (NGVA, 2015).
The Jardim Gramacho (RJ) landfill, despite not receiving waste since 2012, has been taken
as a model to test the viability of the hypothesis herein taken and its replication to landfills
from other large Brazilian cities. This landfill has a daily biogas production of
approximately 480,000 m3 (Gas Verde, 2012), with a monthly potential of electricity
generation of about 20.563.200 kWh.
Based on technical information from Comlurb (2015), the company has 296 compactor-
collector trucks in operation. The amount of MSW collected in December 2014 was
184,500 tons and the average mileage traveled by vehicle was 4160 km. To compute such
average mileage, total distances were considered, including: garage; operational manager;
path collection; transshipment station; back to the path collection; transfer, return to the
garage. The actual distance travelled in collection (only in the path travels) in the shift of
operation has an average variation of 15% of the total. The average consumption was of
1.6 km/liter of diesel.
where: P = power available in kWh/m3; PCI = lower calorific power biogas value = 5000
kcal/m3; 1 kcal = 4.1868 kJ; 3600 = conversion kcal to kWh.
Equation 2 corresponds to a comparative relationship of equivalence of the calorific
power value of 1 m³ biogas with electricity;
𝑘𝑊ℎ
E eq. = 𝜕 𝑥 𝑃 (
𝑚3
) [2]
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where: Cconsumption 8h = 170 kWh (energy consumption of the electric truck of 16t in a
8h round); F = fleet of 291 compactor-collector trucks 16 t; T = 30 days;
Consumption NGV
Equivalent electric energy Monthly equivalent electricity used
Modal 16h/day, 2 turns/8 h
monthly consumed (kWh) in relation to that produced (%)
(kWh)
4. ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Table 2 shows the landfill biogas production and its consumption by the fleet of 296
trucks, as well as the energy balance and the expected revenue after supplying energy to
all the fleet. Average costs were adopted for the NGV and electric power. In Table 2 and in
all the following Tables all values are quoted in American Dollars, with exchange rates
from European Euros and Brazilian Reais as per those from April 15th, 2015.
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Table 2. Average numbers associated with landfill biogas production and fleet consumption
Energetic Revenue (US$)
Activity Daily Yearly
Balance Unit Cost Total (year)
Unit costs can be aggregated according to the desired analysis, to introduce or expand a
collection service. These will represent the final cost for a particular measure. Can be: per
kilometer, per ton collected, per person served, etc.
4.1.1 Cost US$/km
Equation 6 shows that to calculate the fuel cost/km, the method is to divide the fuel price
(modal) by the performance of the vehicle:
𝑉
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑚 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓
[6]
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𝐷𝑡𝑓 = 𝐹 × 𝐷𝑡 [7]
Dividing the total weight collected (monthly) by the total mileage travelled:
𝑡 𝑃𝑡
𝑈𝑆$
𝐾𝑚
=
Dtf
[8]
where: Pt = total waste weight collected monthly by the fleet; Dtf = total distance monthly
travelled by the fleet;
With the value obtained by Equation 8, multiply by the value of each modal:
t t
US$
modal
= US$
Km
× US$ value fuel modal [9]
Using the unit costs shown in Table 3 and Equation 9, costs of ton of waste collected by
each modal per travelled millage (km) are show in Table 4.
Table 5 presents costs related to the installation in the landfill of facilities for exploration
of gas or electricity and costs of acquisition of new vehicles. An intermediate choice in
terms of cost/benefit would be the conversion of existing diesel powered trucks to NGV.
Conversion values for that, in Brazil, ranged between US$ 4,950.00 and US$ 8,250.00. The
cost of US$ 6,600.00 was herein adopted as an intermediate reference value. The facilities
installation costs were based on information related to the Gramacho landfill (Gas Verde,
2012). The costs of new heavy waste collector-compactor trucks refer to average values
considering vehicles produced in different countries in the world. Total costs were
computed considering a fleet of 296 trucks.
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Table 5. Costs associated with the renovation of the fleets and landfill installations
Description Unit Value (US$) Total (US$)
With the use of biogas energy from landfills, significant expenses with mineral diesel and
lubricating oil would be avoided, providing annual savings as indicated in Table 6. In this
Table, the exchange of lubricating oil was considered to be required at each 10,000 km.
Table 6. Average values associated with oil lubricant and diesel consumption.
Description Truck Fleet Total cost
Consumption Consunption US$ /year
(L/year) (L/year)
Diesel 31,200 9,235,200 9,355,260.00
Lubricating oil 152 44,992 177,270.00
5. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
5.1 Quantities of CO2 and NOX emissions and noise pollution produced
Taking into consideration CO2 and NOX emissions, Table 7 shows the environmental
benefits of having both a NGV and an electric powered fleet of trucks as compared to a
diesel powered fleet.
A study by Quadros (2004), pointed out that noise pollution is, after air and water
pollution, the environmental problem that most affects people. As indicated in Table 8,
NGV powered vehicles produce high noise, from 60 to 72 (dB)A, higher than the 55 (dB)A
considered to be tolerated by the World Health Organization (WHO – Quadros, 2004) or
the 45 (dB)A allowed by PMC (2002) at night. Diesel collector trucks have an even worse
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performance, as they emit 105 (dB)A of noise, above the limit considered by WHO as
capable to promote deafness. Electric powered trucks do not produce any noise. In this
case, the only noise that can happen will be caused by the handling of garbage containers.
Table 8. Noise pollution emitted by different vehicles
Noise pollution emitted Values
where: 𝐸𝑚 CO2 = CO2 annual emissions; tCO2 eq. = US$ 10. 00 (Monteiro, 2001)
In the case of NOX, emissions have to be multiplied by 310, which is the value of global
potential warming in relation to CO2.(Felipetto, 2007):
Value = Em NOx x 310 tCO2 eq [11]
where: Em NOX= NOX annual emissions from fleet vehicles collectors compactors; tNOX eq =
310 x tCO2 equivalent =US$ 10.00.
Considering 296 vehicles and 1 year period of time, the revenue associated to the NGV and
electric modals are shown in Table 9.
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6. CONCLUSION
In terms of CO2 and NOx emissions, NGV-powered vehicles emit less 44.35% and 30.5%
than the diesel modal, respectively. The electrical-powered vehicles would be the best
choice in this case as they do not emit any CO2 or NOx.
With respect to fuel consumption, which was observed in terms of efficiency energy,
(km/fuel) the electrical modal obtained a more efficient performance in comparison to the
other two modes. It was 25% more economical than diesel and 46% more than NGV. The
electric modal provides an extra lubrication oil economy, since it does not have to use it.
The cost of a ton of waste collected by mileage run (US$/t/km) also points out a significant
advantage of the electric mode over the diesel modal (55.1%). The NGV achieved about
35.5% reduction on diesel costs.
Finally, the study demonstrates that the biogas production in a large landfill, such as the
Jardim Gramacho landfill in Rio de Janeiro, is great enough to supply a 296 fleet of
collector trucks 26t, considering both the NGV and the electric modals. Furthermore,
taking into account that the required minimum life time of a sanitary landfill is of 10 years,
which is the same life-cycle of a lithium-cadmium battery, and that CDM usually run over a
7 year period, it can be demonstrated that the revenue resulting from the sale of either the
remaining produced electricity or purified biogas, associated to the CDM surplus and the
economy resulting from the maintenance of a fleet of diesel powered trucks, is more than
enough to overcome the high costs of new electric or NGV powered trucks.
REFERENCES
ADEME 2014. Partage d'expériences / Collecte des déchets en BOM hybrides diesel / électriques.
Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie [online]. [Cited: April, 15th, 2015].
Available from: <http://optigede.ademe.fr/fiche/collecte-des-dechets-en-bom-hybrides-gnv-
electriques>
Andre, R.L.T.; Maggioni, R.A.; Tanaka, G.A. & Mazziero, R.B. 2007. Study of the ecological feasibility
and diesel replacement financial by NGV to the fleet of trucks and buses in Campinas. Revista Ciências
do Ambiente On-Line, 3:1(in Portuguese)
Comlurb 2015. Personal communication by the director of the Logistic and Technical Sector of the
Urban Cleaning Company of the Rio de Janeiro city
Deganutti, R.P.; Jam, M.C.P, J.P.. Rossi, M., Tavares, R. & Santos C. 2002. Rural biodigestors: Indian,
Chinese and Batch models [online]. In: 4th Meeting of Energy in the Rural Environment, Department
of Arts and graphical representation, FAAC/UNESP-Baurú (SP). [Cited: Aug. 11th 2012]. Available
from <http://www.proceedings.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=MSC00000000220
02000100031&lng=pt&nrm=iso>. (in Portuguese)
Ensinas, A.V. 2003. Study of the biogas generation in the Delta sanitary landfill of Campinas – M.Sc.
Dissertation, State University of São Paulo, Campinas, SP (in Portuguese)
Felipetto, A.V.M. 2007. Clean Development Mechanism applied to solid wastes. Concept, planning and
opportunities. Rio de Janeiro: IBAM, 40 p. (in Portuguese)
Gas Verde 2012. Personal Communication by the Manager of the company responsible by the
commercial biogas exploitation of the Jardim Gramacho landfill, RJ
Monteiro, J.H.P.; Figueiredo, C.E.M.; Magalhães, A.F.; Melo, M.A.F.; Almeida, T.P.F. & Mansur, G.L.
2001. Integrated solid waste management. Technical Coordination: Zveibil, V.Z., IBAM, Rio de
Janeiro, 203p
NGVA 2015. Europe Natural & Bio Gas Vehicles Catalogue [online]. [Cited: May. 15th 2015].
Available from: https://view.publitas.com/ngva-europe/ngv-catalogue/page/2-3
PMC (2002). Law nº 10.625 of February 19th, 2002: Regulates urban noises, protection to wellbeing and
public easy and provide further measures. Curitiba City Hall, Environment Department, Curitiba, PR (in
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Portuguese)
PVI 2012. Power Vehicle Innovation [online]. [Cited: May. 15th 2015]. Available from:
http://www.pvi.fr/?lang=fr
Quadros, F.S. 2004. Evaluation of environmental noise generated by public utility vehicle. Case study:
household waste collection truck. M.Sc. Dissertation, Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of
Paraná, Curitiba. (in Portuguese)
USEPA 2012. Energy Projects and Candidate Landfills [online]. [Cited: 25 Jul. 2012]. Available from:
United States Environment Protection Agency <Energy Projects and Candidate landfills>
World Bank 2004. Manual for preparation of landfill gas to energy projects in Latin America and
Caribbean [online]. Waterloo, Ontario. [Cited: Nov. 24th, 2012] Available from:
<http://w.worldbank.org>
Ziegler, M.F. 2012. Garbage trucks are those that most emit Carbon dioxide. ABETRE – Brazilian
Association of Waste Management Company (in Portuguese)
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Analysis and strategies on energetic efficiency
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to present the analysis of energy efficiency
experience by the Brazilian Labeling Program (BLP) of Ifes, campus Colatina, with the
implementation of the Technical Regulation of Quality to Energy Efficiency for Commercial
Buildings, Services and Public (RTQ-C). This article aims then to characterize the building
by volumetry and important aspects of envelopment the survey and as built of the
architectural design of the institution. By the prescriptive method of TRQ-C the aspects
that promote and limit that energy efficiency in building were defined. Through the survey
of the prerequisites of envelopment, it was found that the index for the transmittance of
artificially conditioned environments coverage would lead to loss of efficiency, while the
consumption index found assesses the building with energy potential maximum level.
Thus, it is concluded on the need to create an improvement plan in order to raise the level
of efficiency, promoting change in the thermal load transmitted by the cover with the
change of material and analyze at the same time guidelines responsible for increasing the
environmental comfort in classrooms through the application louvers on the facades, that
receive more insolation. It is expected that such adjustments to the optimum efficiency
level would be reached and get the lowest energy consumption.
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2. OBJECTIVES
Analyze and rate the energy performance of envelopment of Ifes campus Colatina through
the parameters of the Prescriptive Quality Technical Regulation of the Energy Efficiency
Level Office Building Method, Service and Public - RTQ -C.
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3.2 Labeling
The envelopment of the certification process is initiated by the characterization of the
building and the survey indices relating to the prerequisites of the envelope , such as
thermal transmittance (W/m²K), - heat transmission unit of time and through a unit- area
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and wall covering ( U); colors and absorptance surfaces, which is the ratio in percentage
(% ) rate of solar radiation absorbed by the external locks ( α ) ; percentage of overhead
opening percentage of openings in the cover ( PAZ ) glass , and solar factor ( FS ) , which is
the ratio between the heat gain entering a room through an aperture and the incident
solar radiation.
Compounding the characteristics of openings, the indexes for the calculation procedure of
the envelope consumption rate in prescriptive method are: glass solar factor in the facades
( FS ); Opening percentage on the west front and the percentage of opening in all facades,
which is calculated by dividing the sum of the glazed opening areas of the west facade and
the area of the west facade (PAFo) and the opening percentage of the total facade (PAFT) ;
and horizontal and vertical angles shading angle formed between two planes containing
the base opening ( AHS ) and the angle formed by two vertical planes (AVS). Table 2
presents the calculated variables for the envelope of prerequisites and Table 3, the
characteristics of the apertures.
.
Table 2 . Variables that make up the prerequisites of envelopment.
UCOB-AC 2,05
UCOC-ANC 1,6
UPAR 2,43
CT 152
PAZ 0
FS 0
αcob 0,6
αpar 0,2
PAFt 0,34
PAFo 0,04
AHS 0
AVS 30°
1
The bioclimatic zone aims to determine the best strategies for a project to obtain comfort for the users,
according to the region where the buildings are inserted and their respective climate.
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buildings, such as form factor ( FF ) , ratio between the area of the envelope and the total
volume of the building ( Aenv / Vtot ) ; Height factor ( AF) ratio of the coverage projection
area and total building area ( APCOB / tot ) , with the exception of basements , plus the
percentage of opening the facades and shading angles.
Table 4. Requirements for applying the equation of the consumption index (CI)
Bioclimatic zone ZB 8
Building projection area ( Ape ) > 500 m²
Minimum limit factor ( Aenv / Vtot ) 0,17
(ICenv)= 116,918
For maximum consumption index (ICmáxD = 218,86)
PAFt= 0, 60 FS= 0, 61 AVS= 0 AHS= 0
For minimum consumption index (ICmin = 175,915)
PAFt= 0, 05 FS= 0, 87 AVS= 0 AHS= 0 Calculation of the limits efficiency
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Using the online tool Webprescritivo was held prior the issue of the energy efficiency label
for Ifes Campus Colatina:
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4.2 Simulations of the indices Ucob and AHS and proposals for improvements to the
IFES Campus Colatina:
The type of coverage in this building consists of ceramic tile, tube and inclined slab, which
according to the Thermal Properties Catalog Energy Efficiency Laboratory Buildings
(LabEEE), has a value of 2.05 W / m²K thermal transmittance, which does not fit the
optimal value for the efficiency level "A".
In this case, one way to reduce this heat load would paint the ceramic tile with a lighter
color which would contribute to decrease the thermal transmittance value. Since the
action of changing the type of existing coverage by a composed of precast slab with EPS +
mortar tube and fiber cement tile or ceramic tile , according to the Thermal Properties
Catalog decrease of 2.05 W / m²K to 1.52 W / m²K . Thus, the level would rise to about the
level "B" efficiency has not yet reaching the maximum level.
The horizontal angle shading is almost nonexistent in the building blocks, since the
protections found are responsible for shade only two windows within the limits of each
north and south facade with a maximum angle of 21 °. In this case the proposed
improvement is to have a structure which will act as vertical louvers able to provide better
shading for at least the north façade, which sunlight is higher.
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By arranging the louvers along the facade allow shadowing of all windows, forming an
angle of 21º on each side of the windows. Thus, the AHS an opening angle is the average of
two solar protections, which remains 21 °
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5. CONCLUSION
The study of energy efficiency at the Federal Institute of the Espirito Santo - campus
Colatina raised the importance of the analysis of energy efficiency in public buildings,
especially institutes and federal universities as a way to save on energy consumption due
to environmental issues, as well as for dependent the transfer of public money.
The discussion covered in the research sought to investigate the potential energy of the
Institute, featuring its form and envelope so that it reaches a level of efficiency. With the
results of the survey of envelopment of the prerequisites and the calculation of the
consumption index, it was found that the thermal transmittance conditioned
environments was the limiting factor for a good performance in labeling.
In this case, we propose an improvement plan for that with a new thermal transmittance
value of the coverage was achieved the best possible level of energy efficiency. It also
justified the need to examine other indices relating to openings in facades and shading
angles in order to further improve the quality of the built space, making it more enjoyable
and saving in the building energy consumption.
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REFERENCES
AMORIM, Claudia Neves. Labeling of energy efficiency. Sustainable design - training managers
Esplanada-Brasília, 2012.
BRAZIL, Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade - MDIC. National Institute of
Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality - INMETRO. Ordinance No. 372 of 17 September
2010. Requirements Quality Technicians for Energy Efficiency Level Commercial Buildings, and Public
Services (RTQ -C). Rio de Janeiro, 2010.
BRAZIL, Mines and Energy Ministry. National Energy Balance - Base Year 2013 Summary Report.
2014.
CARLO, Joyce Correna. Development of methodology for evaluating energy efficiency of non-
residential building wrap, Florianópolis, 2008.p.11-23.
MORISHITA, Claudia. Regulation of the impact on energy efficiency in buildings in the consumption
of electricity in the Brazilian residential sector. (Doctoral thesis). Technology Center, Federal
University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2011. 232p.
PROCEL - EDIFICA, http: //www.procelinfo.com.br.acessado on March 28, 2015.
SOUZA, Roberta Vieira Gonçalves et al . Application Experience of RTQ -C in LABCOM - UFMG. In:
Proceedings ... ENTAC- XIV National Meeting of the Built Environment Technology, Canela / RS, 2010.
WEBPRESCRITIVO. Energy Efficiency Assessment Tool Commercial Buildings by Prescriptive
Method RTQ -C. Available in
<http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/sites/default/files/webprescritivo/index.html >. Accessed on: March
28, 2016.
468
Bioclimatic architecture and energy savings of the urban
housing in arid environments
Alejandra Kurbán
Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño, Instituto de
Estudios en Arquitectura Ambiental “Arq. Alberto Papparelli”
akurban@unsj.edu.ar
Mario Cúnsulo
Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño, Instituto de
Estudios en Arquitectura Ambiental “Arq. Alberto Papparelli”
mcunsulo@unsj.edu.ar
Analía Álvarez
Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño, Instituto de
Estudios en Arquitectura Ambiental “Arq. Alberto Papparelli”
ana_alv023@hotmail.com
Eduardo Montilla
Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño, Instituto de
Estudios en Arquitectura Ambiental “Arq. Alberto Papparelli”
alejo_montilla@yahoo.com.ar
Andrés Ortega
Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño, Instituto de
Estudios en Arquitectura Ambiental “Arq. Alberto Papparelli”
andresnec@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT: The energy consumption for thermal conditioning of urban dwellings located
in a zone of arid mesothermal climate is studied to identify its incidence in the household
energy structure. The study’s object is the city of San Juan (Argentina), located in the South
American arid diagonal. The hypothetical consumption of natural/liquefied gas and
electricity, per dwelling unit is estimated processing relieved data and calculating the
bioclimatic design strategies, if it had been bioclimatically designed. It is concluded that
the use of fossil energy for domestic thermal conditioning, constitutes about half of
electricity and gas consumption in Winter and 60% of electricity in the Summer. If the
housing had been bioclimatically designed, savings in electricity consumption would be
84% in winter and 46% in summer. For gas, the savings would reach 84%.
Keywords Bioclimatic Architecture, Energy Savings, Houses, Arid Environments.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Fossil fuels have been the drivers of the economy in the last 150 years, allowing that the
world's population multiplied six times. Therefore, the virtual exhaustion of those
reserves is currently one of the major problems with which the world civilization faces,
originated in its indiscriminate use as generators of energy resources. In Argentina,
according to INTI (2007), during 2002, 53% of the supply of primary energy was: natural
gas (40%), oil (6%), hydropower (2%), nuclear power, and other sources (5%). From the
supply with natural gas, 56% is consumed to condition buildings in the residential,
industrial, commercial, public sector and transportation purposes. According to the same
source, the main consumers of electricity are: industrial sector (44%), residential (29%)
and commercial and public (25%). The latter constituted by public offices, hospitals,
schools, shops and public lighting. According to ENARGAS (2005), the consumption of
natural gas by sector is as follows: residential 21%; Commercial 3%; Industrial 33%;
Energy Plants 31%; GNC (Compressed Natural Gas) 9%, others 3%. For 2006, the OLADE
registered in Argentina a 53% of natural gas demand, while oil was 33%.
The World Development Bank (BMD, 2007), in the Latin America Regional analysis explicit
that Argentina is the greatest consumer of household gas. This pressure generates the
urgent need to optimize its use due to the inefficiency of the own hydrocarbon reserves. In
line with the above, according to the CESLA - Centre for Latin American studies (2009),
Argentina is the main consumer of household gas in Latin America, widely beating the
second country (Venezuela) with 61% of the Latin American distribution (Argentina 308.4
Mill. TJ, Venezuela 45 Mill. TJ). In relation to the power consumption Argentina places in
3rd order with 109.4 Kv/h, after Brazil and Mexico. Comparing these values with the Latin
American energy generation capacity, Argentina is the 4th country in production of oil and
2nd in gas generation.
According to statistics of the Ministry of Economy, Argentina (2008), oil reserves have
fallen 25% in the period 2001-2005, in parallel to the fall in production. In the case of
natural gas, the situation is even more serious, because in the same period was consumed
40% of the reserves increasing the production only by 18%. In the aforementioned report
of 2006, OLADE refers to the natural gas consumption in Argentina by 2018 having an
increase of 102% taking the 2003 as base; of the 41% in oil; and the 93% in electric
power. On the other hand, the horizon of energy reserves in Argentina was for 2005 in the
petroleum case of 9.1 years and natural gas, 8.87 years. In Argentina, approximately one
third of the energy produced is consumed in and for the operation of buildings. Of this
amount, half is used to meet the demand for heating and cooling (INTI, 2005).
Furthermore, of the total demand of power according to the aforementioned OLADE
report, gas accounts for a very high percentage, 73.93%, discriminated against in natural
gas: 59.75% and liquefied petroleum gas: 14.18%. Argentina has increased the final per
capita energy consumption in the decade 1997/2006 about 11.5%, value far higher than
the Latin American average of 8.5%. Within this total and for the same period, residential
consumption increased by 23%, having decreased the Latin American average about 2%.
The current environmental crisis with respect to the non-renewable natural resources, in
combination with high levels of air pollution that affect the global climate change and in
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the creation of the heat island in the cities (Oke, 2006), generates inescapable social and
governmental responsibilities in general, requiring actions that work together to reverse
the serious effects. In this context of concepts, it is considered urgent the need to
contribute to savings of fossil energy, refocusing its application to generating productive
activities of capital goods or services and not to the residential sector, which is final and
not generates added value. Within the residential sector the thermal conditioning is one of
applications of conventional energy more easily replaceable, taking advantage of the
climate in the architecture through passive or hybrid systems.
This work studies the energy consumption in the residential sector in a city of arid area
located in the Centre-West of Argentina, identifies the structure of use and quantifies the
possible energy savings on the assumption of a housing bioclimatically designed.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Characterization of the Metropolitan Area of San Juan, Argentina
The arid ecosystems represent approximately 47% of the emerged lands of our planet and
14% of the world's population lives in them. In Argentina the arid zones make up 75% of
the territory, have only 12% of surface water resources and its population is
approximately 30% of the national total (Kurbán et al, 2015a). The Metropolitan Area of
San Juan located to the southeast of the province of the same name (south latitude: 31° 32'
24", west longitude: 69° 31' 48”) in the Central-Western Argentina Republic, comprises
Capital and the urban areas of Chimbas, Rawson, Rivadavia, Santa Lucia and Pocito
departments. It has an extent of 127Km2 (0.14% of the provincial territory), a population
of 458,229 inhabitants (67% of the provincial total) and a population density of 37
inhabitants per km2 (Papparelli et al, 2015). According to the characteristics of its spatial
distribution, the city can be divided into Urban Characteristic Bands (BUC): eminently
urban band (BUC EU), urban band (BUC UR), suburban band (BUC SU) and not urban band
(BUC NU). These bands can be defined as: continuous and homogeneous portion of urban
area, with urban index of similar value between two representative isolines of Land
Occupation Factor (FOS), that identify its territorial limits and the state of spatial situation;
it is presented as an area concentric to the main urban centre. (Papparelli et al, 2009). The
Land Occupation Factor (FOS) corresponding to each band is as follows (Papparelli et al,
2015b): BUC EU: FOS ≥ 40%; BUC UR: 40%> FOS ≥ 20%; BUC SU: 20% > FOS ≥ 5%; BUC
NU: 5%> FOS.
2.2 Population of each BUC of the San Juan Metropolitan Area (AMSJ)
The spatial distribution of the population in the AMSJ according to the Characteristic
Urban Bands was obtained by overlapping a plane of such BUC with census 2010 radios
(INDEC, 2010). The resulting population values were: BUC EU: 42,368 inhabitants,
implying a population density of 38inhab/Ha; BUC UR: 253,415 inhabitants, implying a
population density of 44inhab/Ha; BUC SU: 162,446 inhabitants, implying a population
density of 28inhab/Ha. Figure 1 shows the isolines of spatial distribution of population
density in the AMSJ overlapped with the Urban Characteristics Bands.
2.3 Urban Climate of the AMSJ
The anthropization process in urban areas involves an alteration of the natural climate
due to the increasing changes in the conditions of the original physical support produced
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W
EMINENTLY URBAN BAND
URBAN BAND
SUBURBAN BAND
The urban climate of the San Juan Metropolitan Area, is arid (Thornthwaite index =
0.0794) and Continental (Gorczynsky [K] index = 34.12), with high thermal amplitudes
daily, seasonal and annual (17.3 °C). Low values of humidity (average = 40.92%). Low
summer rainfall regimen (annual = 77.72mm). High solar radiation year-round
(490W/m2) as a result of a low and decreasing cloud cover level, and a water deficit of
979.28 mm. The most frequent wind throughout the year is from the south sector (average
7 km/h), with intense gusts associated with storms of dust in times of change of time.
Prior to the changes of time usually appears a local wind known as "Zonda", which is a
fohen effect, characterized by very dehydrated and torrid air that can last from some
hours to several days (Kurbán et al, 2015b). One of the most important aspects of the
urban climatology is the urban heat island phenomenon resulting from the alteration of
four physical mechanisms (Mazzeo, 1984). For the AMSJ, the heat island for 2011,
obtained from the processing of satellite images LANDSAT 5TM+, had a maximum
intensity of 5.0 °C for summer and 4.5 °C for winter (Cúnsulo et al, 2013). The effects of the
micro-climatic phenomenon are knit together with energy consumption, since in arid
zones the urban heat island generates significant discomfort conditions particularly
during the summer.
2.4 Bioclimatic Architecture
Despite the harshness of the arid climate of San Juan, the city has optimal climatic
conditions for its use in the design of passive conditioning systems. In this regard, the
statistics of the urban climate in the period 1995-2010 throws the following seasonal
average values (Ortega et al, 2013): Global Solar Radiation: Summer 614.96W/m2, Winter
349.92W/m2; South Wind Frequency: Summer 64.89 %, Winter 47.90 %; Dry Bulb
Temperature: Summer 32.59 °C, Winter 13.35 °C; Relative Humidity: Summer 41.40 %,
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Winter 41.90 %. The data show that for both seasons, the use of resources set up a very
workable strategy: in summer, with high radiation and high temperatures, is also high the
amount of hours a day in which blows the fresh wind of the southern quadrant with low
relative humidity. In winter, with lower temperatures, remain an important global solar
radiation and the frequency of winds from the South decreases markedly.
2.5 Structure by Use of the residential energy consumption in Argentina.
In Argentina, the residential sector consumed 9,890 ktep (1 tep: equivalent oil ton.) which
accounted 21.8% of the total final consumption of energy in the country in 2004 (Ministry
of economy, op. cit). The consumption in the same year differentiated by source was:
Natural Gas: 61.9%; Electricity: 19.6%; Liquefied Gas: 13.3%; Vegetal Carbon: 2.2%;
Kerosene: 1.4%; Wood: 1.0%; Wind: 0.6%. This indicates that the Natural Gas, Electricity
and Liquefied Gas, totalize 95% of residential consumption. Of the above values, 92.2%
correspond to urban households. According to the same source, in a "trend" scenario, i.e.
without explicit policies of structural changes, the 2015 projection indicates that
consumption will grow to 20,854 ktep. On the contrary, the increase would be 16,329 ktep
in a "structural" scenario, i.e. adopting dispositions of UEE (efficient use of energy), to
promote sustainability. Therefore, there would be savings of 21.7% compared with the
"trend" scenario. The national energy Balance for 2012 (Secretaría de Energía de la Nación
R.A., 2013) threw that the residential sector in Argentina consumed per type of energy (in
miles of tep): Primary energy: Wood 0.003, Other primary 0.007; Secondary energy:
Electricity 0.25, Natural Gas 0.63, Liquefied Gas 0.07, Vegetal Carbon 0.02, and Kerosene
0.03. Considering only electricity and Gas in the residential consumption, the values are:
Electricity 0.32, Natural Gas 0.90, Network Gas 0.44, and Liquefied Gas 0.46.
2.6 Energy consumption in the Metropolitan Area of San Juan
a) Consumption of Electric Energy: Statistics 2013 from the company that provides
the service of electrical energy in the AMSJ (Energía San Juan, 2014), breaks down
the consumption, as follows: Annual province consumption: 1,748,189 Mwh;
Annual residential consumption: 789,612 Mwh; Residential Users: 183,775 Users.
For the AMSJ; Annual consumption: 1,586,044 Mwh; Annual residential
consumption: 728,691 Mwh; Residential Users: 169,346.
b) Natural/liquefied Gas consumption: Distribuidora de Gas Cuyana S.A. 2011
statistics (Ecogas 2012), indicates that the annual volume of natural gas
consumption in the residential sector was 92,828,040m3. The Capital Department,
totalized a consumption of 30,968,672m3 corresponding to 34% of the total. In
relation to the percentage consumption (Ecogas, 2014), the residential sector
constituted in 2013 the 31.4% of the total delivered. According to the same source,
the number of residential customers in the AMSJ with natural gas totalized 94,025
users.
2.7 Spatial distribution of the residential energy consumption in the AMSJ
A consumption survey was performed over homes located in 64 areas of the AMSJ. These
areas were located in 64 urban nodes located in the AMSJ along the 16 main cardinal
directions according to a geometrical-mathematic method (Papparelli et al, 2009). This
method allows a representative sampling of the urban area through urban areas having
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different urban index, randomly identified. According to the bioclimatic strategies for the
city (Kurbán et al, 2013), July is the winter colder month and December the summer
warmest one. Therefore, the survey collected information from both months as
representative of the most extreme and rigorous by the arid climate seasons. For each
urban node 2 samples were considered relieving consumption of electric energy (KWh),
liquefied and natural gas (Kg or m3).
The data were geo-referenced (“x” and “y” coordinates) to the centre of the city (25 of May
square). The "z" coordinates corresponded to the value of energy consumption. To
transform into continuous, the punctual information concerning each variable, a software
that sits a soft surface on a grid of values x, y and z was used, and a three-dimensional
model was performed. Horizontal cuts to the models at a convenient equidistance were
made to obtain representative curves or isolines. Figure 2 shows the isolines of EE
(Electric Energy) and Gas consumption per dwelling, in the AMSJ for winter and summer,
overlapped to the cadaster of the city, with the three BUCs: predominantly urban, urban
and suburban.
Figure 2. Winter (top) and summer (bottom)electric energy (left) and gas consumption (right). (Source: own elaboration)
Analysing the distribution of energy consumption for housing, according to the Urban
Characteristic Bands, the averages per dwelling, according to each band were (Table 1):
Table 1. Energy consumption per dwelling and per BUC – AMSJ (Own elaboration)
Gas (m3) Electric Energy (KWh)
BUC
Summer Winter Summer Winter
EU 41 231 409 260
UR 37 185 516 309
SU 20 104 424 292
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Gr/Kg of dry
Gr/Kg of dry air
a) b)
air
Temperature ° Temperature °
In Table 2 are shown the hours corresponding to each design strategy, calculated for the
C
four seasons.
Table 2. Annual hours of bioclimatic design strategies by season in the AMSJ - year 2013. (Own elaboration)
PASSIVE STRATEGIES ACTIVE STRATEGIES COMFORT YEAR TOTAL
Hs of Mechanical
% Hs of Comfort
Passive Heating
Passive Cooling
Humidification
Humidification
% Hs of Active
% Hs of Active
Hs of Comfort
Hs of Passive
Hs of Passive
% Annual Hs
Hs of Active
Hs of Active
Mechanical
% Hours of
% Hours of
Annual Hs
Heating
Heating
Heating
% Hs of
Cooling
Cooling
Cooling
Season
Summer 43 838 2.0 38.7 0 639 0.0 29.5 48 2.2 596 27.6 2164 100
Fall 921 354 41.3 15.9 2 40 0.1 1.8 47 2.1 866 38.8 2230 100
Winter 1,684 34 75.8 1.5 198 0 8.9 0.0 253 11.4 54 2.4 2223 100
Spring 770 403 35.3 18.4 65 169 3.0 7.7 277 12.7 500 22.9 2184 100
2.8.1 Scenario 1(a): Structure of annual energy consumption for building thermal
conditioning, in the Metropolitan Area of San Juan
The consumption was calculated from 2 types of data survey (Kurbán et al, 2015a): type
and power of the appliance, and consumption checked for July, September and December.
The universe studied consisted of 7 houses of similar technology and located at the
different BUCs. The occupants varied from 1 to 6 people. The percentages of conventional
energy used in thermal conditioning in such months, considered as scenario1, were:
Heating: Natural/Liquefied Gas: 48%; Electric Energy: 42%; Cooling: 59%.
2.8.2 Scenario 1(b): Structure of seasonal energy consumption for building thermal
conditioning, by BUC and season.
The relieved data consumption for summer and winter, were weighted according to the
structure of energy consumption for thermal conditioning. These values were weighted
with the percentages of monthly total bioclimatic strategies (active and passive, Table 2),
obtaining the values of monthly energy consumption per dwelling for thermal
conditioning, without bioclimatic principles. The results are shown in Table 3.
2.8.3 Scenario 2: Energy consumption of the AMSJ with bioclimatic design.
Processing the values of Table 3, with the percentages of annual hours of passive
strategies (Table 2), the amount of gas and electricity that would be used if the
architecture of the houses would have considered bioclimatic design strategies was
calculated. This situation is called Scenario 2. The structures of consumption for this new
scenario are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.
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Table 3. Scenario 1: without using bioclimatic architecture. Energy consumption by dwelling for each BUC, to
get thermal conditioning in the AMSJ. (Own elaboration)
Heating Cooling Total EE
BUC Season
Gas (m3) EE (KWh) EE (KWh) (KWh)
Summer 7 7 610 617
Fall 148 146 175 320
EU Winter 281 277 113 390
Spring 126 124 318 443
Annual 562 554 1,216 1,770
Summer 6 9 769 778
Fall 118 173 220 393
UR Winter 225 329 143 472
Spring 101 148 402 549
Annual 450 659 1,534 2,192
Summer 3 8 632 640
Fall 67 163 181 344
SU Winter 127 127 118 244
Spring 57 139 330 470
Annual 254 437 1,261 1,698
Table 4. Scenario 2: using bioclimatic architecture. Energy consumption by dwelling
Heating Cooling
Season
Gas (m3) EE (KWh) EE (KWh)
Summer 1 1 429
Fall 24 19 77
Winter 90 71 133
Spring 35 28 256
Annual 151 118 894
Table 5. Scenario 2: using bioclimatic architecture. Energy seasonal consumption by housing of the AMSJ.
2.9 Savings in the energy consumption of housing for annual and seasonal thermal
conditioning in the AMSJ, using Bioclimatic Architecture.
From the Seasonal consumption in thermal conditioning in the city of San Juan and each
Urban Characteristic Band, without taking into account design strategies bioclimatic and
considering that housing have been designed bioclimatically, arise the following values of
energy savings (Table 6: for the whole AMSJ and Table 7: by BUC).
3. RESULTS
The annual percentage of hours, in summer and winter seasons, for each bioclimatic
architecture strategy, resulted:
Annual: HEATING 41.8%: Active 3.02%, Passive 38.78%; COMFORT 22.97%; COOLING:
35.23%: Active 18.44%, Passive 16.79%.
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Winter: HEATING 84.98%: Active 9.01%, Passive 75.97%; COMFORT 2.46%; PASSIVE
COOLING 1.55%; ACTIVE HUMIDIFICATION 11.02%.
Summer: HEATING 1.99%: Active 0.00%, Passive 1.99%; COMFORT 27.54%; PASSIVE
COOLING 38.72%; ACTIVE COOLING AND HUMIDIFICATION 31.75%.
Spring: HEATING 38.23%; Active 2.98%; Passive 35.26%; COMFORT 22.89; PASSIVE
COOLING 18.45%; ACTIVE COOLING AND HUMIDIFICATION 29.42%
Fall: HEATING 41.39%; Active 0.09%; Passive 41.30%; COMFORT38.83%; PASSIVE
COOLING 15.87%; ACTIVE COOLING AND HUMIDIFICATION 3.90%
The current values for total energy consumption per year, used for thermal conditioning of
a house in the AMSJ, without using principles of bioclimatic architecture and the calculated
according to the bioclimatic design strategies, if applied, were:
Without Bioclimatic Architecture: Gas 933 m3; Electric Energy 2283KWh
With Bioclimatic Architecture: Gas 151m3; Electric Energy 1013KWh
The above values show that the percentages of each type of energy savings, if homes were
been designed following bioclimatic principles, result: Gas = 84%; EE = 56%.
Table 6. Seasonal and annual energy savings in the AMSJ using Bioclimatic Architecture. (Own elaboration)
Heating Cooling
Season
Gas (m3) EE (KWh) EE (KWh)
Summer 11 9 350
Fall 221 173 146
Winter 376 295 12
Spring 174 136 151
Annual 782 613 658
Table 7. Annual and seasonal energy savings by BUC using Bioclimatic Architecture. (Own elaboration)
4. CONCLUSIONS
The study of the energy consumption for thermal conditioning of houses in a city of arid
zone, such as the San Juan Metropolitan Area, indicates that during the winter, about half
of the electric energy and Natural/Liquefied Gas is destined to such use. During the
summer, that percentage amounts to 60% of the total electric energy consumption.
The savings in electric energy for conditioning of dwellings if bioclimatically designed
would be 84% in winter and 46% in summer. In the case of the Natural/Liquefied Gas, the
savings would reach 84%.
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Considering that the San Juan Metropolitan Area represents 0.14% of the provincial
territory (127Km2 of 89,651 Km2) and has 67% of the total population of the province
(458,230 inhabitants of 681,055 inhabitants) (Papparelli et al, 2015c), the contribution to
the residential energy savings that would provide the use of bioclimatic architecture,
would be highly significant.
If such energy savings were extrapolated to cities with similar urban conditions than San
Juan located in arid meso-thermal and warm zones, the contribution that would be made
to energy self-sufficiency, using bioclimatic architecture in their respective urban housing
parks would be substantial.
REFERENCES
BMD (Banco Mundial de Desarrollo) 2007. Energía y BMD: Análisis Regional América Latina.
CESLA (Centro Estudios Latin.) 2009. Anuario 2009. Comparativa Estad, Amb. Energía y Minería.
Cúnsulo, M., Kurbán, A. 2013. Procesamiento de datos térmicos satelitales para la obtención de la
Isla de Calor Urbana. AVERMA Volumen 1. ISSN 0329-5184; Pp. 11.11 a 11.18.
ECOGAS - Distribuidora de Gas Cuyana S.A. 2014. Distribución de consumo en la Provincia de San
Juan según tipo de Usuarios. Nota GC Nº 1865/14. Fecha: 21 de abril de 2014
ECOGAS. 2012. Informe Específico de “Consumo Doméstico en m3/9.300Kcal (Provincia de San
Juan). Adjunto a Nota GC Nº1345/12. Fecha: 27 de marzo de 2012.
ENARGAS (Ente Nacional Regulador de Gas) 2005 http://web.ing.puc.cl/”power
Energía San Juan. 2014. Datos consumo energía eléctrica en Provincia de San Juan y Gran San Juan.
INDEC R.A. (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. República Argentina). 2010. Censo Nacional
de Población y Vivienda 2010.
INTI R.A. 2007. Saber Cómo. Ahorro y certificación energética: la envolvente de los edificios.
INTI R.A. 2005. Demanda de calefacción y enfriamiento edilicio.
Kurbán A., Cúnsulo M., Montilla E., Ortega A. 2013. Planificación urbana y diseño bioclimático en
ambientes áridos. Monitoreo clima urbano en el ÁMSJ. AVERMA Vol. 1. ISSN 0329-5184; Pp. 11.19 a
11.28. Argentina.
Kurbán, A., Cúnsulo, M., Álvarez, A., Montilla, E.; Ortega, A. 2015(a) The role of bioclimatic
architecture in the reduction of the emission of CO2 in arid environments. Environmental Science:
An Indian Journal. Ed. Trade Science Inc ISSN 0974-7451. Volume 11 Issue 6. Pp. 171/178. India.
Kurbán, A., Cúnsulo, M., Matar, M., Ortega, A., Ripoll, V. 2015(b). Prototipo bioclimático de vivienda
social para zona árida urbana. ASADES’15 – XXXVIII Reunión de trabajo. San Rafael, Mendoza,
Argentina, 10-13 Nov. 2015.
Kurbán, A.; Cúnsulo, M.; Montilla, E.; Ortega, A.; Álvarez. (2014) Ahorro Energético con Arquitectura
Bioclimática en Áreas Urbanas de Zonas Áridas. PICTO 2009. ANPCyT-UNSJ.
Mazzeo, N. 1984. Aplicaciones del diagnóstico climático a problemas relacionados con el urbanismo.
Apuntes de cátedra, UBA. Buenos Aires.
Oke, T. R. 2006. Towards better scientific communication in urban climate. Theoretical and Applied
Climatology, 84, 179-190.
OLADE. 2006. Informe de Estadísticas energéticas.
Ortega, A., Montilla E., Cúnsulo M. 2013. Clima Urbano Árido. Base de datos para estudios del Área
Metropolitana de San Juan. AVERMA Vol. 1. Págs. 11.29 a 11.36. 2013) ISBN 978-987-29873-0-5.
Papparelli, A., Kurbán, A., Cúnsulo, M., Montilla, E. 2015. Características de la distribución espacial
del Área Metropolitana de San Juan. ISBN 978-987-3607-84-4 Edit. NOBUKO. Buenos Aires.
Papparelli, A., Kurbán, A., Cúnsulo, M. 2009. Planificación Sustentable del Espacio Urbano. ISBN
978-987-584-196-3. Edit. Klickzowski/NOBUKO. Argentina.
Ministerio de Economía. Argentina 2008. Elementos para el diagnóstico y desarrollo de la
planificación energética nacional. 2008-2025... Secretaría de Energía - Grupo de Planeamiento
Estratégico.
Secretaría de Energía de la Nación. E.A. 2013. Balance Energético Nacional del año 2012,
Watson, D., Faia y Kenneth Labs. 1983. Climatic Design. Ed. Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company. USA.
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Daylight in the Museum: Luminance distribution study
using hdr photographs
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1. INTRODUCTION
Daylight does not just create a sensation of well-being; it allows saving in energy by
needing less artificial lighting to light up our spaces. The impact of light on the museum
and artistic exhibition galleries conditions the light settings of the exhibition space
housing them. The integration of natural light is complex due to the dynamics of light, its
daily and seasonal variations, since stable lighting conditions are required in the
exhibition area with a uniform distribution and without sunlight penetrating through.
The photometric characteristics of daylight cannot be replaced by artificial means, since
its visible spectrum and color performance permit an excellent chromatic reproduction
that favors the perception of the exhibited works. Its architectonic integration must be
done considering the specific criteria of perception and conservation, where the objective
is allowing that the exhibited elements are clearly perceived without causing any type of
degenerative effect on the material of the exhibited works. On introducing daylight as a
strategy for lighting exhibition areas, conditions must be created to obtain the visual
comfort of the people visiting the museum and, at the same time, to reduce the damage to
the exhibited objects as much as possible. The correct use of light in the exhibition area
setup is key, as its integration enhances the lit room and, with this, the exhibition itself.
This investigation is focused on the light evaluation of an architectonic intervention at the
Chilean Pre-Columbian Art Museum (MCAP), where we find pieces made from diverse
materials, like stone, textiles, a variety of pigments, wood, metal and others, some of which
date back more than three thousand years. The idea of analyzing the light-exhibition area
relationship starts from the conservation criteria of the works. The evaluation is done
through high dynamic range photographs, a method which allows accurately reproducing
the light setting. Different scenes were evaluated to find out the luminance variations
between the different architectonic elements and the exhibition elements in the observer's
field of vision.
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Table 1 Illuminance range for each material without exposing it to damage (source: Rodríguez
Alvarez, 2016).
Max.
Lux/hour per year
Material recommended
value
Watercolors, fabric, paper, engravings,
50 lx 54,000 lx
tapestries
Oil paintings, tempera, bones, marble,
200 lx 500,000 lx
leather.
Stone, metal, ceramics, wood, photos 300 lx Depends on the exhibiting conditions.
Light distribution and contrast are equally important in the visual perception of the
exhibited objects. The distribution of luminance in the visual field affects the visual
comfort of the people visiting the museum. Luminance (cd/m2) or photometric brightness
was considered as a relevant factor within the lighting of the museums. This expresses the
brightness of the light sources or of the objects lit, determining the visual sensation
produced at the scene (Sanz, 2011). It is considered the luminances that are too high can
lead to glare; on the other hand, contrasts of luminances that are too high can cause visual
fatigue due to the constant readapting of the eyes and, finally, luminances and contrasts of
luminances that are too low can lead to a monotonous and not very stimulating room
(IDAE Guía Tecnica, 2005).
Luminance is evaluated in regards to the contrast between the object and the background.
In museum rooms, a favorable ratio between the luminance reflected on the object and the
luminances of other surfaces around the field of vision create suitable perceptions of the
exhibited objects (Boyce, 2003). A balance between the object and the background or
surrounding space can be: between the object and the darkest setting 3:1; between the
object and darkest distant surfaces 10:1; and a maximum contrast of 40:1 (IDAE Guía
Tecnica, 2005). According to Steven Hefferan (2008), the appropriate luminances ratio for
a museum cannot surpass 3:1 between the object and its immediate surroundings.
In this study, the luminance on the object and on other surfaces in the visual field will be
evaluated through High Dynamic Range (HDR) photographs of the different scenes or
settings within the museum, evaluating whether these comply with the luminance ratio
defined.
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The measurements were made on October 28th and 29th 2015, under clear skies in the city
of Santiago. The measurements of both luminance and illuminance were made at three
times of the day (12, 3, 6 pm) which covers the museum's opening times. In Figure 2, the
views considered in each one of the two exhibition areas analyzed are shown. The light
evaluation is done on two scales: the first considers the perception at a spatial scale of the
exhibition area, analyzing the objects-space ratio and the second considers a closer scale,
analyzing the object-exposed background ratio.
Figure 1. MCAP Cross-section view. The zones outlined in red are the ones that were evaluated,
with their corresponding lighting strategy (source: own preparation).
Figure 2. Views and visual field analyzed in regards to the exhibition space (source: own
preparation).
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Figure 4. View 1 "Chile before Chile - 12, 3 and 6pm - Exhibition Area. A) HDR Images b) False Color
(Source: own preparation).
In Figure 5. View 2 "Chile before Chile" 12, 3 and 6pm - Exhibition Area. A) HDR Images b) False
Color (Source: own preparation).
, View 2 "Chile before Chile" has a filtered zenith light entrance; it is seen that the
luminances values allow creating a difference between the background and the exhibited
object, with a 3:1 ratio between them. The luminance of the exhibited object is above 37.5
cd/m2 and the background of the observer's field of vision has luminances below 12.5-17.5
cd/m2 providing, in this way, a luminance ratio of close to 3:1 between the object and the
darkest setting. As a result, it can be seen that the objects are the protagonists within the
exhibition area of the area analyzed.
Figure 5. View 2 "Chile before Chile" 12, 3 and 6pm - Exhibition Area. A) HDR Images b) False Color
(Source: own preparation).
Two scenes were selected from the "America" exhibition area located on the second floor,
which has bilateral lighting. In View 1 "America", on one side, the window rhythmically
lights the space and, on the other face, indirect lighting shines through from the hallway
which is related to the light well. In the case of View 2 "America", this has indirect lighting
on both sides from a light well (see Fig. 2).
In Figure 6, View 1 "America" 12, 3 and 6pm - Exhibition Area. A) HDR Images b) False Color
(Source: own preparation)., corresponding to View 1 "America", we can see in all the
periods evaluated that there is not a great contrast between the surrounding area and the
exhibited objects. The luminance values of the objects are low, between 12-15 cd/m2, and
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the luminance of the surrounding walls is between 37.5-87.5 cd/m2, with an inverted
luminance ratio between the background and the exhibited object. The background has
higher luminances than the objects, which does not favor their perception.
Figure 6, View 1 "America" 12, 3 and 6pm - Exhibition Area. A) HDR Images b) False Color (Source:
own preparation).
In Figure 7. View 2 "America" - 12, 3 and 6pm - Exhibition Area. A) HDR Images b) False Color
(Source: own preparation)., which corresponds to View 2 "America", it is seen that the
contributions of daylight are higher than the ones the exhibition area provides. Luminance
values in the indirect lighting areas are over 162.6 cd/m2; this raises the luminance of the
surrounding walls, which have values between 62.5-112.4 cd/m2 at the different times.
According to the 3:1 luminance ratio, 4:1 is given, while the central sculpture has
luminance values above 150 cd/m2 from the artificial light in regards to the background of
the space observed and we can see that the other objects melt into the space.
Figure 7. View 2 "America" - 12, 3 and 6pm - Exhibition Area. A) HDR Images b) False Color (Source:
own preparation).
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measurements on the glass displays at the height of the observer, to evaluate whether the
illumination levels fall within the ranges recommended for the conservation.
The false color images of the three moments evaluated are shown in Figure 6. Views on "America"
Displays 12, 3 and 6pm - Object and background ratio. False Color Images (Source: own preparation)
. On analyzing the luminances ratio between exhibited objects and the background, this is
inverted in terms of the recommendations (3:1) on the four displays evaluated (see Table
2). The background has luminances which exceed 162.5 cd/m2. Negative effects are
produced on facing the display, since our eye physiologically directs the look to the area
with the highest luminances, which produces visual discomfort and the exhibited objects
are not clearly read.
Figure 6. Views on "America" Displays 12, 3 and 6pm - Object and background ratio. False Color
Images (Source: own preparation)
In regards to the illuminance, we can see that in all the displays evaluated, the exhibition
has illuminance values within recommended ranges (under 300 lux) for a suitable
conservation (see Table 2). However, these are low in relation to the background, which
does not favor contrast and the proper showcasing of the objects.
Table 2. Luminance and illuminance values at 12, 3 and 6 pm. Object and background ratio. Views in
"America" Displays (source: own preparation).
The false color images of two scenes which exhibited objects in the hallway are shown in Figure 7.
Views in "America" hallway at 12, 3 and 6pm. Object and background ration. False Color Images
(source: own preparation).
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. This object is lost in the lit background. In the scene Hallway 1, the luminance ratio of 3:1
does not occur at any time. However, in the scene Hallway 2, a luminance ratio of close to
3:1 is given. The exhibited object has an artificial light source which allows increasing the
light contribution. In the two hallway scenes, the objects exhibited there have illuminance
values evaluated that are above the recommended maximum value (see Table 3).
Figure 7. Views in "America" hallway at 12, 3 and 6pm. Object and background ration. False Color
Images (source: own preparation).
Table 3. Luminance and illuminance values at 12, 3 and 6pm. Object and background ratio. Views in
"America" Displays (source: own preparation).
5. CONCLUSIONS
In regards to the evaluation of the exhibition space "Chile before Chile", it is concluded that
dim lighting contributes to creating an atmosphere where the objects are highlighted by
the contrast despite the luminances being low, especially in View 2. The architecture, with
its dark wall and floor finish, greatly contributes to the objects being the protagonists,
helped by weak artificial lighting, but that despite this, is enough for its correct
understanding. It is important to highlight, in an exhibition space, that even though the
luminances are low, our visual system will adapt, being able to clearly recognize the
highlighted objects. In regards to the exhibited object - background evaluation in the
"America" exhibition, we find that the luminance differences between the object and
background is completely inverted. The background presents very high luminances, the
3:1 ratio is not given, so the exhibited objects are not protagonists in the space.
This investigation, in spite of its limitations, used photographs that provide a method
which allowed us to quickly make measurements in a space where people move through.
It also allowed us to display the real effect of light, as this intervenes in the exhibition area
to, in this way, be able to distinguish accurately the luminances of the exhibition area.
The museum analyzed has one of the largest museographic works in the history of
Museums in Chile. It is difficult to have complete control of the environmental parameters
that intervene in the conservation, like temperature and humidity. A complementary study
would enhance the information collated by this work. The perception could be
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complemented with perception surveys of the people visiting the museum. This has been
suggested for a future project.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research arose from a joint project with the Architecture and Sustainable
Construction Research Group of Universidad del Bio Bio, as well as from a research project
made by final year students in Universidad del Bio Bio's Architecture School.
REFERENCES
Anaokar, S., & Moeck, M. 2005. Validation of High Dynamic Range Imaging to Luminance
Measurement. LEUKOS, 2(2), 133–144. http://doi.org/10.1582/LEUKOS.2005.02.02.005
Boyce, P. R. 2003. Human Factors in Lighting . Taylor & Francis (2nd ed.).
Hefferan, S. 2008. Working with daylight in the museum environment. WAAC Newsletter, 30(1), 22–
24.
IDAE Guía Tecnica. 2005. Aprovechamiento de la luz natural en la iluminación de edificios. IDAE,
CEI.
Inanici, M. 2010. Evalution of High Dynamic Range Image-Based Sky Models in Lighting Simulation.
Leukos, 7(2), 69–84. http://doi.org/10.1582/LEUKOS.2010.07.02001
Inanici, M., & Galvin, J. 2004. Evaluation of high dynamic range photography as a luminance
mapping technique.
Inanici, M. N. 2006. Evaluation of high dynamic range photography as a luminance data acquisition
system. Lighting Research and Technology, 38(2), 123–134.
Michalski, S. 1997. The lighting decision. Fabric of an.
Piderit, M. B., Cauwerts, C., & Diaz, M. 2014. Definition of the CIE standard skies and application of
high dynamic range imaging technique to characterize the spatial distribution of daylight in Chile |
Definición de cielos CIE estándar y aplicación de fotografías de alto rango dinámico para caracter.
Revista de La Construccion, 13(2), 22–30.
Rodríguez Alvarez, A. (n.d.). Iluminación para interiores, Museos y galerías de arte . Retrieved from
http://www.iluminet.com/iluminacion-en-museos-y-galerias-de-arte/
Sanz, M. P. G. 2011. Iluminación en el Puesto de Trabajo. Criterios para su evaluación y
acondicionamiento.Línea].Available:Http://www.Insht.es/Ergonomia2/Contenidos/Promocionales/Il
uminacion/ficheros/IluminacionPuestosTrabajoN. Pdf [Último Acceso: Octubre 2014].
Thomson, G. 2013. The museum environment. Elsevier.
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Sistema de cogeração de energia: O caso de uma indústria
cerâmica
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Na década de 70, com a crise do petróleo, houve um consenso global sobre a necessidade da
geração de energia a partir de outras fontes, visto a alta no valor do petróleo e a incerteza
de fornecimento de seus derivados. Neste momento, muitos países investiram em pesquisas
que contribuíram para redução da dependência deste combustível. Nesse contexto, o Brasil
começou a investir em fontes alternativas ao petróleo, sendo um dos pioneiros na
implantação de hidrelétricas, fonte responsável por cerca de 65% da energia gerada no país,
segundo a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica-ANEEL (2015).
Este modelo de produção de energia funcionou satisfatoriamente até o ano de 2001,
quando, devido ao período de seca prolongada, o Brasil passou por uma crise energética,
com racionamento de 20% do consumo de energia elétrica, o que promoveu várias
mudanças no setor energético (Oliveira, 2014). Em 2015, ocorreu novamente um longo
período de seca, aumentando o uso das usinas termelétricas e a elevação da tarifa de
energia. Mendes & Pinto (2011, p. 8) afirmam que “a reforma realizada na indústria de
eletricidade brasileira não foi suficiente, porém, para definir um ambiente institucional
disciplinado [...]”, o que tornou “[...] o ambiente de geração e comercialização de energia
elétrica complexo, encarecendo os custos envolvidos nos processos […]”. Além disso,
existem lacunas no setor, como a confiabilidade do suprimento e o cálculo das tarifas.
Neste contexto, grandes indústrias optam pela cogeração, fonte de energia alternativa
criada no final do século XIX e definida como “[...] processo de produção combinada de
energia eléctrica e térmica, destinando-se ambas a consumo próprio ou de terceiros, com
respeito pelas condições previstas em lei [...]” (Brasil, 2005, p. 3). O setor industrial precisa
ter uma fonte de energia competitiva e com garantia de continuidade de fornecimento
(Mendes & Pinto, 2011). Assim, após o início da operação do gasoduto Brasil-Bolívia em
2000, o gás natural tem sido uma alternativa às indústrias brasileiras (Tavares, 2006).
Desta forma, após estudos de viabilidade, uma indústria cerâmica de grande porte, situada
no Espírito Santo (Brasil), construiu sua própria usina de cogeração de energia a partir do
gás natural. Em 2008, implantou a primeira turbina e em 2014 ampliou o sistema com uma
segunda turbina de cogeração, tornando-se praticamente independente da concessionária
local de energia elétrica (Cavalcanti, 2016).
Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa estudar a eficiência e a viabilidade do sistema de
cogeração de energia com turbina a gás natural, implantado nesta indústria cerâmica,
considerando os aspectos técnicos, ambientais e econômicos. Para o desenvolvimento deste
trabalho foram realizadas revisão bibliográfica, entrevista com o gerente do setor
responsável pela implantação da planta de cogeração, levantamento e análise de dados.
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que ocorre nos extremos de uma estrutura de material semicondutor, produzida pela
absorção da radiação (Moreira Júnior 2009, Lopez 2012).
O uso das fontes de energia eólica e solar possui vantagens, por serem fontes de energia
limpas e isentas de gases poluentes, renováveis, além de disponibilidade em todo território
nacional produzindo menor impacto ambiental. Entretanto, há a variação da produção de
energia em função dos fatores climáticos, além de requerem para sua implantação, alto
investimento e a uma vasta área, fato que leva grandes indústrias, que visam retorno
econômico em médio prazo, a optarem por sistemas de cogeração.
A cogeração é a produção combinada de energia térmica e elétrica, calor de processo e
potência elétrica, a partir da energia disponibilizada por um ou mais combustíveis, como
óleo, gás natural, biomassa, gás propano ou resíduos industriais, entretanto o gás natural é
o combustível que possui maior rendimento (Cardoso 2011, ANEEL 2015). A queima de
combustíveis fósseis, nas usinas termelétricas convencionais, possui uma eficiência térmica
entre 30 e 40% (Fig. 1), na cogeração, a energia que seria perdida em forma de calor é
aproveitada, possibilitando que a eficiência de até 85% (Ferrão & Weber, 2001).
De acordo com Santos (2010), a cogeração pode ser classificada em dois tipos: topping ou
bottoming. No sistema topping, inicialmente é gerado a energia mecânica que aciona um
turbogerador (TG), gerando assim a energia elétrica e, posteriormente, a energia térmica
advinda dos gases de combustão. No ciclo bottoming, ocorre o inverso, primeiro gera-se
energia térmica com a queima do combustível e os gases gerados na combustão são
utilizados para geração de energia elétrica através de uma turbina a vapor.
No sistema bottoming, o calor rejeitado pelos processos industriais apresenta baixa
temperatura para produção de energia mecânica, o que leva a menor eficiência quanto a
produção de energia elétrica quando comparada ao sistema tipo topping, que trabalha com
temperaturas mais elevadas obtidas da queima direta de combustíveis. Neste sistema, o
rejeito da geração elétrica é aproveitado como calor, que pode usado como uma fonte de
energia para equipamentos secadores, principalmente em indústrias cerâmicas,
apresentando alta eficiência também no uso da energia térmica.
Para Schechtman (2012), a implantação de uma planta de cogeração numa indústria tem
vantagens como: redução do custo com energia; geração de receita através da venda do
excedente de energia produzida; maior confiabilidade no fornecimento de energia; redução
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Já o sistema de turbinas a gás (Fig. 3), o mais utilizado quando se trata de cogeração de
energia, é composto basicamente por compressor, câmara de combustão e turbina de
expansão. Este sistema trabalha em ciclo aberto em que o ar atmosférico é comprimido
várias vezes pelo compressor e levado para a câmara de combustão, onde é inserido um
combustível e se gera fogo. O vapor proveniente desta combustão expande-se de tal forma
que é capaz de converter a energia presente em forma de vapor em energia mecânica,
possibilitando que o rotor da turbina gire e produza energia elétrica (Barja, 2006).
Segundo Nogueira et al. (2004), este último sistema tem como vantagens o baixo custo de
instalação, disponibilidade abundante de combustível (gás natural) no mercado, alta
eficiência e baixo custo de manutenção, além de reduzir a emissão de resíduos e gases
poluentes, quando comparado à cogeração com outros combustíveis.
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Além disso, os gases gerados pelas turbinas a gás são reaproveitados em alguns processos
térmicos como, secadores com automatização e fornos de reaquecimento. Para Brasil
(2005), a maior vantagem deste sistema em relação à turbina a vapor, é a necessidade de
baixa manutenção, pois o fluído utilizado é limpo e em temperatura não muito elevada.
Desta forma, se forem realizadas as manutenções preventivas sua vida útil pode ser
ampliada em décadas, tornando-a uma tecnologia mais viável na maioria das situações.
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6. ANÁLISE DA IMPLANTAÇÃO
Para a implantação da planta de cogeração foram realizados estudos de viabilidade
econômica e técnica, regulamentação estatal, além da construção de um local específico e
adequado para instalação dos turbogeradores. O estudo de viabilidade técnica determinou
o sistema de cogeração a ser empregado na indústria, sendo adotado o Ciclo Brayton
(turbina a gás), devido à rede de gás natural (GN) que passa em frente à indústria. Já o
estudo de viabilidade econômica envolveu os custos do GN e da energia na concessionária
local, a venda do excedente de energia elétrica proveniente da turbina e o custo de GN para
a turbina gerar energia, como mostra a Tabela 1 (Cavalvanti, 2016).
Tabela 1. Valores de Energia Elétrica (EE) e Gás Natural (GN) em 2015. Fonte: Adaptada Cavalcanti (2016).
GN compra 25,50 R$/GJ
EE compra mercado local 118,30 R$/GJ
EE venda excedente 61,10 R$/GJ
GN para TG gerar em ciclo aberto 85,00 R$/GJ
Com a instalação deste turbogerador, a fábrica passou a produzir cerca de 58% da energia
total consumida/mês, sendo o restante proveniente do mercado de energia. Além do
aproveitamento de 60% da energia térmica para evaporação da água da massa no
atomizador. Como demonstra a Tabela 3, o projeto foi satisfatório à economia da indústria,
proporcionando um retorno de investimento de 4 anos. Com a receita positiva gerada pelo
projeto, a indústria pôde investir em novas tecnologias de produção, a fim de aprimorar a
qualidade de seus produtos e manter a competitividade no mercado (Cavalvanti, 2016).
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Cada turbogerador possui uma saída de ar para atmosfera, que é utilizada quando os
atomizadores não utilizam toda energia térmica gerada pelas turbinas, então a energia
excedente é jogada para a atmosfera.
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7. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Diante do exposto, observa-se que a cogeração apresenta-se como uma tecnologia de
produção combinada entre energia elétrica e energia térmica, que proporciona diversos
benefícios e que podem, essencialmente, ser categorizados em econômicos, sociais e
ambientais.
Na indústria estudada, a escolha do sistema topping de cogeração contribuiu para o sucesso
da implantação, tendo em vista que este sistema gera, através do turbogerador à gás (TG),
energia elétrica, aproveitando o ar quente das turbinas (energia térmica) para alimentar os
atomizadores que evaporam a água das matérias primas, economizando combustível para
este fim.
A utilização da energia térmica para secagem da massa úmida é um ponto relevante, visto
que antes era necessário utilizar a queima do gás natural para secagem da massa, elevando
o custo da produção. Já as turbinas a vapor, sistema Bottoming, não seriam tão eficientes
neste caso pois o calor rejeitado pelos processos industriais apresenta baixa temperatura
para produção de energia mecânica, levando a menor eficiência quanto a produção de
energia elétrica quando comparada ao sistema tipo topping. Logo, para indústrias de
cerâmica que utilizam a massa úmida no processo de produção e possuem uma alta
demanda de energia elétrica no parque fabril, a implantação da planta de cogeração no
sistema topping pode ser muito vantajosa.
Outro fator determinante para a escolha do tipo de turbina a ser implantada foi a presença
da tubulação de distribuição de gás natural sob a via em frente à indústria. Além disso, a
disponibilidade de um local próximo aos atomizadores para a locação dos turbogeradores
também foi de extrema importância, visto a necessidade do máximo aproveitamento da
energia térmica gerada, aspecto relevante na implantação da planta de cogeração.
Com a geração combinada de energia elétrica e térmica, depois de implantados os dois
turbogeradores, a indústria chegou a ser autossuficiente em energia elétrica por um tempo,
porém, devido às ampliações na fábrica, nos dias atuais produz cerca de 90% da energia
consumida. Notou-se que, apesar do alto investimento inicial, o retorno financeiro é de
aproximadamente quatro anos, o que é extremamente benéfico para a empresa. Além disso,
a energia advinda da concessionária muitas vezes apresentava falhas durante a transmissão,
gerando transtornos na produção, desligamento de máquinas e, consequentemente,
prejuízos. Logo, a implantação da planta de cogeração resultou na redução de paradas na
linha de produção, redução de gastos com energia, com consequente aumento do lucro da
empresa, além da utilização de uma energia menos poluente, preservando desta forma o
ambiente. Esta economia pôde ser revertida em ações para melhoria da qualidade de vida
das pessoas diretamente ligadas às atividades da produção dos revestimentos cerâmicos,
bem como para o marketing da empresa.
REFERÊNCIAS
Abreu, Y. V. Estudo Comparativo da Eficiência Energética da Indústria da Cerâmica de Revestimento
Via Úmidano Brasil e na Espanha. 2001. 135 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Mecânica) –
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, 2001.
Agência Nacional De Energia Elétrica. Energia Hidráulica. Brasília: ANEEL. (13 p. – Atlas de Energia
Elétrica do Brasil, Parte II – Fontes Renováveis). Disponível em:
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Inovação e integração de sistemas bioclimáticos em
arquitetura para clima temperado: Perspectivas futuras
Fabrizio Tucci
Universidade ´La Sapienza´ di Roma, Dipartimento di Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell´
Architettura, Roma, Italia
fabrizio.tucci@uniroma1.it
Ingrid Fonseca
Universidade ´La Sapienza´ di Roma, Dipartimento di Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell´
Architettura, Roma, Italia
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Grupo de Estudos em
Arquitetura, Conforto Ambiental e Eficiência Energética, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil
ingrid.c.l.fonseca@gmail.com
RESUMO: Com objetivo de atingir níveis cada vez maiores de eficiência energética em
edificações, profissionais da arquitetura e engenharia buscam constantemente o
aprimoramento de soluções que permitam alcançá-los. Após um percurso de pesquisas e
aplicações de estratégias de modo individual, hoje sabe-se da importância de usá-las de
modo combinado, como medida mais eficaz. Assim, a prática da arquitetura bioclimática
aliada à incorporação de tecnologias para integração das energias renováveis em
edificações possibilita nos aproximarmos do conceito de NZEB (Nearly Zero-Energy
Building), introduzido pela Comunidade Europeia em 2010, que se refere a edifícios com
consumo energético muito baixo ou quase nulo. Soma-se a isso a importante necessidade
da continuidade de investimento em técnicas inovadoras e programas de incentivo para tal.
O artigo, fruto de pesquisa de pós-doutoramento em andamento na Università “La Sapienza”
di Roma em parceira com o AMBEE/UFRJ, tem como objetivos principais evidenciar a
importância: (i) da integração de estratégias e tecnologias aplicáveis a clima temperado de
modo combinado na busca dos NZEB; (ii) de pesquisas e programas de incentivos para tal.
Para isso delineou-se a metodologia, apresentando inicialmente as estratégias passivas
recomendadas para redução do consumo energético e as principais tecnologias para
aproveitamento de fontes renováveis de energia. Na sequência, apresenta e discute medidas
de incentivo na busca dos NZEB, considerando a integração das estratégias apontadas.
Como resultados principais, tem-se a comprovação da eficiência da integração dos sistemas,
destaca-se o papel do invólucro arquitetônico como filtro seletivo e polivalente e a
necessidade de integração dos diversos atores envolvidos nesta busca.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O cenário de crise ambiental global exigiu dos profissionais da arquitetura e engenharia
uma importante mudança de atitude ao projetar e construir de modo a perseguir o objetivo
de redução de consumo pelas edificações. E neste contexto a tecnologia passou a ter papel
fundamental, não mais como aquela capaz de possibilitar que todo e qualquer edifício em
qualquer contexto climático pudesse funcionar de modo adequado e gerar condições ótimas
de conforto ambiental, ainda que a um alto custo energético e econômico. Mas de modo
diverso, diante da necessidade de redução de consumo de energia, esta passou a ter papel
relevante como aquela capaz de oferecer recursos e conhecimentos específicos para o
desenvolvimento de métodos e ferramentas que, através de pesquisas e de modo aplicado,
favoreçam a eficiência no uso de energia. E na área de conhecimento da tecnologia, vencer
o desafio de projetar edifícios eficientes encontra seu espaço e possibilidades talvez como
em nenhuma outra área de pesquisa e atuação, fazendo dela uma importante aliada nesta
busca.
Quando a crise energética atingiu seu ápice fomos obrigados a reduzir sua demanda pelas
edificações e incorporar definitivamente práticas sustentáveis com atenção ao ciclo de vida
da cadeia construtiva. Inicialmente, a redução da demanda de energia nos fez voltar a
atenção à prática da arquitetura bioclimática, tirando partido dos recursos naturais para
promoção do conforto dos usuários e consequente redução da dependência de energia,
numa retomada dos princípios da arquitetura vernacular, aquela que se aproveita dos
recursos locais para oferecer condições de habitabilidade, e da qual a própria tecnologia,
através de recursos artificiais, nos levou a um distanciamento.
Num avanço da prática da arquitetura bioclimática complementada pela especificação de
equipamentos eficientes para a redução de consumo de energia, houve uma evolução nos
métodos e tecnologias capazes de promover a exploração de energias renováveis para
redução ainda maior deste consumo. Dentre tais tecnologias destacam-se a instalação de
painéis solares para aquecimento de água, numa redução da necessidade de energia elétrica
para tal fim; painéis fotovoltaicos para geração direta de energia elétrica; e o uso da
geotermia superficial, aquela que através de condutores enterrados possibilita seja o
resfriamento ou o aquecimento de ambientes devido à temperatura mais estável do subsolo.
Estas tecnologias tornaram viável o projeto de edificações que funcionem de modo
autônomo, capazes de gerar sua própria energia para consumo, tornando-se este um
objetivo perseguido em novos projetos, especialmente após 2010, quando a Comunidade
Europeia, através da Diretiva 2010/31 EU (2010b, 2012), introduziu o conceito de NZEB
(Nearly Zero-Energy Building), referente a edifícios com consumo energético muito baixo ou
quase nulo e estabeleceu uma meta de redução deste consumo em 20% até 2020,
reforçando a ideia da geração de organismos energeticamente independentes.
Tais solicitações da parte da CE - que incluem ainda exigência de avaliação relativa ao uso
das energias renováveis em novos projetos - e o incentivo a edificações autônomas,
alavancaram as pesquisas acadêmicas e encorajaram a experimentação de tecnologias e
práticas inovadoras, seja de modo isolado como forma de individualizar suas eficiências,
seja integrando diversas estratégias na busca de maior eficiência global, mostrando-se esta
mais eficiente em relação à adoção de estratégias de modo isolado.
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Abrangendo predominantemente uma faixa de latitude entre 300 e 600, o clima temperado
possui como característica geral temperatura média do ar dos meses mais frios
compreendidas entre -3ºC e 18ºC, temperatura média do mês mais quente acima de 10ºC
(Köppen & Geiger 1928) e uma boa definição das estações com invernos e verões mais
pronunciados de acordo com a localização em relação à costa (Hausladen et al. 2012). De
acordo com a latitude, diferentes especificidades climáticas se delineiam (por exemplo, mais
ou menos disponibilidade de radiação solar e seus consequentes valores de temperatura e
diferenciações quanto à exposição das fachadas), definindo estratégias particulares
(Hausladen et alli. 2012).
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Figura 1. Átrio bioclimático com ventilação natural por efeito de diferença de temperatura (efeito
“tipo chaminé”) – em inverno e verão. Fonte: Tucci, 2012
Figura 2. Ventilação natural por efeito de diferença de pressão (ventilação cruzada) – em inverno e
verão. Fonte: Tucci, 2012
Ressalta-se que em períodos quentes faz-se importante a exploração da ventilação noturna para
resfriamento, tirando partido, através da amplitude térmica diária, da temperatura do ar mais baixa
nas horas noturnas.
Figura 3. Ganho solar direto através de envidraçados para período de inverno. Fonte: Fanou, 2007
Figura 4. Efeito de acúmulo de calor em massa térmica em período de inverno. Fonte: Fanou, 2007
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Figura 5. Comportamento do efeito da massa térmica em período de verão. Fonte: Fanou, 2007
Desta forma, no que se refere ao máximo aproveitamento dos recursos naturais para o
projeto bioclimático são essenciais a correta implantação e exposição, seja aos ventos
predominantes que à radiação solar. Faz-se ainda importante adotar medidas
complementares ao projeto bioclimático para conservação de energia, como escolha de
materiais apropriados (atendendo às normativas locais), atendimento à recomendação de
isolamento com particular atenção às trocas térmicas pelo contato com o solo.
De acordo com BPIE - Buildings Performance Institute Europe (2011a) um dos desafios dos
NZEB, porém, é lidar adequadamente com as disparidades locais e temporais de produção
de energia renovável, necessário a fim de, por um lado, maximizar a participação das
energias renováveis e reduções de emissões e, por outro lado, garantir um desenvolvimento
sustentável dos sistemas de aquecimento e refrigeração locais. A seguir são descritas de
modo sucinto tais fontes de energia renovável exploradas ao nível do edifício.
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Figura 6. Instalações vertical (a) e horizontalmente (b) dispostas no terreno. Fonte: Juvêncio 2011
De acordo Nogueira & Pralon (2011), dados experimentais mostraram que a poucos metros
de profundidade (a partir de 2,00m, em alguns casos) a temperatura do solo é praticamente
igual à temperatura média anual do ar ambiente no respectivo local, o que causa uma
redução do consumo energético para que sejam alcançadas temperaturas de conforto, tendo
seu rendimento incrementado especialmente em locais com grande amplitude térmica
anual.
Os sistemas podem funcionar naturalmente (com captura do ar exterior) ou com auxílio de
bombas de calor para regular a temperatura do ar interno aos níveis de conforto. Para um
perfeito rendimento e possibilidade de aproveitamento da energia geotérmica em edifícios
é essencial a integração também entre áreas de conhecimento da arquitetura (que a
considerará já nas fases preliminares de projeto), geologia (que fornecerá informações
sobre o solo e consequente viabilidade para implementação) e engenharias (que projetarão
as instalações também desde as fases iniciais de concepção).
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representa uma forma arquitetônica projetada para otimizar a captação de energia solar,
que não se enquadra em nenhuma das anteriores.
a) b) c) d) e) f)
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outros projetos, dentre os quais destacamos os da IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme
– SHC (http://www.task41.iea-shc.org/), de pesquisas sobre uso de energia solar térmica.
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criteriosa seleção de materiais inovativos - como aqueles de mudança de fase (PCMs) - para
atender demandas específicas.
5. CONCLUSÕES
Após um percurso de pesquisas e aplicações de estratégias bioclimáticas e de tecnologias
para aproveitamento das energias renováveis de modo individual, hoje sabe-se da
importância de fazer uso delas, mas de modo integrado, como medida mais eficaz na busca
da redução do consumo energético e vislumbrando edifícios orientados pelo conceito NZEB.
A utilização da geotermia superficial, de baixa entalpia, para uso direto para climatização de
ambientes mostra resultados positivos, colaborando para a manutenção das condições de
conforto térmico com redução do consumo energético e das emissões de poluentes pelas
edificações. Em muitos casos, são capazes de substituir por completo os sistemas até hoje
considerados convencionais para condicionamento do ar. E, mesmo que não supram
integralmente a demanda de condicionamento, podem ser usados compondo sistemas
híbridos, reduzindo a dependência dos sistemas artificiais. Os sistemas de tubos enterrados
horizontalmente, por dispensarem perfurações a grandes profundidades, o que impacta
diretamente nos custos do sistema, parecem merecer maior atenção dos pesquisadores e de
parcerias interdisciplinares e interinstitucionais, para que sua aplicação seja cada vez mais
viabilizada.
No referente ao aproveitamento da energia solar, busca-se eficiência cada vez mais alta das
células e tecnologias novas, onde a promessa é a possibilidade de 100% de integração na
arquitetura, dada a atual flexibilidade e capacidade de harmonizar-se com elementos da
construção ao mesmo substituí-los, assumindo papel multifuncional. Porém, deve-se
atentar para uma prática coerente, pois sempre haverá a necessidade de estudos e cálculos
para amparar o rendimento da estratégia, uma vez que orientação e posicionamento de
placas e células implicam diretamente da eficiência do sistema.
O papel do invólucro arquitetônico vem progressivamente ganhando destaque na
experimentação contemporânea e seu tratamento passa de barreira protetora ao complexo
sistema filtro seletivo e polivalente. Neste contexto, vem sendo aprofundadas as
experimentações referentes à evolução de fachadas e coberturas e a complexidade dos
sistemas e soluções tecnológicas e das suas respectivas prestações ecológicas, bioclimáticas
e energéticas, tendo como consequência uma ampliação da fronteira de experimentação
tecnológica sobre inovação e desempenho do invólucro: eficiência bioclimática e energética
da arquitetura através da "pele" dos edifícios. Por fim, para complementar tais ações e
garantir o sucesso deste percurso, é essencial a integração entre os diversos atores
envolvidos, desde os profissionais das diversas áreas de conhecimento diretamente
envolvidos no projeto, como arquitetos e engenheiros, a indústria, até os organismos que
definem as políticas de implementação, regulamentação e incentivo.
REFERÊNCIAS
Battisti, A. & Tucci, F. 2012. Ambiente e Cultura dell'Abitare. Innovazione tecnologica e sostenibilità
del costruito nella sperimentazione del progetto ambientale. Editrice Librerie Dedalo, Roma, I ed.
2000, II ed. 2012, tot. pp. 248, ISBN: 9788895913391.
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Chapter 3
ABSTRACT: In the performance project, several important decisions are taken in isolation
and arbitrarily, without a reliable projection of the final result. The knowledge lack of that
performance in the designing process waste opportunities and can transfer to the user and
the environment from the errors impacts and costs for the corrections. Thus, this highlights
the need of a systemic overview application between the different variables, which do the
final solution of the project, with the simulation techniques and the digital evaluation that
looking for the most appropriate solution. In urban context, the Integrated Modification
Methodology (IMM) is phase-integrated processes that builds from urban environment
already developed in a more sustainable and efficient environment, through morphological
changes. Therefore, the IMM proposes simulations with pre-established indicators. This
paper presents the method and analyzes its applicability in the Brazilian context from the
experience performed in the Rio de Janeiro city. Besides that, seeks the reflection about how
BIM platform can expand the possibilities of IMM tests.
Keywords Urban Design; Urban Planning; Integrated Modification Methodology
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A crescente demanda pelo aumento da eficiência energética das cidades vem elevando a
complexidade e a importância do ato de projetar. Essa afirmação vale, tanto para projetos
de edificações, quanto para projetos urbanos. Uma dificuldade encontrada é a falta de
garantias ao melhor desempenho do conjunto, devido à subjetividade na arte de projetar e
ao baixo compartilhamento e interação entre os diferentes agentes envolvidos: projetistas,
consultores, clientes e usuários finais (MELHADO, 2001; FABRICIO, 2002, apud BRÍGITTE,
2013). Dessa maneira, muitas decisões determinantes ao desempenho são tomadas isolada
e hierarquicamente, sem projeção eficaz ao desempenho final (FIGUEIREDO; SILVA, 2012
apud BRÍGITTE, 2013, p.1). Além disso, transferem ao usuário e ao meio ambiente o ônus
dos erros e custos da realização de correções (ALUCCI, 2007 apud BRÍGITTE, 2013).
Pesquisas focadas na gestão do processo de projeto destacam a necessidade de aplicação de
uma visão sistêmica entre as diversas variáveis que compõem a solução final do projeto
(MELHADO, 2001; FABRICIO, 2002; ROMANO, 2003 apud BRÍGITTE, 2013). No âmbito
urbano, o IMM (Integrated Modification Methodology) se apresenta como uma metodologia
de projeto baseada em simulações de desempenho de acordo com indicadores pré-
estabelecidos. Seu objetivo é encontrar soluções a partir de alterações urbanas para tornar
o ambiente trabalhado mais sustentável e com a maior eficiência energética possível por
meio de alterações na sua morfologia. Esse artigo também tem como propósito servir de
referência teórica para uma pesquisa ainda em elaboração que utilizará o IMM e as teorias
sobre as inter-relações da forma urbana no cotidiano da cidade. Desta forma, o interesse
principal é discutir essas inter-relações e apresentar a metodologia e a importância do BIM
na elaboração de projetos e/ou revitalizações urbanas sustentáveis. Não foi intenção dos
autores, nesse momento, apresentar um estudo de caso, visto que os resultados ainda são
bastante preliminares.
Buscou-se apresentar algumas das possíveis inter-relações da morfologia urbana com a
qualidade de vida na urbe com a intenção de problematizar a importância da boa forma
urbana. Essa abordagem foi realizada no intuito de verificar se a metodologia do IMM
aborda esses diferentes parâmetros escolhidos para a análise: mobilidade, segregação e
microclima e como ela pode ser usada em cidades tropicais e segregadas como é o caso da
grande maioria das cidades brasileiras.
A pesquisa se justifica pela possibilidade de realizar simulações computacionais como
forma de contribuir para a melhoria do espaço urbano. É uma oportunidade de se testar
possibilidades a partir da simulação de desempenho para os projetos urbanos, que muitas
vezes são elaborados com base em teorias, sem comprovação de resultados. O objetivo é,
portanto, apresentar o IMM como uma opção metodológica, discutindo a relação entre
morfologia urbana e sustentabilidade, além de analisar possíveis falhas desse processo e
apontar soluções. De uma forma mais ampla, contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento das práticas
projetuais urbanas sustentáveis.
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dificultam a circulação de veículos coletivos, mas não são barreiras para bicicletas e
pedestres. São muitos os exemplos de interferência direta da forma urbana na mobilidade
e uma mesma forma pode contribuir para um meio de locomoção e obstruir outro. Desta
forma, quando se pensa em desenho urbano a qualidade do mesmo está diretamente ligada
às diversas formas possíveis e interligadas de se deslocar pela urbe. A mobilidade pautada
por um único meio de transporte traz entraves aos diferentes espaços urbanos. Pequenos
deslocamentos devem ser priorizados através do incentivo ao uso misto, à promoção de
possibilidade caminhos variados, principalmente através de quarteirões menores e vias
com facilidade de travessia, ao uso da bicicleta como meio de transporte, entre outros.
Ainda, os deslocamentos maiores, devem ser realizados, primordialmente por meios de
transporte coletivo e, em cidades grandes, deve-se ter o cuidado de incentivar transporte
de massa, como metrô e barcas, e não apenas o ônibus urbano. A qualidade da mobilidade é
fortalecida quando há adesão ao deslocamento a pé ou por bicicleta combinado com o uso
de um transporte público coletivo eficiente.
A mobilidade é um parâmetro essencial da sustentabilidade urbana e para ser alcançada é
necessário um sistema que “assegure e facilite o alcance às oportunidades e funções sociais
e econômicas das cidades à população e às gerações futuras; e que se relacione com as
demais políticas públicas e sistemas” (XIMENES, 2016 p.122).
2.2 Morfologia urbana e microclima
De acordo com Silva e Alvarez (2015), a qualidade do espaço urbano está diretamente
relacionada à qualidade de vida na cidade, da qual é parte integrante os conceitos de
conforto térmico e microclimas urbanos. Para tornar as cidades mais sustentáveis e com a
maior eficiência energética possível, o IMM busca torná-las mais compactas, com maior
densidade e mistas. O uso misto é indispensável para diminuir as distâncias entre casa-
trabalho trabalho-casa e contribuir para a maior vivacidade urbana (LYNCH, 1984) e a
economia de energia, principalmente nos deslocamentos. No entanto, a compactação
urbana deve ser compreendida com restrições, principalmente em cidades tropicais como
é o caso do Brasil. Muitos governantes estão utilizando o conceito de compacidade de forma
errônea e permitindo grandes especulações imobiliárias a partir de uma legislação voltada
para a verticalização e adensamento urbano sem se preocupar com o microclima local
(BARBOSA et al, 2014).
A morfologia urbana influencia diretamente o microclima local e a densificação excessiva
pode trazer prejuízos ao mesmo. De acordo com Barbosa, Drach e Corbella (2010), em um
estudo de simulação computacional realizado em comparação entre a compactação em uma
cidade do estado do Rio de Janeiro e uma cidade alemã, a cidade fluminense sofreu um
acréscimo de até 9°C no verão do Hemisfério Sul e a cidade alemã somente de 2° no verão
europeu. Isso demostra a interferência negativa da compactação excessiva sobre o
microclima. Em outro estudo, com simulações em túnel de vento com maquetes físicas, foi
verificado que a morfologia dos bairros de Copacabana e Ipanema influenciam diretamente
na ventilação e a densidade excessiva de Copacabana é ainda mais nociva ao conforto
térmico local (DRACH et al, 2015).
É importante salientar que o incentivo ao desenvolvimento de cidades menores com uso e
ocupação do solo misto e a mobilidade entre as mesmas bem desenvolvida podem trazer os
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Marques et al. (2015) consideram este panorama como uma oportunidade de estreitar os
laços entre os critérios estéticos e técnicos, de forma a colaborar para o desenvolvimento
de projetos relacionados com alto desempenho e comprometidos com a sustentabilidade.
Desta forma, este artigo destaca a importância e possível potencial melhora do IMM caso o
mesmo considerasse em seu desenvolvimento em uma plataforma BIM. No entanto,
considera também, que apesar disso, ainda possui grande valor avaliativo e de simulação
computacional mesmo com a interface CAD.
5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
As inter-relações da morfologia urbana com a qualidade de vida na urbe reforçam a
importância de projetos que visam a boa forma urbana. A metodologia do IMM aborda de
forma assertiva a questão da mobilidade, pois entende que, para que esta seja sustentável,
mais do que um sistema de transporte eficiente, é necessário um desenho urbano eficiente.
E isso se faz através de uma cidade compacta e com diversidade de usos no mesmo espaço.
Por outro lado, o IMM não contempla questões importantes, como a alteração do microclima
urbano e a segregação espacial. Além disso, por se tratar de uma metodologia baseada na
interface CAD dificulta um desenvolvimento mais aprimorado de cálculos e simulações que
uma interface BIM permitiria.
Por ser realizado com simulações computacionais, o IMM permite testar o desempenho do
projeto quantas vezes forem necessárias para contribuir para a melhoria do espaço urbano.
Mas para aumentar a eficiência e eficácia dessas simulações, inclusive abrangendo para
outras questões não contempladas atualmente, sugere-se que o processo migre para a
plataforma BIM, onde poderá associar informações além da forma aos volumes analisados.
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REFERÊNCIAS
Barbosa, G.S.; Rossi, A.M.G.; Drach, P.R.C. 2014. Análise de Projeto Urbano a partir de parâmetros
urbanos sustentáveis: alteração morfológica de Copacabana e algumas de suas consequências
climáticas (1930-1950-2010). Urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana, v.6, p.275 – 287.
Barbosa, G.S.; Drach, P.R.C.; Corbella, O.D. 2010. A Comparative Study of Sprawling and Compact
Areas in Hot and Cold Regions: Way to Sustainable Development of Cities In: WREC -World Renewable
Energy Congress, Abu Dhabi.
Brígitte, G.T.N. 2013, Integração De Desempenho Na Avaliação De Projeto: modelo de informação e
simulação computacional na etapa de concepção. Campinas, Brazil.
Drach, P.R.C.; Gisele Silva Barbosa; Oscar Daniel Corbella, O.D. 2015. Effects of Urban Morphology
Changes on Ventilation: Studies in Wind Tunnel. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture (Print).,
v.9, p.853 – 868.
Lynch, K. 1984. Good City Form, MIT Press, Cambridge MA and London 1981; 2ª ed.
Marques, A.C.; Bastos, L.E.G.; Bonneaud, F. 2015. Análise ambiental da envoltória do edifício: Diálogo
com o Sistema BIM. Guimarães, Portugal.
Salgado, M.S.; Cunha, M.A.B.; Duarte, T.M.P. 2015. Desenvolvimento de projetos sustentáveis usando a
plataforma BIM: estudo de caso na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Tadi, M.; Manesh, S.V. 2013. Integrated Modification Methodology (IMM): A Phasing Process for
Sustainable Urban Design.
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT: Green Building and Renewable Energy Options. Abu
Dhabi: Environment Agency Abu Dhabi (EAD) and World Renewable Energy Congress WREC/UK, 2010.
v.1
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Building life cycle energy assessment on pre operation
phase using BIM
ABSTRACT: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a very important tool for several analyses and it
is used to quantify environmental impacts related to products or services. It is essential that
building LCA be done during pre-design stage, in order to avoid impacts caused by material
waste and lack of planning. Life Cycle Energy Assessment is a LCA method, which analyze
energy consumption impacts. Building energy life cycle can be divided into pre operation
phase, operation phase and post operation phase. This paper presents a methodology to
calculate building embodied energy for pre operation phase during the design stage, using
the software Revit Architecture to improve material selection processes. Building
Information Modeling (BIM) aims to reduce rework, to properly manage projects
information, to model and simulate building performance through temporal, economic and
sustainable perspective. The proposed methodology has proved as a feasible and practical
tool, since it easily provides results about embodied energy, once materials and model
settings are defined.
Keywords Life Cycle Energy Assessment. Embodied Energy. Building Information Modeling.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Despite the importance of environmental concerns, buildings performances has been
measured traditionally in terms of quality, time and money. Environmental performances
analysis are relatively new, therefore it presents great methodological challenges, which
limits its practicality and reliability (Saade, 2014). Construction is regarded to be the
industry with less investment in research and development. This fact naturally hinders any
improvement and technological developments. Small and medium sized companies are the
majority in construction industry, while large companies are those with most resources for
research. Temporary alliances on individual projects is also an aspect that delays the
application of new methods of design and construction (Antón & Díaz, 2014). This paper
aims to propose a Life Cycle Energy Assessment methodology on buildings pre-operation
phase, applied to a residential housing in Brazil. This methodology uses the Revit
Architecture software to quantify embodied energy values in selected construction
materials during the design stage and project.
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4. METODOLOGY
The proposed methodology could be defined as a simplified Life Cycle Energy Assessment
that considerate only pre-operation phase inside the system. That is, operation phase and
post operation phase are not included on the method developed. It was used the Revit
Architecture 2014 software to test this methodology, and thus it was possible to create a
simple residence model as an example. It is a nonexistent house, created just as a sample
that has one bedroom, one bathroom, a dining/living room and a kitchen. The total area is
106 m2, and its floor plan is presented in Figure 1. Once consumption energy in operation
phase will not be estimated in this paper, than the amount residents, its consumption
pattern and types of devices in the house were not defined. Only building systems and
materials components are specified in here.
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Each building element used on the project was created with desired specifications. Revit has
already several construction components registered in its library, such as walls, doors,
windows, plumbing, etc. Components are separated into Families, which are subdivided into
subcategories and then into Types. Each Type is a specific element that has an individual
function and it has special characteristics defining materials, thicknesses, physical and
mechanical proprieties, appearances, shapes and varied parameters.
It is possible to insert new elements that are not registered in Revit libraries, therefore, new
elements types were created according to chosen specifications. Elements Type had its
structures, materials, layers, finishing and parameters detailed in Revit. And for each
material inserted in a new element, also it is possible to edit features as the name,
composition, colors, physical and thermal proprieties. This procedure was done for each
element in BIM model. It is possible also to save the created Families, so then, new elements
could be used in others and future projects.
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Once the new Shared Parameters were completed, it was necessary to create “Type
Parameters”, which specify parameters that could be added in elements categories of a
model and then, it could be used and showed in tables. Numeric values can be attributed on
Type Parameters, and these numbers will appear in all parameters of all same elements type
automatically. For example, for all floors that was defined as “Floor Type 1”, parameters of
EE would have the same value on BIM model. Figure 2 presents an image of parameters
showed in type proprieties window.
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parameters was calculated based on material proportion related at total volume and their
densities. The next example presents how parameters of internal walls were calculated.
These walls were created on software as composed by with 9.0 cm brick thickness and 3.0
cm of concrete on both side representing mortar and plaster. The total sum results wall
thickness of 15.0 cm. Table 3 presents density and embodied energy values for each
materials and theirs wastage rate, using as example the Internal Wall Type.
Table 3. Energy values assigned for materials used on Internal Wall Type
EEbrick EE1brick w d
Material
MJ/kg MJ/m3 % kg/ m3
Brick 2.90 4060.00 15 1400.00
Concrete 1.20 2760.00 10 2300.00
Equations 1 and 2 are used to calculate brick and concrete proportions at 1 meter of wall:
Pbrick ebrick ewall (1)
where e is thickness and P is proportion of each wall material. The proportion founded is
0.60 of brick and 0.40 of concrete. The Equation 3 are used to calculate the wall density in
kg/ m3
Pbrick dbrick Pconc. d conc. d wall (3)
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Same calculus procedure and equations were used for all others buildings elements. It was
not considerate on BIM model any foundation, structural, mechanical, electrical and
hydraulic components, such as plumbing, column, beam, etc. Once model was created to test
the methodology only, projects were simplified in this study. However, for another
elements, values entry way and parameters calculus should be done with same processes
described.
5. RESULTS
Through the Life Cycle Energy Assessment methodology proposed in this paper, it was
possible to generate several tables, one for each Family category , in which are specified
elements Types, parameters values and the sum of all energies embodied calculated. Total
of seven tables were created, one for each Family, that is: ceiling, window, door, floor, roof,
slab and wall. The software does not allow to insert all data at same table, if it would,
probably the sum of all energy values would be simpler. Therefore, energy embodied values
for each families needed to be sum separately before find the final result. However, it is
allowed to export table as text file (.txt) and then, it is possible to work the results in several
ways, including as spreadsheets.
On Table 4 are detailed all entry parameters values, mass and EE values calculated.
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As presented in Table 4, the Total Energy Embodied, summing all elements results of this
model, was 2225,286.53 MJ, or 225.29 GJ. According Tavares (2006), some international
researches presented values of building energy embodied around 4.0 and 4.5 GJ/m 2.
However in a Brazilian scenery, considering that environmental analyses inputs are not
properly detailed in construction sector, existing data shows numbers around 3.0 a 4.0
GJ/m2. The residence model tested in this paper has 106 m2, and so the final embodied
energy value is 2.13 GJ/m2. This can be considerate a reasonable result, once the level of
detail is minimum because only seven elements composed the BIM model.
The proposed methodology generated results in non-editable tables, so using others
software as a complement became necessary to process and compile data on a useful way.
However, the primary advantage observed was the facility and processes simplification.
When Shared Parameters are created, it is possible to use them in any project or model. The
same thing occurs with Type Parameters, whose values will be automatically generate every
time that these parameters are used again to specify a Family element, since it has been
correctly saved. So if the method is applied many times by the professional who does project
review or environmental and life cycle analyses, over time it will be created a complete and
diverse element library with parameters previously defined. Then, once all data had been
insert already, during antecedent projects, to apply a new assessment it would be necessary
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just to generate tables from new model. Except to transportations parameters, that changes
in function of distances, type of vehicle and fuel.
Using BIM tools allows to rise projects performances, making it easy and reducing time of
work. Therefore, it is relevant that these aspects be achieved by proposed methodology.
Another significant characteristic observed during methodology processes is the facility in
to modify project elements, shapes and anything else, without need to calculate or
reinsertion data and numbers of elements changed. For example, if you change the room
area by modifying wall position or its measures, so Revit will calculate new volumes
automatically, and then the final results also will be updated at the same time. Conventional
LCA process usually uses spreadsheets to calculate energy parameters from estimated
volumes and materials quantitative, based on building areas, So in those cases, if changes
are made on elements or areas, values alterations will be done manually at the spreadsheet,
and all volumes would need to be recalculate, modifying again the materials quantitative to
generate new results. It is an exhausting rework and also would have a risk to occurs several
errors, because usually a lot of modifications are made in a project during deseing stage.
6. CONCLUSION
The proposal of testing a new methodology of a building Life Cycle Energy Assessment for
pre-operation phase occurs from lack of simple tools and practices that help in selection of
materials by designers in AEC industry. Results obtained in this paper are satisfactory once
the proposed methodology is viable and accessible. The main differential characteristic of
the method is the facility to calculate values of embodied energy, testing many different
materials and several design layouts, without need a lot effort in data insertion, volumes
and mass calculus or to estimate quantities.
Thus, it is possible to legitimize achievement for what BIM is aiming to: reducing efforts;
rising projects its processes performance; and to accurate and organize information. There
are still some little troubles and difficulties on new BIM tools, but it is in constantly
technological evolution.
Finally, the proposed method in this paper contribute to impulse and to incentive
environmental impacts analyses on construction industry, allowing it to be used in first
design stage to appropriate material selection and improving sustainable choices. Building
materials and processes decisions based on energy consumption should measure all
impacts caused from all production cycle and resource transportations, connecting this with
building energy performance and its further deconstruction and recycle. For that reason,
this study also propose a link from BIM model and embodied energy analyses to a sequel on
the LCA, involving building efficiency energy simulations and thermal and acoustic comfort
conditions in operation phase at future researches.
REFERERENCES
Antón, L. A. & Díaz J. 2014. Integration of life cycle assessment in a BIM environment. Procedia
Engineering: Elsevier 85: 26-32
Araujo, A. M. F. 2015. Avaliação do ciclo de vida energético de construções durante a fase pré-
operacional com auxílio de ferramentas BIM (in Portuguese). Monograph (Postgraduate degree in
Sustainable Constructions) – Federal Technologic University of Paraná, Curitiba, 53 p.
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Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT - in Portuguese). 2013 NBR 15575: Desempenho
de edificações habitacionais. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro
Bueno, C.; Rossignolo, J. A.; Ometto, A. R. 2013. Life cycle assessment and the environmental
certification systems of buildings. Gestão e Tecnologia de Projeto 8: 7-18.
Eastman, C.; Teicholz, P.; Sacks, R.; Liston, K. (2 ed.) 2011. BIM Handbook: A guide to Building
Information Modeling for owners, designers, engineers and contractors. New Jersey: Jhon Wiley &
Sons, Hoboken.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14040: 2006. Environmental management - Life
cycle assessment: Principles and framework. Genebra, 20p.
Saade, M. R. M.; Silva, M. G.; Gomes, V. 2014. Methodological discussion and piloting of LCA-based
environmental indicators for product stage assessment of Brazilian buildings. Gestão e Tecnologia de
Projetos, São Paulo, v. 9, n. 19, 43-62.
Silva, L. P. 2012. Análise do ciclo de vida energético de habitações de interesse social (in Portuguese)..
Tesis (Master degree in Engineering) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 185 p.
Tavares, S. F. 2006. Metodologia de análise do ciclo de vida energético de edificações residenciais
brasileiras (in Portuguese). Tesis (Doctoral degree in Civil Engineering) - Federal University of Santa
Catarina, Florianópolis, 225 p.
Yung, P. & Wang, X. 2014. A 6D CAD Model for the automatic assessment of building sustainability.
International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 11: 131, 10 p.
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Interoperabilidade. Comparação entre os sistemas BIM e
CAD
RESUMO: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo comparar os sistemas CAD e BIM com foco nas
possibilidades de interoperabilidade de ambos com as ferramentas de simulação e
avaliação de eficiência energética da edificação (BEM – Building Energy Modeling). Foi
realizada uma investigação em livros, periódicos, artigos e trabalhos científicos publicados
em eventos visando mapear as ferramentas de avaliação de eficiência atuais e mais
utilizadas como interface dos dois principais motores de simulação, o DOE 2 e o
EnergyPlus, assim como os formatos de compartilhamento com as ferramentas de
modelagem da edificação. Os critérios adotados para a comparação entre programas BIM e
CAD com as ferramentas de avaliação foram os tipos de compartilhamento, os formatos, e
a possibilidade de inserção de informações nos modelos compartilhados, sendo mapeados
os formatos IFC, gbXML, DXF e DWG. Constatou-se que o sistema BIM possui relevante
superioridade em relação ao CAD. Constatou-se que os modelos do primeiro permitem a
incorporação de informações com características dos objetos e componentes, e podem ser
compartilhadas com as ferramentas de avaliação, enquanto que o segundo compartilha
somente a geometria e as informações do modelo necessárias para a avaliação, devendo
ser inseridas manualmente nos programas de simulação.
Keywords BIM, CAD, Interoperability, BEM, Energy.
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1 INTRODUÇÃO
Desde o seu surgimento, o CAD – Computer Aided Design – teve um enorme impacto no
desenvolvimento de produtos na indústria de engenharia. A National Academy of
Engineering (NAE), em 1989, reconheceu o CAD como uma das maiores conquista da
engenharia nos últimos 25 anos, e a American Society of Mechanical Engineers como uma
das maiores tecnologias do século 20 (Petroski, 2000). De forma semelhante, o
desenvolvimento do Building Information Modeling (BIM) nas últimas décadas alterou as
formas tradicionais de desenhar, assim como os padrões de comunicação no setor da
Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção (AEC). O BIM rompeu com antigos paradigmas no
processo convencional de projetar, sendo definido por Penttilä, (2006) como um conjunto
de inter-relações de processos, políticas e tecnologias que suscitam em abordagem
sistemática de gestão de dados do projeto em formato digital por todo o ciclo de vida de
uma edificação.
Tendo como apoio ao CAD/BIM para a tomada de decisões durante a elaboração de
projetos das edificações, um grande número de ferramentas de análise energética da
edificação está disponível ao público. O International Building Performance Simulation
Association – IBPSA, responsável pelo Building Energy Simulation Tools – BEST-D, possui
um diretório na internet que disponibiliza mais de 80 destas ferramentas, cujo diretório
era hospedado anteriormente pelo Departamento de Energia dos Estados Unidos – US-
DOE. O Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), liderado pelo buildingSMART, desempenha
importante papel para promover a interoperabilidade entre as ferramentas CAD/BIM
especialmente para as avaliações de eficiência da edificação. Outro formato também muito
utilizado neste intercâmbio de informações é o Extensible Markup Language (XML) através
do esquema Green Building XML (gbXML). Estes formatos são amplamente apoiados pelos
desenvolvedores de ferramentas BIM e de avaliação de eficiência da edificação.
Apesar das vantagens conhecidas, para Augenbroe et al. (2003) e Dong et al. (2007), a
interoperabilidade de dados das ferramentas BIM com pacotes de programa de avaliação
de eficiência permanece incompleta, possibilitando avaliações subjetivas de eficiência
energética da edificação. Segundo Crawley et al. (2005), a subjetividade destas avaliações
é devido à ausência de um formato padrão e as diferentes estruturas de dados entre os
programa de análise, acarretando em orientações específicas deficientes, limitações na
sincronização de dados e interfaces pouco amigável dos programas.
2 OBJETIVO
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3 METODOLOGIA
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O CAD (Computer Aided Design) é uma das tecnologias mais simples e antigas utilizadas na
indústria. A premissa inicial do sistema foi automatizar a tarefa de elaboração do desenho
tradicional manual para um dispositivo equipado com uma ferramenta digital, o
computador e o programa. Com uma interface gráfica não muito amigável inicialmente, o
foco de aplicativos CAD foi representar a geometria 2D através de elementos gráficos,
como linhas, arcos, símbolos, e outros. Neste contexto, as paredes são representadas como
linhas paralelas (Howell & Batcheler, 2005). A evolução do CAD 2D surge com o sistema
Object-Oriented CAD (OOCAD) que substitui componentes 2D por elementos de
construção (objetos), capazes de representar o comportamento de elementos de
construção, que podem receber atributos não-gráficos (Vanlande et al., 2008).
À medida que a complexidade dos projetos aumenta e o desenvolvimento de produtos se
torna mais distribuída, faz-se necessária uma maior e mais precisa troca de informações,
assim como, a incorporação de parâmetros pelos componentes do projeto. O sistema
tradicional CAD mostra-se incapaz de suportar adequadamente as novas necessidades
impostas pela indústria de AEC, ficando para os novos sistemas e programas este papel.
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diferentes modelos BIM. Segundo Gourlis & Kovacic (2016) a troca de informações entre
BIM e BEM deve ser, preferencialmente, através dos padrões de referências IFC e gbXML.
Em relação ao CAD e BEM os padrões DWG e DXF permitem a troca de informações.
A Tabela 4 apresenta os autores que têm pesquisados os programas de desempenhos
energéticos e a interoperabilidade com os sistemas CAD e BIM, mostrando quais os
padrões de referência utilizam para o compartilhamento das informações.
Tabela 4: Autores que pesquisaram os padrões de referência utilizados pelos programas de simulação para
interoperabilidade
Interoperabilidade
Programa (padrões referências) Autores
IFC gbXML DXF DWG
AECOsim
Energy
X X X − Garcia, E. G. & Zhu, Z. (2015);
Simulator e
Hevacomp
6 CONCLUSÃO
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interoperabilidade com as ferramentas CAD, assim como os programas que utilizam estes
motores, mesmo os mais atuais.
Os dois formatos apresentados adotados pelo BIM, o IFC e o gbXML, permitem o
compartilhamento de informações e característica das edificações, porém, não são
suportados por todas as ferramentas e possuem atributos e funções distintas, dificultando
e limitando a interoperabilidade BIM e BEM. O avanço e a evolução da tecnologia BIM e
dos formatos são cada vez maiores e com períodos mais curtos, demonstrando a busca
pela ampliação do uso do sistema e o compartilhamento completo das informações,
contudo, os desenvolvedores das ferramentas BEM demonstram através de novos
produtos e interfaces mais amigáveis, que o CAD ainda é um sistema muito presente.
Desta forma, questões ainda estão em aberto, necessitando de mais aprofundamento e
tempo, dentre as quais pode-se destacar: a) se o sistema CAD será totalmente substituído
pelo BIM; b) se a interoperabilidade BIM e BEM será completa e universal; c) se as
ferramentas BEM continuarão contemplando o CAD nas suas atualizações; e d) se os
programas CAD evoluirão na interoperabilidade com os programas BEM.
7 AGRADECIMENTOS
REFERÊNCIAS
Augenbroe G., de Wilde P., Moon H.J. & Malkawi A. 2003. The design analysis integration (DAI)
initiative, Proceedings of the 8th IBPSA Conference, Netherlands – 79-86.
Azevedo, O. J. M., 2009. Metodologia BIM - Building Information Modeling na Direção Técnica de
Obras. 114 f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Universidade do Minho. Braga – PT.
Bazjanac, V. 2008. IFC BIM-based methodology for semi-automated building energy performance
simulation. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Cemesova, A., Hopfe, C. J. & Mcleodc R. S. 2015. PassivBIM: Enhancing interoperability between BIM
and low energy design software, Automation in Construction 57: 17–32
Checcucci, E. S., 2014. Ensino-aprendizagem de BIM nos cursos de graduação em Engenharia Civil e
o papel da Expressão Gráfica neste contexto. 235 f. Tese (Doutorado). Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador/BA
Chen, D. & Doumeingts, D. 2003. European Initiatives to develop interoperability of enterprise
applications – basic concepts, framework and roadmap, Journal of Annual reviews in Control 27 (3):
151–160.
Chen, D., Doumeingts, G. & Vernadat, F. 2008. Architectures for enterprise integration and
interoperability: Past, present and future, Computers in Industry 59: 647–659
Clarke, J. A. & Hensen, J. L. M., 2015. Integrated building performance simulation: progress, prospects
and requirements. Build Environ 91: 294–306.
Crawley D.B., Hand J.W., Kummert M. & Griffith B.T. 2005. Contrasting the capability of building
energy performance simulation programs, United States Department of Energy and University of
Strathclyde and University of Wisconsin.
Dong B., Lam K. P., Huang Y. C., & Dobbs G. M. 2007. A comparative study of the IFC and gbXML
informational infrastructures for data exchange in computational design support environments,
Building Simulation, p.1530-1537.
Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R. & Liston, K., 2011. BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information
Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors, 2nd Edition. John Wiley &
Sons, New Jersey.
Garcia, E. G. & Zhu, Z. 2015. Interoperability from building design to building energy modeling,
Journal of Building Engineering 1: 33–41
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Gourlis, G. & Kovacic, I. 2016. Building Information Modelling for analysis of energy efficient
industrial buildings – A case study, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, article in press.
Hernández, A. V. P., Quintero, J. S. R., Borda, J. A. V. & Tienda, J. L. P. 2015. Interoperability of building
energy modeling (BEM) with building information modeling (BIM), SIBRAGEC – ELAGEC: 519-526,
São Carlos/SP.
Howell, I. & Batcheler, B. 2005. "Building Information Modeling Two Years Later - Huge Potential",
Some Success and Several Limitations, Laiserin Letter, Issue: 24. available at:
http://www.laiserin.com/features/bim/ newforma_bim.pdf
Isikdag, U., Aouad, G., Underwood, J. & Wu, S. 2007. Building information models: a review on
storage and exchange mechanisms, Proceedings of the CIB W78's 24th International Conference on
IT in Construction – 135–143.
Kim, H., Shen, Z., Kim, I., Kim, K., Stumpf, A., Yu, J. 2016. BIM IFC information mapping to building
energy analysis (BEA) model with manually extended material information, Automation in
Construction – article in press
Kim, I., Kim, J. & Seo, J. 2012 Development of an IFC-based IDF Converter for Supporting Energy
Performance Assessment in the Early Design Phase, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building
Engineering 11: 313-320
Kumar, S. 2008. Interoperability between building information models (BIM) and energy analysis
programs, Dissertação mestrado, university of southern California, p. 148.
Maile, T., Fischer, M. & Bazjanac, V., 2007. Building Energy Performance Simulation Tools - a Life-
Cycle and Interoperable Perspective, CIFE – Center for Integrated Facility Engineering, Stanford
University, 1-50.
Martins, P. C. F. 2011. A interoperabilidade entre sistemas BIM e simulação ambiental
computacional: estudo de caso, Dissertação Mestrado, Universidade de Brasília, p. 229.
McGraw Hill Construction, 2007. Interoperability in the Construction Industry, SmartMarket Report,
1-36.
Moon, H. J., Choi, M. S., Kim, S. K. & Ryu, S. H. 2011. Case studies for the evaluation of
interoperability between a BIM based architectural model and building performance analysis
programs, Proceedings of Building Simulation: 12th Conference of International Building
Performance Simulation Association, Sydney – 1521-1526
Lee, J., Oh, M., Hong, S. W. & Jeong, Y. 2015. Integrated system for BIM-based collaborative design,
Automation in Construction 58: 196–206
Penttilä, H. 2006. Describing the changes in architectural information technology to un- derstand
design complexity and free-form architectural expression, J. Inf. Technol. Constr. 11: 395–408.
Petroski, H. 2000. Time-sensitive material. American Scientist 88(1):18-21.
Sanguinetti, P., Eastman, C. & Augenbroe G. 2009. Courthouse energy evaluation: BIM and
simulation model interoperability in concept design, Eleventh International IBPSA Conference,
Glasgow, Scotland – 1922-1929
Shen, W., Hao, Q., Mak, H., Neelamkavil, J., Xie, H., Dickinson, J., Thomas, R., Pardasani, A. & Xue H.,
2010. Systems integration and collaboration in architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities
management: A review, Advanced Engineering Informatics 24: 196–207
Vanlande, R., Nicolle, C. & Cruz, C. 2008. IFC and building lifecycle management, Automation in
Construction 18: 70–78
Wong, J.K.W., Lia, H., Wangb, S.W. 2005. Intelligent building research: a review, Automation in
Construction 14: 143–159.
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Abordagem do BIM na produção científica brasileira: Uma
pesquisa bibliométrica
(CALMON, J. L.¹, CAVALCANTE, M. C.², E SALUME, A. F.³)
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
As comunidades da Arquitetura, Engenharia, Construção, Gerenciamento de Instalações e
Desconstrução vêm sendo motivadas a gerir de maneira mais eficiente os recursos das
construções (Volk et. al 2014) devido à escassez de recursos, a importância da
sustentabilidade nas edificações (Akbarnezhad et. al 2014), e leis mais rigorosas para a
reciclagem e reuso dos materiais de construção (EU, 2011). Para atingir tais objetivos, e ao
mesmo tempo diminuir o custo e tempo de entrega, e aumentar a produtividade e
qualidade de um empreendimento (Azhar 2011), a inovação da tecnologia Building
Information Modeling (BIM) - definido como um conjunto de políticas inter-relacionadas,
tecnologias e processos que geram uma abordagem para a gestão de informações e dados
do projeto em formato digital por todo o ciclo de vida de um edifício (Penttilä 2006,
Akbarnezhad et al 2014) - propicia meios para predição, gerenciamento e monitoramento
de impactos ambientais da construção e desenvolvimento do projeto através de uma
tecnologia de prototipagem e visualização virtual (Wong & Zhou 2015).
No Brasil, ao ser comparado com outros países, o processo de implantação dos conceitos e
processos de BIM tem sido dificultado devido à pouca padronização no setor, desde
componentes aos produtos de construção, além da fragmentação dos processos de
construção e falta de entendimento dos profissionais sobre as potencialidades do BIM
(Souza et. al 2012). Na esfera científica, o Brasil tem publicado vários artigos abordando a
temática BIM, mas muitas pesquisas abrangem conceitos básicos de BIM e revisões
bibliográficas (Scheer & Ayres, 2009, Ywashima & Ilha 2010, Andrade & Chuschel 2011,
Costa et. al 2014), ou se restringem a implantação e processos de projeto em escritórios de
arquitetura ou construtoras (Souza et. al 2009, Lima et. al 2014).
Este artigo objetiva analisar a produção brasileira sobre o BIM em eventos e
bibliométricas nacionais e internacionais e demonstrar o atual panorama em relação ao
estado da arte do tema por meio de indicadores bibliométricos. Embora existam dois
artigos brasileiros com análises bibliométricas referentes aos períodos de 2005-2010
(Checcucci et. al 2011) e 2010-2011 (Carneiro et. al 2012) esta pesquisa se justifica por
compreender um período mais amplo da literatura brasileira (2007 à 2015), permitindo
uma visão maior sobre o desenvolvimento das publicações no decorrer dos anos, e por
analisar o conteúdo das publicações.
2. METODOLOGIA DA PESQUISA
A estrutura da pesquisa se baseou em outros trabalhos de mesma natureza e seu
desenvolvimento se iniciou com a busca nas bases de dados virtual de produção científica
disponíveis no Portal Periódicos da Capes, Infohab, ENEGEP, Scielo, Compendex®, além do
acervo das bibliotecas da Universidade de São Paulo e Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
Durante a realização da busca estabeleceram-se três critérios iniciais para a delimitação
da amostra: foram computadas apenas publicações relacionadas ao tema BIM de autores
brasileiros; as publicações poderiam ser nacionais e internacionais em congressos e
periódicos indexados, além de dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado; e o período
compreendeu a produção científica de 2007 a 2015. Os termos utilizados para a pesquisa
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foram: BIM, Building Information Modeling, Interoperabilidade, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D, e
deveriam constar nos campos assunto, título ou palavras chaves.
De acordo com os critérios adotados, foram reunidas 144 publicações acadêmicas. Esses
trabalhos foram arquivados e seus dados foram listados e processados com a finalidade de
permitir análises, identificação de indicadores bibliométricos e elaboração de gráficos e
tabelas. Os indicadores bibliométricos utilizados para a contagem foram: distribuição
anual, distribuição por autores e índice de coautoria, distribuição por universidades e
regiões publicadoras. Além disso, esta pesquisa traz um diferencial em relação às demais
análises bibliométricas observadas ao analisar o conteúdo a produção científica levantada,
propor uma classificação temática própria e categorizá-los a fim de identificar lacunas e
delinear estratégias para pesquisas futuras.
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verificação de conflitos (Padilha Junior & Teixeira 2015), também pode ser um motivador
para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas em outras áreas.
20 15
9 8
10 4 2
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
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Paraíba 1
Rio Grande do Norte 1
Sergipe 2
Brasília 3
Santa Catarina 3
Pernambuco 4
Minas Gerais 6
Ceará 8
Bahia 10
Rio de Janeiro 11
Rio Grande do Sul 14
Paraná 22
São Paulo 73
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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Conforme listado na Tabela 5, a pesquisa também analisou a coautoria dos trabalhos para
identificar a cooperação por publicações escritas por no mínimo dois pesquisadores,
levantando 135 publicações. Dessa produção 43% das coautorias são realizadas por 2
autores e 34,1% por 3 autores. É importante destacar que das coautorias, apenas 2
possuem colaboração de autores estrangeiros, o que parece demonstrar demonstra
incipiência da produção científica nacional no processo colaborativo internacional sobre o
tema.
Tabela 5: Índice de coautoria por publicações com mais de 1 autor.
Colaboradores por publicação Número de Publicações Porcentagem
2 58 43,0%
3 46 34,1%
4 23 17,0%
5 8 5,9%
Total 135 100%
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4. CONCLUSÃO
Com base na análise da produção científica brasileira sobre o BIM verificou-se que,
embora ainda incipiente, o número de publicações sobre o assunto vem aumentando no
decorrer dos anos. Ao se analisar a distribuição geográfica por estados brasileiros,
observa-se uma concentração de publicações na região Sudeste, guiada principalmente
pela produção científica paulista. É importante destacar também que os três autores que
mais publicaram estão respectivamente vinculados às três universidades com o maior
número de trabalhos. Ressalta-se também que a cooperação com universidades
estrangeiras é pequena, e o aumento da colaboração internacional se mostra como um dos
desafios da produção científica brasileira.
Embora o BIM apresente grande potencial para utilização Construção Civil, a revisão das
144 publicações demonstrou que indústria brasileira é deficiente no entendimento do
conceito do BIM e tem usado a tecnologia apenas como ferramenta, e que a produção
científica tem priorizado publicações de revisões bibliográficas, pesquisas exploratórias
sobre a implantação em escritórios e construtoras, simulações hipotéticas de
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5. AGRADECIMENTOS
Os autores agradecem à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo
(FAPES) e à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).
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Lima, A. C. L., Albuquerque, D. M. S., Pereira, I. K. L. & Melhado, S. 2014. Plataforma BIM como
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Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído (ENTAC). Maceió, 12 -14 November 2014.
Maciel, M., Oliveira, F., Santos, D. O Uso de Tecnologias BIM e quais os Tipos de Perdas no Processo
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Maciel, M.; Oliveira, F.; Santos, D. 2014. Dificuldades para a Implantação de Softwares Integradores
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Mendes Junior, R., Scheer, S., Garrido, M. C. & Campestrini, T. F. 2014. Integração da Modelagem da
Informação da Construção (BIM) com o Planejamento e Controle da Produção. XV Encontro
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Mota, P. P. & Barros Neto, J. P. 2012. Processo de Implantação do BIM em uma Construtora de
Pequeno Porte. XIV Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído (ENTAC). Juiz de
Fora, 29-31 October 2012.
Penttilä, H. 2006. Describing the changes in architectural information technology to understand
design complexity and free-form architectural expression.
Permonian R. R., Marques Neto, J. C. 2015. Diagnóstico da Gestão Dos Processos de Projetos de
Arquitetura e Engenharia: Estudo de Caso em Empresas de São Carlos-SP. XXXV Encontro Nacional
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Ruschel; R.C. & Fabricio, M. M. 2008. Tecnologia Da Informação e Comunicação na Construção Civil:
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Scheer, S. & Ayres Filho, C. G. 2009. Abordando a BIM em níveis de modelagem. In SBQP 2009-
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Smith, P. 2014. BIM & the 5D project cost manager. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119,
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Soares, R. C. & Amorim, S. R. L. 2012. Aplicação da Tecnologia BIM em Estudos de Viabilidade. XIV
Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído (ENTAC). Juiz de Fora 29-31 October
2012.
Souza, F. R., Hisamoto, M., Santos, E. T. & Melhado, S. B. 2012. Abordagem para Introdução do
Conceito BIM em Empresas Incorporadoras e construtoras Brasileiras: Análise Crítica sobre as
Posturas Estratégicas, Tática E Operacional. XIV ENTAC - Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do
Ambiente Construído. Juiz de Fora, 29 a 31 de Outubro de 2012.
Souza, L. L. A., Lyrio Filho, A. M. & Amorim, S. R. L.. 2009. Impactos do Uso do BIM em Escritórios de
Arquitetura: Oportunidades no Mercado Imobiliário. IV Encontro de Tecnologia de Informação e
Comunicação na Construção Civil (TIC 2009). Rio de Janeiro, 17-19 July 2009.
Uechi, M. E., Paula, N. & Moura, N. C. da S. 2013. Projeto Integrado de Edifícos – Análise da Postura
dos Profissionais de Projeto. III Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade do Projeto no Ambiente
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Life Cycle Assessment and Building Sustainability
Certification Systems: Could Building Information
Modelling tools ease this integration?
Cristiane Bueno
University of Sao Paulo, Architecture and Urbanism Institute, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
cbueno@sc.usp.br
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1. INTRODUCTION
The preoccupation regarding sustainable development, especially in its environmental
dimension, has resulted in dozens of Assessment Methods of Building Sustainability in
different countries, with several criteria and methods of assessment and certification.
However, there is no global uniform method for the certification of buildings (Stránská
and Sedlák, 2012).
In order to assess the overall impact of measures of resource consumption reduction
during the lifetime of a building, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has shown to be a valuable
methodology (Verbeeck and Hens, 2010). This methodology has been recognized in the
European Union in the context of ‘Integrated Product Policy’ (IPP) as providing “the best
framework for assessing the potential environmental impacts of products currently
available” (Nissinen et al., 2007). However, such a technique results in a large amount of
multi-dimensional data difficult to comprehend and interpret (Bersimis and Georgakellos,
2013).
Previous studies, such as those by Erlandsson and Borg (2003), Haapio and Viitaniemi
(2008) and Nibel et al. (2005) have reviewed the LCA methodology for buildings, however
there are still some lacks regarding environmental indicators, complexity of LCA
disclosure for users, simplifications and adaptations for different purposes (Bribián et al.,
2009).
Embodied energy calculations and life cycle assessment have been pointed out as key
elements in the building energy assessment, although they are often left out of regulation
and certification proposals (Casals, 2006). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an increasingly
important evaluation tool for decision making and stakeholder discussions. When applied
especially during the planning phase, it can pinpoint process steps of high environmental
impact and provide guidance towards optimising the actual technology implementation
(Niederl-Schimidinger and Narodoslawsky, 2008)
Given the current scenario of the assessment of environmental performance and life cycle
of building systems, this paper reports on a survey of the main methods currently used for
the assessment of building materials within the building sustainability certification
systems, focusing on the application of life cycle assessment methodology. A previous
literature review on the subject was already performed by the authors (Bueno et al., 2013)
however such a scenario has been expanded and changed rapidly in recent years, pointing
to the need for a new approach.
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3. METHODOS
The basis of the discussion proposed in this paper is a literature review of the studies on
the applications of the LCA methodology in civil construction, as well as the parameters
used by the sustainability certification systems for the assessment of building components.
The methodological procedures have been divided into three main stages: a) Survey of the
state of the art of the building components assessment by the main building sustainability
certification systems; b) Development of a summary table of the methodologies of
environmental assessment of building components used by the building sustainability
certification systems considered in this paper; c) Discussion on the role of BIM platform as
support for LCA application in certification systems.
The certification systems chosen are SBTool (Larsson, 2012), Green Globes (Skopek and
Bryan, 2002), AQUA (Fundação Carlos Alberto Vanzolini, 2008), LEED (USGBC, 2009),
BREEAM (BRE, 2011), DGNB (2012), CASBEE (JSBC, 2010) and Green Star (GBCA, 2011)
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namely: LEED 2009, AQUA, SBTool, Green Globes, BREEAM, DGNB, CASBEE and Green
Star.
Table 1: Materials and components assessment methodology in LEED certification system
Reducing use of materials Resources & Attributes – To encourage the use of high-
Materials strength materials to reduce material usage.
Continuing use of existing Attributes – To encourage the reutilization of the
structural frame existing buildings structures.
Use of recycled materials as Attributes – To evaluate the use of recycled
structural frame materials materials in the building’s main structure.
Use of recycled materials as non- Attributes – To evaluate the use of recycled
structural materials materials in non-structural applications.
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Table 3: Materials and components assessment methodology in CASBEE certification system (continuation)
Table 4: Materials and components assessment methodology in Green Star certification system
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Life cycle Assessment Environmental LCA – Application of LCA on the Building and its
Quality materials
Environmentally Friendly Attributes – To encourage the specification of
Material Production environmentally friendly produced materials.
Life cycle impacts Materials LCA – To recognize and encourage the use of
construction materials with a low environmental
impact over the full life cycle of the building.
Hard landscaping and boundary LCA – To recognize and encourage the use of
protection landscape and boundary protection materials with
low environmental impact over the life cycle
Responsible sourcing of Attributes – To recognize and encourage the
materials specification of responsibly sourced materials.
Insulation Attributes – To recognize and encourage the use of
thermal insulation with low embodied
environmental impact.
Designing for robustness Attributes – To recognize and encourage the
adequate protection of exposed elements,
minimizing their replacement.
In the LEED certification system, the credits related to the issue addressed in this study
use the attributes evaluation, as shown in Table 1. The first, "Materials with recycled
content," evaluates the use of materials so that the sum of the pre-consumer and post-
consumer recycled content constitutes 10-20% of the material, whose score varies
according to the achieved percentage. The "Regional materials" credit assesses whether
the distance from the place of extraction and production of the building materials is
shorter than 500 miles from the construction site for at least 10-20% of the materials
used. Similarly, to the previous credit, the building can reach a better score, according to
the percentage achieved. In the evaluation of "Rapidly renewable materials", the objective
is to use products with main rapidly renewable raw materials for at least 2.5% of the total
cost of the materials and building systems. The use of certified wood is also evaluated in at
least 50% of the wooden systems. Some of the credits of LEED concern the evaluation of
building components comprised in the Indoor Environmental Quality category. Some of
those credits, which also use the attributes method, regard the VOC (volatile organic
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compounds) emissions from materials, such as adhesives and sealants, paints and coatings
and flooring systems. The last credit of this category requires that the composite wood,
agrifiber products and laminating adhesives used in the building contain no added urea-
formaldehyde resins.
AQUA certification system presents an evaluation methodology that uses attributes in all
its credits related to building components, as can be seen in Table 2. The first credit,
"Constructive choices for durability and adaptability of the building" considers the lifespan
of the products, systems and processes according to their use in the building. The
"constructive choices for easy maintenance of the building" item evaluates the choice of
products of easy conservation and maintenance, whereas in "Choice of construction
products in order to limit the social and environmental impacts of the construction", the
evaluation of the environmental attributes of the construction products is related to the
emission of greenhouse gases, generation of waste, reuse/recycling of materials, use of
renewable resources and depletion of natural resources. This is one of the credits that
most resembles the concepts of LCA in this certification, however without its holistic
character and observing such characteristics individually. The last credit of this
certification, called "Choice of construction products in order to limit the impacts of
construction to human health" considers the information on the product characteristics
for linings regarding the emissions of pollutants harmful to human health.
CASBEE and Green Star rating systems are also completely based on the attributes
approach, as shown in Tables 3 and 4. Green Star certification only touches the theme of
LCA in the credits regarding the reduction of the building embodied energy, however it
does not recommend the application of full LCA studies. The same occurs in the CASBEE
rating system, which uses Global Warming and Ozone Depletion indicators to measure
environmental impacts from insulation materials, indeed does not provide any guidance in
the use of LCA or requirements for the evaluation of the whole life cycle of such materials.
Regarding the SBTool certification system (Table 5), several changes can be identified in
comparison to its first version, the GBTool 2002, comprising important advances
concerning the incorporation of the life cycle thinking in the assessment methodology.
Several changes have also occurred in the attributes approach credits, in which previous
credits, as “Use of salvaged materials from off-site sources”, “Recycled content of materials
from off-site sources” and “Use of certified or equivalent wood products” - all concerning
the limitation in the use of resources – have been replaced by more general and actual
credits, as “Reuse of suitable existing structure”, “Material efficiency of structural and
building envelope components”, “Use of virgin non-renewable materials” and “Use of
finishing materials”. Such changes, even when implying generalizations and simplifications
have pointed out to the updating and improvement of this evaluative tool in the current
design practices as they facilitate its application to various building typologies,
implantations and construction techniques. The “Avoidance of solid waste resulting from
construction processes” credit has also been replaced by “Ease disassembly, reuse or
recycling”, pointing to new strategies and building systems suitable to be disassembled for
reuse and recycling.
Some credits, such as those regarding emissions of ozone-depleting substances (mostly
CFC) and gases leading to acidification (mostly SO2) have been removed from the
certification system, probably due to the rise of a more restrictive standardization
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regarding such emissions. However, the consideration of those potential impacts must be
assessed in order to assure their constant reduction. Finally, two credits have shown an
evolution in the application of the life cycle methodology to the building rating systems:
“Embodied non-renewable energy in construction materials” and “GHG emissions from
energy embodied in construction materials”. Both credits existed in the previous version,
however the evaluation method applied was based on the counting of the annualized
energy consumption or emissions normalized for building areas, covering only the
inventory phase of an LCA. In the SBTool 2012 version, the applied method is based on a
complete LCA study, providing more reliable results, as identified by Stránská and Sedlák
(2012). These last two credits must be highlighted as the main evolution in the SBTool.
The use of LCA to analyze embodied non-renewable energy may lead to conclusions not
only on the consumption of fossil fuels and energy, but also on the potential impacts
during the production process of such materials and their embodied energy.
Green Globes uses only two credits for the assessment of the environmental performance
of building materials and components, as shown in Table 6. This is probably due to the use
of a full LCA study, which derives as much information as possible about the product
concerned by analyzing holistically its potential environmental impacts. This certification
system comprises the "Minimum consumption of resources" credit, which applies the
attributes evaluation approach by considering the use of recycled, reused, locally sourced
and low-maintenance materials and certified wood. However, the main evaluation credit
of this certification is "Low-impact materials and systems", which uses a full LCA to
evaluate the use of materials with less environmental impact.
Table 7 shows the building materials issues assessed by the DGNB certification system.
This system uses the same concept adopted by Green Globes certification, with the
optional assessment of building materials by using LCA or attributes approach. Such an
approach has as its weak point presenting the LCA as an optional method of assessment,
giving the user the opportunity to avoid it. At this point it is important to highlight that, as
the LCA methodology is highly time- and resource-consuming, the user tends to avoid its
application.
Finally, Table 8 shows the credits regarding the assessment of building materials in the
BREEAM rating system, which also uses both attributes and LCA approaches. The credits
evaluated by attributes are related to the insulation materials, responsible sourcing of
materials, and design for minimizing the maintenance of exposed building materials. On
the other hand, this certification system also includes a full LCA-based credit for all
building materials. The credits evaluated by attributes play a complementary role in
relation to the LCA credits, once the last provide almost complete results in terms of
building materials environmental impact assessment. BREEAM exhibits the most complete
and consistent structure in terms of implementing LCA for the evaluation of building
materials in the sustainability certification systems.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has shown that, among the currently most employed building sustainability
certification systems, only a few use LCA methodology to evaluate the environmental
performance of building components. Most systems are based on the assessment of
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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation) for the financial
support given to this research under the process number 2013/24046-0.
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Building Research Establishment (BRE), 2011. BREEAM New Construction: Technical Manual. United
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Casals, X. G., 2006. Analysis of building energy regulation and certification in Europe: Their role,
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Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB), 2012. DGNB System: Scheme overview.
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Erlandsson, M., Borg, M., 2003. Generic LCA-methodology applicable for buildings, constructions and
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Fundação Carlos Alberto Vanzolini, 2007. Referencial Técnico de Certificação: Edifícios do Setor de
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Green Building Council Australia (GBCA), 2011. Green Star - Office v3: Technical Manual. Australia.
Haapio, A., Viitaniemi, P., 2008. A critical review of building environmental assessment tools.
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Larsson, N., 2012. User Guide to the SBTool assessment framework.
Nibel, S., Luetzkendorf, T., Knapen, M., Boonstra, C., Moffat, S., 2005. Annex 31: energy related
environmental impact of buildings, technical synthesis report. International Energy Agency. Available
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Nissinen, A., Grönroos, J., Heiskanen, E., Honkanen, A., Katajajuuri, J., Kurppa, S., Mäkinen, T.,
Mäenpää, I., Seppälä, J., Timonen, P., Usva, K., Virtanen, Y., Voutilainen, P., 2007. Developing
benchmarks for consumer-oriented life cycle assessment-based environmental information on
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Silva, V. G., 2007. Uso de Materiais e Sustentabilidade. Revista Sistemas Prediais (Online). Available
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Skopek, J., Bryan, H., 2002. Green Globes: and online assessment tool for benchmarking building
performance.Canada.
Stránská, Z., Sedlák, J., 2012. Life-cycle assessment of buildings for sustainable development. Life-
Cycle and Sustainability of Civil Infrastructure Systems - Proceedings of the 3rd International
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United States Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED (Leadership and Energy & Environmental
Design): Green Building Rating System – Version 3. January, 2009.
Verbeeck, G., Hens, H., 2010. Life cycle inventory of buildings: A contribution analysis. Building and
Environment, Volume 45, Issue 4.
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The use of BIM for the sustainable design
Sérgio Scheer
Federal University of Paraná, Postgraduate Program in Construction Engineering, Curitiba (PR),
Brazil
sergioscheer@gmail.com
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1. INTRODUCTION
The civil construction industry has a leading role in the Brazilian economy, generating
more than 8 million jobs and being responsible for 6,6% of the Gross National Product in
2012 (CBIC, 2015). On the other hand, it has also a leading role in the consumption of
natural resources and energy, in the occurrence of loss and the amount of waste
generated, causing a lot of negative environmental impacts. Therefore, construction is put
in the center of the debate about sustainable development, existing a growing discussion
on how to mitigate the impacts generated by this industry. In this context, there is an
effort by the design professionals in the selection of better alternatives, arising the
environmental certifications and the life cycle and performance analysis.
Through literature review, this study aims to explore the use of BIM as a facilitator in the
production process of more sustainable buildings. The objective is to analyze the state of
the art regarding integration of LCA or sustainability assessments in BIM tools. A review of
the key-concepts on the subject (sustainability in construction and BIM) is going to be
made, showing the possible integration and collaboration between them. It will also be
made a brief data collection and discussion of case studies, presenting the result of
practical applications of BIM, aiming sustainability, in other authors’ studies and, at the
end, a summary of the results will be presented.
2. KEY-CONCEPTS
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building (approximately 70% according to LIU et al, 2015) is determined by the decisions
made at the beginning of the design phase, being the choices made in this phase and in the
preconstruction stages the most effective in relation to a building’s sustainability.
In the search for sustainability, there is the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), which is a very
popular tool in the evaluation of the environmental impacts of a building in each step of its
life cycle, from the extraction of raw material until the final destination or reutilization of
resources after the demolition (CRAWFORD, 2008). According to Barros et al (2015),
because it is holistic, systemic and rigorous, the LCA is the internationally preferred
method in this investigation, helping in the alternative selection and the decision making
process. It is divided in four steps: goal and scope; life cycle inventory; life cycle impact
assessment; and interpretation. For its realization, a specialized knowledge and a great
amount of information are needed, requiring the use of computational methods, many
tools and different professionals.
The conventional LCA work flow, according to Barros et al (2015), starts with the
development of the architectural and complementary projects until the executive level, by
the designers. Then, these projects are passed to the LCA analyst so the data can be
collected from 2D drawings, existing difficulties in the extraction of information,
demanding lots of resources e being subject to human errors. For the exposed, it is seen
that the project and the LCA are made separately and without any connection.
According to Azhar et al (2011), in an attempt to simplify the process of impacts
assessment, many countries created environmental certification systems for buildings,
which assess the energy consumption, hydric efficiency, use of materials, etc. For example,
in USA, there is LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), which is divided
in six categories (sustainable sites, water performance, energy and atmosphere, materials
and resources, indoor environmental quality, and innovation in design) and has four levels
of certification (certified, silver, gold and platinum), obtained based on the number of
points received.
In both processes, LCA and certifications, traditional CAD (computer aided design) often
fails in the ability to perform the necessary sustainability analysis in early design stages,
because they are only made after the conclusion of the construction documentation (due
to the great amount of data needed that are not usually available at the beginning of the
conventional process). To Azhar et al (2011), this is an inefficient process, because
retroactive design changes are needed so the project can reach performance criteria and
because trial-and-error methods are used to predict the environmental performance.
The planners must be capable of making conscious decisions about their projects,
formulating many scenarios of development with the collaboration between the interested
agents. And it is in this context that BIM (Building Information Modeling) arises as an
alternative, since it allows multidisciplinary information to be superimposed in only one
model, creating an opportunity of sustainable measures incorporation throughout the
design process.
2.2 BIM
According to Eastman et al (2011), BIM is a set of computerized procedures to create a
single model of a building that involve three fundamental aspects: parametric modeling,
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interoperability and possibility of the project’s management and assessment during its life
cycle. It is not software, but a technology of modeling, a computerized design process that
allows shared and collaborative creation of a parametric and object oriented model of the
building.
BIM is considered a production, use and update process of an information model
of the building during all the stages of its life cycle, being useful for many
purposes. It covers and integrates all the subjects involved in the construction
context, giving the model geometrical data and different aspects’ properties. Its
three-dimensional, parametric and storage character facilitates the running of
simulations and analysis, in addition to collaborate with the visualization,
development and generation of the project documentation. (MACHADO et al,
2015, p. 528, author’s translation)
Kivits & Furneaux (2013) said that, in BIM, the information is created only once and can be
reutilized several times, resulting in the elimination of rework, fewer errors and more
consistency. With it, a virtual model of the building is created from objects filled with
geometric and textual information that simulates the behavior of real construction
elements (OLIVEIRA et al, 2015). Machado et al (2015) say that BIM allows a systemic and
integrated vision of construction, being possible to reduce costs, anticipate solutions and
conduct variable testing in early stages of design.
To Oliveira et al (2015), BIM allows the approach of the whole life cycle of buildings,
enabling preliminary analysis of the building in each stage of the cycle. In this way, it can
approximate the studies of environmental impacts with the activity of construction itself,
promoting a bigger integration between them.
For all this, BIM has a considerable potential to enhance the efficiency, sustainability and
effectiveness of the entire construction process: design, construction, maintenance and
demolition. It can be a horizon to be explored in the search for tools that help the decision
making process aiming for the mitigation of the environmental impacts of buildings, since
it can create alternatives quickly, assess multiple metrics and visualize plans before the
real construction.
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analysis; the study of design alternatives earlier in the process; and the tracking,
monitoring and improvement of the performance using intelligent 3D models. Still,
Dowsett & Harty (2013), Azhar et al (2009) and Marinho (2014) say that BIM makes the
information necessary for sustainable design available routinely, as a byproduct of the
existing process. This is because, with BIM, most of the data needed to help the sustainable
design is acquired naturally as the project is developed, because the information is
generated automatically during the model’s creation (KIVITS & FURNEAUX, 2013).
For Carvalho & Scheer (2015), the parameterization of a BIM model allows, during the
design stage, the simulation of the sustainability indicators that help in the decision
making process and enables discussions of design adjustments and improvements.
Another advantage is the anticipation of problems, inefficiencies and errors (which are
usually discovered only during the construction stage), leading to cost reduction and
saving of resources (LIU et al, 2015; CARVALHO & SCHEER, 2015).
Prizibela said that
one of the main advantages of the use of BIM is the possibility of predicting
determined situations before the beginning of the construction, this allows a
better visualization of the conflicts, a faster search for the intended solution and
the reduction of rework. These factors, by themselves, already contribute so a
building consumes less environmental, human and financial resources, besides,
the BIM system may help to achieve a more sustainable certification, as it enables
entering the energy performance of the building as one of the dimensions that
interact in the design process. (2011, p. 83, author’s translation)
Regarding the integration between BIM and LCA tools, it can enable more control and
understanding of alternatives and results that aim sustainability (MACHADO et al, 2015),
because, according to Barros et al (2015), the BIM goals and uses are determined at the
beginning of the design stage and passed to the whole team involved, considering the LCA
from the start. Then, the model is transferred to the LCA analyst, who extracts all the
necessary data for the analysis (amount of materials, average materials transport
distances, used energy, etc.). The automatic process resulting from this integration allows
efficiencies in the LCA procedures and feasibility of changes before the construction.
According to Kriegel & Nies (2008), BIM can help in the following aspects of the
sustainable design: (i) building orientation, selecting the best orientation, which results in
minimum energy costs; (ii) building mass, analyzing building shape and optimizing its
envelope; (iii) daylight analysis; (iv) water consumption, to reduce the need of water in
the building; (v) energy modeling, to reduce the energy need and analyze renewable
energy sources, such as solar panels; (vi) sustainable materials, to reduce the need of
materials and use some recyclable ones.
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to the authors, the junction of the three analysis in only one tool allowed more integration
and simplicity in the simulations.
In a Sidney Opera House case study, Kivits & Furneaux (2013) verified that the use of BIM
promoted a more precise representation of the building in a data integrated environment.
They also noticed that the processes are faster and more effective (because of the easier
sharing and reuse of information) and that the whole life cycle has its costs and
environmental data controlled.
Pires et al (2013) used, in an integrated way, BIM packages (Revit) and simulation
software (Energy Plus) aiming to investigate the feasibility of reducing the energy
consumption in a selected building. They verified that, although Revit has a model
exportation tool, this integration is still not realized properly. The Energy Plus use was
difficult because it required that the model volume was simplified so they could run the
simulation.
In his research, Aksamija (2012) found that the main programs used in simulations for
performance analysis are: Ecotect, eQuest, Energy Plus-Sketch Up, Energy Plus, IES VE,
Energy 10, Design Builder, DOE-2, HEED and Green Building Studio. However, the author
verified that the compatibility with BIM-based design software is limited, mainly, to Green
Building Studio, Ecotect and IES VE. To export the data and models between design and
analysis applications, he says that two schemes can be used, a direct one (gbXML) and an
indirect one (DXF). He conducted a case study to verify his assumptions and concluded
that interoperability between BIM-based design and simulation tools can improve the
workflow between the design phase and the performance analysis.
Barros et al (2015) made a comparison between the work flow in a conventional LCA
analysis and one with the use of BIM, aiming to verify the impact of BIM adoption in the
assessment of embodied energy levels in buildings life cycles. They concluded that there
are positive impacts in the second case, in the design and the data collection stages,
affirming that BIM was considered a reliable tool measuring the performance and
environmental impacts of a building.
Machado et al (2015) also evaluated the potential of BIM and LCA integration. They
identified advantages, such as: (i) in the life cycle inventory, BIM can help in the automatic
quantification of inputs and in the parameter insertion for correlation of each building
component and its CO2 emissions and consumption factor; (ii) in the life cycle impact
assessment, it can export data automatically to produce documents, besides the integrated
visualization of measured impacts. In addition to observe that the tools combination is
valuable in the organization of impact scenarios through simulation and virtual models
analysis, they concluded that the interoperability between tools must be improved.
Graf et al (2012) made a Revit model, inserting embodied energy and CO2 emission values
(previously calculated), creating shared parameters. Comparing the obtained results with
conventional calculation, they realized that the BIM software results were coherent,
considering it a useful resource in obtaining environmental impacts results and
supporting design decisions aiming sustainability.
Azhar et al (2009) made a case study about the Psychology Building of the Emory
University, which received Silver LEED certification. Three programs were tested (Ecotect,
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Green Building Studio and IES Virtual Environment), being BIM used since the early stages
of the design to determine the best solar orientation, skin types, daylight analysis and
energy analysis. Virtual Environment (IES VE) received maximum score in the authors’
evaluation, being considered the best software for its versatility and potent BIM-based
sustainability analysis. The study indicated that BIM can help in the processes of the
complex task of the sustainable design, as well as automate the materials quantification
process, cost estimates and construction schedules, coordinating information in a single
integrated model.
In their research, Jrade & Jalaei (2013) collected data from the materials used in their
model in literature and suppliers’ pages, organizing and applying them in a component
library of a BIM tool. They made it possible to search and select, in the database, many
sustainable components with their associated specifications, potential points in LEED and
manufacturer’s data. The main product of the model is a 3D BIM project containing lists of
the sustainable materials chosen with theirs associated environmental impacts,
cumulative points and associated costs. This was linked to ATHENA Impact Estimator,
generating quick results through tables and graphics. The development of the described
model aimed to present a database with “green materials” used to create families of
components, linking them to the BIM tool to enable the elaboration of models of
sustainable buildings in 3D.
Azhar et al (2011) made a research to demonstrate ways the designers can use BIM to
perform analysis aiming to obtain LEED certification. Their study developed a conceptual
platform of the relation between BIM and the LEED process, validating it through a case
study. The authors found that the documentation to 17 LEED credits and 2 prerequisites
can be direct or indirectly prepared exploring BIM software. They said that, due to the
limited availability of the building’s data, only 5 credits and 1 prerequisite could be
validated in the case study. They also concluded that there is no direct (one-to-one)
relation between LEED and BIM analysis, but that these programs can generate results
very quickly if compared to traditional methods.
Bynum & Olbina (2013) investigated the perceptions of the use of BIM for the sustainable
design and construction between designers and constructors. They observed that many
respondents knew the possibilities of BIM in relation to sustainability, some making
certain performance analysis, and that 91% of them believed that BIM is best used
supporting sustainability in the early stages of design. Despite that, they also concluded
that many of the interviewed still believed that sustainability isn’t the first application of
BIM and that the coordination between project, visualization and integration of the supply
chain are the most important uses.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Analyzing the relationship between sustainability and BIM found in technical literature
and in the case studies conducted by other researchers, it is clear that BIM can be a useful
tool, allowing error reduction, automatic data generation, faster results, anticipated
decision making and life cycle monitoring.
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For this to happen, the designers must have their goals well established and aligned from
the beginning. Also all the team members must work collaboratively in an integrated way.
They need to define which analysis they want to develop and what is necessary for this,
filtering and selecting the relevant information, because different types of analysis can be
developed in different stages of the design, due to the Level of Detail (LOD) of the model.
In the early phases, the analysis should focus on the bigger aspects of the design, as
orientation, mass, climate, etc. During more advanced stages of the design, the analysis
should explore more complex aspects, such as thermal and energy analysis.
For the different stages mentioned, different tools are needed. The team members also
need to choose which software is going to be used. If it is only one, they must choose the
one that has all the tools needed to model the building and conduct the analysis wanted. If
it is two or more, they have to verify, apart from the possibility of realizing what is needed,
which programs have more compatibility with each other, since interoperability can be a
problem.
Below, there is table 1, with a summary of the concepts and obtained results.
Precise representation
Errors reduction
Changes reverberate automatically
Cost control
LIFE CYCLE Monitoring
Data control
Goals determined from
the beginning
LCA AND Quantification and data More integration, efficiency and control
PERFORMANCE exportation
Automated process
No compatibility
Simplified analysis
issues
One tool Analysis can need
Can be insufficient non-available
resources
INTEGRATION
Combination of
More complete analysis
resources
Two or more tools Exportation issues
Inadequate integration
Complex models
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In summary, this study conceptualized and explored the key-elements about the theme,
presenting the collaboration that can occur between the search for sustainability and BIM-
based processes. It was found that BIM can be useful in quest for sustainability because it
allows multidisciplinary information in a single model full of data and digital
representations. From it, data can be properly exported and analyzed by various users
with specific needs, generating information that can be used in the decision making
process aiming the improvement of the building’s performance and sustainability.
Despite the positive aspects and the potential relationship between BIM and sustainability,
the case studies showed that there are still limitations and uncertainties due to issues of
inadequate geometrical representation, interoperability limitations, model’s level of detail
(LOD), etc. There is still need for methodological and operational improvement of
procedures, making it necessary to develop more robust and sophisticated platforms. For
this reason, and because it is still in an initial phase of application within the theme, BIM
technologies have limited impact on the process of sustainable buildings production.
REFERENCES
Aksamija, A. 2012. BIM-based building performance analysis: evaluation and simulation of design
decisions. ACEEE Summer Study on energy efficiency in Buildings 2012: 12.1-12.12.
Azhar, S.; Brown, J.; Farooqui, R. 2009. BIM-based sustainability analysis: an evaluation of building
performance analysis software. In ASC Annual International Conference. Florida.
Azhar, S.; Carlton, W.A.; Olsen, D.; Ahmad, I. 2011. Building information Modeling for sustainable
design and LEED rating analysis. Automation in Construction 20: 217-224.
Barros, N.N.; Ruschel, R.C.; Silva, V.G. 2015. Impacto da adoção de BIM na avaliação de energia
incorporada do ciclo de vida de edificações. In IV Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade do Projeto no
Ambiente Construído, 4., Viçosa. Porto Alegre: ANTAC.
Bynum, P.; Olbina, S.O. 2013. Building Information Modeling in support of sustainable design and
construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management: 24-34.
Carvalho, H.J.S.; Scheer, S. A utilização de modelos BIM na gestão de resíduos de construção e
demolição. 2015. In Encontro Brasileiro de Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação na Construção,
7., Recife. Porto Alegre: ANTAC.
CBIC – Câmara Brasileira da Indústria da Construção. Data base. PIB e Investimento: PIB Brasil e
Construção Civil. Available in: http://www.cbicdados.com.br/menu/pib-e-investimento/pib-brasil-
e-construcao-civil. Access in: November 2015.
Crawford, R.H. 2008. Validation of a hybrid life-cycle inventory analysis method. Journal of
Environmental Management 88: 496-506.
Dowsett, R.M.; Harty, C.F. 2013. Evaluating the benefits of BIM for sustainable design: a review. In
Annual ARCOM Conference, 29., September 2013. United Kingdom.
Eastman, C.; Teicholz, P.; Sacks, R.; Liston, K. 2011. BIM Handbook: a guide to building information
Modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors. New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
González, B.; Figueira, R. Software BIM para análise de ciclo de vida, compatível com o estudo térmico
e acústico do edifício. Available in: http://docplayer.com.br/11105148-Software-bim-para-a-
analise-de-ciclo-de-vida-compativel-com-o-estudo-termico-e-acustico-do-edificio.html. Access in:
05 January 2016.
Graf, H.F.; Marcos, M.H.C.; Tavares, S.F.; Scheer, S. 2012. Estudo de viabilidade do uso de BIM para
mensurar impactos ambientais de edificações por energia incorporada e CO2 incorporado. In
Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído. Juiz de Fora.
Jrade, A.; Jalaei, F. 2013. Integrating building information modelling with sustainability to design
building projects at the conceptual stage. Building Simulation 6 (4): 429-444.
Kivits, R.A.; Furneaux, C. 2013. BIM: enabling sustainability and asset management through
knowledge management. The Scientific World Journal 2013: 1-14.
Kriegel, E.; Nies, B. 2008. Green BIM. Indianapolis: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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Lachimpadi, S.K.; Pereira, J.J.; Taha, M.R.; Mokhtar, M. 2012. Construction waste minimisation
comparing conventional and precast construction (Mixed System and IBS) methods in high-rise
buildings: A Malaysia case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 68: 96-103.
Liu, S.; Meng, X.; Tam, C. 2015. Building information Modeling based Building design optimization
for sustainability. Energy and Buildings 105: 139-153.
Machado, F.A.; Simões, C.C.; Moreira, L.C.S. 2015. Potencialidades da integração do BIM ao método
de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida das edificações. SIBRAGEC ELAGEC 2015. São Carlos.
Marcos, M.H.C. 2009. Análise da emissão de CO2 em edificações através do uso de uma ferramenta
CAD-BIM. In SIGraDi 2009 – 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, 13., 2009,
São Paulo. São Paulo.
Marinho, A.J.C. 2014. Aplicação do Building Information Modeling na gestão de projetos de
construção. 63p. Dissertation (Masters in Sustainable Construction and Rehabilitation), University
of Minho.
Oliveira, E.; Scheer, S.; Tavares, S.F. 2015. Avaliação de impactos ambientais pré-operacionais em
projetos de edificações e a Modelagem da Informação da Construção. In TIC, 7., 2015, Recife. Porto
Alegre: ANTAC.
Paula, N.; Uechi, M.E.; Melhado, S.B. 2013. Novas demandas para as empresas de projeto de edifícios.
Ambiente Construído 13 (3): 137-159.
Pires, J.R.; González, M.A.S.; Roos, L.S.; Brenner, B.L.; Kern, A.P. 2012. Investigação da viabilidade da
redução do consumo de energia elétrica em edificações residenciais verticais através de soluções de
conforto ambiental passivo – Bento Gonçalves/RS. In XIV ENTAC, 14., 2012, Juiz de Fora. Juiz de Fora.
Prizibela, S.C.C. 2011. Aplicação de princípios de sustentabilidade em empreendimentos de grande
porte: posicionamento dos arquitetos. 208p. Dissertation (Masters in Architecture), Federal
University of Santa Catarina.
Wong, J.K.W.; Zhou, J. 2015. Enhancing environmental sustainability over building life cycles
through green BIM: a review. Automation in Construction 57: 156-165.
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Analysis and simulation of energy efficiency on platform
BIM: A systematic literature mapping
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a process of systematic literature review as part of a PhD
research focusing on the integration of energy efficiency simulation in the design process
using building information modeling (BIM) platform. The main objective is to assess
international researches carried out in the last ten years published at major conferences,
proceedings and journals approaching the integration of the BIM platform and energy
efficiency of buildings. It aims to identify trends and gaps in this area of research. A
systematic literature mapping using a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) tool characterized
by the evidence-based paradigm has been carried out. It led to the identification of the main
publications and research institutions focusing on the subject during the last ten years. The
survey was conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct databases, which
resulted in 131 papers adhering to the theme. The survey allowed the identification of the
main research focus, as well as knowledge gaps and trends. Results have shown a
comprehensive mapping, which defines the current situation of research in the field. They
presented an overview of the scientific production, as well as pointed at needed research
regarding the integration of BIM and energy issues in buildings.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Obtaining adequate levels of energy efficiency in buildings depends largely on the
architectural design that, guided by bioclimatic principles, can reduce or dispense the use
of artificial lighting and air conditioning. Although the environmental comfort approach
should be inherent to every design process, the architectural production seen in most cities
shows that many issues related to the energy performance of these buildings have not been
addressed, suggesting that many architects have been neglecting these issues (Freire and
Amorim, 2011).
In the early stages of the design process, the architect faces a series of conditions that
influence the definition of the architectural party and affect the energy performance of the
building. In this step, being more than one imaging tool, the BIM technology provides the
architect with the possibility to devise a parameterized model. This allows the visualization
of building volume, sun incidence, application of materials and finishes and the performance
of architectural elements, all expeditiously. This condition favors the design of more
efficient buildings in various fields of interest: thermal, energy, urban planning, functional,
constructive, etc.
Advances in computational modeling tools in architecture have revolutionized the design
process and can contribute to improving the quality of buildings, particularly their energy
performance. The modelling of the product, whose main feature is the combination of
geometric (such as shape, position and dimensions) with non-geometric information
(which include thermal properties of building components), among other approaches,
forming what is called the Information Modelling in Construction (Freire and Amorim,
2011).
BIM has established itself as an emerging field of research and application (Succar, 2013).
In Brazil, in recent years, research in this area has had a breakthrough that translated into
publications, in part due to the support of CNPq and FINEP that, through public notices,
encouraged the creation of research networks focused on the "development of innovative
solutions in information technology and communication applied to the construction aimed
at improving the quality and productivity segment of social housing, especially: Building
Information Modeling (BIM) and other solutions to support the project management
process; performance simulation; and building operation", directly influencing the
production of papers and research development in the country (Kassen and Amorim, 2015).
Despite the subject relevance, it is believed that it has not been properly explored in the
energy efficiency field, justifying the realization of a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS)
focused on this aspect. This work aims to identify the topics, to characterize the existing
publications and presents a research mapping linking the themes mentioned above, and
pointing the most investigated topics and those little studied.
2. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this paper is to map the researches published in the main journals
and conference proceedings in the last ten years addressing BIM issues and energy
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efficiency in order to identify the main approaches and possible gaps in studies that relate
these two themes.
3. METHOD
This research was carried out with the systematic literature mapping, literature search
process that uses evidence-based paradigm in a systematic and targeted way, analyzing the
information from this search in existing publications. This stage of SMS precedes the
Systematic Literature Review - SLR and is important in the early stages of research
(Fernandez et al 2009; Granja, 2013; Brereton et al, 2007; Guedes and Bertoli, 2015.). The
contribution of this process is the ability to identify gaps in knowledge allowing refining and
polishing of the research question investigated (Bailey et al., 2007).
An SMS can set a previous step to a SLR, because it makes the survey and selection of texts
for review to better answer the research question proposed. This is precisely the difference
between these steps: the need for conducting a preliminary mapping for further refinement
of the mapped literature. The steps taken in this study are illustrated in Figure 1 (Fernandez
et al. 2009). The SMS stages are better detailed in the following topics, showing how
research concepts will be applied in each of the mapping step
Defining the
Defining the Knowing the Storing the data Organazing and
keywords
database operation on for analysis
analysing the
each database data
Figure 1: Schematic image of an SMS with the five steps. Source (Fernandez et al. 2009)
On the first stage, it is important that the subject of the research is already well settled as a
consolidated matter, and that the keywords are properly defined. It is where a proper
analysis of the used terms is necessary because the result of the search carried out will
depend on what fits best the searched theme. In this research, the following terms are used:
On the second step, one noted that the term design process was restricting the search. Then,
it was decided to work only with the first two main terms: Building Information Modelling
and Energy efficiency.
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A ten years period was set for the search, corresponding to the years 2006-2015, since the
subject is relatively new. On preliminary searches one could prove that the results for
previous periods showed a small number of papers.
Only journals and international events proceedings were selected, understanding that these
publications show a more scientific profile of literature that addresses these issues.
The most relevant databases on research topics were selected, namely: Web of Science
(WOS), Scopus (SCO) and Science Direct (SDI).
At this stage, it is important to know the search engines that each database offers to have
confidence that the output data will be consistent with what you are looking for. It is also
necessary to define the criteria adopted for inclusion / exclusion, search string, researched
period, and which search objects (books, conferences or journals), among other specific
aspects.
The adopted sequence was ("bim" OR "building information modeling") AND "energ *" NOT
( "medic *" OR "healt *" OR "water *"), in which AND is an operator that brings results that
contain, necessarily, the words connected to the same time. OR is an operator that brings
results that contain a word or another, and NOT delete the search results that contain these
words. The "*" was used to allow to find variations of words such as energy, energetic, as
well as to delete from the search terms used by other areas but appear frequently on the
preliminary research, such as medicine, medical, health, healthy, among others.
The results of the conducted researches need to be "exported" for debugging and analysis
of data. However, each database can use a different method to perform this operation, which
makes the researcher study in detail these methods for each database, and mount the most
convenient and secure exporting strategies.
For the Scopus and Science Direct bases, one chose to export the search results on the Bibtex
format, which were interpreted and sent to the worksheet by the JabRef software, which is
an open source reference manager that uses BibTeX as its native file format. This software
exports data to spreadsheet in Bibtex.xml format that can be imported by Microsoft Excel.
Because each database has resources mechanisms of their own, it was impossible for Web
of Science to export the results on this format. For this reason, it was necessary to do it
manually. In this case, it was exported in text format (with tab), which will be imported into
the spreadsheet, set up to recognize the used tabulators (comma), and then handled,
organized and analyzed.
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The mapping stage of the process requires more time for the collected data analysis. The
data is organized in spreadsheets with the same format, making it possible to import these
data into a single worksheet. Initially, one creates a file for each database, to facilitate the
import, then attached in the same spreadsheet, separated by different tabs.
* Items inserted by the researchers to assist the manipulation of data during the process of
organizing and extracting information.
In each worksheet the information are detailed in the same format, where four more
columns for further information required at the time of analysis were added. They are
"Note", "Code", "Compliance" and "Rating".
In the "code" field, a codification was created aiming to identify the item with a unique code,
and is composed of a short database (WOS - Web of Science, SCO - Scopus, SDI - Science
Direct) and a number of Papers on the worksheet.
In the "Adherence" field "Y", "N" and "M" will be informed, each corresponding respectively
to "YES", it is directly connected to the researched theme, "No" if it is not connected, and
"Maybe", meaning that it will be examined at a later stage.
The next step is to gather all the worksheets, and after a classification in alphabetical order
by title, it is possible to check for item duplication.
Moving forward, a more detailed analysis of each item is made, verifying adherence to the
theme, and their classification, which will generate another spreadsheet only with papers
adherent to the research. At this point of the SMS, it already has a lot of information to be
extracted from the process, and summaries should be read and analyzed to complement the
classification and new groups can be created as: more and less researched matter; authors;
research centers; countries and continents with the most publications; year and a way of
publication; and gaps for new researches.
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The "rating" field is used to categorize papers. This is a complex task, where the analysis of
the researcher must be very careful to meet the research objectives. The defined criteria
and their ratings are shown in Table 2.
Rating Criteria
Education Education and teaching about the subject
Analytical study Discussion of some theory or comparative study;
Case study Analysis that seeks to assess a matter or a product;
Tool Investigation on the use of some computational tool;
Interoperability Communication and transferring information between the different
programs;
Method Analysing methods used to resolve specific issues;
Modelling / Model Modelling analysis, templates, and its parameters and information;
Operational About the operation of a product;
Others Related themes without much relevance to this study;
Project process Reflections on the design process adopted;
Literature review Literature review on the subject
After organizing the spreadsheet of all papers for each database, the process of analysing
begins. The results illustrate the scenario of existing publications that relate the concepts of
BIM and energy efficiency as shown in item 3.1.
Figure 2 shows the number of papers found in the initial search using the keywords set to
meet the purpose of this research on a 10 years period. 1,402 papers were found, most of
these in the Science Direct database, with 71% of the total, Scopus and Web of Science 15%
and 14% respectively.
1500
Number of papers
998
1000 Science Direct
Scopus
500
213 191 Web of Science
0
Databases
Figure 3 shows the evolution of the analyses, where 1,402 texts (result of all the added
databases) were identified. After closer examination, this number was reduced to 131 texts,
considered adherent to the subject, based on the analysis of the titles and abstracts; a
decrease of 90.66%.
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1402
Total Result papers
Number of papers
Total items without
"Out of area"
504 435 Without duplicate
papers
175 131 adherent papers " Y "
and " M "
Figure 4 shows a clear increase in the number of papers published in more recent years,
stressing that in 2015 there was a substantial increase (over 60% from the previous year).
From 2010 to 2015, this evolution went from 7 to 36 papers, an increase of 500%. In the
last five years 108 papers were published.
36
Number of
22 20
papers
14 16
7 7 6 3 1
2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006
Figures 5 and 6 show a wide dispersion between the events and journals publications as
well as the authors of the study as shown in Table 03.
Others 63
Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea… 22
Energy and Buildings 13
Automation in Construction 10
Procedia Engineering 4
KIEAE Journal 4
Applied Energy 4
Energy Procedia 3
Design Convergence Study 3
ASHRAE Journal 3
6
5 5 5
4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Johnny Kwok-…
Alexandra…
Lee K.-Y.c
Choo Seungyeon
Woo Sejin
Yan W.a
Won Choi Jin
Jun Hanjong
Choi Jungsik
Issa R.R.A.b
Choo S.Y.a
김영진
이권형
김사겸
이병호
Gledson B.J.
김익성
오세민
윤명철
홍성욱
Han Kim In
Park Cheol-Soo
Yang L.b c
Wu W.a
Alwan Z.
Schade J.a
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Table three shows the dispersion among the authors who have published results of their
scientific researches and, most of these (91% of total), published only one scientific paper.
With up to two published papers, the number of researchers working on the subject number
goes to 5.6%. On the other hand, only 11 of the theme researchers have more than 02
publications, a percentage of slightly more than 3%.
Table 3: Scientific Production by researcher.
Scientific Number or Per cent
Production researchers
09 papers 1 0,30%
06 papers 3 0,89%
05 papers 2 0,59%
04 papers 2 0,65%
03 papers 3 0,89%
02 papers 19 5,62%
01 paper 308 91,12%
Figure 7 shows the classification of items according to the main focus of research among
those listed in Table 2. More than half (55%) of researches are concentrated in three specific
areas that are: Analytical Study, Tool and Method. The areas of Education and Building
Management have few publications, suggesting the need for research in these areas.
Teaching
Buildings
Others
Manegement
Interoperability Method
Figure 8 shows the growing number of publications for the previously classified subjects,
emphasising tools, which presented a stronger growth between 2013 and 2015.
Others
Design Process 3
Modeling / Model 4
Interoperability
Case Study 6
Method 1 4
2 2 5
Tools 2 1
2 2 2 2
Others 1
2 3 3 3 7
1 1 1 1 1
3 2 6 2
2 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 1 2
5 6 6
1 3 2 3 3 3
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Figure 8: Distribution of the papers' main focus by year.
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Table 4 highlights the most cited papers by other researches while table 5 shows the most
used references by papers on the previous table.
Table 4: Most cited papers
AUTHOR TITLE YEAR CITED
BY
Schlueter, A.; Thesseling, F. Building information model based energy/exergy 2009 143
performance assessment in early design stages
Azhar, Salman; Carlton, Wade A.; Building information modeling for sustainable 2011 73
Olsen, Darren; Ahmad, Irtishad design and LEED (R) rating analysis
Costa, A.; Keane, M.M.; Torrens, J.I.; Building operation and energy performance: 2013 35
Corry, E. Monitoring, analysis and optimisation toolkit
Welle, B.; Haymaker, J.; Rogers, Z. ThermalOpt: A methodology for automated BIM- 2011 26
based multidisciplinary thermal simulation for use
in optimization environments
Wang, Y.a; Wang, X.a; Wang, J.b; Engagement of facilities management in design stage 2013 22
Yung, P.a; Jun, G.c through BIM: Framework and a case study
van Treeck, C.; Rank, E. Dimensional reduction of 3D building models using 2007 17
graph theory and its application in building energy
simulation
Stadel, A.; Eboli, J.; Ryberg, A.; Intelligent sustainable design: Integration of carbon 2011 16
Mitchell, J.; Spatari, S. accounting and building information modeling
Nguyen, T.H.a; Shehab, T.a; Gao, Z.b Evaluating sustainability of architectural designs 2010 15
using building information modeling
Sanguinetti, P.; Abdelmohsen, S.; General system architecture for BIM: An integrated 2012 14
Lee, J.; Lee, J.; Sheward, H.; approach for design and analysis
Eastman, C.
Schade, J.; Olofsson, T.; Schreyer, M. Decision-making in a model-based design process 2011 11
Díaz-Vilariño, L.; Lagüela, S.; Semantic as-built 3d models including shades for the 2013 10
Armest, J.; Arias, P. evaluation of solar influence on buildings
With the results obtained through SMS, the grouping of texts by knowledge in particular
(see figure 8), it is possible to know what has been produced on the subject and the most
important authors.
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5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper conducted a systematic literature review (Systematic Mapping Study SMS),
aiming to identify the bibliographic production of papers in scientific journals and
proceedings of international scientific events, published between 2006 and 2015.
The results show a trend of exponential growth of the works that address the need to
integrate to the design process of architects who use BIM platform as a design tool, with
online information on the energy performance of the building that is being designed.
The discussions presented in this paper are part of a PhD research in its initial stage. One
sought, from the analyses made, to identify topics needing further research, from the results
of a systematic review of the literature addressing the integration of the energy
performance of buildings to the architectural design process.
Results also suggest the growth on the number of researches with the "Analytical studies"
approach in the "Tools" and "methods" aiming at an integrated analysis of energy efficiency
simulations in BIM in the development of architectural design.
REFERENCES
Bailey, J.; Budgen, D.; Turner, M; Kitchenham, B; Brereton, P.; Linkmon, S. 2007. Evidence relating to
Object-Oriented software design: A survey. First International Symposium on Empirical Software
Engineering and Measurement. Computer Society.
Brereton, O.P.; Kitchenham, B.; Budgen, D.; Turner, M.; Khalil, M. 2007. Lessons from applying the
systematic literature review process within the software engineering domain. The Journal of Systems
and Software 80 (2007) 571–583.
Freire, M. R. e Amorim, A. L. 2011. The BIM approach as a contribution to energy efficiency in the
built environment. In TIC 2011 – International Conference on Information Technology and
Communication in Construction, 2011, Salvador. Anais eletrônicos, FAUFBA.
Fernandez, N.C.; Daneva, M.; Sikkel, L.; Wieringa, R.; Dieste, O.; Pastor, O. 2009. A Systematic Study
Mapping on Empirical Evaluation of Software Requirements Specifications Techniques. Third
International Symposiumm on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement.
JabRef. Disponível em: <http://www.jabref.org/>. Acesso em: 1 jan. 2016.
Guedes, I. C. M. e Bertoli, S. R. 2015. Traffic noise vehicle in urban areas: Systematic Literature
Mapping. In XIII National Meeting and IX Latin American Meeting of Comfort in the Built Environment.
Campinas. Annals... Campinas: ENCAC/ELACAC.
Kassem, M. e Amorim, S. R.L. 2015. Sector Dialogues for BIM - Building information Modeling in Brazil
and the European Union. Cooperation project MDIC / EU-European Union / Ministry of Industry
Development, and Foreign Trade, Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management. Brasilia.
Ruiz, J. A e Granja, A. D. 2013. A systematic mapping of the literature on the relationship between the
value and collaboration in construction. In: 8 Brazilian Symposium on Management and Economics of
Construction Innovation and Sustainability. Salvador. Anais... Salvador: SIBRAGEC.
ScienceDirect.com. Disponível em: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/>. Acesso em: 26 jan. 2016.
Scopus. Disponível em: <https://www.scopus.com/>. Acesso em: 26 jan. 2016.
Succar, B. 2013. Building Information Modelling: conceptual constructs and performance
improvement tools. Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, Austrália.
Web of Science. Disponível em: <www.webofscience.com>. Access on: 26 Jan. 2016.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Currently more than half the world's population lives in cities, most in conurbations with
over one million inhabitants. People spend 80% of their time in buildings and most of the
time remaining in polluted urban areas. The sedentary population, far from nature,
demands more and more internal space for their comfort (Edwards, 2008). The process of
urbanization of cities had an important reflection on economic development and
increasing the life expectancy of the population. On the other hand, cities that were once
synonymous of better living conditions, today face serious problems such as pollution, the
deterioration of the urban environment and increased poverty. According to Farr (2013 p.
94):
“ The modern consumer society (...) explores the natural resources at a rate that the Earth
cannot support. Our appetite for oil, electricity, mobility, internal spaces and material goods
is huge and unceasing. A clear international scientific consensus confirms that the past few
generations since the oil era, the resulting population growth and increasing per capita
impact of human activities have changed the Earth's climate.”
The World Congress of Civil Construction (CIB) in 1998 elaborated the Agenda 21 on
sustainable construction, and defined sustainable construction as "holistic process to
restore and maintain harmony between the natural and built environments and create
institutions to confirm human dignity and encourage economic equality "(Morettini,
2012).
According to Motta (2009), to find sustainable development we must act in three
dimensions: environmental, socio-cultural and economic, through actions
"environmentally responsible, socially just and economically viable."
In order to make cities more sustainable there are different scales of intervention: from
the reduction of energy consumption of buildings to increasing urban density. In this
context, the retrofit of buildings appears as a possibility of application of the developed
concepts of sustainability, which are often only in theory. When performing the retrofit of
an existing building, there is a cutback on the impact of a new building, whether
sustainable or not. It avoids the demolition, which generates a huge amount of waste,
there is a better use of facilities, a reduction on the consumption of materials and on the
derived carbon emissions from transport and construction, increasing the life of the
building, maintaining the existing embodied energy in the building, saving energy through
the adequacy of buildings to the new parameters of energy performance, improving
indoor environmental quality and reducing water consumption. Note that to actually have
a sustainable building the social factor is essential, occupants should be aware of its
importance before the degradation to the natural environment, and have attitudes
consistent with the sustainability values applied in the design phase and execution.
Due to its characteristics, BIM is able to impact on the three pillars of sustainability. From
an economic point of view, it is possible to reduce project costs, improving information
management and enhance coordination, with the result that fewer resources are wasted.
In the social aspect, tools based on BIM facilitate the analysis and simulation of different
parameters (that with traditional tools would be very complicated and would require
manual data entry) allowing complex analyzes (such as daylight), and creating better
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conditions of work and life, increasing comfort and well being. Regarding environmental
aspects, BIM supports a number of environmental performance analysis but to optimize
their abilities is required the integration with other special tools, such as LCA (Antón,
2014). For Machado (2015), research with tools that enable integration between BIM and
LCA can contribute significantly in the implementation of both in the construction
industry, qualitatively influencing the decision-making.
Although BIM and sustainable construction are not new concepts in the architecture and
construction industry, its potential for integration has been recently explored, still having
few studies that demonstrate how BIM can assist in sustainable building practices. In
order to achieve a truly sustainable design its essential the integration between all
building systems. BIM has in its inherent nature the possibility of integrating all areas of
construction, and to achieve a sustainable world it is at the front end of a project for the
design, construction, operation and maintenance (Hammond, 2011).
1.1 RETROFIT
Retrofit can be defined as interventions in the building in order to adapt it technologically,
which differs substantially from the restoration, which consists in refund the property to
its original condition or reform, which aims to introduce improvements without
commitment to its previous features (Guimarães, 2014). Retrofitting reconciles certain
striking features of the building with its technological adaptation.
Limited natural resources, high costs of space and construction, lack of availability of land
made necessary interventions in existing buildings, making them more energy efficient
(Chunduri, 2014). Another factor that has led to retrofit is the rehabilitation of central
areas in cities such as Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte, which were degrading
due to dynamic real estate market.
Among the main advantages of a sustainable retrofit are reducing environmental impacts,
increased profitability and minimizing operational costs. According to Wong (2015), the
greenbuildings have a reduction in the cost of operation 14% and an increase of 11% on
the market price when compared to traditional buildings.
Several researches have been conducted to investigate the best practices for energy
efficiency in existing buildings. Among the technologies available in the market, the
decision on which retrofit technology should be used for a specific project is a multi-
objective optimization problem subject to many restrictions and limitations, such as
special characteristics building, total available budget, project target, type of construction
and services, efficiency, etc. The financial benefit is not the only criterion for the selection
of retrofit technologies. The ideal solution is a trade-off between a number of energy,
economic, technical, environmental, and social regulations (Ma, 2012).
1.2 BIM
BIM (Building Information Modeling) is an information model of the building, which treats
the information of the building from design to operation, maintenance and demolition.
Since BIM systems allow us to consider various dimensions of the project simultaneously,
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Green BIM can be considered the process based on a coordinated model of generation and
management and consistent data of building during the project life cycle that increase the
energy efficiency performance and facilitate compliance with established sustainability
goals. It is the use of BIM tools to achieve sustainability and/or improvement in design
performance. It is a tool that was created to assist in building design the efficient
integration of sustainable components, especially implementation of energy efficiency in
the building lifecycle project. Application of Green BIM should not limit the analysis at the
design stage and construction, but the building life cycle, including phases of the operation,
repair, maintenance and demolition (Wong, 2015).
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• Study of Volumetric -Allows good access to natural light, creating an immersive efficient
building. BIM allows research with simple volumetric forms to compare settings.
• Daylighting - Natural lighting reduces your need for artificial light in the space, thereby
reducing the gain of internal heat and energy use. The BIM model can be used for
daylighting simulations and shading options for indoor and outdoor conditions.
• Ventilation - Using prevailing breezes when possible for natural ventilation reduces the
load on mechanical equipment.
• Energy: Using BIM analysis tools to help analyze heating and air conditioning
requirements, identify daylight opportunities, and select the main building equipment can
reduce energy use. Incorporate meteorological data and the local power grid to estimate
building energy consumption and carbon emissions.
• Water: retrofit buildings to reduce the use of water or use alternative sources such as
gray water and rainwater. Analyze options for providing potable water and not potable for
the occupants and building processes. Evaluate rainwater systems, and simulate the
performance of collection systems, ponds and culverts.
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2.CASE STUDIES
To illustrate the potential use of BIM for sustainable retrofit, will be demonstrated two
case studies taken from the literature.
In the article " Plataforma BIM, retrofit e sustentabilidade ambiental: estudo de caso na
cidade do Rio de Janeiro” “from Silva (2015) a case study of an enterprise is presented,
whose project carried out in the 1960s had bioclimatic architecture principles: valuing the
social life in pleasant surroundings and a desire to become a landmark in the city's
architecture, especially in the landscape, but integrated with its surroundings.
Based on work previously performed on the 6th floor to increase energy savings, it
developed a technology upgrade project aiming at adapting to current and future needs of
the building. The study followed the modeling of the building, which began with the work
provided and extended to the creation of the digital model of the entire set. With the
modeling it was possible to create a database with all the information on the building to
assist in maintenance management. Performance simulations still in the design phase and
the ability to choose the best alternatives before the start of implementation, will allow the
company to obtain environmental certification AQUA and energy labeling Procel Level A,
which further justifies the production of the model in BIM. Among the features used in
BIM are checking the interference, the use of management that allow the supervision and
approval of documents by staff systems, the visualization of the 3D building model (Figure
1), the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team with exchange information to serve the
AQUA certification requirements and the project management system in operational phase.
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• The adoption of BIM platform should preferably take place in the process and project
start to use all the features that have occurred, which was not the case as the basic project
of the previous works had been done in 2D.
• For the little familiarization of staff with BIM, the project development time was longer
than usual.
• Because not all employees are familiar with the BIM platform it was to convert the
retirement plans for AutoCad.
• Due to the advantages found as early solution of interference that could only be
identified during the work, the company intends to use modeling in future projects.
• There was overlapping assignments of external coordinators, which was the lack of
understanding of the participants to the possibilities offered by the use of the platform did
not take full advantage of the technology, and repeated the schemes adopted in
development projects in 2D.
• The need for professionals who work in maintenance are qualified and familiar with the
use of this tool in order to keep the database up to date.
• Establishment of a specific sector the company intended solely for research and
development of technological solutions applied to construction, which will be devoted to
the creation of a database that can add information to complement parametric modeling,
making it an interesting strategy to be adopted in future projects.
The main construction resources used were internal panel-glass partitions coated with
melamine laminate and core glass wool for transparency expected in the department;
Facade tempered glass tinted with a thickness of 8 mm and solar control film, for the
purpose of improving the thermal performance of the building and luminal;
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thermoacoustic lining in mineral fiber used in offices; in the honeycomb lining hallway
was used to provide lightness to the environment and to facilitate the embedded systems,
single air conditioner installed in the upper slab supplies cool air to the fancoletes. The
latter did not work properly, which will be replaced in future project for central air
conditioning duct.
Based on the retrofit project of the 5th floor of the EMOP developed 2D programs and
information for the materials used in the work was prepared the 3D model in Revit, also
considering the location, as shown in Figure 3, it is necessary latitude and longitude to suit
the climate of the region and around the building in the performance analysis (Figure 4). It
has also developed the volumes of the buildings of the surroundings and the red line due
to the influence that these buildings have on the EMOP. Thus, it was possible to carry out
performance reviews luminal, thermal energy (Figure 5) and acoustic in the building.
• The BIM has great potential, and with a consistent modeling, you can get close to reality
results and evaluate changes that can improve the performance of the building.
• The project was initially developed in 2D, it has not been evaluated, using performance
simulations during its design. The development of a model with information, as shown in
this study, could have indicated the possibility of replacing materials for other similar with
a better cost-benefit ratio.
• Many companies do not provide data for the material, making it difficult to obtain
reliable results. The data consistency condition is one of the fundamental concepts for the
use of BIM.
• We found difficulties in finding data that are complete and homogeneous of the same
material.
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• Revit having embedded software analysis tool was used, but requires modeling with a
higher degree of detail. If specific programs for analysis of building performance were
used, this level of detail could be lower.
• economic analysis or detailed behavior of the materials or techniques used, which could
be addressed in future studies were not considered.
3.CONCLUSIONS
The BIM model allows quantifying, planning, coordinating and retrieving information over
the building life cycle. In this study it was revealed that the inherent nature of BIM
integration makes it an ideal tool for application of sustainable design principles, as this
facilitates collaboration between professionals from different areas in the early stages of
construction, allowing discussions to start them. Among the main advantages of BIM for
sustainable retrofit include: increasing energy efficiency, reducing water consumption and
waste generation, the analysis of project interference, project alternatives of testing
possibilities and tests on the model behavior.
By analyzing the case studies, it was possible to see that as Green BIM has been little used,
the process is still immature and not systematized. In both case studies, projects were
initiated in 2D, only moving to BIM platform at later stages, which affect the use of the
tools available and the design choices. Both Silva (2015) and Guimarães (2014) point out
that the main limitation found was the lack of staff training and little staff familiarization
with the system functionality, resulting in loss of time in the design process.
Another limitation mentioned by Guimarães (2014) was the difficulty of obtaining reliable
data, complete and homogeneous regarding the materials, which can be solved with the
PBACV (Brazilian Program of Life Cycle Analysis) that is creating a Brazilian database.
For Silva (2015) the creation of a building’s database will enable better understanding of
the building as well as its use in future projects and maintenance.
Regarding the environmental certifications, Silva (2015) sought to AQUA and PROCEL
level A, while Guimarães (2014) suggests as future study the possibility to integrate
environmental certifications to BIM projects.
Due to the great potential of BIM and the advantages found in its use, Guimarães (2014)
and Silva (2015) recommend their use in future studies.
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As future research possibilities are the practical application and improvement of tools for
its realization, seeking to identify the most appropriate options according to the potential
costs, reduce environmental impacts involved and the possibility of environmental
certification.
REFERENCES
Agopyan, V., & John, V. M. (2011). O desafio da sustentabilidade na construção civil. São Paulo:
Blucher.
Antón, L. A; Díaz, J. Integration of LCA and BIM for Sustainable Construction. World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, International Science Index, v. 89, p. 1345-1349, 2014
Autodesk (2010), “The advantages of BIM‐enabled sustainable design for improving commercial
building performance”, Autodesk.
Chunduri, S., Lee, S., & Messner, J. I. (2014). An Integrative Process for Advanced Energy Retrofit
Projects. In Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building
Engineering (pp. 259-266). American Society of Civil Engineers.
Edwards, Brian. O guia básico para a sustentabilidade O guia básico para a sustentabilidade O guia
básico para a sustentabilidade. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili, 2008.
Farr, D. (2013). Urbanismo sustentável: Desenho urbano com a natureza. Bookman Editora.
Guimarães, L. F. (2014). O retrofit e a modelagem de informações como ferramenta na análise de
projetos (Graduation dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro).
Hammond, G.; Jones, C. Embodied Carbon - The Inventory of Carbon
and Energy (ICE). BSRIA (University of Bath), Bath, 2011.
Ma, Z., Cooper, P., Daly, D., & Ledo, L. (2012). Existing building retrofits: Methodology and state-of-
the-art. Energy and buildings, 55, 889-902.
Machado, F. A; Moreira, L. C. S. O Uso de Ferramentas BIM na Otimização do Método de Avaliação do
Ciclo de Vida da Edificação. Anais... Porto Alegre: ANTAC, 2015.
Morettini, R. Tecnologias construtivas para a reabilitação de edifícios: tomada de decisão para uma
reabilitação sustentável (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo),2012.
Motta, S.R.F.; Aguilar, M.T.P. Sustentabilidade e processos de projeto de edificações. Gestão &
Tecnologia de Projetos, São Paulo, v.4, n.1, 2009. USP, São Paulo, 2009.
Silva, F. D., Salgado, M. S., & Da Silva, C. M. (2015). Plataforma BIM, retrofit e sustentabilidade
ambiental: estudo de caso na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Blucher Engineering Proceedings, 2(2), 329-
341.
Volk, R., Stengel, J., & Schultmann, F. (2014). Building Information Modeling (BIM) for existing
buildings—Literature review and future needs. Automation in Construction, 38, 109-127.
Wong, J. K. W., & Zhou, J. (2015). Enhancing environmental sustainability over building life cycles
through green BIM: A review. Automation in Construction, 57, 156-165.
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Chapter 4
Isabela Stiegert
Federal University of Juiz de Fora, master student in Built Environment Management, Juiz de Fora
(MG), Brazil
isabelastiegert@hotmail.com
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A separação entre o projetar e o fazer é uma característica comum em nossa sociedade, no
entanto, nem sempre foi assim. Em processos vernaculares ou artesanais, os projetos e a
execução eram feitos pelo mesmo profissional, sem base teórica e com fundamento em
experiências práticas. Tal método deixou de atender à demanda quando o ritmo de
mudanças acelerou-se, no contexto pós–Revolução Industrial até os dias atuais, esse
contexto traz vantagens (facilidade em mudar itens problemáticos em projetos antes da
execução) e desvantagens ao processo, como dificuldade em controlar o desempenho em
alguns parâmetros (Lawson, 2011).
O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é avaliar a importância da integração entre projeto de
arquitetura e projeto para manutenção. Como objetivo específico, tem-se o
estabelecimento de uma ferramenta de projeto a ser desenvolvido em etapa posterior com
a finalidade de facilitar o projetista de arquitetura a incorporar a manutenção predial em
seus projetos.
A relevância do tema justifica-se pelo alto índice de acidentes de trabalho relacionados à
construção civil ao impacto que o setor possui na atividade econômica brasileira. (Barbosa
et al, 2012). Melo Filho et al. (2012) demonstram que uma porção considerável dos
acidentes do trabalho na indústria da construção civil está relacionada à queda em altura,
que corroboram com o tema de pesquisa e com sua possível contribuição para o setor. O
pensamento na manutenção engloba, inclusive, a preocupação com o trabalhador que
atuará durante esta fase do ciclo de vida do empreendimento.
Além do panorama brasileiro, outra justificativa para a pesquisa foi a situação apontada
por Saurin (2005) na União Europeia, local onde os projetistas precisam realizar uma
análise de riscos de acidentes envolvidos na execução de seus projetos. Conforme
levantado pelo autor, apesar dos benefícios para o empreendimento apontados na
literatura, existem barreiras reais enfrentadas pelos projetistas para aplicar a segurança
do trabalho na fase de projeto, dentre elas, o pouco conhecimento em relação aos assuntos
de segurança, que muitas vezes não receberam ou receberam suficientemente esse
conhecimento nos cursos de Engenharia e Arquitetura (como acontece no Brasil), o que
muitas vezes acontece também no âmbito da manutenção predial. Desse modo, este
trabalho facilita a aplicação das diretrizes sugeridas inclusive por profissionais com pouco
conhecimento teórico na área de manutenção, uma vez que os conhecimentos de diversas
fontes bibliográficas foram correlacionados entre si para facilitar a incorporação da
manutenção na fase projetual.
2. FUNDAMENTAÇÃO TEÓRICA
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Figura 2. Influência da manutenção na durabilidade dos materiais. Fonte: Macerlli apud Filho et al. (2012)
3. MÉTODO DE PESQUISA
Enquanto método de pesquisa optou-se inicialmente por realizar uma revisão bibliográfica
sobre o processo de projeto em arquitetura e o projeto para manutenção. Além dos temas
anteriores, foi buscado também referência sobre desenvolvimento de produto, uma vez
que o resultado da presente pesquisa é criar uma ferramenta para o cliente principal
desta, que é o projetista de arquitetura, a fim de facilitar a inclusão do tema durante o
processo projetual.
As buscas foram realizadas em fontes nacionais e internacionais, para melhor
compreensão do cenário mundial e sua interlocução com o contexto brasileiro.
Desse modo, foram pesquisados autores nesse âmbito em livros, normas e regulamentos
técnicos, publicações e periódicos relacionados ao tema de pesquisa.
Após a realização da fundamentação teórica, observou-se que era necessário recolher
junto aos profissionais projetistas de arquitetura a real demanda quanto ao tema, uma vez
que tais profissionais são os clientes os quais essa pesquisa visa atender.
Para tal, inicialmente foi levantado os projetistas e os escritórios de arquitetura que atuam
na cidade mineira de Juiz de Fora/MG, totalizados em cento e quatro (104) profissionais
e/ou escritórios a serem entrevistados.
Foi elaborado um questionário em âmbito virtual, que foi enviado a todos os endereços de
correio eletrônico dos profissionais listados acima. Dos questionários enviados, obteve-se
resposta de vinte e seis (26) respostas, vinte cinco por cento (25%) do público que
recebeu o questionário, um quarto dos entrevistados.
As perguntas executadas pelo questionário virtual foram organizadas no quadro abaixo
(tabela 1). Cada uma das perguntas foi elaborada com um objetivo específico, de modo a
compreender ao máximo o público a ser atendido.
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4- A partir do enunciado anterior, e conhecendo as necessidades dos clientes (1) Muito relevante
dos projetos de arquitetura que recebe em seu estabelecimento, qual a (2) relevante
opinião que você espera dele com relação ao projeto de manutenção, uma vez (3)indiferente
que pensar essa fase antecipadamente pode reduzir seus custos com (4) pouco relevante
manutenção posteriormente: (5) irrelevante
5- Subentende-se que a incorporação de um novo item na fase de projeto (o (1) Muito impactante
projeto para manutenção) demandará novos recursos da empresa ou (2) impactante
projetista (tempo de projeto, custos, qualificação da mão-de-obra, entre (3)indiferente
outros). A partir dessa assertiva, qual o impacto que você esperaria no seu (4) pouco impactante
escritório: (5) irrelevante
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A quarta questão pergunta sobre as expectativas dos clientes dos projetistas entrevistados
quanto à inclusão do tema em seus projetos, a partir do conhecimento dos projetistas de
seus próprios clientes e público alvo. Dentre as respostas, 46,15% (12 entre eles) julgaram
que seus clientes apontariam o tema como muito relevante, o mesmo percentual de
46,15% (12 entre eles) apontaram a alternativa relevante. Apenas 7,69% dentre eles
acreditam que seus clientes julgarão o tema como indiferente. Tal resultado mostra que o
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O sexto e último gráfico (figura 8) recolhe dos entrevistados a melhor ferramenta a ser
criada posteriormente por esta pesquisa, com o objetivo de melhor atender ao público
alvo dessa pesquisa. Dentre os entrevistados, 19,23% (5 entre eles) optaram pelo manual
teórico, enquanto 15,38% (4 entre eles) julgaram como melhor opção a criação de uma
planilha, e 7,69% (2 entre eles) optaram pelo aplicativo de smartphone. A maioria
escolheu o plug in a ser desenvolvido para aplicação pragmática em algum programa de
execução de projeto arquitetônico (figura 8).
Uma hipótese para os resultados alcançados é a relação desta pergunta com a anterior,
que a avalia o impacto desse novo campo de conhecimento na rotina dos projetistas.
Novos conhecimentos demandarão tempo de aprendizado e mão-de-obra deslocada de
outras tarefas usuais dos escritórios. É possível compreender a escolha pela quarta opção
na sexta pergunta porque é uma resposta mais rápida à demanda, em relação às opções
anteriores.
5 CONCLUSÕES
A partir da pesquisa exposta, alcançou-se o objetivo específico do presente trabalho, que
buscou identificar a demanda de projetistas de arquitetura quanto ao tema maior de
pesquisa, o projeto para manutenção incorporado ao projeto arquitetônico, pelas
justificativas expostas no início deste trabalho.
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REFERÊNCIAS
Kowaltowski, D. et al. 2011. O processo de projeto em arquitetura: da teoria à tecnologia. São Paulo:
Oficina de Textos.
ABNT Associação Brasileira De Normas Técnicas. 1999. NBR 5674: manutenção de edificações –
procedimentos. Rio de janeiro: ABNT.
ABNT Associação Brasileira De Normas Técnicas. 2013. NBR 15575: edificações residenciais –
desempenho. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
Barbosa, A. M. G. et al. 2012. Segurança e saúde na indústria da construção no Brasil: diagnóstico e
recomendações para a prevenção dos acidentes do trabalho. Brasília: SESI /DN.
Fabricio, M. M. 2002. Projeto simultâneo na construção de edifícios. São Paulo: Escola politécnica da
Universidade de São Paulo.
Fabricio, M. M. et al. 2002. Colaboração simultânea em diferentes tipos de empreendimentos de
construção de edifícios. Foz do Iguaçu: IX Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído.
Fabricio, M. M. et al. 2007. Por um processo de projeto simultâneo. Curitiba: VII Workshop Brasileiro
de Gestão do Processo de Projeto na Construção de Edifícios.
Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE). Normas regulamentadoras (nr’s) 01, 18 e 35.
Melo Filho, E. C. et al. 2012. Avaliação da segurança do trabalho em obras de manutenção de
edificações verticais. Revista Produção, v. 22, n. 4, p. 817-830, set./dez.
Lawson, B. 2011. Como arquitetos e designers pensam. São Paulo: Oficina de Textos.
Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT). 2004. Construção. Suíça: OIT.
Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT). 2009. Guia das Normas Internacionais Do Trabalho.
Suíça: OIT.
Saurin, T. A. 2005. Segurança no trabalho e desenvolvimento de produto: diretrizes para integração
na construção civil. Revista produção, v. 15, n. 1, p. 127-141, jan./abr.
Torreira, R. P. 1999. Manual de segurança industrial. São Paulo: MCT.
Agência Europeia para a Segurança e a Saúde no Trabalho (AESST). 2003. Prevenção de acidentes no
sector da construção. Bilbao: AESST.
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Proposición y potencial sostenible del Vídeo Poster
Científico
Avanilde Kemczinski
Santa Catarina State University, Scholarship CAPES Process. Nº BEX 2539/15-2, Joinville – Brazil
avanilde.kemczinski@udesc.br
RESUMEN: Esta investigación trata de exponer las experiencias y los resultados de dos
eventos científicos en los que se aplicó el formato de vídeo como medio de divulgación
científica -, llamado en esta investigación como "Video Póster", que se trata de presentar la
investigación por medio de un vídeo y de permitir que los participantes acceder a las
conferencias al mismo tiempo, durante y después de esos eventos. (FREITAS, SCHIMID,
TAVARES, 2014). El objetivo es describir este proceso, el uso de videos y estrategia que se
puede aplicar para ser reutilizado. Este es un recuento de la experiencia del uso propuesto
"Video Poster" en ambos eventos y la aplicación de una técnica de observación de los
videos disponibles en Youtube® sobre la reutilización potencial social y educativo. El
potencial es brecha en relación con el evento: Antes - Repensar la mejor manera de
presentar sus ideas y generar un producto de la enseñanza (multimedia); Durante - Más
tiempo para el debate y proporciona una oportunidad para difundir la investigación: y
Después - Revelar la forma de diseminar sus investigaciones, se convierten en un material
de uso en cursos presenciales (lección racionalización con contenido científico) o ser parte
de un contenido utilizado en Massive Curso en Línea Abierta (MOOCs) y Divulgación de la
Ciencia - propagan la idea de una investigación científica.
Keywords: MOOCs, OER, Video Poster, sostenible.
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INTRODUCCIÓN
El siglo XXI ha estimulado mundialmente la creación de redes de colaboración así como
también federadas para el fomento de la investigación y uso de las tecnologías entre las
universidades y centros de estudio. De acuerdo con Dillenbourg et al (2009) la colaboración
tiene un papel importante en la construcción del conocimiento ya que el aprendizaje
colaborativo describe una variedad de prácticas educativas en que las interacciones entre
los participantes constituyen un factor importante en el aprendizaje.
La introducción de tecnologías que facilitan la educación online trajeron consigo un amplio
espectro de posibilidades para facilitar el acceso a una educación de calidad, sabiendo que
el acceso a una educación de calidad es un derecho universal (Teixeira et all., 2015).
Asimismo, el intercambio de información en una sociedad en vías de desarrollo favorece la
socialización, distribución e incluso el acceso gratuito a contenidos, esto, para generar
nuevas formas de conocimiento y desarrollo de diferentes tecnologías, como pueden ser: el
uso de la realidad aumentada en clase y la tecnología móvil (Monedero, Cebrían y Desene,
2015).
Está investigación presenta los resultados encontrados acerca del video artículo o video
poster centrándose en su uso como medios facilitadores de comprensión de contenido de
carácter educativo o bien, de investigación. Incentivada por la evidencia de cuatro criterios
de interés debido a su impacto en la sociedad, criterios que en el análisis de la literatura se
infiere que son los orígenes de esta investigación: desarrollo acelerado de las Tecnologías
de la Información - TIC; proliferación de la Tecnología de Vídeo; colaboración en la
Educación, en este último, en relación a la falta de análisis de cómo el Profesional usa la
tecnología de vídeo como recurso educativo y de divulgación; y falta de investigación en
cuanto al diseño del video artículo o vídeo poster así como la evaluación del mismo.
En cuanto a la falta de discusión y diseminación entre la comunidad científica, se analizó la
colaboración de experiencias en el aprovechamiento de los recursos educativos,
enfocándose en el video como Recurso Educativo de un congreso realizado en el año 2013.
Cabe resaltar, que en la sociedad del siglo XXI, la escuela pasa a necesitar la incorporación
de recursos tecnológicos y usarlos para la superación de problemas en la práctica
pedagógica como también de las relaciones sociales, es por eso que entonces se puede
disfrutar de la interactividad proporcionada por la tecnología, con el fin de motivar a
profesores y alumnos a seleccionar información y acceder a espacios virtuales, en una
perspectiva pedagógica y significativa centrada en la llamada "Cultura del intercambio del
conocimiento". El aprender con el uso de herramientas que estimulan la interactividad, es
decir, lo lúdico, puede venir por medio de juegos online, en redes de discusión o fórums, con
investigaciones virtuales, películas, blog, e-mails, o bien por el acceso a aprendizaje virtual
(Almeida & Loureço, 2013).
Esta investigación hace una exposición de experiencias y resultados de un evento científico
en el cual se aplicó el formato de vídeo como medio de divulgación científica entre
investigadores que ya viven en red de colaboración temática. En este sentido, se nombra en
esta investigación al "Video póster" una forma que expone cómo adelantar la ponencia y
presentar en vídeo sus ideas. Esto permite exponer las ideas entre los participantes y
acceder a las conferencias durante y después de esos acontecimientos. (FREITAS, SCHIMID,
TAVARES, 2014).
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todos los sentidos del ser humano, siendo así, afirman se consigue transmitir y proyectar al
espectador diversas realidades.
Es por ello que los videos pueden ser incluidos en el contexto educativo, sin embargo el
profesor necesita seleccionarlos, de forma que se adecuen a los propósitos para cada
actividad propuesta en el salón de clases. En este aspecto Duso (2009) abunda en que se
vuelve necesario reflexionar si el uso del video en clase servirá para la adquisición y
diseminación de nuevos conocimientos entre los estudiantes.
Por lo tanto cabe señalar que es de extrema importancia analizar los videos para ser usados
como recursos educativos, ya que como se ha estudiado facilitan el proceso de enseñanza-
aprendizaje, y de acuerdo con Lucio (2014) los videos son materiales que representan
información visual y auditiva, siendo considerados como buenos instrumentos, mismos que
promueven la flexibilidad cognitiva y la creación de conocimiento.
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estudiantes candidatos de acceso al postgrado. La idea fue dar a conocer parte de las
lecturas del programa de formación docente a través de video artículos, lo que significa que
son ofrecidas al estudiante diferentes formas de preparación en línea.
Krumsvik & Smith (2009) concluye su investigación afirmando que los video artículos
comienzan una nueva era en cuanto a la integración de la teoría y práctica en la formación
de docentes. Aseguran también que el pensamiento y las implementaciones piloto son
innovadoras siendo acompañadas de una cuidadosa investigación, lo que es esencial para
que el video artículo forme un papel importante en la formación del profesorado,
preparando a los docentes para una escuela del hoy y el mañana digitalizado.
Otra investigación acerca del video artículo (Hauge & Norenes, 2009) trata de demostrar las
posibilidades del video artículo para apoyar en el desarrollo profesional de los docentes en
un entorno de trabajo, en este estudio el video artículo se usa como una herramienta para
reflejar y analizar las prácticas de los maestros. Los autores señalan al video artículo en sus
resultados como cambios en cuanto a los enfoques conceptuales de los docentes para el
proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje, así como la relevancia del apoyo potenciado por la
tecnología para el desarrollo profesional. Señalan además que su estudio contribuye a la
comprensión de la complejidad del puente entre las prácticas, diseño social y tecnología
para el desarrollo del profesorado así como el desarrollo de comunidades de aprendizaje.
Cabe señalar que dentro de sus conclusiones exponen que en una actividad de perspectiva
teórica, el uso del video artículo tanto a nivel individual como colectivo desencadenó tanto
discusiones analíticas de colaboración como de diseño para la enseñanza – aprendizaje. Sin
embargo, el proyecto terminó sin ningún tipo de decisiones claras y terminan dando
consejos para futuras investigaciones en el área.
Las investigaciones anteriormente estudiadas y expuestas debaten en su mayoría el uso del
video artículo como apoyo para la formación de docentes o bien como un recurso entre la
teoría y la práctica. En la literatura estudiada pueden citarse otros estudios que tratan
estudios semejantes como: Videopapers como una herramienta para la reflexión sobre la
práctica en la formación inicial del profesorado (Lazarus & Olivero, 2009); Ver es creer: el
uso de videopapers para transformar el conocimiento y la práctica profesional de los
docentes (Olivero, John, & Sutherland, 2004); Uso de videopapers para comunicar y reflejar
la práctica en programas de postgrado en educación (Lazarus & Olivero, 2009); y
Videopapers y la aparición de perspectivas de análisis sobre las prácticas de enseñanza
(Säljö, 2009).
2. PROCEDIMENTO METODOLOGICO
Esta investigación se deriva en dos etapas metodológicas: una referente a la investigación
sobre el uso del video aplicado a la educación, en su aspecto de diseminación de nuevos
conocimientos y la siguiente donde se presenta un relato de caso en el cual el video es
presentado como una nueva propuesta de presentar investigaciones en un evento científico
que tuvo características de sustentabilidad – termino originado del latín “sustentare” que
significa apoyar, sustentar y conservar. Es hacer uso de prácticas, actitudes, estrategias y
tener una mentalidad ecológica. El evento en estudio se realizó en aras de preservar los
recursos naturales actuales para las futuras generaciones, buscando viabilidad económica
y social.
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La dinámica de envío de los trabajos científicos son aceptados para ponencia en formato full
paper – presentación en sesión técnica – o póster – presentación que tradicionalmente se
realiza en formato de cartel impreso en papelón, plástico o tejido. Cualquiera que sea el
formato de impresión, existe consumo de recursos de la naturaleza con impacto ambiental
debido al material y la tinta del impreso final.
Figura 1 – Plataforma do RECIF TM. Fuente: Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciência, Informação e Tecnologia, 2014.
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Figura 2 – MOOC – Reuso de vídeo pôster ELECS2013. Fuente: Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciência, Informação e
Tecnologia, 2014.
Los conceptos presentados tienen, hasta esta fecha obtenido resultados positivos y
tendencia a ser aceptados por la comunidad científica. La diseminación de esa propuesta
tiene a ser aceptada y las actividades desarrolladas y discutidas deben facilitar la
diseminación y concientización de la comunidad, en particular de los autores que conocen
y adoptan el acceso abierto. Se tiende a cambiar las bases de la oferta de productos de
información junto a los órganos de fomento – público o privado – incluyendo la posibilidad
de financiar el video poster científico.
4. CONCLUSIONES
Este trabajo abordó la administración del evento ELECS 2013, con su propuesta de
innovación y las ideas de sustentabilidad defendidas en las acciones del evento. Describe las
actividades propuestas, con sus conceptos que visualizan diseminar la sustentabilidad
basada en la tecnología de información y en el concepto de Acceso Abierto. Fueron
detalladas las orientaciones que se hicieron necesarias en la primera fase del desarrollo de
las ideas, en especial del video poster.
La propuesta del video poster ya tiene adjunta la idea de sustentabilidad. Hacer uso del
video en eventos científicos exige del investigador que se coloque en el papel del aprendiz
para la elaboración del recurso video-gráfico. Una de las formas que se tienen de trabajar
con el video poster requiere la observación de diferentes videos referentes a los temas de
la investigación. Trabajar en este ambiente mediatizado, en que todo gira en torno de la
tecnología que rápidamente se torna obsoleta, requiere del investigador aprender
nuevamente día a día cuando se dispone a utilizar recursos tecnológicos. Los docentes
participantes del evento fueron desafiados y algunos relataron por correo electrónico que
no consideran necesario e importante adoptar esos medios para diseminar la información.
Desprecian que se tenga conocimiento en el uso de herramientas tecnológicas para adoptar
estrategias mediáticas. En cuanto a esto, jóvenes investigadores percibieron la necesidad de
conocer las diferentes tecnologías que posibilitan el desarrollar la idea.
La introducción de medios digitales en el ambiente de los eventos científicos, actuando en
el proceso de construcción de conocimiento, alcanza sus objetivos mediante el uso de
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recursos tecnológicos. Por tanto se hace necesario, además de un método de uso y del
conocimiento acerca de estos recursos, que la institución incentive el uso de medios
digitales en los eventos y se ofrezca soporte para que el docente conozca este recurso y lo
utilice con todo su potencial.
El uso de audiovisuales en eventos requiere un tratamiento especial de parte de los
investigadores. El contenido informacional es transmitido en forma de imágenes y sonidos.
Es necesario trabajar ese contenido y diseminar dentro de los objetivos que se proponen. A
cada nueva propuesta de uso y reúso del material contenido informacional (artículos) y
material mediático (video poster) ha actuado haciendo que el marketing científico digital
del evento, de la investigación y de los autores. Hecho que valora el esfuerzo del
investigador en la etapa posterior del evento.
El ambiente de un evento científico es propicio al debate y a intercambio de conocimientos
y experiencias comunes. En este caso, nos resguardamos con la credibilidad y la
confiabilidad adquiridas por medio de la revisión metodológica y estructural del producto
propuesto que requiere la realización por terceros.
Todo lo anteriormente expuesto pide el correcto registro de las experiencias para futuras
realizaciones, principalmente en el caso de la periodicidad bianual, con propuesta de
inserción de medios digitales hasta entonces no usados en eventos de este porte.
Con lo anteriormente mencionado surge la hipótesis de que existen diversos tipos de
tecnologías que se adecuan para el auxilio del perfil de los profesionales de la educación o
bien investigadores, mismos que a partir del siglo XXI, están más acostumbrados al plug &
play, recursos interactivos e interfaces con entorno visual más sencillo. Por lo que se
propone en esta investigación al video artículo o poster como medio facilitador, de
diseminación de la ciencia y el aprendizaje. Esto conjuntamente relacionado con el
inminente crecimiento y aparición del video en diversos dispositivos.
Dicho lo anterior podemos entonces relacionar los antecedentes de la siguiente manera: al
estar inmersos en un mundo globalizado de constantes cambios tecnológicos, la escuela
debe estar preparada con los recursos que sean efectivos en cuanto a motivación de este
nuevo perfil tanto de alumnos como de posibles nuevos investigadores.
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Monografia (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso em Gestão da Informação). Curitiba: UFPR, 2009.
SMITH, K. (2005). Teacher educators’ professional knowledge – How does it differ from teachers’
professional knowledge? Teaching and Teacher Education, 21, 177–192.
SMITH, K., & KRUMSVIK, R. (2007, August). Video-papers – A means for documenting practitioners’
professional development. Paper presented at the biannual EARLI conference in Budapest, Hungary.
STEEPLES, C., JONES, C., E GOODYEAR, P. Beyond e-learning: A future for networked learning (pp. 323-
341). Springer London. 2002
TEIXEIRA, A., MOTA, J., MORGADO, L., & SPILKER, M. (2015). iMOOC: Um Modelo Pedagógico Institucional
para Cursos Abertos Massivos Online (MOOCs). Educação, Formação & Tecnologias-ISSN 1646-933X, 8(1),
4-12.
ZANETTE, E. N., NICOLEIT, E. R., & NICOLEIT, G. F. G. (2006). A produção do material didático no contexto
cooperativo e colaborativo da disciplina de Cálculo Diferencial e Integral I, na modalidade de Educação a
Distância, na Graduação. RENOTE, 4(1).
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Centro Sociocultural da Vila Planalto em Brasília:
participação comunitária no projeto visando as
dimensões da sustentabilidade, ambiental, social,
econômica e cultural
ABSTRACT: This article aims to demonstrate the development process for a more
sustainable participatory project of Sociocultural Centre of Vila Planalto, a periphery
settlement located in the heart of the Pilot Plan of Brasilia, detached from modernist
morphology, which had arose as a temporary lodge of workers. Its development was
possible due to its inhabitants struggle for fixation. As far as methodology is concerned,
four major dimensions of sustainability of Sachs (2012) have guided the design of the
project: environmental, economic, social and cultural that have been carefully
systematized in the form of spatial patterns and events, based on the
particular characteristics of the place and Alexander et al (1997). In the field of social
sustainability, community participation methods were used creating alternative solutions
before final definitions and to answer that old demand of population. In Cultural
sustainability sphere, we tried to get the local identity through historical reports from
population. In the economic and environmental scope it was intended to value the
bioclimatic factors and more cost-effective building systems, less impactful on life cycle
analysis and on waste treatment, as well as promote the use of alternative energy and food
production. In urban areas, an opening and floor extension invite us to the use of the local
street as a cultural and leisure space, however there are railings and high walls on the
way. Community engagement enables the future construction of the center with local
resources and manpower as well as new partnerships. As main result, we have a
sustainable project.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A Vila Planalto é um bairro exceção de Brasília. Está localizada no centro do poder
nacional, entre a Esplanada dos Ministérios, o Palácio da Alvorada e o Setor de Clubes
Norte (Fig. 01). Surgiu como acampamento na década de 1950, para abrigar os operários
da construção civil que ergueriam a nova capital. Nasceu de um projeto, mas foi se
desenvolvendo de forma espontânea. Com o passar dos anos e das lutas populares,
alcançou a legitimidade e tornou-se um testemunho histórico e um contraponto à rigidez
do desenho do Plano Piloto.
A motivação para o estudo de vilas surgiu da observação da relação das pessoas com seus
espaços e a possibilidade de intervenção a partir do reconhecimento das particularidades
que as identifica como comunidade. Essas relações permeiam as discussões no campo do
patrimônio e do urbanismo contemporâneo. A identificação das demandas apontadas pela
própria comunidade propiciou o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento deste projeto,
sendo a Vila Planalto, de particular interesse, cujo local reuniu fatores importantes:
organizações sociais, demandas comunitárias e fatos históricos relevantes. Além disso, a
escala urbana com características de bairro, permite um estudo mais aproximado e
detalhado do objeto escolhido como tema.
A permanência da Vila Planalto dentro da poligonal tombada de Brasília foi possível graças
às questões rígidas de legislação urbanísticas, incluindo a questão do tombamento, que lhe
foram impostas, a fim de garantir os direitos dos chamados pioneiros de continuarem em
suas residências. Entretanto, a Vila está sofrendo um processo gradual de gentrificação,
devido ao comércio local e à apropriação dos espaços por parte de um público externo. A
ausência do Estado em relação aos jovens também é uma preocupação atual. As
instituições que oferecem esportes, artes, reforço escolar, na Vila estão fechando
gradativamente por falta de infraestrutura e deterioração do patrimônio. Além da
degradação, outro fato relevante é a descaracterização da vila comparada a suas
características originais, com uma profunda alteração na composição dos materiais das
casas, do asfaltamento de ruas e da diminuição na arborização.
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que ocorre nas cidades chamadas naturais (Alexander 1965, apud Almada, 2007). Como se
as partes da cidade moderna fossem sistematizadas separadamente. De acordo com
Andrade (2014), ele faz uma crítica ao urbanismo planejado, como os planos diretores, e
defende que o plano de desenvolvimento para determinado local precisa conectar-se à
estrutura imediata bem como àquela mais abrangente de sua vizinhança. Ou seja, os
contextos regional e local devem influenciar as tomadas de decisões.
A partir das observações e do uso de modelos matemáticos complexos baseados na teoria
dos conjuntos e na teoria dos grafos, Christopher Alexander (Barros 2008, apud Andrade
2014) desenvolve um estudo sobre as combinações que fazem a ligação entre requisitos e
formas, tornando-se uma poderosa ferramenta no processo de projetação sobre as mais
diversas variáveis (dos mais simples aos mais complexos objetos). Trata-se de um estudo
do processo de design que permite criar artefatos (físicos), os quais criam nova ordem,
organização, forma, em resposta à função, visto que a finalidade do design é a forma
(Andrade, 2014). Essas combinações foram chamadas, posteriormente de patterns ou
padrões e servem de parâmetros para o desenho e a construção. Cada padrão descreve um
problema que ocorre repetidamente dentro de nossas cidades (em maior ou menor escala),
e explica uma possível solução, de maneira que essa solução possa ser utilizada de várias
formas diferentes. Portanto, um padrão não é um modelo a ser repetido. Um conjunto de
padrões determina uma comunidade viva que terá sua própria linguagem de padrões. Eles
não devem ser usados isoladamente, mas em uma combinação de padrões que se
completam: um maior que completa um menor, formando uma totalidade. O método de
padrões de Alexander (1997) serviu como base para a criação de outros padrões. É
importante ressaltar que este trabalho consiste na observação padrões emergentes da
própria Vila Planalto.
Para o estudo de padrões, em um primeiro momento, procurou-se analisar a necessidade
dos moradores, por meio de uma reunião com líderes comunitários. Nessa reunião, foi
apontada a carência de atividades complementares oferecidas a jovens e adultos em geral.
No bairro, poucos locais possuem infraestrutura e recursos para o desenvolvimento de
atividades, como reforço escolar, esportes diversificados, cursos profissionalizantes,
reuniões e educação para adultos. Boa parte dos locais disponíveis são tombados pelo
Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (Iphan) e estão em más condições de uso. Além
da limitação dos parâmetros de preservação, existe a limitação de recursos para a
restauração das instalações, que deve ser realizada pelo governo local.
Dentro das dimensões social e cultural, o levantamento das características sociais do lugar
foi realizado, por meio de abordagem da população local para identificação dos locais
produtores de cultura e educação. A partir das características levantadas, foi possível o
reconhecimento de padrões arquitetônicos emergentes (características das edificações do
bairro) e de acontecimento (atividades realizadas nesses locais) e posterior aplicação em
projeto.
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Tabela 1. Resumo das características morfológicas e socioculturais encontradas nos pontos de cultura bem
como o patrimônio imaterial das festas típicas da vila, que foram transformados em padrões emergentes.
Casa de Acolhimento
AMPARE Funciona como lar para pessoas
Padrões principais: com necessidades especiais
Atividades ao ar livre, (casa de acolhimento) de faixa
Corredores iluminados, etária entre 10 e 28 anos; a casa
cisterna, horta urbana, é mantida por meio de doações.
árvores frutíferas.
Tinha por objetivo a integração
social por meio de atividades
Casa Kolping (desativada)
inclusivas e formação
Padrões principais:
profissional. Já contou com uma
Atividades ao ar livre,
cozinha alternativa que
cozinha fachadas em
produzia almoços. (com forno
madeira, ventilação entre
para 4500 pães). Havia
os cômodos.
alfabetização para adultos,
bazares, informática, horta
comunitária, capoeira
Creche Pioneira da Vila Atividades: educação infantil
Planalto (nível escolar) para crianças de
Padrões principais: 1 a 4 anos em período integral e
Pequenos locais para atividades relacionadas, além
refeição, atividades ao ar de projetos estendidos para as
livre, prática de atividades famílias dos alunos. Bazares e
artísticas. almoços beneficentes (para
arrecadação de fundos). Festa
junina da creche.
Atividades: Oficinas de
Associação dos Idosos
artesanato para os idosos,
Renascer da Vila Planalto
almoços beneficentes, reuniões
Padrões principais:
burocráticas da associação,
Produção de artesanato,
roda de terapia comunitária e
atividades em grupo, sala
bazares. Na época do carnaval,
administrativa, locais
funciona como barracão da
pequenos para reuniões.
escola de samba da Vila.
Manifestações: Escola de samba
Festas típicas da Vila
e bloco de carnaval, tecido
Planalto (patrimônio
contando a história da Vila
imaterial)
Planalto, Festa Junina, Banho de
Padrões principais:
lama, queima do Judas, almoços
atividades em grupo.
comunitários, serenata das
mães.
Nota - Desenhos de Lima, D. B. 2015.
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3. RESULTADOS
Figura 9 - Aplicação dos padrões a partir de observações feitas nos pontos culturais e patrimoniais da Vila
Planalto e reivindicações recorrentes do grupo de moradores: uso de cobogó; espaço para exposições; sala de
computadores; uso de projeção (cursos dinâmicos); atividades ao ar livre; presença de árvores frutíferas; salas
para palestras; pequena praça para aproximar os usuários com o espaço urbano; uso de plantas ornamentais;
uso de madeira nas esquadrias; local para administração das atividades; locais para guardar materiais e
objetos pessoais; sala com espelho para atividades que usam o corpo; locais para alojamento das bicicletas
priorizando o uso desse transporte; ventilação cruzada para favorecer a troca de ar; pequenas salas para
reuniões; refeitório pequeno para alimentação e socialização; acesso ao portador de deficiência, possibilitando
sua integração natural ao ambiente; locais para atividades físicas; coleta de água da chuva para
reaproveitamento e cozinha para alimentação e cursos.
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Figuras 10 e 11 - Perspectiva da rua, dando prioridadeao pedestre.e fachada forntal do Centro Sociocultural,
integrando o edifício com a rua.
4. CONCLUSÃO
Apesar da finalização do processo, até o momento, ter sido concluída com sucesso,
inicialmente, a dificuldade de encontrar documentos sobre a Vila Planalto foi a primeira
barreira, já que não existe um acervo único. Foram encontrados documentos na Secretaria
de Gestão de Territórios (Segeth), Arquivo Público do Distrito Federal e Subsecretaria de
Cultura e Patrimônio do Distrito Federal. Entretanto, parte da documentação nem estava
catalogada, foi preciso lidar com fontes primárias. A quantidade de leis e decretos também
dificultou o entendimento, uma vez que existem decretos de tombamento que se
entrelaçam ao projeto de loteamento e às leis de uso e ocupação. Essas leis, por vezes, não
atribuem valores quantitativos, dificultando ainda mais o entendimento do que deve ser
feito para manter as características patrimoniais. A heterogeneidade dos grupos sociais
existentes também dificultou um trabalho mais abrangente com a comunidade. Cada
grupo já exerce suas próprias atividades e há influência política sobre alguns deles.
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REFERÊNCIAS
Alexander, C. 2007. A cidade não é uma árvore. Tradução: Mauro Almada. Disponível em:
http://www.vivercidades.org.br/publique222/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=1123&sid=21&
tpl=printerview – Acesso em 29/03/2015.
Alexander, Christopher. Ishikawa,S.; Silverstein, M.; Jacobson, M.; King, I. F. 1997. Uma Linguagem
de Padrões - A Pattern Language. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Andrade, L. M. S. 2014. Conexão dos padrões espaciais dos ecossistemas urbanos: a construção de um
método com enfoque transdisciplinar para o processo de desenho urbano sensível à água no nível da
comunidade e da paisagem. Tese (Doutorado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo). Versão final —
Universidade de Brasília, Brasília.
Distrito Federal, Decretos 11.079/88, 11.104/88, 11.149/88, 14.053/92, 14.663/93, NGB 90_90, NGB
163_90, 164_90, 165_90 e NGB 58_91 referem-se à legislação específica da Vila Planalto.
Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. 2013.Participação da comunidade em processos de
desenho urbano e de urbanismo: levantamento e descrição de métodos e técnicas, Lisboa.
Mayol, J. O Bairro. In: Certeau, M. A. 2008. invenção do cotidiano 2: morar e cozinhar. Tradução de
Ephraim Ferreira Alves e Lúcia Endlich Orth. Petrópolis: Vozes. Cap. 1, p. 372.
Ocarranza P., M. 2014. Transformações do Cotidiano em um bairro em processo de gentrificação
livre. XIII Seminário de História da Cidade e do Urbanismo, Brasília.
Sachs, I. 2012. Caminhos para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Garamond. Rio de Janeiro.
Seduma. 2008. 1º Seminário SEDUMA: A Vila Planalto em Proposta. Brasília.
Zarur, S. B. 1996. Brasília: Moradia e Exclusão. In: (organizador), A. P. Brasília: moradia e exclusão.
Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. Cap. Vila Planalto: um caso de resistência popular, p. 81-109.
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Experiences and Sustainable Practices with the Elderly
ABSTRACT: This article describes important actions resulting from a partnership between
three extension projects of Federal University of Paraná: Open University of Maturity,
Green Map of Curitiba and Digital Media Applied to Education. That partnership seeks
social valuing of the elderly. The method used consists of six steps: raise awareness of the
sustainability issue, encouraging the elderly to participate in the learning process, as well
as to reflect and to exchange experiences and sustainable practices; stimulate thinking
with the use of iconographic materials; mobilize ideas with maps and icons and invite the
students to map locals that refers to life quality for them; experience, beginning to discuss
participants perception about the mapped locations; review the selected icons to
represent positive environmental or negative aspects of the mapped areas; and perform
challenges, when the participants propose behavior changes and recognize how they can
exceed the proposed challenge. Besides that, the participants could discuss and realize
how the project contributed to awareness process of their social environment.
Keywords Sustainability, Green Map of Curitiba, Open University of Maturity.
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1. INTRODUCTION
There is a growing necessity for more discussions and lead the problems and
preoccupations of scientists and environmentalists about planet’s preservation. Both the
child and the adult should learn about environmental education, which explains the
importance of studies on the factors that influence the perception of the subject in society.
The aging population is seen throughout the contemporary world and requires behavioral
and cultural changes. To grow old is often associated with decreased quality of life, what
as a challenge for the individual, society and government, in order to acquire knowledge
and conditions for life extension.
This article results of partner of three Project extensions in University Federal of Paraná
(UFPR): Open University’s of Maturity (UAM) Project, Green Map Project’s and Digital
Media Applied to Education Project. In this scope, many acts are conducted by Science,
Information and Technology Search Group.
2. THE PROJECTS
The Green Map began in 1992, in New York/EUA as a map to instigate the interest of local
residents and tourists about sustainability and make it possible to them to know
significant places of cultural and environmental importance within the city. Was created
by Wendy Brawer and published by his ecodesign enterprise “Modern World Design”.
Then, raised an ideia to develop a collaborative system, the Green Map System (created in
1995), which has the “the purpose to guide the society to realize the geographical space
where it [the society] lives and it [the geographical space] relationship to sustainability”
(Tavares, 2015, s.p., translated by us).
The program spread notion of sustainable future through building maps, activities in
which community participates sharing their perceptions and impressions about green
areas e his location in social space, beyond the social, cultural and civic knowledge. The
Green Maps can be created in limited or opened groups to third-party collaboration -
named Open Green Maps. Both the production process and maps produced, it has helped
to strengthening local and global sustainability networks, reinforce the necessity of
healthy and ecologic choices and assist in the divulgation and expansion of successful
initiatives to more communities (Think... 2016).
Recent data shows that there are 500 Green Maps published and 325 Opened Green Maps,
such as hundreds of made in workshops and classes/classrooms (presented in the Project
activities’ reports), embracing more than 845 cities, counties and villages in 65 countries.
In 2009, GP-CIT, along with the Department of Information Science and Information
Management of the Federal University of Paraná, has hired the Green Map’s idealizer,
Wendy Brawer, to bring he project to Curitiba/PR, in Brazil. During the Information
Management’s First Journey, the event’s guests and participants cooperated to the
elaboration of the Curitiba’s Green Map (Fig.1) in a area which was specially made for this
propose (Freitas, 2015).
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Figure 1. Curitiba’s Green Map. Source: Curitiba’s Green Map webpage, 2016
This project resulted in workshops, presentations and communications of the works and
lots of events, such as SuGestão 2009, the 8º UFPR’s Extension and Culture Meeting
(ENEC), the International Conference of Education and Sustainable Development
(EDS,2010), apart from workshops with the UFPR’s architecture and urbanism students
(Freitas, 2015).
UAM, on the other hand, is a project from UFPR’s extension whose target-public are people
above 55 years old. It offers, to the elders, the opportunity of participating of numerous
activities which promotes life quality, cultural and social development, reception and the
behavior changes about lots of topics, such as: Digital Inclusion, Elders’ Rights, Elders’
Health, Corporal Activities, Environment, Gerontology, Art and Culture (Universidade...
2016) (Fig.2).
Figure 2. 1st UAM class, happened in 2013, about Technology for digital inclusion. Source: Own
Archives, 2013
The Digital Medias Applied to Education Project, on the other hand, is made by GP-CIT
with the purpose of promoting digital and technological inclusion to the population,
through workshops and training activities, besides the production of didactic material.
(Paixão, 2015) (Fig.3). The partnership between these two projects contributed to
improve its participants’ life quality and sociocultural development.
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Figure 3. 1st UAM class, happened in 2013, about Green Map Project. Source: Own Archives, 2013
The sustainability model (Coral, 2002) helps on the analytics of the projects inserting
them on a social sustainability dimension. The actions disposed in this classification have
social responsibility nature and involves students and teachers from different courses,
with a way to help the growth of involved community, collaborating to execute and
propagate of ideas and sustainable behaviors. In Green Map Project, the information's
theme are quickly produced, diffused and applied in the students’ formation, as well as
transferred to the old-aged in the UAM project. Learn to learn, learn to understand and
learn to act by yourself became indispensable capabilities for actions that involve the
introduction of sustainability themes in the social environment.
Quality of life is a dynamic concept that covers many areas of knowledge and includes the
human relation with the environment and the different needs and perception of each
person, being quality of life composed as much positive relations and experiences as
negatives ones. Alonso, Sánchez and Martínez (2009) comment that the World Health
Organization (WHO) defines quality of life as
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The quality of life is also related with the emotional, physic and material welfare, involving
interpersonal relations, personal development and social inclusion. (Schalock et al. s.d.
apud Alonso, et al. 2009)
The WHO (Organización Mundial de la Salud, s.d.) says that over the years there has been a
significant increase in the number of the elderly, which can be seen in Brazil by comparing
the figures submitted by the Censuses of 2000 and 2010 (IBGE, 2000/2010): There was a
growth of approximately 41% in the number of the elderly. This increase raises questions
as: aging is being accompanied by an appropriate degree of quality of life according to
factors such as social inequality and break of paradigms about the elderly's role in society?
To seek answers to questions like this, we understand that higher education institutions
are responsible for presenting and foster discussions about sustainability, in order to
alleviate the lack of public policies that discuss the issue associating it with quality of life,
in particular the elderly. Although there is in Brazil Law No. 8,842, of January 4, 1994,
which is a National Policy for the Elderly with standards to ensure social rights of the
elderly by creating conditions to promote their autonomy, integration and effective
participation in society (Articles 1 and 2), it is remarkable the lack of effective
participation of society and public agencies to fulfill this law.
The UFPR in its projects, aligns with the National Elderly Plan to support and promote
longevity with quality of life, seeking to offer ways for aging is accompanied and
understood by the elderly themselves. One of the projects that are explicitly aligned in this
case is itself Open University of Maturity by forming groups of seniors that allow building
relationships and influence the mobility of the elderly among the places where the actions
are carried out. People who do not leave home are more prone to isolation, depression and
a higher incidence of mobility issues. (Organización Mundial de la Salud, s.d.)
Seeking to promote the participation of different sectors and courses of UFPR, awareness
of directly and indirectly involved with the actions and deepening the questions on the
subject, it responds to the extension principles (O que... 2016) which are the generation
impact and social transformation, the indivisibility of teaching, research and extension,
interdisciplinarity and inter-professionalism, understanding the social role of extension
and the impact on the training of students.
4. METHODOLOGY
The partnership between the projects is now on its fourth edition and takes place every
year always in the months of March, April and May. It began in 2013 and its latest edition
took place this year, 2016. The activities consist of actions research and workshops
focused on digital inclusion and dissemination of the Green Map’s project.
The set of activities also aims at the training of monitors and instructors students, testing
material developed by them and approach’s and teaching-learning’s techniques. All
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activities take place in the computer lab on campus UFPR’s Botanical Garden, which
provides all the physical infrastructure and equipment.
It is used as educational strategies (Frame 2) action research, classes, and workshops with
participation through dialogue between teachers, seniors, students, instructors and
monitors involved in the process, developing dynamics distributed in 12 meetings of 3
hours duration each.
Frame 2. Educational strategy for digital inclusion at UAM Green Map project. Source: Authors,
2016
Educational Responsibles Target audience Theme
strategies
Action research GP-CIT Know the profile and the reality of
the participants
Since 2013, the Digital Inclusion theme is worked on the project by members of the GP-CIT
and volunteers. Therefore, materials were developed in the form of slides and printed
pocket booklets distributed to the students and serve as a reference source to participants
(Fig . 4).
Figure 4. Pocket booklets technology for Digital inclusion. Source: Own Archives.
One of the classes’ modules is dedicated to a workshop with the elderly, when it is
explained what is Green Map Project and its importance is emphasized. It aims to
influence the participants to think critically about the regions where they live. The method
used in this workshop consists of six steps:
Raising awareness on the sustainability issue - action that shows inter and
transdisciplinar character theme making the elderly feel at ease to actively participate
in the learning process, besides it allows them to reflect and exchange experiences on
sustainable practices;
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Stimulate thinking with use of iconographic material (Fig. 5) and their descriptions,
pre-established in the project;
Figure 5. Activity with icons - Green Map Project. Source: Own Archives, 2016.
Mobilize ideas with maps (Fig. 6) and icons - participants are asked to map their living
places;
Figure 6. Presentation of Green Map Project’s maps. Source: Own Archives, 2016.
Try it - stimulates the discussion and perception of places that refer to the quality of
life for each participant (squares, parks, bike paths, etc.);
Evaluate - leads to discussions about the closure of the locations listed by participants
that presented the drawings to explain the selected icons to represent the positive
environmental aspects or negative existing space mapped by them ; and
Perform challenges - encourage each participant to create behavior change proposals.
The purpose is the recognition of their contribution to the educational process on the
space where they live. In Curitiba, this step is in charge of the UFPR team. Once
verified, the information is entered in the site of the Green Map© in the Curitiba’s
Green Map.
The action verbs of each step, when in Portuguese, form the SEMEAR word (sow in
English) which symbolically represents a commitment of project participants to act as
seeders and disseminators of the Green Map and care with nature in the pursuit of
community quality of life and is a way of teaching-learning which facilitates the
involvement of students with the technological and cultural changes taking place in its
surroundings (Freitas, 2011). This method was developed by Neolabor a management
company of Human Resources located in Florianopolis in Santa Catarina/Brazil.
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5. RESULTS
The partnership between the projects and actions carried out as lectures and trainings are
essential to the continuity of them because they help in spreading this partnership to both
the domestic population the Federal University as the foreign population, arousing the
interest of the public and enabling new entrants to take advantage of environment created
by classes.
Thus, it appears as one of the results, the fact that not only the elderly as students, but also
teachers, monitors, organizers and observers are made aware of the social importance of
preserving nature and the commitment to promote environmental awareness and
sustainability and at the same time they can interact with each other ensuring that people
from different social situations, life experiences and ages.
And another result to be quoted, perhaps more tangible, it is a graduate of four groups of
elderly (2013-2016) in the Open Maturity University that were presented and made aware
of the actions of the Green Map and receiving capabilities for digital inclusion by members
and volunteers of the project Digital Media Applied to Education.
6. CONCLUSION
This research enabled to infer that education strategies focused on the quality of life of the
elderly are essential when a proposal to change the social sustainability paradigm exists.
The importance of the actions carried out in the projects described herein is revealed in
the valuation issues not always considered common sense, but that show interesting for
the participants.
Scholars who participated in the project say the experience gives opportunity to them in
addition to teaching, the learning. On the one hand work explaining the use of
computational tools to the elderly, on the other, to exchange experiences, share knowledge
and knowledge about the life experience and the challenges faced on a daily basis. The
action allows the contact with real life, according to the reports of the elderly in their
speech. They praise the project, not only for acquired knowledge but the opportunity to
experience it, be useful and to produce something which translates as appreciation of their
work. You can see the impact of the Project Green Map in the following statements made
by some of the elderly (verbal information acquired from manual transcription excerpts
from interviews with students of 2016 class UAM):
“It’s something that is important and we sometimes don’t take it very seriously.” –
Interviewed A (translated by us);
“I think it teaches people to think, because usually people go through things and do
not realize." - Interviewed C (translated by us);
She said (verbal information) that she wants to publicize the project:
“Near my home there's a little square that has fitness equipment. People of my
building and I gather there to do gymnastics… then I will join them too [in the
project].” - Interviewed A (translated by us);
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Through conversations with them also could see the ways they became aware of the Open
University of Maturity: through dissemination at the university itself, through
conversations with family members, among others. About the reasons that led them to
participate in the project (oral information):
"I decided to participate to interact, go out , learn, get more information and always be
active." - Interviewed B (translated by us);
"To have more information. To have contact with people, interacting." - Interviewed C
(translated by us);
"Because I was more staying at home. It is for information, to update and other things
that we end up staying at home and getting kind of forgetting things." - Interviewed D
(translated by us);
The elderly, mostly received the guidelines with satisfaction (Fig . 7-8 ) and returned with
stories about their experiences and showing their affection for the teachers.
Figure 7. 4th UAM class, about Green Map Project. Source: Own Archives, 2016.
Figure 8. 4th UAM class, about Green Map Project. Source: Own Archives, 2016.
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REFERENCES
Alonso, M. A. et al. 2009. Fundamentación teórica. In M. A Alonso & L. E. G. Sánchez & B. A. Martínez,
Evaluación de la calidad de vida en personas mayores: 12-25. Salamanca: INICO.
Canković, S et al. 2016. Quality of life of elderly people living in a retirement home. Vojnosanitetski
Pregled. 73(1): 42-46.
Coral, E. Modelo de planejamento estratégico para a sustentabilidade empresarial. 282f. Tese
Doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2002.
Freitas, M. C. D. Pense globalmente, mapeie localmente. Crie: Educação para o desenvolvimento
sustentável. Curitiba, p.32-33, jun. 2011.
Freitas, M. C. D. Relatório interno do GP-CIT. Curitiba: Gp-cit, 2015. 14 p.
Freitas, M. C. D. et al. The Sustainable Look of the "Third-Age" for Future Generations. 2015.
Translator: Jessica Cristina Tavares. Disponível em:
<http://www.greenmap.org/greenhouse/en/node/25147>. Acesso em: 09 maio 2016.
IBGE. Sinopse do Censo Demográfico 2010: Distribuição da população por sexo, segundo os grupos
de idade. 2000/2010. Disponível em:
<http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=12>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2016.
O que é extensão universitária? Disponível em: <http://www.proec.ufpr.br/links/extensao.html>.
Acesso em: 20 maio 2016.
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Salud y Envejecimento: Un documento para el debate. s.l.
37 p. Disponível em:
<http://www.redadultosmayores.com.ar/buscador/files/SALUD093_Edwards.pdf>. Acesso em: 20
maio 2016.
Paixão, D. S.; Mídias digitais aplicadas a Educação. Curitiba: GP-CIT, 2015. 9 slides, color.
Tavares, J. C. Mapa Verde: disseminação das práticas de sustentabilidade em Curitiba. Curitiba: GP-
CIT, 2015. 15 slides, color.
Think Global, Map Local! Disponível em: <http://www.greenmap.org/greenhouse/en/about>.
Acesso em: 03 maio 2016.
UFPR - UNIVERSIDADE Aberta da Maturidade UFPR. Disponível em: <http://www.uam.ufpr.br/>.
Acesso em: 28 abr. 2016.
WHOQOL Group. Division Of Mental Health And Prevention Of Substance Abuse Of The World
Health Organization (WHO). Measuring Quality of Life. Geneva, 1997. 13 p. Disponível em:
<http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/68.pdf>. Acesso em: 21 maio 2016.
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Avaliação da iluminação natural da casa popular eficiente
da UFSM por simulações computacionais
RESUMO: Este trabalho apresenta resultados parciais de uma avaliação das condições de
iluminação natural do interior do protótipo de Casa Popular Eficiente construído em 2013,
em escala real, no Centro de Eventos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O objetivo
do artigo é apresentar resultados da avaliação da iluminação natural disponível no interior
do protótipo. Através do método do papel branco, realizou-se medições com luxímetro
portátil em 260 pontos de iluminância refletida para a obtenção das refletâncias das
superfícies internas da edificação. Elaborou-se uma maquete eletrônica do protótipo, a
qual foi utilizada no programa Rhinoceros com o plugin Diva instalado em seu ambiente.
Inseriu-se os materiais para cada tipo de superfície na maquete, configurando-se suas
devidas refletâncias. Para realizar a avaliação de iluminação natural por simulações com o
plugin Diva for Rhino, tem-se como suporte o algoritmo Radiance, utilizando-se o arquivo
climático SWERA para Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Analisou-se as seguintes variantes da
iluminação natural: iluminância útil e autonomia. O protótipo obteve um bom
desempenho no que se refere aos parâmetros de iluminâncias preconizados pela
NBR15575-1. Além disso, o estudo não se resume a apenas a avaliar níveis médios de
iluminâncias disponíveis, mas avaliar o desempenho da iluminação natural de uma forma
espacial, possibilitando-se mapear as deficiências que possam ser aperfeiçoadas no
protótipo e visando aprimorar o projeto de arquitetura a fim de torná-lo mais eficiente.
Palavras-chave Iluminação natural, Simulação, Diva for Rhino.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O protótipo, Figura 1, utiliza materiais de baixo impacto ao meio ambiente, como tijolos de
solo cimento, telha com Tetra Pak reciclado, forro de painéis OSB, tintas diluíveis em água
e piso de PVC reciclado. Além disso, a construção reuniu diversas estratégias para a
melhor utilização dos recursos naturais, como o aproveitamento da água da chuva,
reaproveitamento de águas cinzas, uso da vegetação para proteção solar, emprego da
ventilação e da luz natural e o uso da energia solar para aquecimento de água (Vaghetti et.
al., 2013).
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Legenda:
Sala de Estar
Cozinha/Área de Serviço
Circulação
Banheiro
B B
Dormitório 01
Dormitório 02
Corte AA
Corte BB
Figura 2. Planta Baixa do protótipo, Corte AA e Corte BB. Fonte: adaptado de GEPETECS, 2014
Pelos níveis de iluminação natural serem dinâmicos, o desempenho da luz do dia deve ser
considerado ao longo do tempo e não simplesmente através de um fator de luz diurna por
exemplo. Um desempenho anual da iluminação natural integra variações de um ano
completo, que é altamente dependente das condições climáticas locais, especialmente a luz
fornecida a partir da luz solar direta contra o céu e as nuvens (IESNA, 2012).
O plug-in Diva for Rhino, inicialmente desenvolvido na Universidade de Harvard e hoje
gerenciado pela Solemma, permite aos usuários realizarem uma série de avaliações de
desempenho ambiental dos edifícios individuais e paisagens urbanas, incluindo
simulações de iluminação natural baseadas em arquivos climáticos, como Useful Daylight
Iluminances e Daylight Autonomy (Diva, 2016).
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4. OBJETIVO E JUSTIFICATIVA
4.1 Objetivo
4.2 Justificativa
5. METODOLOGIA
5.1 Levantamento e modelagem do protótipo
De acordo com Ghisi & Lamberts (1998), para a execução do método do papel branco é
necessário um luxímetro portátil e uma folha de papel branco. São feitas duas medições de
iluminância refletida em um mesmo ponto, uma com o papel branco e outra da superfície
desejada, ambas com a fotocélula do luxímetro (luxímetro portátil INSTRUTHERM, modelo
LD210) voltada para a superfície que se deseja saber a refletância e afastada
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Onde ρ𝑠𝑢𝑝 = Refletância da superfície (%); 𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = Iluminância refletida pela superfície
(lux); 𝐸𝑝𝑏 = Iluminância refletida pela superfície com papel branco (lux); 90 = Refletância
do papel branco (%).
Conforme Pereira (2009, p. 15), “os dias com céu encoberto são caracterizados pela
ausência de luz solar diretamente do sol. A luz do céu é tão uniformemente difundida, que
o padrão de luminância do céu é visualmente simétrico em relação ao zênite”. Realizaram-
se as medições de iluminância refletida no dia 8 de janeiro de 2016, entre 9h e 19h, por ser
um dia com predominância de céu encoberto (vista do céu na Fig. 4) que favorece a
uniformidade das iluminâncias e consequentemente reduz a possibilidade de variação dos
resultados.
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Para a execução do método exposto, são realizados 30 conjuntos de medições para cada
tipo de superfície. Para superfícies com refletâncias uniformes este número cai para 10
conjuntos (Ghisi, 1997).
Após a modelagem da maquete eletrônica, foi utilizado o plugin Diva for Rhino, instalado
no software Rhinoceros, como mostrado na Figura 5, o qual apresenta quatro ícones de uso,
Location, Nodes, Materials e Metrics. O primeiro ícone, Location, é utilizado para a
importação de um arquivo climático local que se encontra no computador em
C:\Diva\WatherData, no qual foi utilizado o arquivo do tipo SWERA.epw, da cidade de
Santa Maria, RS, obtido através do portal do Laboratório de Eficiência Energética em
Edificação (LABEEE, 2016) da UFSC, onde podem ser encontrados os arquivos climáticos
existentes de cidades brasileiras.
Figura 5. Ferramentas do plugin Diva for Rhino e forma de importação do arquivo climático de Santa Maria, RS.
Fonte: autores, 2016
Através do comando Nodes (Fig. 6), são projetados os pontos de análises para as
posteriores simulações. Foram definidos 75cm de altura dos pontos em relação ao piso,
estabelecido pela NBR 15575-1, e aproximadamente 20cm de afastamento horizontal
entre os pontos para se obter curvas isolux com boa precisão.
Figura 6. Ferramentas do plugin Diva for Rhino, Nodes e Materials. Fonte: autores, 2016
Com o ícone Materials, conforme Figura 6, são definidos os materiais para cada tipo de
superfície, os quais foram separados por layers durante o processo de modelagem
tridimensional. Acessando o Sistema(C)/DIVA/Daylight/Material nos documentos do
computador, é possível configurar cada material com a sua devida refletância (Figura 6),
como é estabelecido pelo Radiance no manual deste algoritmo (Crone, 1992).
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Após inserir o arquivo climático local no ícone Location, distribuir os pontos dos sensores
em Nodes, e aplicar todos os materiais configurados com o algoritmo Radiance em Assign
Materials, parte-se para os procedimentos de simulação na opção Metrics (Fig. 7).
6. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO
6.1 Refletâncias
Tabela 1. Estimativa de refletâncias das superfícies do protótipo de casa popular eficiente da UFSM
Média de Iluminâncias Média de Iluminância Refletância
Superfícies dos pontos medidos refletidas pelo papel refletida pela estimada
branco (Lux) superfície (Lux) (%)
Paredes de tijolos a vista 65,76666667 18,43333333 25
Paredes e teto pintados de branco 87,00000000 82,10000000 85
Paredes com revestimento cerâmico claro 107,2000000 79,40000000 67
Piso cerâmico claro 500,5000000 386,6000000 70
Madeira das esquadrias 114,0000000 19,30000000 15
Piso laminado de PVC reciclado 192,9000000 70,36666667 33
Chapas OSB do forro 43,53333333 17,76666667 37
As médias das refletâncias são necessárias para a aplicação dos materiais dentro do plugin
Diva, e os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios comparando-se a pesquisas realizadas
por outros autores, como é apresentado por Pereira & Souza (2005), que referenciam
estimativas de refletâncias por cores, onde uma parede pintada de branco, por exemplo, é
descrita teoricamente por 80% de refletância estimada, e nesta medição obteve-se um
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Área de Serviço
89,31%
Dormitório 02
% das horas diurnas do ano com luz natural entre 100 e 2000Lux.
85,38%
Cozinha
Banheiro
88,46%
41,00%
Circulação
6,35%
Dormitório 01
86,62%
Sala de Estar
85,79%
Figura 8. Simulação de UDI para o protótipo de Casa Popular Sustentável da UFSM. Fonte: autores, 2016
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Figura 10. DA em 30, 45 e 300 Lux para o protótipo de Casa Popular Sustentável da UFSM. Fonte: autores, 2016
Nestas três simulações, pode-se perceber que as áreas que não estão em vermelho
correspondem a pontos que não atingem 100% de autonomia e por isso precisam ser
aperfeiçoadas, pois são apresentados baixos índices de autonomias, caso do banheiro e da
circulação, e ainda se identifica as áreas com certa dificuldade em atingir iluminâncias
elevadas, que aparecem em azul e também em amarelo na simulação DA300 lux.
Identificados os pontos a serem otimizados, pode-se pensar em adequações, por exemplo,
trocando as cores da pintura das paredes e do teto e talvez possíveis ajustes
arquitetônicos, como distribuição das aberturas ou redução de profundidade dos
ambientes.
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7. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Em UDI foram apontadas bons resultados de iluminâncias úteis de iluminação natural,
acima de 85% nos ambientes de permanência prolongada, cozinha e área de serviço. Em
DA, os parâmetros de desempenho mínimo, intermediário e superior de iluminâncias
estipulados pela NBR15575-1, deveriam superar respectivamente os índices de autonomia
em 60 lux, 90 lux e 120 lux, onde são indicadas as simulações nos pontos centrais dos
ambientes de permanência prolongada, cozinha e área de serviço, desta forma, todos estes
ambientes obtiveram autonomia de 100% ou índices bastante próximos disto. No
banheiro e circulação não são estipulados índices mínimos de iluminância, mas pode-se
observar pouca eficiência no desempenho intermediário e superior. Com DA 300 lux,
pode-se concluir que possíveis áreas de estudo ou trabalho doméstico necessitariam de
auxilio de iluminação artificial, sendo observadas as áreas azuladas desta simulação.
REFERÊNCIAS
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS (ABNT) 2013. NBR 15575-1 - Edificações
Habitacionais - Desempenho - Parte 1: Requisitos gerais. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
CRONE, S. M. D. 1992. Radiance User’s Manual, Architectural Dissertation, Vol. 2, Disponível em:
<http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/refer/usman2.pdf>. Acesso em 30 de maio de 2016.
DIVA FOR RHINO 2016. What is DIVA-for-Rhino?, Cambridge, MA, USA. Disponível em:
<http://diva4rhino.com/>. Acesso em 30 de maio de 2016.
GEPETECS 2014. Casa Popular Eficiente. Santa Maria, UFSM. Disponível na Internet
<http://coral.ufsm.br/gepetecs/index.php/projetos/casa-popular-eficiente>. Acesso em: 30 nov.
2014.
GHISI, E.; LAMBERTS, R. 1998. Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para retrofit em sistemas de
iluminação. Anais 7º Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído. Florianópolis. p. 401-
409.
GHISI, E. 1997. Desenvolvimento de uma Metodologia para retrofit em sistemas de iluminação: Estudo
de caso na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. 246 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia
Civil) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis.
IESNA 2012. IES LM-83-12. IES Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure
(ASE). New York, NY, USA, IESNA Lighting Measurement.
JARAMILLO, C. B. 2014. Alterações na distribuição da luz natural causados pelos agrupamentos de
estudantes em salas de aula. 142 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo) -
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis.
LABEEE 2016. Laboratório de Eficiência Energética em Edificações. Arquivos climáticos. SWERA.
Santa Maria. Disponível em: <http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/downloads/arquivosclimaticos>. Acesso
em: 30 de maio de 2016.
MARDALJEVIC, J; NABIL, A. 2005. The Useful Daylight Illuminance Paradigm: A Replacement for
Daylight Factors. Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development (IESD), Leicester, Reino Unido.
PEREIRA, F. O. R.; SOUZA, M. B. de. 1995 / 2005. Iluminação. Florianópolis. Curso de Pós-Graduação
em Arquitetura e Urbanismo e em Construção Civil. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.
Apostila de Conforto Ambiental.
PEREIRA, R. C. 2009. Avaliação de Ferramentas de Simulação de Iluminação Natural por Meio de
Mapeamento Digital de Luminâncias da Abóbada Celeste e Entorno. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia
Civil) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis.
REINHART, Christoph F.; MARDALJEVIC, John; ROGERS, Zack. 2006. Dynamic Daylight Performance
Metrics for Sustainable Building Design. LEUKOS – Journal of Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America, v.3, v.1, p. 7-31.
VAGHETTI, M.A.O. et al. 2014. Casa Popular Eficiente: um benefício ambiental aliado a um custo
mínimo (Módulo 4). Santa Maria: UFSM. Relatório Parcial de Pesquisa (Protocolo nº 28582
GAP/CT). Disponível em: <www.ufsm.br/gepetecs>. Acesso em: 1 jun. 2014.
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Isolamento a sons aéreos - NP EN ISO 16283-1 2014
procedimento geral vs procedimento de baixa frequência
Paulo Silva
Versegura, Lda – Laboratório de acústica, V. N. Famalicão – Braga, Portugal
pauloliveirasilva@gmail.com
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A acústica de edifícios assume atualmente um dos principais conceitos quando se projeta
uma construção. Uma acústica de edifícios de qualidade, irá traduzir-se numa boa qualidade
acústica dos espaços bem como a estanquidade à passagem de sons entre o interior e o
exterior dos edifícios e entre compartimentos do mesmo edifício, sejam eles
compartimentos de fogos, garagens, zonas técnicas, espaços de circulação comum, espaços
comercias para zonas de conforto, de lazer ou de descanso. A legislação em vigor na área da
acústica de edifícios é o decreto-lei 96/2008 de 09 de junho, que procede à primeira
alteração do Regulamento dos Requisitos Acústicos dos Edifícios, aprovado pelo decreto-lei
129/2002 (Decreto-Lei n.º 96/2008, 2008).
O presente trabalho tem por base a análise das abordagens especificadas pela nova norma
aplicável aos ensaios de propagação a sons aéreos entre compartimentos. A norma NP EN
ISO16283-1:2014, que vem substituir a NP EN ISO 140-4:2009, é aplicável a recintos
recetores entre 10 m3 e 250 m3 no intervalo de frequências entre 50 Hz e 5000 Hz, sendo
que abaixo dos 25 m3 deve ser aplicado o procedimento de baixas frequências e entre 25 m3
e 250 m3 deve ser aplicado o procedimento geral. O principal foco de estudo e análise para
o qual serão efetuados ensaios será verificar as diferenças que se obtêm com a aplicação das
distintas metodologias. Além de novas abordagens na realização de ensaios, esta norma vem
ainda especificar e clarificar alguns requisitos para os equipamentos utilizados neste
âmbito.
A aplicação do método de baixas frequências, por parte das entidades acreditadas em
termos acústicos, carece de uma revisão legislativa de modo a que o índice de isolamento
acústico padronizado com os respetivos índices de adaptação espectral para baixa
frequência DnT,w + (C50-3150; Ctr50-3150), sejam previstos em diploma legal (Rosão, Silva, & Gama,
2015).
2. METODOLOGIAS DE ENSAIO
Para a realização das medições de isolamento sonoro a sons de condução aérea com a
aplicação do procedimento geral e do procedimento de baixa frequência foram seguidas as
diretrizes da NP EN ISO16283-1:2014. Esta norma prevê que o sonómetro utilizado nas
medições seja utilizado em: posições fixas, microfone com varrimento mecânico continuo
ou microfone com varrimento manual. No presente estudo foram utilizadas as posições fixas
de microfone em que o sonómetro é seguro manualmente ou está fixo em tripé (NP EN ISO
16283-1, 2014).
Independentemente do método a aplicar em determinado ensaio, este passa sempre pelas
seguintes fases:
• escolher o compartimento emissor e recetor, preferencialmente o mais pequeno como
recetor;
• efetuar as medições do tempo de reverberação no compartimento recetor – T2;
• efetuar as medições do ruído de fundo no compartimento recetor – B2;
• efetuar as medições do nível sonoro médio no compartimento emissor– L1;
• efetuar as medições do nível sonoro médio no compartimento recetor – L2;
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Figura 1. Distâncias mínimas dos altifalantes na geração de ruído para medição de L1 e L2.
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Uma vez que no método geral as medições de L1 e L2 são realizadas entre as bandas de terço
de oitava de 100 Hz e 3150 Hz, o tempo de medição para cada posição de microfone é no
mínimo 6 s e para B2 15 s.
As distâncias mínimas de separação entre posições dos microfones são as seguintes:
• 0,7m entre posições fixas do microfone;
• 0,5m entre uma posição do microfone e os limites do compartimento;
• 1,0m entre uma posição do microfone e o altifalante (NP EN ISO 16283-1, 2014).
A Figura 3 representa graficamente as distâncias anteriormente especificadas.
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O tempo de integração mínimo é de 15 s para cada medição, com o microfone colocado num
tripé fixo e deslocado de posição em posição (NP EN ISO 16283-1, 2014).
Na Figura 4 é apresentado o modo de colocação do microfone numa posição de canto num
dos ensaios realizados e a Figura 5 representa graficamente a distribuição típica das fontes
sonoras e dos microfones numa medição, com a aplicação do método de baixa frequência.
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2.4 Cálculos
Depois de realizadas as várias medições torna-se então necessário processar os cálculos
para obtenção do:
Índice de isolamento sonoro por banda de frequência
𝑇
𝐷nT = 𝐿1 − 𝐿2 + 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1)
𝑇0
onde: L1, L2, …, Ln são os níveis de pressão sonora medidos nas n posições do microfone no
compartimento emissor e no compartimento recetor, resultando daqui respetivamente o
valor de L1 e L2 para aplicar na equação (1).
Nível de pressão sonora média-energética de baixa frequência
100.1∗𝐿canto + (2 ∗ 100.1∗𝐿 )
𝐿LF = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 (3)
3
Para determinação do valor de DnT’w e dos termos de adaptação espectral C50-3150 e Ctr,50-3150 é
necessário agora aplicar o método descrito na NP EN ISO 717-1:2013. (NP EN ISO 717-1,
2013)
2.5 Equipamentos
Os equipamentos utilizados nas medições foram: sonómetro de classe 1 da Bruel & Kjaer,
modelo 2250; calibrador do sonómetro Bruel & Kjaer, modelo 4231; fontes sonoras da Bruel
& Kjaer, modelo 4292; amplificadores de potência sonora da Bruel & Kjaer, modelo 2734.
Todos os equipamentos pertencem ao laboratório de acústica da Versegura, Lda, entidade
acreditada pelo IPAC para realização de ensaios de acústica de edifícios e estão devidamente
verificados.
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Cerâmica 1cm
Habitação
Casa de Parede Reboco 2 cm
1 geminada Quarto
banho vertical Tijolo 11 cm
e serviços
Reboco 2 cm
Cerâmica 1cm
Regularização 10 cm
Habitação Armazém
Lage Lage Aligeirada 25 cm
2 geminada de Quarto
horizontal Reboco 2 cm
e serviços produtos
Lá rocha 4 cm
Gesso cartonado 1.3 cm
Reboco 1 cm
Tijolo 11 cm
Caixa de ar 3 cm
Habitação Parede
3 Quarto Quarto Lá de rocha 6 cm
geminada vertical
Tijolo 11 cm
Reboco 1 cm
Reboco 2 cm
Tijolo 15 cm
Habitação Parede Caixa de ar 5 cm
4 Quarto Quarto
geminada vertical Tijolo 15 cm
Reboco 2 cm
Gesso 2 cm
Tijolo 15 cm
Habitação Parede Caixa de ar 2 cm
5 Quarto Quarto
geminada vertical XPS 6 cm
Tijolo 15 cm
Gesso 2 cm
Gesso 2cm
Habitação Parede
7 Quarto Quarto Tijolo 15
geminada vertical
Gesso 2 cm
Gesso 2 cm
Habitação Parede Tijolo 11 cm
8 Quarto Quarto
geminada vertical Tijolo 11 cm
Gesso 2 cm
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3. RESULTADOS
Na Tabela 2 é apresentado o enquadramento com a legislação e respetiva análise de
conformidade para cada parâmetro. Em todos os casos é somado o valor de I=3 que
corresponde ao valor da incerteza previsto no Regulamento dos Requisitos Acústicos dos
Edifícios (Decreto-Lei n.º 96/2008, 2008).
Tabela 2. Resumo dos vários ensaios realizados
Não
2 20 24 60 59 54 58 Cumpre Cumpre
cumpre
Não Não
3 22 22 47 46 44 50 Cumpre
cumpre cumpre
Não Não
4 24 23 47 46 43 50 Cumpre
cumpre cumpre
Não
5 24 23 49 48 46 50 Cumpre Cumpre
cumpre
Não Não
9 22 22 47 46 44 50 Cumpre
cumpre cumpre
4. DISCUSSÃO
Com base na análise de resultados obtidos, pode dizer-se que com a aplicação do método de
baixa frequência, o valor do isolamento obtido entre compartimentos vai ser sempre menor
do que se fosse aplicado apenas o procedimento geral. Esta diminuição, em muitos casos,
ainda é acentuada, o que por vezes origina que uma situação de cumprimento, aplicando o
procedimento geral, resulte num incumprimento dos valores legais estabelecidos,
aplicando o procedimento de baixa frequência. Tal facto poderá impossibilitar a emissão da
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5. CONCLUSÃO
Com a realização deste trabalho foi possível constatar que o isolamento sonoro a sons de
condução aérea entre compartimentos foi sempre inferior com a aplicação do procedimento
de baixa frequência em detrimento da aplicação isolada do procedimento geral.
Pela análise dos resultados obtidos nos nove ensaios realizados, pode-se verificar que
apenas três não cumprem com o enquadramento legal previsto pelo Regulamento dos
Requisitos Acústicos dos Edifícios, para o parâmetro de isolamento sonoro a sons de
condução aérea entre compartimentos, DnT’w. Esta situação não é demasiado gravosa, uma
vez que os edifícios em causa se reportam a construções com vários anos e apenas os
compartimentos alvo dos ensaios dois e sete, é que apresentam valores bastante abaixo do
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REFERÊNCIAS
Decreto-Lei n.º 96/2008. 2008. Altera o Regulamento dos Requisitos Acústicos dos Edifícios. Lisboa:
Diário da República, 1.ª série - N.º 110 - 9 de Junho de 2008.
NP EN ISO 16283-1. 2014. Medição in situ do isolamento sonoro em edifícios e de elementos de
construção – Parte 1 : Isolamento a sons de condução aérea. Caparica: Instituto Português da
Qualidade.
NP EN ISO 3382-2. 2015. Medição de parâmetros de acústica de salas - Parte 2: Tempo de reverberação
em salas correntes. Instituto Português da Qualidade.
NP EN ISO 717-1. 2013. Determinação do isolamento sonoro em edificios e de elementos de construção
- Parte 1 : Isolamento sonoro a sons de condução aérea. Instituto Português da Qualidade.
Rosão, V., Silva, J., & Gama, V. 2015. COMPARING RESULTS OF USING ISO 140-4:1998 TO ISO 16283-
1:2014. The 22nd International Congress on Sound and Vibration, 12-16 julho 2015. Florence: Italy.
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Análise Bioclimática em Arquitetura Modernista na
Universidade de Brasília
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A reabilitação de edifícios é uma atividade que tem vindo a adquirir importância crescente
na construção civil e engloba várias atividades relacionadas a uma construção existente,
como a manutenção, a conservação (incluindo o restauro) e o retrofit (modernização de
sistemas/ instalações prediais). Pelo enfoque da sustentabilidade, promove-se a
reutilização, reciclagem e atualização de edifícios construídos, melhorando seu
desempenho funcional e energético.
O aprimoramento constante de leis e incentivos no Brasil, no que tange a regulamentos
técnicos sobre o nível de eficiência energética em edifícios e a difusão do sistema de
etiquetagem, desde junho de 2014 tornou exigível a obtenção da Etiqueta Nacional de
Conservação de Energia (ENCE) para as edificações públicas federais, com área construída
acima de 500m², novas ou que forem submetidas a retrofit. Este nível de eficiência
energética é medido através da aplicação do Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para
edifícios comerciais (RTQ-C), classificando os edifícios pela determinação da eficiência de
três sistemas: envoltória, iluminação e condicionamento de ar.
Conforme salienta o próprio manual para aplicação do RTQ-C, disponibilizado pela
Eletrobrás/Procel, nenhuma regulamentação, por si, irá garantir um edifício de qualidade.
Ademais, o comportamento dos usuários terá papel decisivo para a utilização racional do
mesmo. Não se pretende aqui avaliar o regulamento em questão. No entanto, será
suficiente a intervenção para reabilitar um bem arquitetônico, voltada apenas à
implantação de eficiência energética, limitada à implantação e substituição de
equipamentos?
Pretende-se abordar aqui quais as especificidades do patrimônio histórico modernista,
relativamente à sua preservação, através da adoção de um estudo de caso representativo
deste período. Para tanto, foi escolhido o conjunto arquitetônico da Faculdade de
Educação (FE) da Universidade de Brasília (UnB), composto de três edifícios distintos. Não
é um bem tombado, porém possui qualidades estéticas e construtivas que o caracterizam
como um exemplar da arquitetura moderna pelas suas formas geométricas puras e
estruturais, o uso de fachada livre, planta livre, fachada em vidro, brise-soleil, concreto
aparente, integração do projeto com a natureza e com as artes. Além disso, demonstra a
característica de incorporar alguns preceitos vernaculares à interpretação modernista,
encontrados em alguns exemplos da escola brasileira.
Para um melhor planejamento na reabilitação de edifícios, a aplicação dos princípios
bioclimáticos poderá ajudar, alcançando maior abrangência de critérios: adequação formal
e funcional, adaptação ao ambiente e respeito ao contexto social, levando-se em
consideração as premissas projetuais, o seu valor histórico e cultural.
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Figura 1. Planta de situação do campus Darcy Ribeiro - UnB, com destaque para os três prédios da FE. Fonte:
Prefeitura do campus (adaptado por Christine Lucas)
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Elementos Estratégias
Reduzir a produção de calor em razão da condução e da convecção dos
Temperatura
impactos externos na época seca diurna.
Ventos Aumentar o movimento do ar no período úmido e no seco sem poeira.
Umidade Aumentar na época seca diurna e noturna.
Reduzir a absorção da radiação e promover as perdas no período mais
Radiação solar
quente. Reduzir as perdas por radiação nas noites no inverno.
3. ANÁLISE DO EDIFÍCIO
Alcides Rocha Miranda, em colaboração com José Manoel Kluft da Silva e Luís Humberto
Pereira, projetou os três prédios da Faculdade de Educação (FE), que foram os primeiros
edifícios de ensino a ficar prontos no campus, com a participação também de mestres e
alunos (FROTA, 1993).
A equipe optou neste projeto por dividir a Faculdade em três edifícios menores, ao invés
de criar um único edifício institucional. O conjunto arquitetônico compõe-se de três blocos
(Fig. 2), assim denominados: FE1, que abriga salas de aula, sala de professores,
departamentos e laboratórios; FE3, destinado à administração da Faculdade de Educação,
contudo também abriga departamentos e laboratórios; e FE5, composto por um auditório,
salas de aula e laboratórios.
Figura 2. Vista geral dos prédios da Faculdade de Educação. Fonte: UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA, 1974, p.61.
(adaptado por Christine Lucas).
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Na época de sua construção, o ambiente exterior era autêntica tabula rasa, em decorrência
da pouca idade de Brasília: quase nenhuma vegetação, insolação sem barreiras, muito pó
ou muita lama (a depender da estação do ano). Tendo este fato em vista, assume-se que o
arquiteto concebeu, com exceção do FE1, os blocos FE3 e FE5 “fechados” ao exterior,
desenvolvendo-se ao redor de grandes pátios internos ajardinados. Revela com isso,
também, o caráter mais “extrovertido” do FE1, que normalmente se espera um edifício
para utilização dos estudantes, ao contrário dos dois outros prédios, de utilização mais
administrativa e institucional.
3.1 FE1
O FE1 é considerado o principal do conjunto (Fig. 3). Tem planta retangular, “circundado
por varanda, espécie de peristilo. As salas (de aula) com parede de vidro, abrem-se para
esta varanda, protegida por brise-soleil de alumínio pivotante, que não encosta nem na
cobertura nem no piso.” (FROTA, 1993, p.146). Este grande alpendre, elevado do solo,
reproduz, em linguagem modernista, uma solução muito utilizada na arquitetura rural
colonial. Atualmente, é um local de convívio entre os estudantes.
A cobertura da varanda constitui-se de uma laje ascendente desde o corpo principal do
prédio até o perímetro externo. Esta configuração concede um aspecto de esbelteza ao
edifício, além de favorecer o movimento da ventilação natural Há um pequeno pátio
interior no centro da edificação, com jardim e pérgola, acessível para as duas salas da faixa
central.
As maiores fachadas são as correspondentes às salas de aula e orientam-se a NE e a SW, e
são guarnecidas com brises no alinhamento externo da varanda, além de possuírem
grande beiral. Os acessos se dão pelas fachadas NW e SE, formando um eixo central e
duplo de circulação. Estas últimas fachadas são revestidas por painel artístico de azulejos.
A estrutura se distribui numa malha ortogonal e as paredes que dividem a sala de aula são
feitas de elementos removíveis, caracterizando o uso da planta livre (fig. 4).
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Figura 4. Planta baixa FE1. Fonte: Prefeitura do campus (adaptado por Christine Lucas).
3.2 FE3
O edifício é o único do conjunto que tem dois pavimentos; porém o piso inferior é
semienterrado. Sua planta tem forma quadrangular (fig. 6) e as salas se distribuem em três
faixas. A faixa central é ocupada integralmente por um pátio ajardinado e pergolado, no
nível do pavimento inferior. No trecho em que a circulação atravessa o jardim, suas
paredes são de vidro em ambos os pavimentos, propiciando integração visual.
A estrutura é mista, contendo pilares recuados das fachadas, vigas invertidas e paredes
autoportantes, facilitando a localização das divisórias interiores. Todas as paredes
exteriores são de concreto aparente e atualmente pintado de branco (PUHL, 2010).
As fachadas NE (fig. 5) e SW são praticamente cegas, autoportantes e ultrapassam
horizontalmente as fachadas contíguas, formando um interessante jogo de interseção de
planos. As orientações SE e NW, por onde se dão os acessos, são paredes de vidro, cujas
respectivas coberturas são ligeiramente projetadas para além das esquadrias,
possibilitando sombreamento para as mesmas. O alçado NW conta também com brises
para proteção solar, assim como os compartimentos que dão para o pátio interior na
mesma orientação.
O pavimento inferior é alcançado somente por meio de duas escadas e, infelizmente, não
existem rampas ou meios mecânicos para o acesso de pessoas com necessidades especiais,
visto que não era uma preocupação corrente no período de sua construção.
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Figura 6. Planta baixa FE3 pavimento Térreo e Inferior. Fonte: Prefeitura do campus (adaptado por Christine Lucas).
3.3 FE5
O FE5 segue um padrão formal semelhante ao FE3. Divide-se em duas alas intermediadas
por uma faixa de jardim, em toda a extensão. As fachadas NW e SE são cegas, e as NE (fig.
7) e SW têm apenas pequenas aberturas, protegidas exteriormente por venezianas. Os
planos das fachadas NE e SW ultrapassam horizontalmente o limite dos alçados adjacentes
com mais acento que no FE3 (fig. 7).
O prédio tem planta retangular (fig. 8). A estrutura é de paredes autoportantes (PUHL,
2010) de concreto aparente, também pintado de branco. A fachada voltada para o pátio
interno (NE), onde se encontram as salas de aula, contam com um pergolado para
sombreamento.
Este bloco abriga ainda um auditório, onde foi realizado o ato solene da cerimônia de
inauguração do campus, em 21 de abril de 1962. O projeto contempla uma antecâmara ao
redor das paredes laterais para passagem de instalações (fig. 8).
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Figura 8. FE5, planta baixa. Fonte: Prefeitura do campus (adaptado por Christine Lucas).
4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Apesar dos principais lemas da arquitetura moderna ter sido a descontinuidade e o
rompimento com o passado, podemos verificar na arquitetura pioneira de Alcides Rocha
Miranda uma integração do vocabulário nativista reinterpretado com espírito moderno
(FROTA, 1993). O uso de elementos como o pátio interior, que leva a natureza para dentro
da obra; o grande alpendre, que protege o espaço e marca o ritmo; e finalmente o brise-
soleil, à maneira do tradicional muxarabi que filtra a luz e permite a ventilação, refletem
esta postura.
O arquiteto conseguiu em grande parte utilizar o repertório modernista, na obra analisada,
sem desconsiderar os preceitos da arquitetura bioclimática. Optou por não condicionar
totalmente o conjunto a orientações absolutas, mas procurou solucionar os problemas
conforme se apresentavam na implantação escolhida.
Um dos maiores desafios da arquitetura contemporânea nas regiões tropicais é o uso
indiscriminado do vidro, gerando a necessidade de um grande consumo de energia para
acondicionar os ambientes dentro da zona de conforto, durante a maior parte do ano.
Apesar de permitir a fruição da vista e maior integração com a natureza e o ambiente
exterior, é uma solução que exige alto investimento para ser operativamente viável em
longo prazo. O autor não abriu mão do preceito das paredes de vidro no seu projeto,
procurando agregar, da melhor maneira que pôde, os dispositivos de controle solar.
Outra situação a considerar com alguma relevância no movimento moderno, e, ainda nos
dias atuais, é a consagração da geometria, através da preferência pelas formas puras,
resultando, por exemplo, no uso disseminado da cobertura plana. No caso em estudo, as
principais consequências são a necessidade constante de manutenção, seja para manter a
correta drenagem de águas pluviais, seja para recuperação das fachadas, que se
deterioram mais rapidamente devido à ausência de beirais.
A partir desta pesquisa, pretendemos chamar a atenção para algumas considerações que
se devem ter para planejar uma ação de reabilitação em casos semelhantes, baseados no
presente objeto. Desta forma, apresentam-se a seguir (tabela 2), as principais diretrizes
gerais, assim consideradas pelo enfoque bioclimático e energético:
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Tabela 2. Diretrizes
Componentes Ação
Revestimento Recuperar autenticidade: remover a pintura e deixar o concreto original aparente, com
exterior sua recuperação caso necessário.
Verificar possibilidade de substituição por caixilhos mais eficientes e seleção de tipo de
Paredes de vidro
vidro com cor e parâmetro de absorção e transmissão mais satisfatórias.
Proteção solar Recuperar brises e demais dispositivos bioclimáticos.
Como referido inicialmente neste trabalho, o comportamento dos usuários terá papel
decisivo para a utilização racional do edifício. O reconhecimento e a valorização da obra
dentro do contexto do patrimônio histórico modernista já seria parte do caminho para a
sua conservação.
A nova concepção arquitetônica, para ser sustentável, deve ter perspectiva integradora e
interdisciplinar. Portanto, não se mostra suficiente a reabilitação fragmentada, visando
apenas à economia de energia, sem se levar em conta o enfoque ambiental, social e
histórico. A preservação do patrimônio cultural arquitetônico é alcançada na medida em
que se promove a sua atualização e adequação ao uso, sem proporcionar a sua
descaracterização.
REFERÊNCIAS
BRASIL. Ministério das Minas e Energia. Eletrobrás. Procel Edifica. 2015. 4.1 Manual RTQ-C. Manual para
Aplicação do RTQ-C. Versão 2.
FROTA, Lélia Coelho. 1993. Alcides Rocha Miranda: caminho de um arquiteto. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. UFRJ.
PUHL, Liege Sieben. Alcides da Rocha Miranda - Projetos e Obras (1934-1997). 2010. Dissertação de
Mestrado. Programa de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura. Porto Alegre: UFRGS.
ROMERO, Marta Adriana Bustos [et. al.] 2015a. Estratégias Bioclimáticas de Reabilitação Ambiental
Adaptadas ao Projeto. In Reabilitação Ambiental Sustentável Arquitetônica e Urbanistica – Registro do
Curso de Especialização Reabilita. 377-430. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Arquitetura e
Urbanismo.
ROMERO, Marta Adriana Bustos. 2015b. Arquitetura Bioclimática do Espaço Público. Brasília: Ed.
Universidade de Brasília.
SANTOS, Paulo F. 1977. Quatro Séculos de Arquitetura. Valença: Ed. Valença.
TAVARES, Jeferson. 2007. 50 anos do Concurso para Brasília – Um breve histórico. Vitruvius, Arquitextos,
ano 08, n. 086.07. Disponível em <http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/arquitextos/08.086/234.
Acesso em 26.05.2016> acesso em 26 Mai. 2016.
UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA. Plano de Desenvolvimento Físico, 1974.
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Gravimetric Analysis as an Environmental Education Tool
at the Polytechnic School of the University of Pernambuco
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to map, quantify, and characterize the solid waste
generated by the Polytechnic School of the University of Pernambuco (POLI/UPE), and use
the data to raise the academic community’s awareness as to its social and environmental
role. Initially, the school infrastructure for waste collection was mapped and two
gravimetric analysis tests were conducted in order to identify and quantify the waste
components generated by POLI students, faculty, and staff. To assess the level of
environmental awareness in the POLI community and survey the degree of adherence to
selective disposal, a 2016 project carried out at the institution on the importance of
environmental education, environmentally sound practices, and how well students
assimilated the ideas of sustainable actions in engineering design. From the gravimetric
analysis, it was found that 73% of the waste could be recycled, a higher percentage than
that of recyclable materials produced nationally. It was also noticed that non-recyclable
waste consists of organic matter and toxic contaminants. After analyzing the results, it is
clear that developing an environmental management system, with support from the
institution's administrative offices, could be a potential strategy to raise awareness within
the POLI community regarding the correct disposal of waste, as well as the proper
destination of such material. This study prompted the creation of several initiatives led by
research and extension projects, which were the starting point for evaluating and
implementing those initiatives at the studied institution.
Keywords Environmental education, higher education institution, solid waste, gravimetric
analysis.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The techniques and production methods used in the construction industry have been
modernized over time to take into account scientific advances and increased
competitiveness. With these advances, man has had to increasingly coexist with
environmental waste, augmenting the need to prepare professionals to consider the
environmental, social and economic impacts of sustainability on their decisions and
projects (Kohlman Rabbani et al. 2013).
In this context, the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) play an important role, being
responsible both for the advancement of scientific knowledge and the development of new
technologies, as well as the training of future professionals. Solid waste management plans
at these institutions, therefore, can be seen as a new phase of academic management work.
This includes actions such as decision-making, policies, and strategies associated with
institutional, operational, financial, social, educational, and environmental factors
beginning with waste generation until the final disposal of waste generated by academic
activities (Conto, 2010).
The identification of the various constituents of solid waste generated by a community, as
well as an analysis of them as a percentage of volume and weight, emerges as an
educational tool for schools and universities, since those institutions can consume large
amounts of resources and produce considerable quantities of waste.
The complexity of waste management at the Polytechnic School of Pernambuco
(POLI/UPE), located in the city of Recife, can be explained by the wide variety of
environments, including but not limited to classrooms, meeting rooms, laboratories, a
canteen, and administrative offices. The institution graduates about 211 students annually
in several areas of knowledge: construction, computing, electronics, electrical engineering,
telecommunications, mechanical engineering, and automation and control (Escola
Politécnica De Pernambuco, 2012).
According to Risso (1993), the characterization of waste allows for the identification of its
constituents and it also can assist in proposing environmental education programs, which
can lead to green initiatives and community actions. In order to evaluate the perception of
future engineers and sensitize the academic community to the possible environmental and
social problems caused by their activities, it is necessary to assess the academic
community’s adhesion to selective collection, waste donation campaigns, and the degree of
environmental awareness and eco-friendly consumption.
With this in mind, a couple of questions should be asked: what is the profile of the
graduate student, compared to the societal expectation of being able to deal rationally and
sustainably with environmental issues? How do academic classes contribute to new
professionals forming a distinct approach to designing their projects, contracts,
inspections, maintenance and the disposal of waste generated in their work areas?
The purpose of this article is to show the academic community the characterization and
mapping of solid waste produced at POLI/UPE, analyzing the flow of such waste through
the phases of generation, storage, collection, and finally disposal. Through gravimetric
composition testing, the various constituents of the waste will be indentified and
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quantified as a percentage of weight, and data will be provided to establish guidelines for
the implementation of an effective selective collection process at the institution.
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Divid the mass of waste into four parts. One of the resulting quarters is chosen for a
new four-piece division, and so forth, a procedure called quartering. The quartering
must cease when the volume of each of the parts is approximately 1m³. One of the four
parts of the material must then be separated for analysis;
Choose five containers of known weights (200-liter drums, used to store oil, are ideal);
Fill the containers to the brim with garbage from the selected "quarter”;
Choose two trash barrels and separate the components manually: paper and
cardboard; plastic; wood; leather and rubber; cloth and burlap; leaf, bush and
antlered; organic matter (food waste); ferrous metal; non-ferrous metal (aluminum,
copper, etc.); glass; crockery, ceramic and stone; and fine aggregate, i.e. all material
that passes through a one-inch mesh sieve, consisting of dust, dirt, grains of rice, etc.;
and
Determine the weight of each of the separate materials. Finally, through simple
mathematics, the percentage by weight of each component is obtained. This is called
the gravimetric composition of the waste.
3. METHODOLOGY
In order to identify problems in disposal, storage, and collection of waste, a literature
review was conducted prior to the mapping of the main sectors of POLI/UPE. An
infrastructure survey was carried out, quantifying the buildings in the institution, and
verifying how trash bins are positioned around the school.
To quantify each component of the waste, gravimetric composition tests were performed
in July and December of 2015. Prior to the tests, meetings and training with the cleaning
staff were held, in order to instruct the person responsible for cleaning to collect all waste
produced at the institution during a 24-hour period.
In order to sample material for the gravimetric composition tests, the quartering method
established by NBR 10.007/2004 was followed, with adaptations. The first test was
carried out with waste from the previous day’s collection, with the help of POLI's cleaning
staff. A 600 g drum and a 122 g bucket were chosen as containers. They were filled to the
brim with residue from the "quarter" and then the weight of the mass of waste from each
sampled block was determined with the aid of the following scales: SCA-301, SCA-pocket
and an electronic scale. For the second test, only the 600 g barrel was used as a container
along with a digital luggage scale.
The gravimetric composition tests were performed in a standardized manner and
followed the methodology used by Loureiro (2005), already mentioned in this paper.
Finally, using the mathematical rule of three, the percentage by weight of each component
was obtained, i.e. the gravimetric composition of the residue. This information was
compiled based on the buildings and material types. Graphs were generated from this data
and statistical tools were applied to identify the parameters interesting to the study.
In order to assess the degree of environmental awareness of POLI's undergraduate and
graduate students, a questionnaire was developed and applied from September to October
2015, containing 20 questions on the importance of environmental education,
environmentally sound practices, and the students' assimilation of knowledge regarding
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sustainable practices in engineering. A total of 360 students were interviewed, and data
was compiled using the Google Forms tool. A thorough analysis of students’ perceptions
can be found in Kohlman Rabbani et al. (2016, in press), where the authors discuss the
students' profile, their behavior with regard to waste disposal, their perception of
environmental content covered in the engineering classes, their interest in participating in
the selective collection and campaigns for waste donation, and their degree of
understanding about the elements of sustainability in engineering projects.
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According to data obtained through the infrastructure survey, 204 trash bins were
counted, distributed among all buildings. It is noteworthy that each building has many
different rooms and specific areas, and therefore the results shown below are directly
connected with how trash bins are set at each point within the buildings. Graphically,
Figure 2 shows the quantity of bins per building. It was also noted that most of the
buildings have some sort of recyclable material bins such as those for paper, metal, and
plastic. Bins for recyclable glass were not found in any of the visited buildings.
In the first gravimetric composition assay performed at POLI, during school holidays,
12.75 kilograms of waste were collected. This waste consisted of 9.31 kg of recyclable
materials (4.72 kg paper, 2.93 kg laminated packaging, 0.89 kg plastic, 0.77 kg metal) and
3.44 kg of waste. It is important to point out that the waste collected was only about 80%
of the total actually produced by the institution, given that some sectors have
individualized collection services (e.g. graduate program offices).
From graphical analysis of gravimetric composition, shown in Figure 3, it was observed
that 73% of the residual mass is recyclable. This percentage may highlight the amount of
laminated packaging residue found, which, although classified as recyclable, have a very
high cost of integration back into the productive chain. This material is often considered as
waste due to the lack of machines with the technology to separate the types of materials
that make up its various layers. Because there are no qualified companies in Pernambuco,
this kind of waste is destined to end up in landfills.
Also shown in the chart, about 27% of all waste was found to be potentially recyclable. The
presence of such waste complicates and increases the cost of the sorting process, because
once mixed with recyclable materials, they will be sent to landfills. This will end up
harming the entire process, because only a portion of the materials can be sent to the
cooperative collectors and to recycling. The collection and sorting process would be more
profitable if the academic community were aware of its role in the proper management of
waste, and took responsibility for its proper segregation and disposal.
In the second gravimetric composition assay, 46.35 kg of residue were collected, from
which 17.92 kg were recyclable materials (11.16 kg plastic, 6.64 kg paper, 0.10 kg metal,
0.020 kg laminated packaging), 11.76 kg were organic waste, and 16.68 kg were waste
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with no recycling potential. It is worth mentioning that, as in the first assay, the data
collected was considered to be approximately 80% of the total actually produced by POLI.
According to the graph shown in Figure 4, approximately 26% of the mass of residue
consists of organic waste, due to the opening of a new cafeteria at the institution. This new
reality brings another challenge to the academic community regarding organic waste
disposal, that is, rather than discard it along with non-recyclable waste, it can be used in
the composting process.
The strategy of using questionnaires to understand the target research audience was
based on Fantinatti et al. (2015). According to the authors, the analysis of the
questionnaires will improve the understanding of the academic community, and the
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development of tools and strategic methodologies will allow a better comprehension, not
only of the environmental aspects, but also the social, cultural, and scientific aspects at
POLI .
From the questionnaire, some questions are noteworthy because they reflect the lack of
students’ knowledge on the material that is disposed at the institution and could be
reinserted into the productive chain, reducing the amount deposited in landfills as well as
the amount of new raw materials extracted. According to Figure 5, from a total of 365
students who answered the survey, only 30.7% have a real sense of the quantity of waste
generated at POLI that could be recycled (between 50% and 80%). It was also observed
that for over 30% of the students, the amount of potentially recyclable waste is only
between 0 and 20%.
Figure 5. Students’ knowledge about recyclable waste at POLI. Source: Kohlman Rabbani et al.
(2016, in press).
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repeated periodically, considering factors that influence the generation of waste, such as
seasonality, occupancy rate of dependencies, separation at source, academic community
habits, sectorization by academic center, and the holding of academic events.
In order to know the professors’ opinion toward sustainable practices in terms of
engineering design, an interview was conducted in which it was noticeable an emphasis on
suggestions such as selective waste collection, savings in paper consumption, reducing
energy and water consumption, campaigns for proper disposal of produced waste, and
proper disposal of waste requiring special treatment, such as batteries, oils, etc. Most of
the professors claim that these sustainable actions should be practiced in schools and civil
engineering companies.
Through a survey applied with students of the HEI, it was found that most of them
considered as sustainable practices and supported the following actions: a selective
collection system deployment (support of 98% of students) and the installation of
electronic and cooking oil collection points (support of 83%of students).
6. CONCLUSIONS
In light of the data obtained, it is suggested that the first measure to be taken should be the
identification of bins and collectors to separate two types of waste, recyclable and organic,
as well as the placing of illustrative posters above each collector with images indicative of
each type of waste. It is believed that this action will help the students to properly identify
bins and assist in the disposal of waste.
The organizing of educational campaigns is also suggested, utilizing the media, websites, e-
mails, posters, brochures, lectures, and other means to disseminate the results found in
this study, and advice regarding the best way to dispose of waste. For the waste produced
in the laboratories, new studies to identify the best allocation should be conducted, and
the existence of the Reverse Logistics application during tyhe purchasing process.
Clarification of environmental issues is a right of society, and this theme is found in the
National Environmental Education Policy, Law No. 9795 of 27 April 1999. The selective
collection issues and proper disposal of waste are in line with the principles of sustainable
development, and thus environmental education is an important tool in the ecological
awareness of society. It is hoped that the actions suggested and implemented at POLI, such
as the mapping of the potential of discarded waste, guidance on waste disposal, and
awareness campaigns assist in the construction of social values and behavioral changes
regarding environmental preservation. It is also hoped that these practices experienced at
POLI may be later applied in the working environments of future engineers.
REFERENCES
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2004. NBR 10004: Resíduos sólidos – classificação. Rio de
Janeiro: ABNT.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2004. NBR 10007: Amostragem de resíduos:
procedimentos. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
Bonelli, C. M.C. 2010. Meio ambiente, poluição e reciclagem (2). São Paulo:
Blucher. Boscov, M.E.G. 2008. Geotecnia Ambiental. São Paulo: Oficina de textos.
Braga et. al. 2007. Introdução a Engenharia Ambiental: O desafio do Desenvolvimento Sustentável.
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670
Technologies to support methodological and management
processes of video posters and/or video papers on
technical-scientific events
Avanilde Kemczinski
Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Joinville, SC, Brazil. Postdoctoral at the University of Malaga,
Málaga, Spain. Scholarship CAPES Process. Nº BEX 2539/15-2
avanilde.kemczinski@udesc.br
ABSTRACT: This work aims to deal with the need for renewal of the formats related to
scientific conference products, scientific technical sessions and the pursuit of awareness of
researchers on the importance of socialization of scientific knowledge. As well as improve
the quality and depth of acquired knowledge not only for those who produce, but also for
the participants. In this sense, the goal is to show and discuss methodological and
management processes of video posters and/or video papers in technical and scientific
events. Methodological actions begin by using different technologies that give support in
the evaluation process (CoRubric) of the videos proposed by the participants. Next, it is
followed by the use of Open Video Annotation (OVA) to be able to view, annotate and reply
to the video of participants before, during and after the event. It is expected from the use
of technologies to improve and contribute to the sustainability of knowledge by giving
new ideas of the changes in audiovisual building processes and information products
applied to scientific conferences.
Keywords Video Poster, Video Paper, Evaluation, Video Annotation, Sustainability
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1. INTRODUCTION
The new technologies has changed the way to build, validate, share and see the scientific
content by the use of videos, 3D models, augmented reality... It is observed the necessity of
renew the reality of new scientific generation and the technology contexts. The video has
been used in the education practicum since long time ago. The pre-service teacher
watched their own mistake during its practise and can improve the learning-teaching
processes in their classes. But it is unusual to see a scientific product shown in a
conference by a video.
In this work, we discuss a new method of sharing a scientific product in order to motivate,
spread, collaborate and improve easily the visualization of researching that is made by the
scientific community. We encourage the using of the video poster to spread the scientific
content. This is a new way to share in a short video the essential research information that
is enough to understand the research (objectives, methodology, results...). The first
experiment that used the video poster as a way to communicate in a conference was made
by the conference "Encontro Latino Americano de Edificações e Comunidades
Sustentáveis" – ELECS2013 –. This conference was located in Curitiba, Brasil. Freitas,
Schmid e Tavares (2014) said the meaning of a video poster is "A video of a work with
possibilities of capture and store audio, static images or in movement that are translated
in a easy language of scientific results of a research". The rules to film this video was to
have as most 3 minutes using sentences and a easy language to be understandable and
reused as an open and educational resource. The video had changed the format of a
presentation in a conference in order to increase the time of the discussion after the
visualization. The sessions were moderated by researches that highlight the new
discovered things in a specific area of knowledge that is updated so far., to prospect the
knowledge gaps yet to be filled in the field of science on the perspective of sustainability.
To stimulate debate, the digital team, released and published proceedings of the previous
events for the community knew what had already been discussed on the topic in the
congress.
Every innovation has its price! There were 150 video posters and a lot of work for a small
team. It was necessary to organize a session (abstract or full article), set the metadata for
video retrieval, as well as the necessary infrastructure for the storage and presentation.
After the three years of ELECS2013, the result is seen by the increasing number of channel
access on YouTube® (all videos are subtitled in English and Spanish). The proposal
provides an opportunity to create strategies for the digital marketing that has published
the results of research and expanded the visibility of the groups and institutions which are
linked research (FREITAS et al., 2015).
Against the backdrop, the objective of the research is to systematize the scientific video
evaluation with rubrics to eliminate subjectivity and discuss a methodology of peer
collaborative work by the use of CoRubric that allow annotating the scientific video poster
evaluation. After the validation of the rubric for the new conference we want to give the
participants the chance to use Open Video Annotation - OVA - to analyze every video
poster and share their opinions.
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Like other tools allows peer evaluations, self-evaluations, anonymous, group evaluations,
all through a system of roles. Combining the role of evaluator and evaluated can work the
online rubric as a peer evaluation, self-evaluation, or the classical evaluation in one
direction. It also has the administrator role that allows giving a set of privileges to
individual users in the member area. Finally, these results can be exported to spreadsheet
format to be processed later. With this, we can also export the annotations generated in
the tool and serve as feedback to the evaluator and evaluated. For the conference, we can
analyze all the video poster content to have a decision whether to approve or not the video
by the exportation of the peer evaluation results.
As conclusion, CoRubric is used for evaluating the video poster because it allows placing
each video within a rubric as assessable objects. A set of experts can simultaneously
evaluate a video and comment between them to further enrich the evaluation to be done
before being accepted for presentation at a conference.
In the end, it is possible to know the average of peer evaluations with their
annotations/comments made by experts that allow deciding whether accept, improve or
refuse the work presented in the video poster from two points of view, more technical
view content and format and a more scientific view.
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Figure 2. Statistics that lets you see where the video interest is concentrated.
After the exposure of the video poster, the author can export all entries to a spreadsheet
format as a good feedback and save them for analysis and improve their research with this
repository.
3. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURE
Descriptive and qualitative methodological study for evaluation of the video poster is
performed in five stages:
1. Build an instrument to evaluate the video poster based in (Cebrian-de-la-Serna &
Monedero-Moya, 2014)
2. instrument validation thanks to three rubric experts
3. Add the rubric to CoRubric platform and setting with the criteria and numerical
indicators (Serrano-Angulo & Cebrián Robles, 2014),
4. instrument validation by 23 experts - Brazil, Spain and Portugal
5. Final design of the instrument.
The construction of scientific video evaluation tool is based on other educational video
evaluation and the scientific viewpoint of criteria used in papers and events with "double
review" for publication and/or presentation of research results.
The second and third stage was held in Spain with three rubric experts with discussion
and review of each question. There was a reduction in the number of questions, reordering
and suitability of alternatives.
In the fourth stage, 23 experts (Spain, Portugal and Brazil) have been consulted in order to
validate the questions using the CoRubric platform. The instrument of approval process
simulated the evaluation of three scientific video posters of the two previous events. The
verification strategy was by “collecting and analyzing data concurrently forms a mutual
interaction between what is known and what one needs to know. This pacing and the
iterative interaction between data and analysis (as discussed earlier) is the essence of
attaining reliability and validity.” (Morse, Barret, Mayan, Olson, & Spiers, 2002).
Finally, the feedback from researchers allowed making necessary changes and providing a
rubric for the scientific video evaluation tool in three languages (Portuguese, Spanish and
English).
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The next steps will be to have the congress and display the video poster in order to have a
collection of annotations in Open Video Annotation platform.
All videos will be added to a group in the tool for having quickly access. The assistants to
the congress will create their annotations and we will see the new way to collect and share
information in a congress.
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Video poster proposed in ELECS2011 and Euro ELECS2015 was not evaluated with
scientific criteria, because they consider that it would be made from an approved
summary. This proposed scientific video begins with the review of the literature on
educational video assessment tools and technical recommendations for video poster
(Table 1). The Scientific Video Evaluation (SVE) is formed by two dimensions (Figure 1):
Scientific and technical respectively -
[http://corubric.com/index.php?r=public-rubric%2Fview&id=157];
[http://corubric.com/index.php?r=public-rubric%2Fview&id=158].
The issues related to the scientific dimension arise from the mandatory elements of an
investigation and that should also be present in an abstract, full paper, thesis or doctoral
dissertation. Figure 4 has been an issue that is also present in the evaluation tools on
educational video and exemplified in the form of rubric with their evidences.
Figure 4. Example of scientific rubric that evaluates the result in the research
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"research problem". The criteria that analyze the theoretical framework and the state of
art of the scientific video poster productions were added.
As technical dimension, the adjustments of the instrument were regarding the hierarchy of
issues to ensure the granularity, sequencing and the degree of importance of analyzing the
following criteria: communication skills, language used, use and compliance with the time,
voiceover, text, image, music and sound effect and copyright requirements.
Table 2. Main changes done in the technical dimension
Criteria Changes
Use of text
Use text and legend, so as to allow the inclusion of hearing impaired. Request the text of
the phrase to be entered on YouTube to automate the legend and subsequent translation
work.
Use of image
Add a legend to reference the images in time and space, and ensure that the images with
each other show consistency and to facilitate understanding of the scientific video.
Copyright
requirements Modify to address matters of affiliation of the authors, references and credits.
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The next work will be analyzing the result during the conference in order to have a
conclusion of the use of Open Video Annotation tool. All the annotations are going to be
discussed not only by authors but also for all the scientific community.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was conducted during a scholarship by the Senior Internship Program Abroad -
CAPES Proc. Nº BEX 2539/15-2 (Brazil).
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ASSIS, Wilson Martins de. Metodologia para construção de produtos de informação nas
organizações. 2004. 251 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Ciência da Informação, Universidade
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FREITAS, M. C. D. ; MARTINEZ, M. A. T. ; KUNTZ, V. H. ; ISHIDA, C. Y.; COMUNELLO, F. ; FLORES, F. N.
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FREITAS, M.C.D.; SCHMID, A. L.; TAVARES, S. F. Estratégia na comunicação científica na forma de
vídeo pôster. In: Teixeira, Borba. (Org.). Administração, Direito e Tecnologia: a serviço da cidadania.
1ed.Curitiba: Instituto Memoria, 2014, v. 1, p. 220-246.
GOLDMAN, R., PEA, R.D., BARRON, B., & DERRY, S.J. (Eds.). (2007). Video research in the learning
sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
HAUGE, T. E.; NORENES, S. O. Changing teamwork practices: Videopaper as a mediating means for
teacher professional development. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, v. 18, n. 3, p. 279–297,
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JORDAN, B., & HENDERSON, A. (1995). Interaction analysis: Foundations and practice. The Journal
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KRUMSVIK, R.; SMITH, K. Videopapers – an attempt to narrow the notorious gap between theory
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LE COADIC, Y.F. A ciência da informação. Brasília, DF, Briquet de Lemos. 1996.
MARQUES GRAELLS, P.. (2001) LA evaluación de los vídeos didácticos. Disponivel em:
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PONJUÁN DANTE, Glória. Gestión de Información en las organizaciones: principios, conceptos y
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SETZER, Valdemar W. Dado, Informação, Conhecimento e Competência. São Paulo: DataGramaZero
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SILVA, R. A.; SANTOS, L. R. N.; FREITAS, M. C. D. Reflexão teórica e conceitual sobre produto
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Aplicação de novas metodologias no curso de engenharia
civil da UFES
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A evolução da modelagem de informações está interferindo cada vez mais nos papéis dos
profissionais de engenharia e na indústria da construção civil em geral. O uso do BIM
também afeta a forma como a informação é gerida pelos profissionais em todas as etapas
de um empreendimento. A inserção do ensino do BIM no currículo requer mais ênfase na
aprendizagem como um processo e não apenas o uso de softwares específicos.
Os discentes devem ter experiências de aprendizagem ativa, com incentivo da
aprendizagem autodirigida e do pensamento crítico em todo o curso. Devem ser
fornecidos aos alunos os conceitos fundamentais do BIM, como um processo e como uma
nova forma de pensar em todo o ciclo de vida do projeto. Assim como, possibilitar ao aluno
a experiência prática com os softwares da plataforma BIM e a oportunidade de
desenvolver a colaboração da equipe interdisciplinar e crítica, pensando por meio de
projetos em grupo e trabalhos individuais.
Na formação em engenharia, é comum encontrar a crítica de que os
métodos de ensino aprendizagem empregados não favorecem os atributos
estipulados em suas diretrizes ou recomendados pelas associações profis-
sionais, já que o modelo de transmissão-recepção de informações não lhes
estimula o desenvolvimento da criatividade, do empreendedorismo e da
capacidade de aprender autonomamente (Ribeiro, 2007 apud Escrivão &
Ribeiro, 2009, p. 24).
Sacks & Barak (2010) asseguram que o ensino do BIM deve iniciar nos primeiros anos da
graduação e continuar durante toda formação do estudante. Conforme expõem Barison &
Santos (2011), para o BIM a colaboração é um dos conceitos primordiais, contudo, para o
seu ensino é necessária à integração de diferentes disciplinas. Tradicionalmente, nas
instituições, os departamentos não se integram, além de ser difícil coordenar os horários
dos professores e de toda a infraestrutura de laboratórios e salas de aula para atender aos
alunos.
Existem muitos métodos de ensino-aprendizagem que podem ser utilizados para
promover este efeito desejado nos cursos de engenharia. Pode-se considerar que todas as
formas de aprendizagem ativa e/ou colaborativa, centradas no processo e/ou nos alunos,
além dos métodos de ensino construtivistas atendem a esse propósito. Dentre esses
métodos, podem ser citados a Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP).
A Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP) consiste no ensino centrado no estudante e
baseado na solução de problemas. O currículo dos cursos que utilizam ABP geralmente é
dividido em módulos temáticos, que são compostos de várias sessões e integram diversas
disciplinas e o conhecimento básico. Para solucionar um problema, os alunos recorrem aos
conhecimentos prévios, discutem, estudam, adquirem e integram os novos conhecimentos.
A ABP valoriza, além do conteúdo a ser aprendido, a forma como ocorre o aprendizado,
reforçando o papel ativo do aluno neste processo, permitindo que ele aprenda como
aprender (Borges et al., 2014).
A ABP objetiva estimular a aprendizagem ativa e significativa; busca estabelecer uma
relação entre o que acontece na sala de aula e a vida dos alunos; rejeita a noção de que
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todos devem aprender a mesma coisa e da mesma forma, independente de seus interesses
e aptidões.
É necessário desenvolver no estudante a capacidade de “aprender a aprender”,
conscientizando-o de suas capacidades e levando-o a assumir um papel ativo e
responsável pela sua própria formação. Estas propostas permitem que o aluno tenha uma
formação mais abrangente, uma vez que estimulam a integração de diferentes saberes e o
desenvolvimento de determinadas habilidades e atitudes, além da construção do
conhecimento sobre determinado tema.
Cursos que têm entre seus objetivos inserir BIM nos processos de ensino-
aprendizagem devem também promover um alto grau de integração entre
disciplinas, além de estimular a colaboração entre os docentes. Para isto é
importante prever reuniões de coordenação e planejamento, além de
horários comuns para que os professores possam trabalhar em compo-
nentes curriculares multidisciplinares (Checcuchi, 2014, p. 5).
A adoção da ABP no ensino de engenharia pode ser justificada como uma resposta à
percepção de alguns professores de que os alunos saem do curso com muitos conceitos,
porém com pouca capacidade de utilizá-los e integrá-los à prática cotidiana (Escrivão Filho
& Ribeiro, 2009). Um currículo ideal que utilize a metodologia ABP “(...) deve ser
estruturado ao redor de uma sequência de situações problema com grau crescente de
sofisticação, que culmina, nos últimos anos, com situações similares às enfrentadas pelos
profissionais em seus primeiros anos de carreira”, afirmam os autores Escrivão Filho &
Ribeiro (2009, p. 24).
Os profissionais estão se especializando cada vez mais e esta fragmentação da informação
e do saber concorre para um distanciamento da visão de complexidade, que é necessária
para o projeto. O adequado gerenciamento destas informações é determinante para
minimizar o tempo e o custo nas etapas de execução. A migração dos métodos tradicionais
de CAO (concepção assistida pelo computador), como o CAD, para o método mais dinâmico
e integrador, como o BIM, é gradativa e tende a favorecer a compatibilização deste
conjunto crescente de informações sobrepostas. Esta mudança também depende de
investimentos em formação e capacitação profissional da equipe de trabalho (Marques et
al., 2015).
2. OBJETIVO
Conhecer a percepção dos alunos do curso de engenharia civil da Universidade Federal do
Espírito Santo (UFES), em relação à possibilidade de incluir novas metodologias como BIM
e Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP) na formação acadêmica do engenheiro civil,
visando à integração das disciplinas obrigatórias que envolvem projetos.
3. METODOLOGIA
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21%
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74%
Sobre o local onde aprendeu a utilizar o software BIM, dos 17 alunos que afirmaram
utilizar o BIM, 7 alunos aprenderam na faculdade; 3 alunos aprenderam no estágio ou no
trabalho; 3 alunos aprenderam na internet (vídeo aulas ou sites/blogs); 4 alunos fizeram
curso específico sobre o software e 2 alunos assinalaram a opção outro. O restante dos
alunos, isto é, 86 alunos, não utilizam ou não responderam (Fig. 4).
12%
18%
70%
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60
40
20
7 3 3 4 2
0
Faculdade Estágio / Internet Curso Outro Não Utiiliza
Trabalho Específico ou Não
Respondeu
Na Figura 5 são apresentadas as vantagens percebidas pelos alunos com o uso do software
BIM. Os respondentes poderiam assinalar quantas opções desejassem. Do total de 17
alunos que responderam utilizar o software BIM, 10 alunos assinalaram a opção
“facilidade de trabalhar”, ou seja, consideram que o software é de fácil utilização e
entendimento; 15 alunos assinalaram a opção “redução de tempo ou maior produtividade”;
11 alunos assinalaram a opção “possibilidade de inserção de informações técnicas sobre
os produtos e componentes” e 10 alunos assinalaram a opção “redução do número de
incompatibilidades no projeto”. Os 86 alunos que não utilizam software BIM não
responderam a esta questão.
80
60
40
15
20 10 11 10
0
Possibilidade
Redução do
Redução de de inserção de
número de
Facilidade de tempo ou informações Não
incompatibilid
trabalhar maior técnicas sobre Respondeu
ades no
produtividade produtos e
projeto
componentes
10 15 11 10 86
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sentimos inseguros. Acredito que esse projeto maior (que une várias disciplinas) ajudaria
muito e formaria engenheiros mais preparados”, confirmam o afirmado por vários
autores, como Escrivão Filho & Ribeiro (2009).
Não
71%
Figura 6. Sobre o incentivo por parte dos professores para o uso do BIM na execução dos trabalhos.
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90%
Figura 7. Visão dos alunos sobre o papel da Universidade em promover o ensino de softwares BIM.
60 67
40
35
20
1
0
Sim Não Não Respondeu
Figura 8. Existência de relação entre as disciplinas em curso, segundo a visão dos alunos.
80
60
40
20 3 1
0
Sim Não Não Respondeu
Figura 9. Visão dos alunos sobre a viabilidade de integração entre disciplinas.
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Sobre a viabilidade de integração entre as disciplinas cursadas (Fig. 9), onde um grupo de
alunos faça um mesmo projeto (solução de um problema) abrangendo diferentes
disciplinas, 99 alunos (96 %) afirmam que sim – seria viável, enquanto 3 alunos (3%)
acreditam que não. Em relação aos aspectos que podem ser negativos no desenvolvimento
de projetos que envolvem diferentes disciplinas, as opções mais assinaladas foram: “a
possível falta de orientação ao aluno, frente à quantidade e diversidade de informações”
(65 alunos); “a possível sobrecarga em alguns alunos do grupo de trabalho” (44 alunos); “a
habilidade dos alunos para se adaptar a uma nova dinâmica de ensino-aprendizagem” (30
alunos) e por último, “a habilidade de trabalhar em grupo” (9 alunos). A opção “outros” e
alunos que não responderam, somam os 18 alunos restantes (Fig. 10).
4. CONCLUSÃO
Este artigo apresenta dados parciais de dissertação de mestrado em desenvolvimento. No
estágio atual da pesquisa são aplicados questionários com alunos. Em etapa posterior será
desenvolvida pesquisa específica junto aos professores visando avaliar o nível de
aceitabilidade de um novo conceito de ensino que utilize as metodologias de ABP e BIM
como ferramenta no curso de Engenharia Civil. A partir dos resultados alcançados será
feita uma proposta de um novo modelo conceitual de ensino a ser aplicado na UFES.
Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que há grande interesse e receptividade por
parte dos alunos à prática do BIM no curso. Analisando a verbalização e comentários
escritos pelos discentes, pode-se afirmar que os mesmos gostariam que este tema fosse
inserido no currículo regular do curso de engenharia civil, o que ratifica a importância
desta pesquisa. Em contrapartida, a maior parte dos alunos questionados afirma que não
conhecem ou ainda não utilizam o BIM. As causas mais citadas foram: o fato de não terem
aprendido este conhecimento na faculdade; ainda não terem precisado utilizá-lo nos
trabalhos das disciplinas; o desconhecimento sobre o assunto e a falta de incentivo por
parte dos professores.
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5. AGRADECIMENTOS
Os autores gostariam de agradecer a FAPES – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação
do ES.
REFERÊNCIAS
Barison, M. B., Santos, E. T. Tendências atuais para o ensino de BIM. In: Encontro de Tecnologia de
Informação e Comunicação na Construção, TIC, 5. 2011, Salvador. Anais... Salvador, 2011. 10p.
Borges, M.C., Chacha, S.G.F., Quintana, S.M., Freitas, L.C.C., Rodrigues, M.L.V. Aprendizado baseado
em problemas. In: Tópicos fundamentais para a formação e o desenvolvimento docente para
professores dos cursos da área da saúde, Simpósio, Anais..., Capítulo VII, 2014.
Checcucci, E. S. Ensino-aprendizagem de BIM nos cursos de graduação em arquitetura e engenharia
civil. In: Encontro da Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação em Arquitetura e
Urbanismo, ENANPARQ, 3, 2014, São Paulo. Anais..., São Paulo, 2014. 13p.
Escrivão Filho, E.; Ribeiro, L.R.C. Aprendendo com PBL – Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas:
relato de uma experiência em cursos de engenharia da EESC-USP. In: Minerva, 6 (1): 23-30, 2009.
Marques, A.C., Bastos, L.E.G., Bonneauad, F. Análise ambiental da envoltória do edifício: Diálogo com
o Sistema BIM. In: EURO ELECS, Anais..., Guimarães, Portugal, 2015.
Sacks, R., Barak, R. Teaching building information modeling as an integral part of freshman year
civil engineering education. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice.
ASCE, v.136, n.1, 2010, p. 30-38. ISSN: 1052-3928. Disponível em: <
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000003>. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2016.
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Ensino da concepção arquitetônica bioclimática com
auxílio de maquetes físicas e heliodon
Jorge Luiz Có
Docente, FaculdadeBrasileira, Vitória (ES), Brasil
jorgecoarquitetura@gmail.com
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O processo de projeto arquitetônico vem sofrendo várias modificações ao longo da
história. Atualmente, a grande preocupação com a qualidade ambiental e o consumo
energético das edificações tem levado a necessidade de um maior conhecimento técnico
sobre estratégias que levem a melhora do desempenho do edifício. Entretanto, uma
decisão insegura sobre qual estratégia adotar no momento da concepção do projeto, pode
levar a consequências desastrosas, principalmente quando se refere a influência da
radiação solar no edifício (Amorim, 2008).
Segundo Amorim (2008), existe uma dificuldade entre os projetistas em atender,
conscientemente, os requisitos ligados ao conforto ambiental, mantendo as demais
preocupações - funcionais, estéticas, construtivas e econômicas - de um projeto
arquitetônico. Esta dificuldade é consequência da atual maneira de ensinar nas escolas de
arquitetura, que faz com que a forma, massa, espaço e volume sejam vistos apenas como
elementos de composição do projeto arquitetônico, dissociando estes elementos do
desempenho ambiental da edificação.
O ensino da concepção arquitetônica bioclimática envolve, entre diversos aspectos, o
conhecimento da geometria da insolação, tendo em vista que a radiação solar exerce
grande influência no desempenho ambiental do edifício. Sabe-se que, para incorporar
adequadamente estratégias bioclimáticas no projeto de arquitetura, é necessário
compreender os fenômenos físicos envolvidos no desempenho das edificações. Este
entendimento é facilitado quando há uma associação da teoria da área de Conforto
Ambiental com a prática do ensino de Projeto de Arquitetura, tendo em vista que “a teoria
está presente na exploração criativa das soluções de projeto” (Kowaltowski et al. 2007 p.
281, Zambrano et al. 2014).
No entanto, de acordo Fonseca & Carlo (2012), a falta de conexão entre a prática projetual
e as demais disciplinas, como Conforto Ambiental, ainda é comum a várias escolas de
arquitetura. Esse ensino compartimentado, que não estimula suficientemente as
experiências didáticas multidisciplinares, leva o aluno a dissociar a teoria da prática
arquitetônica, o que gera conflitos entre o projeto desejado e o real desempenho da
edificação.
Neste contexto, alguns professores do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo de uma
faculdadelocalizada em Vitória (ES) se uniram numa experiência didática, realizada no
semestre de 2015/1, que utilizou o projeto arquitetônico, da fase de levantamento de
dados até o estudo preliminar, desenvolvido na disciplina de Projeto de Arquitetura III
(PAIII), como veículo de aprendizado dos conceitos de geometria da insolação,
ministrados na disciplina de Conforto Ambiental I, permitindo a visualização destes
conceitos aplicados no projeto através da simulação das maquetes físicas em um
simulador da trajetória solar aparente (heliodon).
Para Zambrano et al. (2014), a simulação física através do heliodon, auxilia na
compreensão dos conceitos de geometria da insolação e a testar opções, de forma a
verificar as melhores alternativas a serem desenvolvidas no momento da concepção do
projeto arquitetônico. Nos estudos de implantação, orientação de fachadas e aberturas,
determinação dos dispositivos de proteção solar, influência do entorno na insolação do
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terreno, dentre outros, a visualização imediata das áreas iluminadas e sombreadas nas
diversas horas do dia e épocas do ano torna mais fácil, didaticamente, a visualização das
estratégias bioclimáticas aplicadas ao projeto.
Ainda de acordo com Zambrano et al. (2014), a simulação do projeto arquitetônico pode
ser realizada através de modelos físicos ou computacionais. Porém, a simulação de
maquetes físicas permite uma fácil manipulação do modelo arquitetônico em estudo. Em
consonância, Braida et al. (2014, p. 891) afirma que “a produção de modelos digitais [...]
não propicia a manipulação tátil e o mesmo processo cognitivo alcançado com as
experimentações envolvendo modelos físicos”.
As maquetes físicas são modelos tridimensionais em escala exata ou reduzida, com
funções, objetivos, materiais e características variadas, que facilitam o entendimento e a
comunicação de ideias. Além disso, estes são instrumentos de baixo custo que auxiliam no
processo projetual, tornando-se elementos eficientes para representação e simulação de
projetos (Mills 2007, Braida et al. 2013). Segundo Braida et al (2014, p. 889), as maquetes
físicas podem ser utilizadas no estudo de vários aspectos, dentre eles o conforto
ambiental, pois “a partir destes modelos a compreensão do volume se torna mais acessível
[...] possibilitando a avaliação de aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos com maior precisão
e controlados em laboratório.”
Desse modo, essa experiência didática multidisciplinar permitiu aos alunos melhorar o
domínio dos conceitos relativos a geometria da insolação, um dos aspectos fundamentais
no projeto arquitetônico bioclimático. Observou-se também que a associação da teoria na
área de Conforto Ambiental e a prática de Projeto de Arquitetura fornecem algumas
restrições que favoreceram a criatividade no processo projetual. Segundo Kowaltowski et
al. (2007), diversas pesquisas sobre criatividade, em outras áreas de conhecimento,
atestam que estas restrições são consideradas necessárias ao processo criativo.Além disso,
outras experiências já publicadas, como as de Fonseca & Carlo (2012), Braida et al. (2013,
2014) e Zambrano et al. (2014), relatam que as maquetes físicas são, de fato, um
instrumento bastante eficiente nos estudos bioclimáticos e processos projetuais.
Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar uma experiência didática que
utilizou o processo projetual desenvolvido na disciplina de Projeto de Arquitetura III (PA
III) como veículo de aprendizado dos conceitos de geometria da insolação, apresentados
na disciplina de Conforto Ambiental I, permitindo a visualização destes conceitos através
da simulação das maquetes físicas em um simulador da trajetória solar aparente
(heliodon), além de demonstrar os resultados referentes à contribuição no aprendizado
dos alunos.
2. METODOLOGIA
Essa experiência didática foi realizada com 167 alunos do terceiro período do curso de
Arquitetura e Urbanismo, distribuídos entre as turmas matutinas e noturnas, no semestre
de 2015/1. Iniciou-se com a exposição teórica dos conceitos de geometria da insolação e
sua influência no desempenho da edificação, durante as aulas da disciplina de Conforto
Ambiental I. Em paralelo, a disciplina de PA III apresentou o tema do projeto: uma
academia de ginástica baseada nos conceitos de arquitetura bioclimática, bem como o
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Figura 2. Estudo da geometria da insolação, com auxílio da carta solar, na fase de implantação do
edifício por grupos de alunos da turma noturna. Fonte: Acervo dos autores
Após esta fase, com a definição do projeto, foi realizado o dimensionamento dos
dispositivos de proteção solar através dos ângulos vertical (α) e horizontal (β) de
sombreamento, como mostra a Figura 3.
Figura 3. Determinação dos dispositivos de proteção solar por um grupo de alunos da turma
noturna.Fonte: Acervo dos autores
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dispositivos de proteção solar (Fig.4). A intenção era fazer com que estes dispositivos
agregassem valor à forma arquitetônica, aliando-se a estética da edificação.
Figura 5. Fachada frontal e maquete de um projeto concebido por um grupo de alunos da turma
noturna. Fonte: Acervo dos autores
Neste contexto, entende-se que o projeto é a criação artística, mas também tecnológica, em
que, através das investigações, são realizadas idéias (Kowaltowski et al., 1998). Desse
modo, é necessário adotar práticas de ensino de projeto de arquitetura que, além de
defender o processo criativo, levem a um processo de projeto mais consciente, gerando
edificações eficientes e com bom desempenho ambiental.
Como já descrito por outros autores, esta experiência confirmou que, apartir do estudo
dos modelos tridimensionais e das simulações realizadas com o auxílio do heliodon (Figs
6-8), os alunos conseguiram compreender melhor a influência da insolação no edifício.
Essa experiênciacontribuiu para a melhoria da qualidade do aprendizado da base teórica
da influência dos fenômenos físicos no momento da elaboração dos projetos
arquitetônicos, comprovando que, efetivamente, a aula prática é o momento em que
ocorre uma maior aproximação do aluno com o professor e com a experimentação da
teoria no processo projetual.
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Figura 6 – Simulação da maquete física de projeto concebido por um grupo de alunos da turma
matutina. Fonte: Acervo dos autores
Figura 7– Simulação da maquete física de um projeto concebido por um grupo de alunos da turma
noturna.Fonte: Acervo dos autores
Figura 8 – Simulação da maquete física de um projeto concebido por um grupo de alunos da turma
noturna. Fonte: Acervo dos autores
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Com isso, pode-se perceber o quanto a experiência foi positiva e pode contribuir para que
o conhecimento teórico da disciplina de Conforto Ambiental seja aplicado no
desenvolvimento do projeto arquitetônico.
4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Os conhecimentos teóricos de geometria da insolação através de estratégias bioclimáticas,
como a aplicação de dispositivos de proteção solar, por exemplo, ministrados na disciplina
de Conforto Ambiental, aconteceram em paralelo ao desenvolvimento do processo de
projeto da disciplina de PA III, que se iniciou com o levantamento de dados e
condicionantes do terreno, partido arquitetônico até a entrega final em nível de estudo
preliminar. A integração das disciplinas tornou a carga teórica da disciplina de Conforto
Ambiental mais atraente, pois os alunos conseguiram compreender os conceitos e
fenômenos e puderam aplicá-los no projeto arquitetônico em desenvolvimento.
A execução de maquetes físicas e simulação no heliodon permitiu aos alunos perceber que
outras alternativas poderiam ter sido escolhidas no momento da concepção do projeto
arquitetônico, o que confirma que simulações desse tipo auxiliam significativamente no
processo de projeto e nas definições de estratégias bioclimáticas.
A aplicação do questionário contribuiu para registrar as percepções dos alunos em relação
à experiência desenvolvida. Pode-se perceber, principalmente nos comentários dos alunos,
o quanto o resultado foi positivo e, em função desse resultado os professores resolveram
repetir a experiência nas mesmas disciplinas. O sucesso da experiência tem levado a
questão da integração de duas ou mais disciplinas para ser discutida em reuniões de
colegiado, e vislumbra-se a ampliação para outras disciplinas afins no decorrer do curso
de arquitetura.
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REFERÊNCIAS
AMORIM, C. N. D, Análise de projetos com uso de diagrama morfológico: Experiências didáticas. In:
XII Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído, 2008, Fortaleza. Anais... Fortaleza:
ENTAC, 2008.
BRAIDA, F.; ALVES, A. F.; LOPES, C. F.; ZAMBRANO, L. M. A produção de maquetes para ensaios em
laboratório de conforto ambiental na UFJF. In: XV Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente
Construído, 2014, Maceió. Anais... Maceió: ENTAC, 2014.
BRAIDA, F.; MAGALHÃES, J. S. de P.; RODRIGUES, K. C.; SILVA, F. A. O lugar dos modelos
tridimensionais e das maquetes de arquitetura e urbanismo no estudo do conforto ambiental e da
ergonomia. In: XII Encontro Nacional de Conforto no Ambiente Construído e VIII Encontro Latino-
Americano de Conforto no Ambiente Construído, 2013, Brasília. Anais… Brasília: ENCAC; ELACAC,
2013.
FONSECA, L. P. G.; CARLO, J. C. Ferramentas didáticas para apoio às disciplinas da área de conforto
ambiental. In: XIV Encontro Nacional de Tecnologiado Ambiente Construído, 2012, Juiz de Fora.
Anais...Juiz de Fora: ENTAC, 2012.
FROTA, A. B. Geometria da Insolação. 1.ed. São Paulo: Geros, 2004.
KOWALTOWSKI, D. C. C. K.; LABAKI, L. C.; DE PAIVA, V. T.; BIANCHI, G.; MÖSCH, M. E. Ensino de
projeto bioclimático: O papel dos problemas e restrições no processo criativo. In: IX Encontro
Nacional de Conforto no Ambiente Construído; V Encontro Latino Americano de Conforto no Ambiente
Construído, 2007, Ouro Preto. Anais... Ouro Preto: ENCAC; ELACAC, 2007.
KOWALTOWSKI, D. C. C. K.; LABAKI, L. C.; PINA, S. M. G.; BERTOLLI, S. R. A visualização do conforto
ambiental no projeto arquitetônico. In: VII Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído,
1998, Florianópolis. Anais... Florianópolis: ENTAC, 1998.
MILLS, C. B. Projetando com maquetes: um guia para a construção e o uso de maquetes como
Ferramenta de projeto. 2. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2007.
ZAMBRANO, L. M. A.; CASTRO, E. B. P.; GOMES, F.; MARQUES, A. C.; BASTOS, P. K. X.; MACHADO, E.;
FONTES, P.; CABRAL, M.C.; SANTOS, C. V. M.; CARVALHO, D. A.; CYRILLO, Y. Simulação física em
heliodon computadorizado no ensino da concepção arquitetônica bioclimática. In: XV Encontro
Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído, 2014, Maceió. Anais...Maceió: ENTAC, 2014.
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Cenário da reciclagem e reuso de resíduos da construção
e demolição em Natal, RN – Brasil
causing severe environmental damages and threating public health. Although there are
legislations providing guidance to the management and recycling of CDW, inspection is
ineffective. In order to a sustainable development in construction section, there is an urge for
incentive policies in civil industry to the use of recycling and reuse of CDW and promotion of
environmental awareness of civil enterprises, their employees and civil society.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Os materiais usados na construção civil são provenientes do processamento de recursos
naturais. O ciclo de vida destes materiais, desde a extração do recurso, até o seu
processamento e incorporação às edificações invariavelmente consome energia e gera refugos
(Roaf, 2009). Mesmo a produção de materiais simples como o cimento pode ser responsável
por até 5% das emissões humanas globais de Dióxido de Carbono (Kruse, 2004). Estima-se
que 16,6% das emissões de CO2 são provenientes do setor da construção gerando impactos
ambientais globais severos como o efeito estufa (Gauzin-Müller, 2001).
A indústria da construção civil é reconhecida como uma das mais importantes atividades para
o desenvolvimento econômico e social, mas, por outro lado, apresenta-se como grande
geradora de impactos ambientais, quer pelo consumo de recursos naturais, quer pela
modificação da paisagem ou pela geração de resíduos. Esta indústria é responsável pelo
consumo de grande parcela dos recursos naturais. No Brasil, a esta atividade, estão
relacionados 50% do consumo de água potável e 44% do consumo de energia elétrica, além de
produzir até 60% do total resíduos sólidos gerados no país (GBCBrasil, 2106). O setor tem
então o desafio de conciliar uma atividade produtiva dessa magnitude com condições que
conduzam a um desenvolvimento sustentável consciente e menos agressivo ao meio ambiente
(Pinto, 2005).
Neste sentido, a geração, tratamento e disposição final dos resíduos sólidos provenientes da
construção civil constituem um tema de preocupação internacional e as práticas relacionadas
a arquitetura e construção sustentável tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço. A definição de
construções e arquitetura sustentável envolve a criação de prédios que objetivam o aumento
da qualidade de vida no ambiente construído e no seu entorno, integrado com as
características de vida e do clima local, diminuindo o consumo de recursos naturais e energia.
Logo, a reciclagem e reutilização dos resíduos da construção e demolição (RCD) se consolida
como uma prática sustentável importante e tem um grande potencial para diminuir o impacto
ambiental gerado pela indústria civil, bem como reduzir o consumo de recursos naturais e os
custos de construção de edifícios.
Os 3Rs (reduzir, reutilizar e reciclar) são o tripé que tornam sustentável a construção. Segundo
a Environmental Proctetion Agency (EUA, 2016), Agência de Proteção Ambiental Americana,
a redução na fonte gera grande impacto positivo quanto a redução de materiais descartados,
uma vez que prioriza materiais já produzidos de maneira sustentável. É através da elaboração
do Plano de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos (PGRS) que são identificados os potenciais de
fornecimento de materiais e onde o desperdício pode ser evitado. Ainda, o PGRS indicará a
forma de acondicionamento e a destinação desses materiais, a fim de proporcionar a
reciclagem e manter o ciclo de vida PGRS indicará a forma de acondicionamento e a destinação
desses materiais, a fim de proporcionar a reciclagem e manter o ciclo de vida.
Diante dessa problemática, a reciclagem passa a ser uma forma eficaz para melhorar a
situação. Assim, ao mesmo tempo em que o reaproveitamento acontece, nos deparamos com
diversas ações benéficas: o meio ambiente deixa de receber entulhos; as reservas naturais são
preservadas; milhares de empregos são criados dentro das grandes empresas que trabalham
na reciclagem; a economia se fortalece com o giro comercial do produto reciclado; os produtos
da construção civil tendem a baratear, aquecendo a economia.
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2. METODOLOGIA
Foram consultados os dispositivos legais pertinentes ao tema a fim de identificar os atores
responsáveis pela disposição e destinação final dos RCD no município de Natal. Após
identificação destes atores, foram feitas entrevistas para coleta de dados quantitativos
(coleta de RCD em ton) e qualitativos (quais empresas coletam e reciclam RCD na cidade).
No Rio Grande do Norte existem duas usinas de reciclagem no âmbito privado, são elas: T e
Grupo Duarte. Já do setor público, a URBANA, que recolhe os RCD disposto de forma irregular
em terrenos baldios e canteiros, contribuiu de forma singular para a pesquisa. Todo esse
trabalho foi realizado entre os meses de fevereiro e maio do ano de 2016. Alguns dados
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quantitativos também foram obtidos através do parecer de fontes tidas como primárias e
secundárias, as quais são apontadas por Figueiredo (2012) como sendo advindas dos
relatórios do Ministério das Cidades intitulados Diagnóstico dos Resíduos Sólidos Brasileiros
e informações disponibilizadas na página eletrônica da Prefeitura do Natal sobre a gestão dos
resíduos na cidade. Ainda, as informações veiculadas na audiência solicitada pelo Ministério
Público do Rio Grande do Norte e Segunda Oficina de Construção do Plano de Coleta Seletiva
de Natal.
Os dados foram analisados de forma qualitativa objetivando descrever a situação atual da
geração, potencial de beneficiamento e reciclagem, bem como a disposição final dos RCD
produzidos no município de Natal.
3. RESULTADOS
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Figura 1. Esquema referente a destinação dos RCD gerados no município em Natal. Fonte: Elaborado pelo
autor, 2016
Figura 2. Média e desvio padrão referente a geração de resíduos sólidos (ton) no município de Natal entre
2013 e 2015. Fonte: Elaborado pelo autor, adaptado de URBANA, 2016
Segundo dados fornecidos pelas empresas ECOBRIT e Duarte, o volume de resíduos coletados
é dependente do mercado da construção civil. De acordo com o grupo Duarte, existe uma
variação de 160 a 260 m3/dia coletados por dia, o equivalente a uma média de 76650 m3 de
RCC coletados por ano, enquanto que a ECOBRIT recebe em média 28000 m 3 destes resíduos
anualmente. Quando os resíduos chegam às usinas, eles passam por um processo de
beneficiamento, onde são triados, coletados, estocados e comercializados. No processo de
beneficiamento aplicado no âmbito das empresas estudadas, o volume de resíduos passiveis
de reuso e/ou reciclagem varia entre 85% e 95%. O refugo, ou seja, resíduos que não puderam
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ser beneficiados, são encaminhados para sua destinação final de acordo com a classificação do
resíduo.
Dos RCD recebidos e beneficiados nas usinas estão os resíduos de classe IIA (NBR 10.004/04)
e resíduos de classe B (Conama, Resolução N.º 307/02): papelão, papel, plásticos, metais
ferrosos e não ferrosos, gesso, madeira e vidro, e resíduos classe IIB (NBR 10.004/04) e
classe A (Conama, Resolução N.º 307/02): concreto, cerâmicos, solo, argamassa e similares.
Os materiais classe IIA/Classe B são segregados por tipologia e comercializados para
empresas especializadas. Tanto a madeira como o vidro são estocados e vendido a granel ou
por peças. Já o gesso é processado em britador e moído através de um sistema exclusivo. Os
materiais de classe IIB/ Classe A são triados, separados por tipologia, passam por um
processo de limpeza, após são processados no britador de mandíbula e passam pelo
separador granulométrico, produzindo brita de diferentes graduações, pó de pedra, entre
outros materiais.
Quanto aos principais agregados reciclados gerados a partir do beneficiamento dos RCD
foram citados pelas usinas: areia reciclada (pó de pedra), cascalhinho, bica corrida, brita
reciclada, rachão (pedra reciclada), metralha limpa, areia barrada e agregados de reciclado
misto.
O Grupo Duarte ainda destacou uma problemática comum as Usinas de Reciclagem de RCC.
Por falta de conhecimento, treinamento, fiscalização ou conscientização dos entes geradores,
muitas vezes as usinas de reciclagem de RCD acabam recebendo uma mistura de classes
distintas de resíduos. Apesar de não ser responsabilidade da usina tratar destas outras classes
de resíduos, o grupo Duarte informou que a empresa destina adequadamente entes materiais,
pois apesar desta atitude gerar custos financeiros diretos, gera benefícios ambientais diretos
e indiretos.
Entre os materiais recebidos, foram citados os resíduos de classe I, entre eles, lâmpadas (90
unidades/mês) e EPIs, trapos e outros resíduos que juntos correspondem a 300kg/mês. Estes
materiais são encaminhados para empresas especializadas em coleta, transporte e tratamento
de resíduos perigosos. Além disso, do material total que chega a usina, em média, 5000 kg/mês
correspondem a material orgânico e rejeito, incluindo resíduos de classe C que são
encaminhados para empresas especializadas em tratamento de resíduos não perigosos
(aterros sanitários).
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4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Se faz cada vez mais necessária a conscientização das empresas, dos geradores de resíduos e
dos consumidores quanto a necessidade de incluir em seus sistemas produtivos e de consumo,
ações de logística reversa, ou seja, conjunto de ações, procedimentos e meios destinados a
viabilizar a coleta e a restituição dos resíduos sólidos ao setor empresarial.
O retorno desses resíduos, tanto para reaproveitamento, em seu ciclo ou em outros ciclos
produtivos, ou outra destinação final ambientalmente adequada prologa o ciclo de vida dos
materiais, diminuindo a extração de recursos naturais, provocando benefícios sociais,
econômicos e ambientais, diretos e indiretos, conduzindo assim a possibilidade de
construções mais sustentáveis, considerando todos os aspectos da sustentabilidade.
A cultura da reciclagem vem tomando proporções maiores e a existência dessas empresas já
demonstram que é uma área em ascensão. A política Nacional de resíduos sólidos, instituído
pela Lei N. 12.305/10, criou Comitê Interministerial da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos
trazendo uma nova forma de gerir os resíduos sólidos, o que é um ponto bastante positivo já
que a problemática dos resíduos sólidos não era considerada ponto de importância na
legislação Brasileira.
A obrigatoriedade da implantação dos planos de gerenciamento de RCD em canteiros alcança
majoritariamente as construtoras de médio e grande porte, relegando a informalidade as
construções de menor porte. Assim, nota-se que ainda é muito alto o volume de RCD disposto
de forma irregular, inviabilizando seu reaproveitamento.
Por outro lado, acentue-se que o índice de aproveitamento dos RCD que são coletados de forma
legalmente prevista é muito alto, chegando a 95% do seu total, embora o gerenciamento dos
RCD ainda não seja feito da forma ideal, conforme acentuado pelo grupo Duarte. A triagem
correta dos RCD em canteiros traz benefícios ambientais e econômicos, uma vez que reduz o
volume das classes de resíduos transportados, bem como beneficia o seu aproveitamento.
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É importante frisar que os agregados naturais são finitos e o reuso de material proveniente de
RCD deixará de ser uma opção e passará a ser mandatório. Portanto, a correta disposição desse
material é imperiosa e imprescindível.
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REFERÊNCIAS
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2004. 10004: Resíduos sólidos – Classificação. 2 ed. Rio de
Janeiro.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2004. 15116: Agregados reciclados de resíduos sólidos da
construção civil - Utilização em pavimentação e preparo de concreto sem função estrutural - Requisitos.
Rio de Janeiro.
Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2002. Resolução Conama N. 307, de 5 de julho de 2002. Estabelece
diretrizes, critérios e procedimentos para a gestão dos resíduos da construção civil. Diário Oficial da
União, Brasília.
Brasil. Lei Federal nº 12.305, de 2 de agosto de 2010. Institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos.
Disponível em: file:///C:/Users/TEMP.FB.026/Downloads/LEI-12305-2010.pdf. Acesso: em 23 jun.
2016.
Companhia Municipal de Serviços Urbanos (URBANA). Questionário da Situação dos Serviços de
Limpeza Urbana e Manejo dos Resíduos Sólidos do Município do Natal. Natal: URBANA, 2014.
Corbella, O. & yannas, S. 2003. Em Busca de uma Arquitetura Sustentável para os Trópicos: conforto
ambiental. Rio de Janeiro: Revan
EUA. Agencia de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos. Resíduos. 2016. Disponível em:
<https://www3.epa.gov/>. Acesso em: 09 maio 2016.
Figueiredo, F. F. 2012. A gestão de resíduos sólidos em Natal/RN: entre o controle dos resíduos na
cidade e o tratamento final no aterro sanitário. VI Encontro da associação nacional de pós graduação e
pesquisa em ambiente e sociedade. Anais dos encontros. Belém – Pará.
Gauzin-MülleR, D. 2001. Arquitetura Ecológica, São Paulo: Senac, SP
Kruse, C. 2004. Climate change and the construction sector. In Roaf, S. et al. 2009. Echohouse: A casa
ambientalmente sustentável. Porto Alegre: Bookman
Natal. Prefeitura Municipal. Constituição. 2011. Lei nº 6.298, de 30 de setembro de 2011.
Reciclagem de Resíduos Sólidos Provenientes da Construção Civil, e dá outras Providências.
Natal. Constituição. 2011. Lei nº 4.100, de 19 de junho de 1992. Código do meio ambiente do Município
de Natal/RN.
Pinto, T. P. 2005. Gestão ambiental de resíduos da construção civil: a experiência do Sinduscon-SP, São
Paulo: Obra Limpa: I&T: Sinduscon-SP
Roaf, S. et al. 2009. Echohouse: A casa ambientalmente sustentável. Porto Alegre: Bookman
Sinduscon. 2005. Gestão ambiental de resíduos da construção civil: a experiência do SindusCon-SP. São
Paulo: Obra Limpa; I&T; SindusCon-SP
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Author Index
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Author Index
Abrahão, Ricardo 1759 Barreto, Douglas 723
Abrão, Pedro 877 Barros, Bárbara 1103
Aguiar, Fabianne 1143 Barros, Raquel 333, 1629
Aguiar, Karolyna 1649 Bassetto, Luci 1987
Aguiar, Rafaela 621 Bastos, Celso 1003
Akutsu, Maria 973 Bastos, Leopoldo 1083
Albani, Vivian 1315 Bastos, Pedro 887
Albuquerque, Leonardo 401 Bello, Leonardo 449
Almeida, Manuela 99, 441, 955, Bernabé, Ana Carolina 199
1819, 1869 Bernabé, Ana Clara 199
Almeida, Renata 1093, 1231 Berni, Mauro 411
Altoé, Emanuella 1897 Bertolde, Adelmo 1143
Alvarado, Rodrigo 13, 179 Biasutti, Saulo 963, 1879
Alvarez, Analía 469 Bissoli-Dalvi, Márcia 753, 789, 809,
Alvarez, Cristina 33, 159, 199, 265, 1947
285, 529, 713, Bittencourt, Leonardo 569
753, 789, 809, Bolssoni, Gabriela 1287
837, 1269, 1531, Bonatto, Daniella 1777
1767, 1829, 1947 Borges, Marcos 591, 1241
Alves, Alessandro 1501, 1697 Botelho-Francisco, 621
Amador, Carolina 245 Rodrigo
Amorim, Alexandre 459 Braga, Leander 955
Andrade, Amanda 1221, 1967 Braga, Maria 255
Andrade, Liza 611, 1325, 1435 Bragança, Luís 43, 69, 99, 169,
Andrade, Telma 1345 275, 343, 429,
Aquilino, Andrea 1599 641, 867, 927,
Araujo, Aline 519 983, 1193, 1589,
Araújo, Catarina 275, 1869 1869
Araujo, Luis 449 Branco, Neila 1345
Araújo, Taluanne 701 Brandão, Alexandre 1733
Araújo, Yngrid 1113 Brandão, Nathalia 189
Arnold, Daiana 149 Brandli, Luciana 1725
Arruda, Beatriz 1927 Brauhardt, Bárbara 69
Arthur, Lara 459 Bremenkamp, Álvaro 361, 1957
Assis, Leandro 1315 Brigagão, Lívia 1715
Azevedo, Abílio 419, 937 Brito, Adriana 973
Baggiotto, Angelica 1501 Brito, Jordano 1767
Ballesteros, Juan 1053 Brito, Miriam 1907
Barbieri, Indiara 285 Brocco, Lívia 1839
Barbirato, Gianna 1013 Brum, Eduardo 1123
Barbosa, Andrezza 1045 Bueno, Cristiane 549
Barbosa, Gisele 511, 1707 Bueno, Laura 761
Barbosa, José 983, 1193 Bueno, Maruska 245, 255
Barbosa, Maria 295, 955 Cabrera-Jara, Natasha 771
SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Volume II
Organized by
Partners Sponsors
Financing
SBE16 BRAZIL & PORTUGAL
Editors
Cristina Engel de Alvarez
Luís Bragança
Edna Aparecida Nico-Rodrigues
Ricardo Mateus
© 2016 The authors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any mean, without prior written permission from the
Editors.
ISBN 978-85-92631-00-0
250 copies
LEGAL NOTICE
The Editors are not responsible for the use which might be made of the following
information.
Foreword
The organizers of SBE 16 Brazil & Portugal were challenged to promote discussions and
the development of solutions for an important and, at the same time, very ambitious topic
– Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment. This
is the main focus of the international conference SBE16 Brazil & Portugal; the only event
of the SBE16/17 conference series being held in Latin America, more precisely, in Vitória
(Espírito Santo), Brazil, from the 7th until the 9th of September 2016. The conference
offered a unique opportunity to bring together researchers from all over the world to
share evidence-based knowledge in the field and succeeded to achieve its goals since many
contributions from various parts of the planet were received, addressing a tiny part of the
problem or trying to perform the difficult task of making the sum of the parts a coherent
whole.
The SBE conference series is the pre-eminent international conference series on
sustainable building, construction, urban sustainability issues and supporting
infrastructure. The series is held on a three-year cycle with planning and preparation in
year 1, regional conferences held in year 2 and a single global event to be held in year 3.
The series is owned and supported by high prestige partners, such as the International
Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), the International
Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC). The
first conference was launched in 2000 and, since then, the series continues to evolve. Up to
2014, the series was named the “SB” or “Sustainable Building” conference series, but the
series coordinators have now changed the series name to “SBE”, standing for “Sustainable
Built Environment” series, to more clearly indicate the inclusion of issues related to local
urban areas and supporting infrastructure.
The Federal University of Espírito Santo (Brazil), the University of Minho (Portugal) and
iiSBE Portugal, with the support of the Brazilian National Association for the Built
Environment Technologies (ANTAC) and the Network on Energy Efficient Urban
Communities (URBENERE) of CYTED “Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnologia
para el Desarrollo”, organized SBE16 Brazil & Portugal. The event succeeded to get the
crucial financial and institutional support of the Coordination for the Improvement of
Brazilian Higher Education Staff (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Ensino
Superior - CAPES) and the Foundation for Research and Innovation of the State of Espírito
Santo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo - FAPES), among
other sponsors.
The aim of SBE16 Brazil & Portugal is to promote the discussion and development of
knowledge on the theme “Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact
Built Environment”.
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Like every international event, for SBE16 Brazil & Portugal it is also expected, as outcome,
a broad exchange of information between the delegates, resulting from the strategies that
allow meetings and the establishment of knowledge networks. In this sense, conferences,
short courses, technical visits, communications, poster sessions and even the organization
of living spaces highlight and promote the interconnection of this topic and reflect the
need that sustainability must be seen and discussed under several points of view.
It is expected that people with diverse backgrounds, different levels and also coming from
diverse contexts meet in Victoria, allowing that each participant can understand and learn
from other people's reality. The organizers believe that only respecting the differences, the
global sustainability may, one day, be achieved.
Finally, the organizers want to address a special thanks to all Authors and Scientific
Committee Members for their support and contribution to the successful development of
the scientific basis to the knowledge on the theme “Sustainable Urban Communities
towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment”.
BRAZIL PORTUGAL
Prof. Cristina Engel de Alvarez Prof. Luís Bragança
cristina.engel@ufes.br braganca@civil.uminho.pt
Prof. Edna Aparecida Nico-Rodrigues Prof. Ricardo Mateus
edna.rodrigues@ufes.br ricardomateus@civil.uminho.pt
Federal University of Espírito Santo University of Minho
Web: http://lpp.ufes.br Web: http://civil.uminho.pt
Tel.: + 55 27 4009 2581 Tel.: + 351 253 510 499
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Scientific Committee
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Contents
VOLUME I
The contribution of green roofs to mitigate urban heat island effect in Rio de 51
Janeiro
Sarka Konasova
Wood Frame Housing System: Case Study and Application Potential for Low-Cost 69
Housing in Foz do Iguaçu
Bárbara Brauhardt, Helenice Maria Sacht, Luís Bragança and Cesar
Rodrigo Faraone Wing Chong
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Industrial waste: Study for adding or partial replacement in Portland cement 109
Larissa Helena Carnielli Howat Rodrigues and Geilma Lima Vieira
Innovative skins and domotic systems: the technological design for residential 129
buildings’ energetic efficiency
Lucia Melchiorre and Antonella Della Cioppa
LCA of waste PET particles as a partial replacement for sand in self-compacting 139
concrete
Robson Zulcão Mello, Felipe Zanellato Coelho and João Luiz Calmon
Heliodon's Use for the Development of Bioclimatic Architecture Projects in for the 169
city of Araras, São Paulo - Brazil
Juliana M. A. do Nascimento, Helenice M. Sacht and Luís Bragança
Viability for the use of foundry sand to reduce use of cement in cement concrete 207
Pedro Goecks, Cristina Eliza Pozzobon, Eduardo Rizzatti and Diorges Carlos
Lopes
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Envelope assessment of university building on South Brazil reaching the eco- 217
efficiency
Bianca Gasparetto Rebelatto, Marcos Antonio Leite Frandoloso and Rodrigo
Carlos Fritsch
Estudo de caso: Comparativo entre os orçamentos de uma escola urbana ou rural 255
executada utilizando-se materiais convencionais e materiais não convencionais
Gabriel Vieira Lopes, Maria Luiza Oliveira Braga and Maruska Tatiana
Nascimento da Silva Bueno
Analysis of the Bernardo Mascarenhas Cultural Complex based on the criteria of 295
sustainable development
Maria Teresa Barbosa, Claudia dos Reis Paiva and Daniel de Almeida
Moratori
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Normative references and instruments for flexible housing design in Brazil 333
Raquel Regina Paula Barros and Vanessa Ingrid Leo
Life cycle energy (LCEA) and carbon dioxide emissions (LCCO2A) assessment of 351
roofing systems: conventional system and green roof
Julia Santiago de Matos Monteiro Lira and Rosa Maria Sposto
Contribution to Perturb and Observe Algorithm to Maximum Power Point Tracker 401
for Photovoltaic Systems
José Alberto Nicolau de Oliveira and Leonardo Duarte de Albuquerque
The importance of vernacular strategies for a climate responsive building design 429
Jorge Emanuel Pereira Fernandes, Ricardo Mateus, Helena Gervásio, Sandra
Monteiro Silva and Luís Bragança
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A Portuguese study on building renovation towards a nearly zero energy building 441
(nZEB)
Ana Mestre, Manuela Almeida and Muriel Iten
Bioclimatic architecture and energy savings of the urban housing in arid 469
environments
Alejandra Kurbán, Mario Cúnsulo, Analía Alvarez, Eduardo Montilla and
Andrés Ortega
Daylight in the Museum: Luminance distribution study using HRD photographs 479
Maria Beatriz Piderit-Moreno, Camila Cáceres Lepin and Carolina Espinoza
Sanhueza
Sistema de cogeração de energia: O caso de uma indústria cerâmica 489
Viviani do Nascimento Souza Melotti, Gabriel Rigotti Alves de Deus, Aline Silva
Sauer and Fabrícia Delfino Rembiski
Inovação e integração de sistemas bioclimáticos em arquitetura para clima 499
temperado: Perspectivas futuras
Fabrizio Tucci and Ingrid Fonseca
The project performance simulation for more sustainable built environments and 511
the Integrated Modification Methodology
Pedro Henrique Alves Negreiros and Gisele Silva Barbosa
Building life cycle energy assessment on pre operation phase using BIM 519
Aline Medeiros Ferreira de Araujo and Sergio Fernando Tavares
Interoperabilidade. Comparação entre os sistemas BIM e CAD 529
Argeu Leônidas Maioli Pretti, João Luiz Calmon and Cristina Engel de Alvarez
Abordagem do BIM na produção científica brasileira: uma pesquisa bibliométrica 539
João Luiz Calmon, Marianne Cortes Cavalcante and Alberto Frederico Salume
Life Cycle Assessment and Building Sustainability Certification Systems: Could 549
Building Information Modelling tools ease this integration?
Cristiane Bueno and Marcio Minto Fabrício
The use of BIM for the sustainable design 559
Bárbara Holzmann Mass, Sergio Scheer and Sergio Fernando Tavares
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Avaliação da iluminação natural da casa popular eficiente da UFSM por simulações 631
computacionais
Matheus Cargnelutti de Souza, Giane de Campos Grigoletti and Marcos
Alberto Oss Vaghetti
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VOLUME II
Decision making process assisted by Life Cycle Assessment: Greenhouse gas 723
emission
Ludimilla de Oliveira Zeule, Laís David Vinhal, Sheyla Mara Baptista Serra
and Douglas Barreto
Estrategias de diseño pasivo con luz día en cuartos de hospitalización doble 743
Lina J. Zapata-González and Maria Beatriz Piderit-Moreno
New tools for sustainable urban land regularization in permanent preservation 761
areas: The 11.977/09 Brazilian Law Implementation
Bruna Pimentel Cilento, Julia Lopes da Silva, Laura Machado de Melo Bueno
and Patricia Rodrigues Samora
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Construction of indicators systems tool for making decision to related stormwater 799
management problems
Sidnei Pereira da Silva and Bernardo Arantes do Nascimento Teixeira
The ASUS tool as a conceptual basis for proposing the inclusion of the sustainability 837
concept in the formation of the Architect and Urbanist
Pâmela Pegoretti, Kamila Zamborlini Waldetario and Cristina Engel de
Alvarez
Influência das fontes de dados nas emissões de CO2 e no indicador de mudanças 877
climáticas da indústria cimenteira brasileira
Pedro Cesar M. A. Abrão, Daniel Costa Reis and Vanderley M. John
Tools for assessing sustainability in urban settlements: Case study of the 917
Metropolitan Center neighborhood, Rio de Janeiro, applying the LEED ND
environmental certification
Bianca Marinho Quintella Borges Soares
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Water loss indicators used in public water supply services in Brazil: Literature 963
research and review
Edumar Ramos Cabral Coelho and Saulo Biasutti
Eficiência de proteções solares horizontais externas para a latitude da cidade de São 973
Paulo
Matheus Tonelli Santos, Maria Akutsu and Adriana Camargo de Brito
The latest ISO 14001:2015 and its contribution to Sustainable Construction 993
Maria Lívia Costa, Asher Kiperstok and Sandro Fábio Cesar
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Integrated system for energy optimization and reduction of building CO2 1053
footprint
Ernesto Echeverría Valiente, Flavio Celis D'Amico, Fernando da Casa Martín,
Manuel de Miguel Sánchez, Patricia Domínguez Gómez, Ignacio Delgado
Conde, Alvaro Mozas Santander, Kevin Moreno Gata and Juan Manuel Vega
Ballesteros
A influência da inércia térmica nas paredes externas em clima quente: uma revisão 1063
sistemática
Auriele Mazer Marques Silva, Ivan Julio Apolonio Callejas and Luciane
Cleonice Durante
Analysis of the acoustic, thermal and luminous performance at the Instituto Federal 1073
de Minas Gerais (Federal Institute of Minas Gerais) – Santa Luzia
Luana Nolasco Rizzi Leles Ribeiro, Fernanda Fonseca de Melo Coelho and
Wemerton Evangelísta
Noise impact of urban mobility changes: Charitas tunnel case study 1153
Sergio Portela Prange and Julio Cesar Boscher Torres
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Occupancy patterns and building performance. Developing occupancy patterns for 1193
Portuguese residential buildings
José Amarilio Barbosa, Ricardo Mateus and Luís Bragança
The development and performance of plant species in Brazilian extensive green 1211
roofs
Adriane Cordoni Savi, Maria Isabel Seibel Reis and Sergio Fernando Tavares
Benefícios da captação de água pluvial para a gestão urbana de recursos hídricos 1241
Livia Tavares Cosentino and Marcos Martins Borges
Qualitative Analysis of Urban Tree Arborization in the Streets of São Carlos (São 1259
Paulo/Brazil)
Gustavo D’Almeida Scarpinella, Simone Cristina de Oliveira and Ricardo Siloto
da Silva
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Estudo das áreas verdes e espaços de uso público em Vila Velha – ES 1297
Suzany Rangel Ramos, Larissa Leticia Andara Ramos and Luciana Aparecida
Netto de Jesus
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VOLUME III
Historic relationship between urban dwellers and the Tomebamba River 1385
Pablo Osorio, Mateo Neira and M. Augusta Hermida
Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Considering Locally Generated and Stored 1405
Energy
Luiza Diniz de Oliveira Câmara, Tina Dettmer, Patricia Edge and Celso
Romanel
Urban metabolism and food flows: The municipality of Feliz, State of Rio Grande do 1425
Sul, Brazil
Eugenia Aumond Kuhn, Miguel Aloysio Sattler and Lucas Dorneles Magnus
Fischer River catchment urban flooding - mitigation and participatory management 1453
Teresa Lindoso and Luciene Pimentel da Silva
New urban and neighborhoods: From theory of practice in Brazilian reality 1463
Vanderlei Fabiano G. do Monte, Cristiano Capellani Quaresma and Rafael
Barreto Castelo Cruz
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Analysis of sustainability in the Brazilian housing production: The case of AP4 - Rio 1511
de Janeiro
Andrea Borges de Souza Cruz, Mauro César de Oliveira Santos, Adriana
Fiorotti Campos and Daniella Amorim Gomes
Outdoor ventilation and urban planning: comparative study between climatic 1531
measurements and CFD simulation
Fabiana Trindade Da Silva, Elisa Velentim Goulart, Cristina Engel de
Alvarez and Neyval Costa Reis Jr.
Rafael Barreto Castelo da Cruz, Karin Regina de Casas Castro Marins, Fabiano
Monte and Cristiano Capellani Quaresma
Patchwork of industrial neighborhoods around São Paulo core area: Case study 1579
Adilson Costa Macedo, Gastão Sales and Maria Isabel Imbronito
The Sound of the Landscape: through downtown plazas of the city of Vitória, ES 1609
Deborah Martins Zaganelli and Clara Luiza Miranda
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Transportation Systems and Land Use Planning: The Case of the Metropolitan 1687
Region of Rio de Janeiro
Bernardo Serra and Ângela Maria Gabriella Rossi
Proposal of a Social Index for Sidewalk Quality in Large Brazilian Cities 1715
Livia Brigagão, Jean Marcel Faria Novo and Celso Romanel
A Sustainable Mobility Index to Assess the Public Transport Quality in the City of 1733
Rio de Janeiro
Alexandre de Oliveira Brandão, Jean Marcel de Faria Novo and Celso
Romanel
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What is the most efficient type of transport for your city – Study case of Rio de 1753
Janeiro city
Frederico Delphino Fenerich
LEED Certification and the new Standard of Sustainable Construction in Colombia 1789
Andrés Peláez Ospina, Alexander González Castano and Laura Marín Restrepo
Socioeconomic study of domestic water consumption in the Federal District, Brazil 1799
Daniel Sant'Ana
Assessment criteria for the level of integration of urban water and land use 1809
management
Ana Paula Justi and William Bonino Rauen
The influence of glazed balconies in the thermal comfort in an urban tropical region 1829
Érica Coelho Pagel, Cristina Engel de Alvarez and Neyval Costa Reis Júnior
Application of the "ladder of citizen participation" to the analysis of the São Paulo 1859
Master Plan revision process
Rafael Barreto Castelo da Cruz, Flavia Mendes de Almeida Collaço and Karin
Regina de Casas Marins
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Chapter 5
ABSTRACT: Since 2007, urban cities have become the main living environment of humanity,
as opposed to rural areas. Thus, with the increase of urban areas, it is appropriate to develop
techniques for the orderly and integrated growth of the cities. The concept of Smart City
arises in this context. Considering the particular challenges of each city to become a Smart
City, it is necessary to select specific indicators to meet these different requirements. This
article aims to select the most adequate indicators to measure Vitória’s performance as a
Smart City. The research began with a literature review in order to understand the state of
the art theme and identify the existing assessment tools. After this stage, the European
Smart Cities assessment tool was selected and studied to serve as a reference for the
selection process of indicators. Afterwards, the indicators were selected based on suitability,
clarity and availability criteria, and weights were assigned by their relevance, based on their
compliance with the strategic goals of the city. This study suggests the indicators to measure
Vitória’s performance and reveals the need to improve the tool with the addition of
indicators that are more suitable to local needs.
Keywords Smart City; Sustainable Urban Development; Assessment Tools; Indicators; Vitória.
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1. INTRODUCTION
In 2007, the world’s urban population surpassed the rural population for the first time in
history. Currently, 54% of the world population live in urban areas, and the forecast is that
by 2050 this figure will reach 66% - approximately 6.2 billion people. In Brazil, the
urbanization rate is even higher. Currently, 85% of the Brazilian population lives in cities,
and it is estimated that by 2050 this figure will reach 91% (United Nations 2015).
Increasing urbanization inflicts obstacles to cities, as it contributes for the emergence of
infrastructure, mobility, and environmental problems, and consequently affect the quality
of life of the population. In this context, the Smart City concept arises, as an urban planning
model aimed at the development of cities through a combination of human and technology
capital (Angelidou 2014).
Although there is no consensus about its definition, it is widely held that Smart Cities are
characterized by the use of digital technologies - Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT) -, in order to help cities to make better use of its resources (Neirotti et
al. 2014). However, despite the importance of technology, there is a need for investment in
human capital for the development of an efficient strategy for Smart Cities. (Angelidou
2015; Monfaredzadeh & Krueger 2015).
The adopted Smart City concept is based on Caragliu et al. (2011), who state that a city is
considered to be smart “when investments in human and social capital and traditional
(transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic
growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through
participatory governance”.
According to Neirotti et al. (2014) there is some difficulty in establishing worldwide
definitions and trends for Smart Cities, since the initiatives are implemented under different
contexts and realities. The Smart indicators of the cities should consider specific variables
that capture particular characteristics, such as local culture, political leadership, population
density, economic development and climate conditions.
Therefore, it is noteworthy that each city faces specific challenges, therefore its Smart
indicators must be particularized. In this context, the focus of this research is on the city of
Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The choice of this subject matter is because this municipality
has a 100% urbanised territory (Oliveira et al. 2014), and the highest population density of
the state, with more than 3,000 inhabitants/km² (Miranda et al. 2014).
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In order to achieve this goal, the research was developed in three main stages. The initial
stage consisted of a literature review, to understand the Smart City concept, identify existing
assessment tools and establish the state of the art theme. Research was conducted in
academic journals, reports published by universities and governmental entities, and in
websites that offer Smart City and sustainable urbanism assessment tools. In the second
stage of the research, an assessment tool was selected, based on specific criteria, which
served as reference for the choice of indicators for Vitória. The selected tool was thoroughly
studied, seeking a clear understanding of its conceptual guidelines, specific goals and
methodologies associated with the indicators. In the third stage, the reference tool
indicators were selected, based on suitability, clarity and availability criteria. Then, weights
were assigned to the selected indicators, judging their relevance based on their compliance
with the strategic goals of the city. Finally, considerations were made regarding the current
stage of the research and its continuity.
2. REFERENCE TOOL
There is currently no unanimity on a methodology or indicators to assess a city in relation
to the Smart City concept. There are few specific tools for this type of assessment, and they
are usually linked to the companies and events of this field. However, the tools for
evaluating sustainability, because they aim for sustainable urban development, are
compatible with the Smart City concepts, and can be used for this purpose with few
adaptations.
In order to select the reference tool for choosing Vitória’s indicators, the main urban area
assessment systems were identified, specific for Smart Cities or related to the sustainability
concept. The analysed evaluation and certification systems were: AQUA Bairros e
loteamentos (neighbourhoods and housing developments) (Fundação Carlos Alberto
Vanzolini 2011), Connected Smart Cities (Urban Systems 2015), BREEAM Communities
(BRE 2016), CASBEE for Cities (JSBC 2012), European Smart Cities (Giffinger et al. 2007),
HQE Urban Planning and Development (HQE 2015), Green Star Communities (GBCA 2015)
and LEED Neighborhood Development (USGBC 2011).
The score was given by evaluating the relevance of the criteria for the research and
suitability of the tool to the criterion. For each tool, the values assigned to the evaluated
items were added up, and the one with the highest score was selected as reference for the
research, according to Table 1.
The tool European Smart Cities, used as a basis for the development of this research, was
created in order to assess European medium-sized cities, with populations between
100,000 and 500,000 people, comparing them and identifying their strengths and
weaknesses. To develop the assessment system, six key features of Smart Cities were
identified: economy, people, governance, mobility, environment and living (Giffinger et al.
2007).
This research was based on the first developed version of the tool European Smart Cities,
released in 2007. Six key features are presented, divided into 31 factors, for a total of 74
indicators. According to Giffinger et al. (2007), the data were obtained from free public
access databases.
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Selection Criteria
Developed Free
Free access World-
Assessment for access
to Developed wide Academic Total
Tool assessment to the
assessment in Brazil recogni relevance sum
of Smart indicato
methodology tion
Cities rs
European 6 6 3 1 1 1 18
Smart Cities
Connected 6 6 1 3 0.5 0.5 17
Smart Cities
CASBEE for
4 6 3 1 1 1 16
Cities
AQUA Bairros 2 6 3 3 1 1 16
Green Star
2 6 3 1 1 1 14
Communities
BREEAM
2 6 1 1 1.5 1.5 13
Communities
HQE UPD 2 6 1 1 1 1 12
Keys:
Very relevant criterion Relevant criterion and Irrelevant criterion
6 and very adequate tool 3 very adequate tool 1.5 and very adequate tool
According to Giffinger et al. (2007), the indicators have their values standardised by z-
transform, according to Equation 1, with 0 mean and positive or negative deviation equal to
1. The score of each domain is given by the simple average of the corresponding indicators.
The same goes for the key features, obtained by the simple average of the domains. Thus,
the indicators have equal weights.
x x
Z i i (1)
S
were xi = indicator data for the assessed city; x = indicator average considering all assessed
cities; and S = standard deviation.
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where ADR = sum of the amount of themes directly related to indicator i; APR = sum of
i i
the amount of themes partially related to indicator i.
CM
IW i
(3)
i n
CM
i
n
where CM = sum of CM of all indicators of the key feature.
i
Table 2. Assigning weights to the indicators
A A
Factor Indicator Adapted Indicator DR PR CM IW
DR PR
R&D State government
13.64
expenditure in investment in E 1 S 1 3
%
% of GDP C&T/State budget
Proportion of
Employment
workers in STEM
rate in
Innovative occupations (Science, 13.64
knowledge- E 1 S 1 3
spirit Technology, %
intensive
Engineering,
sectors
Mathematics)
Patent Patents registered in
9.09
ECONOMY
applications ES year/100,000 E 1 - 0 2
%
per inhabitant Inhabitants
Self- Self-employed
9.09
employment workers/Total E 1 - 0 2
%
Entrepreneur- rate workers
ship New
New companies 9.09
businesses E 1 - 0 2
registered %
registered
GDP per
9.09
Productivity employed GDP per capita E 1 - 0 2
%
person
Flexibility of Unemploymen 18.18
Unemployment rate E+S 2 - 0 4
labour market t rate %
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A A
Factor Indicator Adapted Indicator DR PR CM IW
DR PR
Embarked and
Air transport 9.09
disembarked E 1 - 0 2
International of passengers %
passengers/Year.
embedded-
Participation in
ness Air transport 9.09
national freight E 1 - 0 2
of freight %
handling (t)/Year
International International Existing ports and 23.53
E 1 U+S 2 4
accessibility accessibility airports %
Computers in Households with 23.53
E+S 2 - 0 4
households computers %
Availability of Percentage of
Broadband
ICT-Infra- households with
internet 23.53
structure access to broadband E+S 2 - 0 4
access in %
internet, compared
MOBILITY
households
to total households
Green mobility
share (non- Motorization rate
11.76
motorized (Vehicles/100 U 1 - 0 2
Sustainable, %
individual Inhabitants)
innovative and
traffic)
safe transport
Total number of
systems
traffic accidents 17.65
Traffic safety U 1 S 1 3
(with or without %
victims)
Sunshine Annual solar 7.14
- 0 U 1 1
hours radiation (hours) %
Attractivity of
Total square meters
natural
Green of green area per 14.29
conditions U 1 - 0 2
spaceshare capita (annual %
measure)
Annual daily average
Particulate of PM10 14.29
U 1 - 0 2
matter concentrations %
ENVIRONMENT
(μg/m³)
Pollution Fatal chronic
Number of deaths
lower
from respiratory 21.43
respiratory S 1 U 1 3
diseases per 10,000 %
diseases per
inhabitants
inhabitant
Average estimated
Efficient use of
water consumption 21.43
water (use per U 1 E 1 3
in m³/ inhabitant, %
Sustainable GDP)
per month
resource
management Average consumed
Efficient use of
electricity, in 21.43
electricity (use U 1 E 1 3
kwh/inhabitant, per %
per GDP)
month
Importance as
knowledge Ratio of students
centre (top enrolled in high-
27.27
research quality courses S 1 E 1 3
PEOPLE
Level of %
centres, top (4 and 5 ENADE
qualification universities, scores)
etc.)
Population Percentage of 27.27
S 1 E 1 3
qualified at population with 13 %
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A A
Factor Indicator Adapted Indicator DR PR CM IW
DR PR
levels 5-6 or more years of
ISCED schooling
Foreigners living in
Share of 9.09
the state/10,000 - 0 S 1 1
foreigners %
Social and Inhabitants
ethnic Naturalised
Share of
plurality foreigners living in 9.09
nationals born - 0 S 1 1
the state/10,000 %
abroad
Inhabitants
Share of Ratio of workers in
people STEM occupations
27.27
Creativity working in (Science, Technology, E 1 S 1 3
%
creative Engineering,
industries Mathematics)
Audience of the
Theatre National Theatre
Cultural 8.70
attendance Festival of S 1 - 0 2
facilities %
per inhabitant Vitória/1,000
Inhabitants
Life Life expectancy at 8.70
S 1 - 0 2
expectancy birth %
Inpatient beds in
public and private
Hospitals beds 8.70
health S 1 - 0 2
per inhabitant %
facilities/1,000
Inhabitants
Number of
Health Doctors per 8.70
doctors/10,000 S 1 - 0 2
conditions inhabitant %
Inhabitants
Positive assessment
of emergency care at
LIVING
Satisfaction home or
8.70
with quality of hospitalization for 24 S 1 - 0 2
%
health system hours or more by the
public health system
(SUS)
Homicides per 8.70
Crime rate S 1 - 0 2
Individual 100,000 Inhabitants %
security Death rate by Armed robbery per 8.70
S 1 - 0 2
assault 100,000 Inhabitants %
Share of
Percentage of
housing
Housing households served 13.04
fulfilling U 1 S 1 3
quality by the sanitation %
minimal
system network
standards
Overnights per
Touristic 13.04
year per Hotel occupancy rate E 1 S 1 3
attractive-ness %
resident
Economic 13.04
Poverty rate Incidence of poverty E 1 S 1 3
welfare %
City
Participation City Council
representative 23.08
in decision- representatives/ - 0 E+S+U 3 3
s per %
making 100,000 Inhabitants
inhabitant
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A A
Factor Indicator Adapted Indicator DR PR CM IW
DR PR
City Council female
Share of
representatives/Tota
female city 7.69
l City Council - 0 S 1 1
representative %
representatives
s
(Percentage)
IRBES (Índice de
GOVERNANCE
Expenditure of
Retorno de Bem-
the municipal 46.15
Estar à Sociedade – E+S+U 3 - 0 6
per resident in %
Social Welfare
Public and PPS
Return Index)
social services
Share of Percentage of
23.08
children in day enrolment compared S 1 E 1 3
%
care to demand
Keys: DR Directly Related, PR Partially Related, E Economical axis; S Sociocultural axis, U Urban-
environmental axis, A DR Amount Directly Related, A PR Amount Partially Related, CM Calculation
Method, IW Indicator Weighting
4. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
This article, by choosing specific indicators for Vitória, is the first step to develop an
assessment tool for the city under the Smart City concept. It aimed to outline the city profile,
in order to diagnose its situation, and later compare it with other cities to obtain information
through benchmarking and support government policy makers.
The development of a consistent assessment tool requires the selection of relevant
indicators, aligned with the defined goals and targets (Hák et al. 2015). Amid a large number
of indicators, it is assumed that the first step in the development of the assessment
framework is to define the city’s strategy, in accordance with the adopted concept of Smart
City and Sustainable Development Goals. The importance of defining city level strategies is
stressed, due to the relevance of local characteristics and challenges (Shen at al. 2010). The
Vitória Agenda defines the strategy at the local level and displays important diagnostics and
considerations. However, it is not clear as to setting goals and targets to be achieved,
hindering the selection of indicators.
The strategic themes of the Vitória Agenda were the basis for assigning weights to the
selected indicators. The indicator that stands out with the highest relative weight in the
context of its category (Governance dimension), is the Social Welfare Return Index (Índice
de Retorno de Bem-Estar à Sociedade - IRBES), with 46.15%, which compares the tax
burden to the Human Development Index (HDI), and thus is directly related to the three
strategic themes of the Agenda. Next, with the relative weight of 27.27%, are the indicators
Ratio of Students Enrolled in High Quality Courses, Percentage of Population with 13 or
More Years of Schooling, and Ratio of Workers in STEM Occupations, components of the
People dimension. The high weight assigned to the indicator IRBES may have occurred
because the Governance dimension has a lower amount of items when compared to the
others. Thus, for a proper assessment, the need to add new indicators to this dimension is
clear, in order to achieve a better balance in the allocation of weights.
The main challenge of the research was the access to reliable information, especially at the
local level. In some cases, the use of the metropolitan region or state data was accepted, in
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order to not hinder the work, since the percentage of excluded items for lack of similar data
was high (63%). The data sources used for this research are public databases, and their
publication, in general, does not occur on an annual basis, which also makes it difficult to
obtain updated data.
By analysing the proposed indicators for the European medium-sized cities, the authors
emphasise the difference between their development levels compared to the Brazilian
cities. The tool used as reference does not address issues that correspond to recurring
problems in Brazil, such as illiteracy and infant mortality. Thus, the need to continue the
research is realised, in order to, once again, supplement the list of indicators with new items
according to the local reality, grounded on other existing assessment tools.
REFERENCES
Angelidou, M. 2014. Smart city policies: A spatial approach. Cities 41: S3-S11.
Angelidou, M. 2015. Smart cities: A conjuncture of four forces. Cities 47: 95-106.
BRE. 2016. BREEAM Communities 2012: Technical Guide. Watford: BRE Global Limited.
Caragliu, A. Del Bo, C. Nijkamp, P. 2011. Smart Cities in Europe. Journal Of Urban Technology 18(2):
65-82.
Fundação Carlos Alberto Vanzolini. 2011. Referencial técnico de certificação – Processo AQUA: Bairros
e loteamentos. São Paulo: FCAV.
GBCA. 2015. Green Star – Communities. Available online: www.gbca.org.au/green-star/green-star-
communities/the-rating-tool/ (accessed on 26.05.16).
Agenda Vitória. Available online: http://www.vitoria.es.gov.br/prefeitura/gestao-
compartilhada#a_agendavitoria (accessed on 15.05.16).
Giffinger, R. Fertner, C. Kramar, H. Kalasek, R. Pichler-Milanovic, N. Meijers, E. 2007. Smart Cities:
Ranking of European medium-sized cities. Research Report, Vienna University of Technology.
Hák, T. Janoušková, S. Moldan, B. 2015. Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant
indicators. Ecological Indicators 60: 565-573.
HQE. 2015. HQE Management System for Urban Planning Projects. Paris: Cerway.
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. On www.ibge.gov.br/home (accessed 20.05.16)
JSBC. 2012. CASBEE for Cities - Technical manual. Tokyo: Japan Sustainable Building Consortium.
Miranda, C.L.P. Castiglioni, A.H. Silva, E.R. Varejão, S.B.S. 2014. A Região Metropolitana da Grande
Vitória na transição demográfica brasileira: Análise da dinâmica demográfica dos municípios da
RMGV a partir das mudanças ocorridas entre 2000 e 2010. In Lira, P. Oliveira Junior, A.P. Monteiro,
L.L. (eds), Vitória: Transformações na Ordem Urbana: 57-92. Rio de Janeiro: Letra Capital.
Monfaredzadeh, T. Krueger, R. 2015. Investigating social factors of sustainability in a smart city.
Procedia Engineering 118: 1112-1118.
Neirotti, P. De Marco, A. Cagliano, A.C. Mangano, G. Scorrano, F. 2014. Current trends in Smart City
initiatives: Some stylised facts. Cities 38: 25-36.
Oliveira Junior, A.P. Santos, A.C. Monteiro, L.L. Bergamaschi, R.B. 2014. A metrópole na rede urbana
brasileira e na configuração interna. In Lira, P. Oliveira Junior, A.P. Monteiro, L.L. (eds), Vitória:
Transformações na Ordem Urbana: 25-56. Rio de Janeiro: Letra Capital.
Prefeitura de Vitória. Available online: www.vitoria.es.gov.br (accessed on 20.05.16).
Shen, L. Ochoa, J.J. Shah, M.N. Zhang, X. 2010. The application of urban sustainability indicators – A
comparison between various practices. Habitat International 35: 17-29.
United Nations. 2015. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. New York: Department of
Economic and Social Affairs.
Urban Systems. 2015. Ranking Connected Smart Cities. São Paulo: Sator.
USGBC. 2011. LEED 2009 for Neighborhood Development Rating System. Washington: U.S. Green
Building Council.
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Decision making process assisted by Life Cycle Assessment:
Greenhouse gas emission
Douglas Barreto
Federal University of São Carlos, NUPRE, Professor at PPGECiv, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
dbarreto@ufscar.br
ABSTRACT: The concept of sustainability has been spreading in the construction industry,
introducing tools and methods that may assist in the process of decision making and allowing
improvements in management techniques as much as in production processes. Thus, this
research aims the selection of materials by means of the proposition of a decision making
method – the Choosing by Advantage (CBA) assisted by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). It
was adopted a commonly employed component in temporary facilities of construction sites in
the construction industry, the tiles. The adopted tiles were composed by recycled material
(polyethylene – aluminum) and by non – recycled materials (galvanized steel). It was applied
a multi-criteria methodology, in which the CBA method proposes the analysis of the best type
of tile according to sustainability parameters – ecological, economic and social. In this study,
LCA complements the CBA by means of the evaluation of environmental impacts, where the
factor “Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (Emission CO2eq)” was examined as a factor generated by
the transportation of the tiles from the factory to the authorized reseller. By means of the
implementation of the decision making method, it was verified the feasibility regarding the
application of the LCA as a support tool to the CBA method for the selection of materials that
cause less impact as a positively complementary methodology. It is concluded that the
adopted methodology assists in the dissemination of sustainability in the stage of execution,
according to a systemic approach based on sound information.
Keywords Sustainability. Decision making method. Life Cycle Assessment. Tiles. Carbon Dioxide
Equivalent Emission.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Abraham et al. (2013) considered that the construction industry sector frequently
experiences issues regarding decision making processes. The complexity of the decisions to be
taken by designers and others involved consists in the selection process of the building
system as much as in the process of material selection. According to the authors, these issues
demand a group of approaches called Multi-Criteria Decision-Analysis (MCDA).
Models of multi-criteria decision may present the capacity of systematically formulate and
compare different options against other vast sets of projects criteria, providing a versatile tool
to deal with complex tasks regarding the decision making process (MILANI et al. 2011).
Regarding the production stages of an enterprise, the phase of execution requires the
evaluation of sustainability aspects, as emphasized by Zeule (2014), in addition to the
occupancy and operation phases. It was verified in the research quoted above the existence of
several techniques that may be disclosed and implemented on the construction sites, mainly
regarding the existing temporary buildings during this stage, as for example, the application of
insulating materials adhered to the facade/roofing.
Even considering the building frequency of temporary facilities and their cycle (mounting
process, usage, disassembly process and reutilization), studies regarding the sustainable
development of the project process of this system in the construction site are not abundant.
Arslan and Cosgun (2008) verified that, in order to improve the performance of emergency or
temporary facilities, industry may need to explore the environmental aspects of these
buildings throughout their existence phases.
There are several discussions regarding the environmental performance of building materials.
In this context, this research aimed to verify the combined applicability of two methods in
order to assist the decision making process in the selection of tiles for construction site
facilities, considering the environmental impact category of global warming and the “Carbon
Dioxide Equivalent Emission (CO2eq)” factor generated by the transportation of the tiles from
the factory to the authorized reseller. In order to accomplish this analysis, the multi-criteria
method Choosing by Advantage (CBA) assisted by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was
employed.
Although the application of the CBA method in other countries is present, it was not observed
its application in the Brazilian context of construction sites facilities, typifying a technical and
scientific knowledge gap. In addition, according to Milani et al. (2011), the selection of
materials is fundamental in several engineering projects, defining durability, cost,
manufacture of the final product and environmental concerns as the recycling process and/ or
the end of useful life, the methods may vary from a selection of the material to another.
2. MULTI-CRITERIA METHODS
The multi-criteria methods, as the decision making studies are designated, have been highly
utilized in the solution of problems, since they may clarify to the decision maker the
possibilities of choices. When a project staff chooses an alternative, the approach may not be
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always overt, and rarely a formal method of decision making is employed (ARROYO,
TOMMELEIN, BALLARD, 2015).
Milani et al. (2011) utilized the MCDA assisted by the life cycle assessment to the selection of
composite materials and the considered criteria were cost, mechanical and thermal properties
and environmental impact. In the research, it was compared a pure plastic gear with a
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) / alternative aluminum powder composite, one of the
results highlighted that the performance of the composite material and the attributes of cost
are modified during the project process.
In addition to economic and structural factors, due to global changes, other factors may also
be part of corporate responsibility, as issues oriented to natural environment and society.
Regarding sustainability, one alternative is to perform modifications in the production
processes of companies in order to reach ecologically sustainable options.
The difference of CBA, when compared to other methods, is the systemic analysis
reconsidering the decision. Suhr (1999) indicates that the difference between sound methods
and unsound methods1 are the weighting rating given to wrong items, for example:
advantages and disadvantages, pros and cons, criteria and objectives. In advance, CBA is a
system that compares the advantages of the alternatives.
The CBA method for moderately complex decisions divides the process of Decision Making in
five phases: 1) stage-setting, 2) innovation phase, 3) decision making phase, 4)
reconsideration phase and 5) implementation phase (SUHR, 1999). This article emphasis
Phase 3, the decision making phase.
Onwards the results obtained by LCA it is possible to recognize the aspects that may cause
more impact throughout the life cycle and, according to NBR ISO 14.040 (ABNT, 2009), by
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means of the interactivity among the phases of the LCA, it may be possible to achieve the
completeness and consistency of the research and of the results.
According to Passuelo et al. (2014) there is a lack of studies about the LCA of construction
materials in Brazil, what determines the necessity of studies that relate the practice of LCA in
the local scenario in order to transform this object into a management tool applicable to the
Brazilian reality.
4. RESEARCH METHOD
The employed research procedure was based on three available methods:
The alternatives are the types of materials to be compared (Stage 1), and the definition of the
elements that will be compared, these elements are present in the materials (Stage 2)
subsequently, the essential criteria to attend the factors are defined (Stage 3) and,
consequently the attributes of each alternative are detected (Stage 4), therefore the main
advantage is determined by means of the less preferable attributes among the alternatives
(Stage 5). Stage 6 defines a range scale by means of the advantages importance, utilizing the
main advantage as support, in order to assess the cost data. In Stage 7, a graphic (Importance
of the Advantages x cost of the material) is designed. The final result of this analysis is the
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selection of one of the compared materials (alternatives), based on the defined attributes,
which present the best option to be employed.
This research was focused on the “Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Emission (CO2eq)” of the
analyzed tiles, which was the factor chosen to be studied on Stage 2 of Phase 3, regarding the
Decision Making method CBA aggregated to the LCA which assisted the decision making
process until the last stage.
For the effective application of the LCA, it was utilized a software in order to manipulate the
data, as well as a database of life cycle inventories. The employed software was the Open LCA®
and the ELCD 2.0 (ELCD, 2016) database; both were chosen because of the free availability.
In this research, it was analyzed the transportation stage of the tiles from the factory to the
authorized reseller. Therefore, the data collection considered the calculation of the average
distance between the factory and the cities in which the tiles were resold; the distances found
are analyzed in Table 1. This analysis was made by means of a direct contact with the
manufacturer of the tiles.
The analyzed tiles were constituted by: recycled material of long life package (polyethylene –
aluminum); metallic corrugated in galvanized steel and; metallic trapezoidal in thermo-
acoustic galvanized steel. Thus, by means of the software, the data provided by the
manufacturers were compiled in order to obtain the CO2eq emission regarding the category of
global warming. In order to achieve the CO2eq emission data caused by the transportation of
the tiles, it was utilized the method consolidated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) (IPCC, 2013).
5. CASE REPORT
The selection of the tiles for the application of the method concerns the fact that the tile is one
of the required components in temporary facilities of construction sites, and during the
transportation process, the emission of greenhouse gases occurs.
The typology of the three analyzed tiles were: 1) tile containing recycled substances of long
life package (polyethylene – aluminum); 2) corrugated galvanized steel tiles; 3) thermo-
acoustic trapezoidal galvanized steel tiles, aiming to compare the different variety of tiles
available on the market, which are employed in temporary facilities of construction sites.
The corrugated tiles constituted of galvanized steel are not painted metallic tiles,
manufactured from a steel sheet covered by a thin layer of protection composed by pure zinc
(galvanized sheet). The function of the zinc is to avoid the corrosion process. The tiles used in
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this research were corrugated and natural (no painting), they presented width of 1,10m,
length of 2,20m, thickness of 0,50mm and weight of 9, 9 kg per unit.
Trapezoidal tiles manufactured in galvanized steel are not painted metallic tiles produced by
two steel sheets (sandwich tiles), coated by pure zinc (galvanized sheet). In order to be
designated as thermoacoustic, it must be filled with an insulating material as Expanded
Polystyrene (EPS) or Polyurethane (PU), for example, thus characteristics that may improve
the thermal and acoustic performance will be developed. The tiles applied in this study
presented the shape of a trapezium, width of 1,10m, length of 2,20m, thickness of 0,50mm and
a layer of EPS with 50mm of thickness, each piece weighted 21kg.
Stage 2 – Definition of factors - The “Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Emission (CO2eq)” factor was
analyzed.
Therefore, in Stage 2 the LCA was integrated in order to assist the CBA decision making
method, in which the potential category of global warming was analyzed with regard to the
transportation process. This factor was investigated regarding the transported distance and
the weight of the tiles from the factory to the authorized reseller.
Stage 3 – Definition of a criterion regarding the factor – The criterion adopted to analyze the
potential factor of global warming was: lower emission of CO2eq.
According to the principle of sustainability, lower emissions of CO2eq are related to a lower
contribution to the global warming effect.
Stage 4 – Report of the attributes of the alternatives –In Table 1 the attributes of the
alternatives were expressed, in other words, the quantity of CO2 eq emitted by the
transportation of the tiles to the reseller.
Stage 5 – Decision of the main advantage – The main advantage indicated by the decision
maker regards the tile presenting a lower CO2 eq. emission.
Stage 6 – Definition of the importance scale of the advantages – In this research, as a single
factor was analyzed (“CO2 eq emission”), consequently it was evaluated by a maximum
punctuation of 100 points.
Stage 7 – Relation between cost and importance of the advantages – After the attribution of
the scores to the advantages, a calculation was made and the total of the importance of the
advantages was obtained. The value of each alternative was also obtained, in other words, the
price of each tile (unit) per square meter was achieved, a graphic IofA x R$ was schematized,
which enabled the choice of the most suitable tile.
Table 1 exhibits important data as the average distance traveled by the truck in order to
transport the tiles from the factory to the sales area, considering that this resale may be direct
as it is the situation of the metallic tiles in galvanized steel or may be performed indirectly, as
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the recycled tiles, which the manufacturer transports the product to another specific sales
area.
Average transportation
distance from factory to 1.225 km 535 km 535 km
resale
Lorry utilized in the Truck 22 tonnes or Truck Truck 25 tonnes or Truck Truck 25 tonnes or Truck
transportation 14 tonnes 12 tonnes 12 tonnes
Authors, 2016
The inventory “Articulated lorry transport, Euro 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mix, 40 t total weight, 27 t Max
payload – RER” owns a representative data set for the European area (RER) (ELCD, 2016). The
quantity of reference is the “cargo” and the data corresponds to the annual average.
According to the metadata of ELCD 2.0 (ELCD, 2016) the utilized methods were prepared
according to the weighted average of the trucks in accordance to the emission standards
EURO, in other words, EURO 0 to EURO 4. The valid cargo considered to the transport was
17,3 tonnes and 27t, due to the types of trucks utilized and detailed on Table 1, and, mainly,
for being modules that represent “process systems” and for considering the early life of the
diesel. The emission of combustion corresponds to data measured from the truck: ammonia,
benzene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, nitrous oxide, Non-
Methane Volatile Organic Compound (NMVOC), PM 2.5 particles, sulfur dioxide, toluene,
xylene. The emission of NMVOC, toluene and xylene results into combustion losses and
imperfect evaporation by diffusion through the tank. The analyzed process was performed in
a diesel-powered truck.
RESULTS
Due to the fact that tiles present the function of covering the facilities, a reference unit of
coverage of 50m2 was adopted in order to perform the calculation. In addition, an analysis
was made regarding the sensibility of the disclosed data. Thus, the calculation was performed
considering the average distance and a distance of 100km (standard), in order to make it
possible to analyze the interference of the characteristics of the tiles, as the transported
weight and volume.
In order to quantify the CO2eq emission level, it was employed the? Life Cycle Impact
Assessment (LCIA) method developed by IPCC, which utilizes the Global Warming Potential
(GWP) in order to transform the emissions of greenhouse gases into emissions of CO₂eq ,
considering a time line of 100 years (IPCC, 2013).
The modules adopted as reference to the calculation of CO2eq emission were ““Lorry transport,
Euro 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mix, 22 t total weight, 17,3t maxpayload - RER”, a more decisive module when
compared to the “Articulated lorry transport, Euro 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mix, 40 t total weight, 27 t
maxpayload – RER”, according to Table 2.
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Table 2. Global warming according to real and standard distances with the maximum cargo weight of the truck
For the real distances, the module which contributed the most for the category of Global
Warming was the module regarding the transportation of recycled tiles, presenting an
emission level of 1, 00E-01 (CO2eq), followed by the thermoacoustic metallic tiles presenting
an emission level of 0, 55E-01 (CO2eq) and the corrugated metallic tile presenting an emission
level of 0, 26E-01 (CO2eq). According to this analysis, the average distance directly affected the
results, as the longer distance refers to the recycled tile (1225 km), followed by the metallic
tiles presenting the same distance (535 km). In this case, as the distance for the metallic tiles
was equivalent, the predominant factor for the result of the emission level was the weight, as
in order to cover 50m2 it is necessary 0,526 tonnes of thermoacoustic tiles and 0,248 tonnes
of corrugated metallic tiles.
However, when the standard distance of 100 km was adopted, the transportation of the
thermoacoustic tile was the most critical, presenting an emission level of 1,01E-02 (CO2eq),
followed by the recycled tile presenting an emission level of 0,82E-02 (CO2eq) and the
corrugated metallic tile, 0,47E-02 (CO2eq). In order to perform this analysis, it was observed
that the weight of the tiles was decisive for the results, as to cover 50m 2, the thermoacoustic
tiles own a higher weight of 0,526 ton/m², followed by the recycled tiles, 0,420 ton/m² and
the corrugated metallic tiles, 0,248 ton/m². Henceforth, Table 3 exhibits the results of the
joint application of the CBA method assisted by the LCA, where it may be seen six of the seven
stages briefly explained on the research method.
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In order to conclude the selection of the tile, the economic aspect was considered. Stage 7 of
the research method presents a graphic containing the cost of the tiles according to the
Importance of Advantage (IofA).
The values of the tiles were calculated referring to 1m2. The polyethylene – aluminum
recycled tile costs R$ 16,58/m², the corrugated metallic tile in galvanized steel costs R$
16,54/m² and the thermoacoustic metallic tile in galvanized steel with EPS costs R$ 44,64/m².
Thus, the graphic presented by Figure 2 illustrates the relation between Importance of
Advantage and costs/m2 of the tiles.
Figure 2: Graphic of the relation between the Importance of Advantage x Cost of the tiles: Authors, 2016
Therefore, after the implementation of the method, it was possible to identify that the most
convenient tile regarding the factor of greenhouse gas emission was the corrugated metallic in
galvanized steel, which emitted less CO2eq, and presented a reasonable market price. However,
it is emphasized that other factors must be assessed in order to complete the process of
material selection.
6. CONCLUSION
According to the performed evaluations, the possibility of achieving several results was
verified, what presents a direct dependency with the unit of reference. In this work, the
application of LCA allowed to determine the quantity of emitted CO2eq, by means of the
category associated to global warming. However, the necessity of analyzing other categories of
environmental impact that may relate other ways of emission not contemplated by the
category of global warming is existent.
Brazil does not own an implemented database that represents the reality in all levels of the
country, thus, it justifies the use of an international database. The ideal is the performance of
an adaptation of the information presented by the database as reference. However, the
objective of this research was to demonstrate the contribution that LCA may provide to the
decision making methods, because LCA effectively contributes by facilitating the choice made
by the decision-maker.
Characteristics as volume and weight, in addition to the average distance traveled by the
vehicle and the utilized vehicle must be considered in order to analyze the transportation
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process of the tiles. These factors must be simultaneously studied as they directly affect the
emission levels, enabling a critical examination by the decision maker at the moment of the
analysis according to the unit of reference.
Thus, the accuracy of the method adopted in this research was validated. The LCA verified the
CO2eq emission and the method of decision making verified the advantages of the tiles by
means of the principle that when the CO2eq emission level is lower, consequently the transport
of the tiles causes less social and environmental impacts.
It is important to emphasize that the result obtained with regard to the CO2eq factor, does not
characterize the ideal tile for the selection of the material to be utilized in temporary facilities
in construction sites, since this analysis must be made by considering other factors that may
characterize the environmental, social and economic impacts. Thus, the decision making
process in the sector of construction industry requires attention aiming the improvement of
this area.
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ABRAHAM, K.; LEPECH, M.; HAYMAKER, J. 2013. Selection and Application of Choosing by Advantages
on a Corporate Campus Project. In: Proceedings IGLC-21, July 2013 – Fortaleza, Brasil.
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conceitos e indicadores. Anais... III Congresso Virtual Brasileiro de Administração – CONVIBRA 2006.
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ARROYO, P.; TOMMELEIN, I. D.; BALLARD, G. 2015. Selecting globally sustainable materials: A case
study using Choosing by Advantages. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, v. 142, n. 2,
p. 05015015, 2015.
ARSLAN, H; COSGUN, N. 2008. Reuse and recycle potentials of the temporary houses after occupancy:
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ABNT. ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. 2009. NBR ISO 14040 – Gestão ambiental -
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ELCD. European Life Cycle Database. Versão 2.0 acess by open LCA nexus. Available on
:https://nexus.openlca.com. Access in: may. 2016.
IPCC. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. 2013. Summary for Policymakers.
Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Climate Change 2013: The Physical
Science Basis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
MILANI, A. S.; ESKICIOGLU, C.; ROBLES, K.; BUJUN, K.; HOSSEINI-NASAB, H. 2011. Multiple criteria
decision making with life cycle assessment for material selection of composites. eXPRESS Polymer
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PASSUELO, A. C. B.; OLIVEIRA A. F. de; COSTA, E. B. da; KIRCHHEIM, A. P. 2014. Aplicação da avaliação
do ciclo de vida na análise de impactos ambientais de materiais de construção inovadores: estudo de
caso da pegada de carbono de clínqueres alternativos. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 14, n. 4, p.
7-20, out./dez. 2014. ISSN 1678-8621 Associação Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído.
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ZEULE, L. O. 2014. Práticas e avaliação da sustentabilidade em canteiro de obras. Dissertação (mestrado)
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Carlos, São Carlos, 263f.
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Water sustainability assessment for the region of Curitiba
Juvancir Silva
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Ambiental, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba (PR),
Dept. de Administração, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa (PR)
juvancirsilva@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI) allows for integrated analyses of
social, economic and environmental matters that can affect sustainability in a watershed,
in a water-centric approach. It is subdivided into four categories: hydrology, environment,
life and policy, each of them analysed through a three-tier indicator system, namely for
pressure, state and response. As such, the index accounts for present conditions, trends
and ongoing corrective actions. This paper reports on a sustainability assessment
undertaken using WSI for a region encompassing Curitiba, capital of the southern
Brazilian state of Paraná. Water resources are managed via the river basin committee
COALIAR, which includes the Upper Iguaçu river and affluents of the Upper Ribeira river.
Such a water management remit area supports over three million people (93% urban) and
includes one of the most polluted rivers in Brazil (the upper reaches of the Iguaçu river, in
Curitiba). Several data repositories were used and a comparison of results obtained using
different indicator and calculation approaches was made, both to assess the robustness of
the diagnostic assessment and to inform future WSI application. Possible pathways to
improve water sustainability are indicated based on the assessment results.
Keywords Sustainability indicator, watershed, WSI, Upper Iguaçu, Curitiba
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1. INTRODUCTION
The sustainable development paradigm promotes inter-generational equity and requires
mankind to strike a responsible balance between the anthropogenic pressures on natural
resources and the resilience of natural systems (Meadows, 1998). Management of
socioenvironmental systems can rely upon sustainability assessment methods based on
indexes and indicators, which support decision making in allowing for diagnostic and
prognostic studies of scenarios of interest (Siche et al. 2007). In isolation, indicators for
environmental, economic, infrastructure and other aspects could not adequately reflect
the complexity of sustainability issues (Guimarães & Feichas, 2009). When combined in a
multi-dimensional and multi-scale analysis framework, however, they may be used to
represent the sustainable development context (Bellen, 2004).
Access to water with adequate quality and quantity is essential for sustainable human
development, as water is one of the key resources required to sustain anthropogenic
activities (UNESCO, 2001). The concept of water sustainability is used to represent, in a
water-centric manner, the interconnected socioenvironmental aspects of natural and
human water cycles. The overall goal is to achieve a balanced utilisation pattern that does
not compromise the water cycle and ecosystems (Ni et al. 2012). In this context, sound
water management approaches are required to promote rational use of resources, but the
effectiveness of actions in promoting sustainability also depends on factors which are not
under the direct competence of water managers. Aspects such as education, income,
health, food demand and level of environmental awareness of a population all interact to
determine the form and intensity of water use.
Analyses encompassing one or a few such aspects have been undertaken using indexes
such as the Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI), Water Poverty Index (WPI), Canadian
Water Sustainability Index (CWSI) and West Java Water Sustainability Index (WJSI) (Silva,
2016). Among these, WSI is an established index for application to river basins and has
received international attention in the context of water resources management (UNESCO,
2008). This index integrates key indicators linked to water sustainability in a single
analysis framework. Its application has assisted in the identification of threats owing to
diffuse source pollution in a Brazilian rural basin (Chaves & Alipaz, 2007), quantitative
water scarcity in semi-arid regions of Chile, Mexico and India (Cortés et al. 2012; Jiménez
et al. 2013; Chandniha et al. 2014) and a combination of sewage and agricultural diffuse
source pollution and soil erosion in Costa Rica (Catano et al. 2009).
In the region of Curitiba, water resources management is undertaken in the remit of
Comitê das Bacias do Alto Iguaçu e Afluentes do Alto Ribeira (COALIAR), a river basin
committee that encompasses the upper portion of the Iguaçu river basin and the basins of
two affluents of the Ribeira river, namely the Açungui and Capivari rivers (Águas Paraná,
2007). The corresponding remit area of 5870 km² encompasses a large part of the
metropolitan region of Curitiba, with a population of 3.2 million inhabitants (93% urban)
(IBGE, 2010). All of the water management instruments prescribed by the Brazilian water
resources policy have been implemented, but recent data have shown opposing trends in
aspects that can influence water sustainability. For instance, from 2001 to 2010 water
quality in the Upper Iguaçu river worsened, in a scenario of quali-quantitative scarcity
(ANA, 2012); environmental degradation increased as a result of uncontrolled
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2. WSI DESCRIPTION
The WSI (Chaves & Alipaz, 2007) is based on the internationally recognised HELP platform
(UNESCO, 2001), with four analysis categories or sub-indexes: Hydrology (H), Environment
(E), Life (L) and Policy (P). The index is calculated as the average of the four sub index
values, as in Equation (1). The range of each parameter is from 0.25 to 1.0. A WSI value is
interpreted based on Table 1.
(H E L P )
WSI (1)
4
Table 1. Interpretation of WSI results in terms of the level of sustainability in a river basin
Low Intermediate High
WSI < 0.5 0.5 WSI 0.8 WSI > 0.8
Hydrology is assessed through two sub categories, namely for Quantity and Quality. These
sub categories and the remaining categories are each represented by three attributes or
types of indicators, namely for Pressure (P), State (S) and Response (R), which allows for
cause-effect relationship assessments of the effectiveness of management decision making
and any corrective actions. Thus, WSI includes 15 attributes and/or indicators in the
sustainability diagnostic of a river basin, as shown in Tables 2, 3 and 4. Chaves & Alipaz
(2007) pointed out that the index should be calculated for a management-relevant local-
regional scale, and suggested an area of the order of 2500 km2. A suitable timeframe of
analysis should allow for effects of management actions and/or climate change to be
reflected upon WSI indicator values, so that a five-year period was proposed as standard.
Table 2. Pressure attributes/indicators and corresponding scoring levels (Chaves & Alipaz, 2007)
Category Attribute/Indicator Level Score
Δ < −10% 0.25
Variation in the basin per capita −10% < Δ < 0% 0.50
Quantity
water availability in five years 0 < Δ < +10% 0.75
Hydrology Δ > +10% 1.0
Δ > 10% 0.25
Variation in the basin DBO5 in five 0 < Δ < 10% 0.50
Quality
years −10% < Δ < 0% 0.75
Δ < −10% 1.0
EPI > 10% 0.25
Environmental Pressure Index 5% < EPI < 10% 0.50
Environment
(EPI) in the basin over five years 0% < EPI < 5% 0.75
EPI < 0% 1.0
Δ < −10% 0.25
Variation in the basin per capita −10% < Δ < 0% 0.50
Life
HDI-Income in five years 0 < Δ < +10% 0,75
Δ > +10% 1.0
Policy Variation in the basin HDI- Δ < −10% 0.25
−10% < Δ < 0% 0.50
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Table 3. State attributes/indicators and corresponding scoring levels (Chaves & Alipaz, 2007)
Category Attribute/Indicator Level Score
Wa < 1700 0.25
Basin per capita water availability 1700 < Wa < 3400 0.50
Quantity
(m³.person-1.year-1) 3400 < Wa < 5100 0.75
Hydrology Wa > 5100 1.0
DBO > 10 0.25
Quality Basin average DBO5 (mg.l-1) 5 < DBO < 10 0.50
3 < DBO < 5 0.75
DBO < 3 1.0
0 < Av < 10 0.25
Proportion of basin area under 10 < Av < 25 0.50
Environment
natural vegetation (%) 25 < Av < 40 0.75
Av > 40 1.0
IDH < 0.60 0.25
Basin HDI weighed by county 0.60 < IDH < 0.75 0.50
Life
population 0.75 < IDH < 0.90 0.75
IDH > 0.90 1.0
Basin institutional capacity in Poor 0.25
Policy water resources management Medium 0.50
Good 0.75
(legal and organisational)
Excellent 1.0
Table 4. Response attributes/indicators and corresponding scoring levels (Chaves & Alipaz, 2007)
Category Attribute/Indicator Level Score
Poor 0.25
Improvement in water use Medium 0.50
Quantity
efficiency in five years Good 0.75
Hydrology Excellent 1.0
Improvement in adequate sewage Poor 0.25
Quality treatment and disposal in five Medium 0.50
Good 0.75
years
Excellent 1.0
Evolution in basin conservation Δ < −10% 0.25
Environment areas in the period, including best −10% < Δ < 0% 0.50
0 < Δ < +10% 0.75
management practices
Δ > + 10% 1.0
Δ < −10% 0.25
Variation in the basin HDI in five −10% < Δ < 0% 0.50
Life
years 0 < Δ < +10% 0.75
Δ > + 10% 1.0
Variation in the basin’s water Δ < −10% 0.25
Policy resources management −10% < Δ < 0% 0.50
0 < Δ < +10% 0.75
expenditures in five years
Δ > + 10% 1.0
3. WSI APPLICATION
The study area for WSI application was the COALIAR remit area, as shown in Figure 1. The
Upper Iguaçu, Açungui and Capivari basin areas are 3630 km², 1285 km² and 955 km²
respectively (Águas Paraná, 2007). Indicators were computed based on official data and
information of Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), Agência Nacional de
Águas (ANA), Instituto Paranaense de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (IPARDES),
Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica, Instituto das Águas do Paraná, Sistema Nacional de
Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS), Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Recursos
Hídricos (SNIRH) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Key national and
state laws and documents on water resources management and the scientific literature
were also consulted. The period of analysis was from 2000 to 2010, which allowed for a
consistent match of databases in an adequate and recent time span. Any indicator
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variations thus computed were then divided by two to adjust to the original five-year
scoring levels of Tables 2, 3 and 4. Perhaps such scoring levels could be transformed to a
yearly-rate format, in future WSI applications. Data were available for different territorial
units, such as municipalities, Human Development Units (HDUs) and river basins. Thus, as
required the datasets were transposed to the study area by using area-weighed averaging,
so that indicators could be determined for the COALIAR remit area.
Discrepancies were noted in the calculation approach of several indicators by Chaves &
Alipaz (2007), UNESCO (2008), Catano et al. (2009), Jiménez et al. (2012) and Cortés et al.
(2012), owing to conceptual differences and/or adaptations to data availability. Thus, a
sensitivity analysis was done for the effect of indicator determination approaches on WSI,
for some indicators which are qualitative in nature or for which there is no established
calculation method. When in doubt, a conservative estimation was made. The following
sections outline the determination of indicators for each of the four HELP categories, and
then present the final computation and interpretation of WSI for the study area.
Figure 1. COALIAR remit area in relation to the municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba
3.1 Hydrology
The population of the study area was estimated from IBGE (2000; 2010), as 2,735,751
inhabitants in 2000, and 3,135,645 inhabitants in 2010. For computing the Quantity-
Pressure and Quantity-State indicators, the basin water availability (Wa) was determined
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using historical data provided by Águas Paraná (2007) considering both surface water and
groundwater availabilities, as Wa = Q38 – Q95 + Qgw, where Q38 = 114.4 m3.s-1 was the long
term average discharge, and Q95 = 25.74 m3.s-1 was the ecological discharge and Qgw =
27.86 m³.s-1 was the groundwater discharge. As a result, the basin per capita water
availability was 1344 m³.person-1.year-1 in 2000, and 1172 m³.person-1.year-1 in 2010.
Such levels are usually associated with a water scarcity scenario (Brown & Matlock, 2011).
Due to population growth, water availability decreased by around 12% in the ten-year
period, which was associated to a 6% decrease in five years. The use of historical
discharge data seemed justified by the lack of significant increase in the absolute water
availability in the study area in the period, e.g. due to climate change or water transfers.
However, both influences are expected to occur in the next few decades (Águas Paraná,
2007), so that similar calculations in the future may not be solely based on the historical
discharge data. For this analysis, based on the above results and Tables 2 and 3 levels, the
Quantity-Pressure indicator scored 0.50, while the Quantity-State indicator scored 0.25.
Determination of the Quantity-Response indicator relied on data and information of
IPARDES and SNIS, about losses in the water supply system and measures undertaken by
the public sector to promote end-user efficiency. It was observed that losses increased by
8% in the period, while in Curitiba, municipal law no. 10785/2003 made it compulsory for
new dwellings to install water storage systems and more economic household appliances.
Thus, a score of 0.50 was conservatively set to this indicator.
For determining the Quality-State indicator, a representative DBO5 value must be found for
the basin. This task is complicated by the fact that monitoring results can be biased by the
sampling strategy, and because the diversity of land use patterns over such a large area
favour high variability. Thus, two methods were considered in setting the basin DBO5
value for the study area. Firstly, based on historical water quality data at the basin outlet
(Formigoni et al. 2011) and for Q38, whereby the value of DBO5 = 6.5 mg.l-1 was found and
applied to the whole analysis period. Secondly, based on monitoring data publicly
available at Portal da Qualidade das Águas of Brazil’s National Water Agency, the reference
DBO5 was calculated as the median value of available data in each year. For this method,
for 2000 the result obtained was 7.60 mg.l-1, while for 2010 it was 2.50 mg.l-1. Such values
are considerably below the levels measured in river reaches situated in the more densely
populated area of the river basin, and especially in Curitiba, where the median values were
19 mg.l-1 in 2000 and 13 mg.l-1 in 2010. Thus, for the study area and based on Table 3, the
Quality-State indicator score was set as 0.50.
For the Quality-Pressure indicator, the monitoring data suggested that the basin-wide
median DBO5 decreased in the period. In five years, the variation was –33%, which
suggested an overall trend of improving water quality in the river basin, at least in terms
of the organic load and within the indication capacity of the parameter. This would lead to
the maximum score for this indicator, based on Table 2. However, recognising the data
limitation to provide a representative DBO5 value for the basin and in view of the known
water quality issues, the score was more conservatively set as 0.75 for this indicator.
The Quality-Response indicator was determined using data and information provided by
IPARDES and SNIS. Investments on sewage collection and treatment systems increased, so
that the population coverage more than doubled in the period, while population growth
was around 15%. However, recognising the occurrence of irregular land occupation with
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off-the-grid dwellings, especially in the urban zone and often in conservation areas, a score
of 0.50 was conservatively set to this indicator, based on Table 4.
3.2 Environment
The indicator for Environment-Pressure is the Environment Pressure Index (EPI), which is
calculated as EPI = (%Va + %Vp)/2, where %Va and %Vp represent variations in basin
agricultural area and urban population respectively, both in five years in the study area.
The IBGE and IPARDES databases were used, and the computation of %Va took into
consideration plantations, pastureland mixed with forest and agriculture mixed with
forest. The results thus obtained for the ten-year period were %Va = +2.6% and %Vp =
+15.5%, which led to EPI = +4.5% in five years. Based on Table 2, this indicator scored as
0.75, denoting a medium level of continued anthropogenic pressure on the environment.
For the Environment-State indicator, an analysis of data in SOS Mata Atlântica (2011)
indicated that 15% of the COALIAR area is occupied by remnant vegetation. Based on
Table 3, this corresponded to a score of 0.50 for this indicator.
Data and information made available by IPARDES and Águas Paraná were involved in the
determination of the Environment-Response indicator. The number and date of
implementation of protected areas were considered. Before the year 2000, 16
preservation units were registered. In the period leading up to 2010, seven further units
were implemented. This represented an increase of 22% in five years for this criterion,
which would lead to the maximum score for the indicator, based on Table 4. However, due
to the authors not being able to access further information about these or other areas, the
indicator score was conservatively set as 0.75.
3.3 Life
Data provided by IBGE and UNDP for the HDI and its sub index per capita HDI-Income
(HDI-I) were used to compute indicator values for this category. Such data was available
for two territorial units, namely municipalities and HDUs, so that the computation of HDI
results for the COALIAR remit area was made using both datasets, for comparison. The
results thus obtained are shown in Table 5. Small differences in HDI values were
associated with selecting a given territorial unit over another, which did not affect the
subsequent indicator scoring. For a five-year period, HDI-I increased by 3.7% or 3.3%
using data for HDUs or municipalities respectively, so that the Life-Pressure indicator
scored 0.75, based on Table 2. The basin HDI in 2010 was 0.780 or 0.786 respectively, so
that the Life-State indicator scored 0.75, based on Table 3. And, for a five-year period, the
HDI increased by 6.4% or 6.5% respectively, so that the Life-Response indicator also
scored 0.75, based on Table 4. These results suggested that human development levels in
the COALIAR remit area were relatively high on average, which can be partly credited to
the metropolitan region of Curitiba performing the role of an economic hub for the area.
Table 5. Results obtained for the COALIAR remit area for the Human Development Index (HDI) and its sub
indexes of per capita income (HDI-I) and education (HDI-E)
Territorial unit HDI IDH-I IDH-E
of IBGE data 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010
HDU 0.692 0.780 0.723 0.776 0.582 0.714
Municipality 0.695 0.786 0.750 0.800 0.575 0.713
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3.4 Policy
Determination of HDI-Education (HDI-E) followed the procedure outlined earlier for other
HDIs, and led to the results shown in Table 5. For a five-year period, HDI-E increased by 11%
or 12% using HDU or municipality data respectively, so that the Policy-Pressure indicator
score was set as 1.0, based on Table 2. It can be noted that formal educational
development was relatively high in the study region, but there is no guarantee that
environmental education followed the same trend in that period. Not contemplating some
natural resource conservation awareness indicator is, perhaps, a drawback of WSI.
The water resources management capacity in the COALIAR remit area was estimated by
taking into account both the existence and the effectiveness of legal and organisational
instruments. Data and information for this analysis were obtained from Águas Paraná and
SNIRH. The following elements were considered: i) national and state legislations; ii)
management instruments (national, state and river basin plans; water body classification
according to prescribed uses; water permits; water usage charges; and information
systems); and iii) management institutions (river basin committee, national and state
water agencies, river basin agency). Each criterion was assessed on a scale ‘yes-partial-no’,
to reflect its existence relative to the period of analysis. For instance, in 2010: the state
water resources plan had just been concluded; the state and river basin agencies had just
been created; the river basin management plan had not yet been finalised; and water
usage charges had not yet been implemented. Thus, the Policy-State indicator score was
set as 0.75, based on Table 3.
To determine the Policy-Response indicator, it was not possible to access sufficient data to
quantify investments directly made towards water management actions. Thus, a similar
approach as taken by Catano et al. (2009) was used, by taking into consideration
information on structural and non-structural actions known to have taken place in the
basin to improve water resources. Evidence was found of investments made to support
the implementation of linear parks alongside urban rivers to reclaim and protect their
banks, enhancements to several wastewater treatment facilities, expansion of the water
quality monitoring network and in the river basin committee itself. The associated
investment increase was deemed to lie between 0% and 10% in five years. Thus, this
indicator score was set as 0.75, based on Table 4. Future investigations may include
investments arising from the water charging scheme implemented in 2013.
In relation to the types of indicators, it can be noted that the lowest score occurred for
State, with 0.59, which might be explained by the strong urban footprint associated with
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the presence of a metropolitan region in the study region. This was followed by Response,
with 0.69, and Pressure, with 0.78. Such WSI value was associated with the Intermediate
sustainability class of Table 1. This result was the most conservative estimate made herein
with different calculation approaches, but the index has shown a low sensitivity to the
variation of indicator calculation methods (please see Castro & Loureiro, 2016 for
individual indicator results, further information and in-depth analyses). This note may be
reassuring for future investigations involving similar assessments, for minimising biases
arising from, for instance, the transference of data and information from a municipal or
Human Development Unit format to the river basin remit area of WSI, or to scoring
indicators which are qualitative in nature or for which there is no established calculation
method. Such a low sensitivity of the index might also be attributed to the relatively low
scoring resolution, with only four tiers (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 or 1.0), and/or to the ranges of
results of specific indicator associated with each tier. The fact that the Intermediate class
in Table 1 is numerically the widest of the three, for a range of 0.30 (against 0.25 for Low
and 0.20 for High) arguably slightly favours it as the most likely assessment outcome.
There was a marked disparity among the four aspects that influence water sustainability,
as indicated by WSI. It was found that the Hydrology category was the most severely
impacted in the study region, with a score of 0.50, followed by Environment, with 0.67.
This outcome came as no surprise, since the Upper Iguaçu river, in particular, is known for
its highly degraded state, suffering from virtually all of the typical urbanization problems
of a developing country.
The relatively high scores obtained for Life, with 0.75, may have been impaired in recent
years due to the national economic crisis. This could be verified through an up-to-date
assessment with consistent data and/or projections. The Policy score of 0.83 is expected to
improve further in such an update, if based on similar analysis criteria as used herein.
Overall, these results suggested that any socioeconomic and water management
improvements were not accompanied by comparable improvement in natural resource
stocks. Broadly speaking, such a scenario is notoriously associated with a decreasing
resilience of natural systems, which may compromise inter-generational equity and the
promotion of sustainable development. The river basin management plan anticipates that
water transfers into the region will be required, in the short to medium terms, to prevent
the current scenario from deteriorating further, as population continues to grow.
4. CONCLUSION
In this study a water sustainability assessment was undertaken for Curitiba and
surrounding region, based on an application of the Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI)
for the period from 2000 to 2010. The analysis indicated an intermediate sustainability
state. Substantial differences were found among the four analysis categories, namely for
Hydrology, Environment, Life and Policy. Critical issues that compromised sustainability
were a quali-quantitative water scarcity scenario and insufficient preservation of remnant
vegetation, both of which were made worse by population growth. Human development
levels and the water resources management capacity were relatively high and improved
further in the period. A significant improvement in the water sustainability scenario
probably can only be achieved through large scale structural measures, such as water
transfers and more efficient and widespread basic sanitation. Such measures could be
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Balaton Group. The Sustainability Institute.
Ni, X.; Wu, Y.; Wu, J.; Lu, J.; WILSON, P. C. 2012. Scenario analysis for sustainable development of
Chongming Island: water resources sustainability. Science of the Total Environment, 439, 129–135.
Siche, R.; Agostinho, F.; Ortega, E.; Romeiro, A. 2007. Índices versus indicadores: precisões
conceituais na discussão da sustentabilidade de países. Ambiente & Sociedade, 10(2), 137-148.
Silva, J. 2016. Avaliação integrada de sustentabilidade hídrica em bacias hidrográficas urbanas. Tese
(Doutorado em Gestão Ambiental). Programa de Pós Graduação em Gestão Ambiental. Universidade
Positivo. Curitiba (in preparation).
SOS Mata Atlântica. 2011. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da mata atlântica no período 2008-2010.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). 2001. The design and
implementation strategy of the HELP initiative. IHP-V, Technical Documents in Hydrology, No. 44.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). 2008. Evaluación
objetiva de la aplicación y cálculo del Índice de Sostenibilidad de Cuenca en la Cuenca Hidrográfica del
Canal de Panamá. Documentos Técnicos del PHI-LAC, No. 12.
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Estrategias de diseño pasivo con luz día en cuartos de
hospitalización doble
Lina J. Zapata-González
Magister in sustainable habitat and energy efficiency; Faculty of architecture, construction and design;
University of the Bío-Bío; Concepción, Chile.
zglina@hotmail.com
M. Beatriz Piderit-Moreno
Magister in sustainable habitat and energy efficiency; Faculty of architecture, construction and design;
University of the Bío-Bío; Concepción, Chile.
mpiderit@ubiobio.cl
ABSTRACT: Shared hospitalization rooms (DHR) demand high levels of natural lighting and
a proper visual comfort since daylight provides benefits to the health of a patient. The aim
of this study is to establish guidelines for the use of passive design strategies (PDS) with
daylight in (DHR), in a cold, semi-humid climate. The first stage defined the factors that have
certain influence in the patients’ visual comfort, the recommended levels for these factors,
and its evaluation metrics. An explanatory methodology was applied on the second stage
through a case study, in which simulation tools were used as instruments to assess the DHR
involved in it. The third stage consisted on proposing (PDS) to the study case, which then
were evaluated through simulation tools. Radiance software was used as algorithm engine,
and programs as Daysim, Evalglare, and Ecotect were applied for data visualization.
Through the creation of the integration diagram for lighting performance indicators for
HOSPITALS, four PDS proximate to the expected optimal outcomes were found. Being the
intermediate horizontal ledges with an internal penetration length of 0.80m, an external
penetration of 0.80m, and 0.40m for the floor-screed clearance height of 2.40m and 2.7m,
the ones that presented a better performance as strategies of daylight catchment and
preventing glare. The conclusion corresponding to this study is that due the varied weather
conditions and the unidirectional lighting of the space, the design of the façade must
consider the window’s dimension and position, and the strategies for light catchment
consistent with the place.
Keywords daylight, visual comfort, hospitals
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1. INTRODUCCIÓN
Los cuartos de hospitalización son una unidad de análisis compleja, en ellos, la iluminación
natural interviene en las condiciones de confort de los pacientes y en la disminución del
consumo energético. Así, los hospitales deben considerar como factor clave de diseño la luz
natural, en donde la ventana permita que penetre tanto como sea posible (Salonen et al.,
2013a). La luz del día mejora el sueño, reduce el estrés, alivia el dolor, aumenta la sensación
de libertad y la visión de las personas de edad (Salonen et al., 2013b). Y se ha demostrado
su capacidad para aumentar el suministro de vitamina D en el cuerpo (Mead, 2008). En
estudios realizados directamente en salas de hospitalización, los investigadores Shepley,
Gerbi, Watson, & Imgrund (2009) sugieren que las ventanas pueden reducir los síntomas de
psicosis en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, y se encontró que los pacientes con una vista
panorámica de la ventana hacia la naturaleza fueron más satisfechos que los que tienen una
vista bloqueada (Raanaas, Patil, & Hartig, 2012). En el 2012 se verificó que la duración de
estancia del paciente se reduce en 7.3 horas por cada 100 lx de aumento de la iluminancia
de la luz natural, mientras se mantengan constantes algunas variables explicativas, como la
presión arterial media, la frecuencia cardíaca y la diabetes mellitus (Joarder & Price, 2012).
La revisión de la literatura demuestra los beneficios de la luz natural, sin embargo, existe un
número limitado de publicaciones centradas en el confort visual de los pacientes y la
relación entre el diseño de los cuartos y la ventana asociada. El objetivo de este estudio fue
establecer lineamientos para el uso de estrategias de diseño pasivo lumínicas (EDP) en
cuartos de hospitalización doble (CHD), ubicados en un clima frío semihúmedo. La
investigación tuvo como estudio de caso el Hospital de Caldas S.E.S. ubicado en Manizales -
Colombia. El área de hospitalización tiene cinco pisos, 3ro y 4to de ocupación doble y 5to de
ocupación individual. Por la amplitud del estudio se seleccionaron los CHD más
representativos, localizados en el 4to piso y en la zona media de la planta, ya que no existe
diferencia entre un 8vo y 16vo piso y sí existe diferencia entre las habitaciones ubicadas en
los extremos de la planta (Choi, 2005). Se eligieron cuatro CHD - Figura 1, 404 y 421 con
riostra y 410 y 415 sin riostra.
Figura 1. Planta 4to piso. Hospital Departamental de Caldas. Cuarto de hospitalización 421.
Manizales se caracteriza por ser de clima bimodal, cada año tiene dos temporadas secas que
parten desde los solsticios y dos húmedas a partir de los equinoccios (Duque Escobar,
2014). Tiene un promedio de 222 días con lluvias, una temperatura promedio de 17°C, un
total de 1530mm de precipitación anual, una humedad relativa del 84% y un promedio de
brillo solar de cuatro horas al día. La clasificación climática se realizó con la metodología de
Caldas – Lang por ser de uso común en el país (República de Colombia. Ministerio de
Ambiente & Instituto de Hidrología, 2005) p. 78.
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2. METODOLOGÍA
Los parámetros lumínicos estudiados que inciden sobre el confort visual de los pacientes
son la iluminancia y la luminancia. La iluminancia (E) que mide la cantidad de luz que llega
sobre una superficie de trabajo, tiene importancia en los CHD porque garantiza los niveles
mínimos para que los pacientes reciban la luz del día y accedan a los beneficios para la salud
y el bienestar de ésta. La luminancia (L) que mide la cantidad de luz reflejada hacia los ojos
del observador, es importante en los CHD porque garantiza un buen contraste entre los
objetos de la tarea y el fondo. La autonomía de la luz día y la demanda energética por
iluminación son los parámetros lumínicos que inciden sobre la eficiencia energética del
edificio, considerando el potencial de ahorro energético por el aprovechamiento de la luz
natural y el desuso de la luz artificial en el día.
Se utilizó como métrica de evaluación y como herramienta metodológica de síntesis, la
integración de indicadores de desempeño lumínico en un tablero para evaluaciones de
iluminación natural (Piderit & Besser, 2013). En el tablero propuesto por Piderit y Besser
se integran seis indicadores con su escala de valor numérica y se pueden leer fácilmente a
través del uso del color. En la Tabla 2, se muestran 5 de ellas, sabiendo que la escala de valor
de la demanda energética se ajustó a las necesidades de la investigación:
Tabla 2. Integración de indicadores de desempeño lumínico en un tablero. Escala de valor - Color
Indicador Malo Regular Aceptable Bueno Excelente
DF <2 >20 2-5 10-20 5-10
DA <20 20-40 40-60 60-80 >80
UDI <20 20-40 40-60 60-80 >80
Emed <200 >5000 200-300 2000-5000 300-2000
Umed <0.2 0.2-0.3 0.3-0.4 0.4-0.5 >0.5
Fuente: (Piderit & Besser, 2013)
Esta investigación evalúo además de las anteriores, el Umáx, la L_TV, la DGP para el paciente
uno y dos y adaptó la escala de valor de la DE a las necesidades espaciales de los CHD, por
lo cual, se vincularon las escalas de valor de la siguiente manera:
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5:1. Umáx = Emáx/Emin y que además no hay lineamientos específicos para los hospitales,
se utilizaron en los cuartos de hospitalización valores recomendados para un plano de
trabajo; estableciendo un relación <5 como valor óptimo y una relación cuatro veces su
valor, es decir, mayor a >20 como el peor de los casos y se escala proporcionalmente entre
el peor y el mejor de los casos.
Tabla 3. Factor de uniformidad máxima. Escala de valor - Color
>20 15 - 20 10 - 15 5 - 10 <5
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escala de valor propuesta por (Piderit & Besser, 2013) Tabla 7, en donde un porcentaje
menor al 20% es óptimo y representa una baja demanda de energía, contrario a un
porcentaje del 80% que representaría una alta demanda de energía. La relación de escala
Tabla 7, está determinada con base en la potencia instalada calculada en la Tabla 6.
Tabla 6. Demanda energética anual - kWh/m²año
CHD w Ocupación h/año m² w/m² kWh/año kWh/m²año
404 – 410 – 415 - 421 206 4380 18.4 11.20 902.3 49.0
Tabla 7. Demanda energética. Escala de valor – kWh/m²año
>49 37.8 - 49 24.6 – 36.8 12.4 – 24.5 <12.3
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2.3.1 Dimensión.
Conocido que el problema de los CHD fue el bajo nivel de iluminancia, se propuso: 1)
Extender la ventana hasta la pared del televisor con la misma altura, buscando ampliar el
campo visual al exterior y aumentar la captación de la luz día. 2) Extender la ventana de
pared a pared con la misma altura, buscando ampliar el campo visual al exterior, aumentar
la captación de luz día y mejorar la uniformidad de la iluminancia. 3) Extender la ventana
de pared a pared y hasta el techo con una altura libre de 2.70m, buscando ampliar el campo
visual al exterior, aumentar la captación de la luz día y mejorar la uniformidad.
Las EDP aplicadas en los CHD - Tabla 9 - fueron divididas en tres grupos, estas parten de la
modificación de la dimensión de la ventana y se nombraron como: 1_dimensión,
2_dimensión y 3_dimensión; a cada una de estas estrategias se les implementó una repisa
horizontal externa e intermedia con diferentes dimensiones. La estrategia de diseño pasivo
tres, que aumenta la altura libre de la habitación se propuso con el ánimo de generar
conocimiento para futuros hospitales. También se estudiaron las EDP 1_Dimensión,
2_Dimensión y 3_Dimensión en el CHD 415, cambiando la orientación de 27° que tiene el
caso de estudio hasta 0°, en busca de identificar el impacto de la orientación de la fachada
en el desempeño lumínico de los CHD.
Tabla 9. Estrategias de diseño pasivo aplicadas al diseño de la ventana
Dimensión Repisa
Dimensión de
EDP de la horizontal Ubicación de la RH
la RH
ventana (RH)
1_Dimensión 1.50x2.60m No aplica No aplica No aplica
1_Repisa horizontal externa 1.50x2.60m Externa 0.80x3.00m Externa 0.80m
1_ Repisa horizontal intermedia 1 1.50x2.60m Intermedia 1.20x3.00m Ext. 0.80m – In. 0.40m
1_Repisa horizontal intermedia 2 1.50x2.60m Intermedia 1.60x3.00m Ext. 0.80m – In. 0.80m
2_Dimensión 1.50x3.70m No aplica No aplica No aplica
2_Repisa horizontal externa 1.50x3.70m Externa 0.80x4.00m Ext. 0.80m
2_ Repisa horizontal intermedia 1 1.50x3.70m Intermedia 1.20x4.00m Ext. 0.80m – In. 0.40m
2_Repisa horizontal intermedia 2 1.50x3.70m Intermedia 1.60x4.00m Ext. 0.80m – In. 0.80m
2_ Repisa horizontal intermedia 3 1.50x3.70m Intermedia 0.80x4.00m Ext. 0.40m – In. 0.40m
2_Repisa horizontal intermedia 4 1.50x3.70m Intermedia 1.20x4.00m Ext. 0.40m – In. 0.80m
3_Dimensión 1.80x3.70m No aplica No aplica No aplica
3_Repisa horizontal externa 1.80x3.70m Externa 0.80x4.00m Ext. 0.80m
3_ Repisa horizontal intermedia 1 1.80x3.70m Intermedia 1.20x4.00m Ext. 0.80m – In. 0.40m
3_Repisa horizontal intermedia 2 1.80x3.70m Intermedia 1.60x4.00m Ext. 0.80m – In. 0.80m
3_ Repisa horizontal intermedia 3 1.80x3.70m Intermedia 0.80x4.00m Ext. 0.40m – In. 0.40m
3_Repisa horizontal intermedia 4 1.80x3.70m Intermedia 1.20x4.00m Ext. 0.40m – In. 0.80m
1_Dimensión girada 27° 1.50x2.60m No aplica No aplica No aplica
2_Dimensión girada 27° 1.50x3.70m No aplica No aplica No aplica
3_Dimensión girada 27° 1.80x3.70m No aplica No aplica No aplica
2.3.2 Materialidad
La reflectancia de las superficies se aumentó del 0.77 al 0.80, suponiendo un mejor
mantenimiento de las paredes.
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3. RESULTADOS
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Figura 6, se observan las cuatro mejores EDP propuestas. Estas se seleccionaron del CHD
415 por la igualdad en los resultados anuales de desempeño lumínico para el CHD 410 y
415, siendo la única diferencia el DGP en el CHD 415.
4. CONCLUSIONES
Se encontró recomendable utilizar el diagrama de integración de indicadores de desempeño
lumínico para HOSPITALES como herramienta para síntetizar la diversidad de resultados.
Con ello, se logró identificar cuatro estrategias que se acercan a los resultados óptimos
esperados. De las 19 estrategias de diseño pasivo aplicadas al diseño de la fachada y la
ventana se pudo identificar que las repisas horizontales intermedias con una longitud de
penetración en el local de 0.80m y externa de 0.80m y 0.40m para alturas libres de entrepiso
de 2.40m y 2.70m respectivamente, tuvieron mejor desempeño como estrategias de
captación de la luz día y prevención del deslumbramiento; aunque el UDI, el Umed y Umáx
estuvieron en un rango bueno - aceptable sin llegar nunca a un nivel excelente, demostrando
que con una iluminación unidireccional es difícil alcanzar los mínimos recomendados.
Además, se encontró que no es necesario estudiar la fachada norte y sur de manera
independiente en una latitud tan cercana a la línea del ecuador (5°N), ya que se obtuvo el
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mismo desempeño lumínico anual para el DF, DA, UDI, Emed, Umed y Umáx, DE y L_TV en
los CHD 410 y 415; aun así, se recomienda estudiar el DGP de forma independiente, pues se
evidenciaron resultados diferentes para los pacientes uno y dos. Junto a esto encontró que
un giro de 27° grados en la orientación de la fachada de los CHD, no presenta cambios
significativos en el desempeño lumínico en comparación al mismo CHD orientado en un
ángulo de 0°.
REFERENCIAS
Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía (IDAE), & Comité Español de Iluminación (CEI).
(2001). Guía Técnica de Eficiencia Energética en Iluminación. Hospitales y Centros de Atención
Primaria. Madrid: Publicaciones Técnica IDAE.
República de Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente, V. y. D. T., & Instituto de Hidrología, M. y. E. A. I. (2005).
Atlas Climatológico de Colombia: IMPRENTA NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA.
Alzoubi, H. A.-R., Sana’a; BATAINEH, Rula F. (2010). Pre-versus post-occupancy evaluation of daylight
quality in hospitals. Building and Environment, 45(12), 2652-2665.
ASHRAE. (2012). Advanced Energy Design Guide for Large Hospitals (The American Institute of
Architects, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America & U.S. Green Building Council and U.S.
Department of Energy Eds.). Atlanta: ASHRAE.
Choi, J.-H., Beltran, L. O., & Kim, H.-S. (2012). Impacts of indoor daylight environments on patient
average length of stay (ALOS) in a healthcare facility. Building and Environment, 50, 65-75.
Joarder, A., & Price, A. D. (2012). Impact of daylight illumination on reducing patient length of stay in
hospitals after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Lighting Research and Technology,
1477153512455940.
Mead, M. N. (2008). Benefits of sunlight: a bright spot for human health. Environmental health
perspectives, 116(4), A160.
Raanaas, R. K., Patil, G. G., & Hartig, T. (2012). Health benefits of a view of nature through the window:
a quasi-experimental study of patients in a residential rehabilitation center. Clinical rehabilitation,
26(1), 21-32.
Reinhart, C. F., Mardaljevic, J., & Rogers, Z. (2006). Dynamic Daylight Performance Metrics for
Sustainable Building Design. Leukos, 3(1), 7-31.
Salonen, H., Lahtinen, M., Lappalainen, S., Nevala, N., Knibbs, L. D., Morawska, L., & Reijula, K. (2013a).
Design approaches for promoting beneficial indoor environments in healthcare facilities: a review.
Intelligent Buildings International, 5(1), 26-50.
Salonen, H., Lahtinen, M., Lappalainen, S., Nevala, N., Knibbs, L. D., Morawska, L., & Reijula, K. (2013b).
Physical characteristics of the indoor environment that affect health and wellbeing in healthcare
facilities: a review. Intelligent Buildings International, 5(1), 3-25.
Tagliabue, L. C., Buzzetti, M., & Arosio, B. (2012). Energy Saving Through the Sun: Analysis of Visual
Comfort and Energy Consumption in Office Space. Energy Procedia, 30, 693-703.
Piderit, B., & Besser, D. (2013). INTEGRATION OF LIGHTING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS INTO A
DASHBOARD FOR DAYLIGHTING ASSESSMENTS. Paper presented at the 13th Conference of
International Building Performance Simulation Association, Chambéry, France, August 26-28.
Piderit, B., Bodart, M., & Norambuena, T. (2011). A Method for integrating visual comfort criteria in
daylighting design of school. Paper presented at the Architecture and Sustainable Development,
Proceedings of PLEA, Louvain-la-Neuve. Bélgica.
Choi, J.-H. (2005). STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDOOR DAYLIGHT ENVIRONMENTS AND
PATIENT AVERAGE LENGTH OF STAY (ALOS) IN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES Tesis para acceder al titulo
de: Master of Science. Texas, Estados Unidos de Norte América: Texas A&M University.
Duque Escobar, G. (2014, Junio 9). Acecha El Niño fortalecido por el calentamiento global - See more at:
http://www.lapatria.com/columnas/32/acecha-el-nino-fortalecido-por-el-calentamiento-global. LA
PATRIA, 1-1.
Estados Unidos Mexicanos, & Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social. (2008). NORMA Oficial Mexicana
NOM-025-STPS-2008, Condiciones de iluminación en los centros de trabajo.: Retrieved from
http://www.ucol.mx/content/cms/13/file/NOM/Nom-025.pdf.
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Indicadores de Sustentabilidade em Balneários
Suburbanos no Estado do Espírito Santo
Márcia Bissoli-Dalvi
Federal University of Espírito Santo, Planning and Project Laboratory, Vitória (ES), Brazil
marciabissoli@gmail.com
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1. INTRODUÇAO
Regiões turísticas como balneários tem se tornado atrativos por reunir cultura, lazer e
tranquilidade em meio aos recursos naturais, estando localizados nos centros urbanos,
próximos, ou eventualmente distantes dos mesmos. Esses locais possuem peculiaridades
próprias e se situam em regiões à beira-mar destinadas à recreação, onde, além dos
moradores, recebem turistas em um determinado período do ano, normalmente durante o
verão e, dependendo do porte do balneário, há ainda o predomínio de segundas residências
(Projeto..., 2006). Contudo, esses atrativos vêm densificando os balneários, provocando
mudanças sem o devido planejamento e investimento em infraestrutura e no controle para
preservar os bens naturais disponíveis, a cultura e o turismo locais.
Neste contexto de busca pela conscientização do uso dos recursos naturais e da preservação
das particularidades de determinados locais, como por exemplo, os aspectos culturais e
turísticos, o setor da construção civil tem se deparado com novas exigências do mercado,
que estão atreladas aos pressupostos da denominada sustentabilidade. Esta tem sido
avaliada, corriqueiramente, com o auxílio de ferramentas de avaliação de sustentabilidade,
estruturadas principalmente por indicadores.
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Figura 1: Tradições culturais no Figura 2: Igreja histórica de Reis Figura 3: Congo na Barra do Jucu -
Festival Manguinhos Gourmet – Magos, em Nova Almeida – Vila Velha (ES)
Serra (ES) Serra (ES)
Fonte: Manguinhos..., acesso 11 Fonte: Arrebola, acesso em 09 Fonte: Barra..., acesso 11 jan.
jan. 2016. jan. 2016. 2016.
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2. OBJETIVO
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo fazer um levantamento de indicadores em ferramentas de
avaliação de sustentabilidade passíveis de serem utilizados em infraestrutura urbana e
arquitetônica dos Balneários de tipologia Suburbana, utilizando como estudo de caso o
Estado Espírito Santo.
3. METODOLOGIA
A metodologia da pesquisa percorreu quarto etapas e teve embasamento nos estudos
realizados por Moraes (2007), que caracterizou os balneários do Estado do Espírito Santo
em três tipologias diferentes: Urbano, Suburbano e de Plano. A Figura 4 resume as etapas
da metodologia.
4. ANÁLISE DE RESULTADOS
O estudo das ferramentas de avaliação de sustentabilidade possibilitou elencar uma ampla
lista de indicadores baseada nos aspectos específicos dos balneários e, que são suscetíveis
de serem utilizados em construções novas ou existentes, públicas ou privadas, áreas abertas
ou fechadas. Após a análise pontual de cada indicador, foi verificado os que realmente são
passíveis de serem adotados nos Balneários Suburbanos, que resultou em 10 categorias
contendo 50 indicadores (quadro 1).
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Nota-se que a categoria “Sítio e Usos” chama a atenção, visto que o posicionamento da
edificação é de grande relevância para que os outros indicadores possam ser inseridos nas
demais categorias como iluminação, ventilação e água. Esta categoria também se relaciona
com o meio de transporte, afinal o uso do transporte público, intermodal e bicicleta são
fortes indicadores de sustentabilidade.
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Como exemplo no Espírito Santo, no Balneário da Barra do Jucu, em Vila Velha (ES), foi
possível identificar alguns elementos que exemplificam a viabilidade de implantação dos
indicadores selecionados. Algumas vias de transporte coletivo são mais largas que as
tradicionais (Fig. 5), o que contribui para a implantação de ciclovias, por exemplo.
No balneário já é possível utilizar transporte alternativo, como barco (Fig. 6), sendo que
existe uma pequena infraestrutura para este suporte. Em se tratando de visuais, localização
e paisagem natural, um exemplo de aproveitamento dos recursos naturais disponíveis pode
ser registrado no Restaurante Espera Maré, com acesso direto para a foz do Rio Jucu, e
visuais para o mar e a reserva ecológica (Fig. 7).
Outros princípios relacionados aos temas propostos pelos indiciadores também foram
identificados, como o aproveitamento da ventilação e da iluminação naturais, exemplificado
na Figura 8, por uma residência que utiliza aberturas para ventilação cruzada e iluminação
natural. Outras tipologias de construção, voltadas para o comércio e turismo também fazem
o aproveitamento de tais recursos, como no Restaurante Espera Maré, que possibilita a
entrada de luz natural nos banheiros por meio de cobertura translúcida, não necessitando
de iluminação artificial durante o dia (Fig. 9). Outro exemplo é a presença do átrio na
Pousada Espera Maré, que proporciona iluminação e ventilação naturais aos espaços
interiores (Fig. 10).
Figura 8: Aberturas generosas em Figura 9: Iluminação Figura 10: Átrio central em uma
uma residência natural em um banheiro pousada que favorece a iluminação e
por meio de cobertura ventilação de todos os ambientes
translúcida
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mesmo estabelecimento, que funciona como lanchonete e bar, também foi agregada uma
cobertura de OSB, estruturada em madeira (Fig. 12), dando ênfase ao uso de materiais de
baixo impacto e renováveis. Em outro ponto comercial, o restaurante reutiliza madeira para
estruturar o telhado. Aqui também foi feita uma trama de madeira na empena possibilitando
a ventilação cruzada no ambiente interno e o favorecimento do efeito chaminé, com a saída
do ar quente por tais aberturas (Fig. 13).
Figura 11: Reutilização de material Figura 12: Utilização de OSB e Figura 13: Utilização de madeira e
na fachada da lanchonete madeira para a cobertura da palha, favorecendo a iluminação e
lanchonete proporcionando um ar rústico ao
restaurante
Outras categorias que podem ser exemplificadas são “Áreas Verdes” e “Comunidade
Residente”, que se destacam nesse balneário por possuir uma quantidade de moradores
residentes, onde os mesmos contribuem para enfatizar a vivência. Em muitos terrenos
particulares nota-se o cuidado com o paisagismo (Fig. 14). Também é notável o
pertencimento de lugar ao identificar equipamentos coletivos em perfeito estado de
conservação e uso, como a Igreja Matriz (Fig.15) e a academia popular (Fig. 16).
Figura 14: Utilização do paisagismo Figura 15: Preservação do Figura 16: Preservação da
no interior de um terreno privado patrimônio religioso, Igreja academia popular do Balneário
Matriz
5. CONSIDERAÇOES FINAIS
Com a realização desse estudo foi possível analisar e listar os indicadores passíveis de serem
utilizados em construções novas ou existentes, públicas ou privadas, áreas abertas ou
fechadas especificamente para a tipologia de Balneário Suburbano. Após o estudo foi
elencado um total de 50 indicadores distribuídos em 10 categorias que se complementam,
objetivando impulsionar a sustentabilidade dos balneários. Esses indicadores
compreendem medidas passíveis de serem adotadas que agregam visibilidade local
contribuindo para a melhoria na infraestrutura, fortalecendo desta forma a atração de
turistas e a fixação dos residentes. Isso demonstra que com simples ações e incentivos é
possível tornar uma comunidade mais consciente e, consequentemente, voltada ao aspecto
sustentável. Assim como neste balneário, outros locais com características similares podem
replicar os resultados em suas regiões.
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6. AGRADECIMENTOS
Este artigo é parte de um projeto de pesquisa chamada FAPES/CAPES nº 009/2014 -
PROFIX-D/ Bolsa de Fixação de Doutores -, Processo nº 68853939. Os autores agradecem o
apoio recebido da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo (FAPES).
REFERENCIAS
Arrebola. Igreja histórica de Reis Magos, em Nova Almeida – Serra. Disponível
em:<http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=6402&with_photo_id=34
864905&order=date_desc&user=634496>, acesso em 11 jan. 2016.
Alvarez, C. E. de. Souza, A. D. S. (Coord.). ASUS: Avaliação de Sustentabilidade. 2011. Disponível em:
<http://www.lppufes.org/asus/ferramenta.php>, acesso em 11 jan. 2016.
Barra do Jucu. Festa de São Benedito: manifestação cultural na Barra do Jucu – Vila Velha. Disponível
em: <http://www.barradojucu.com/>, acesso 11 jan. 2016.
Bissoli-Dalvi, M.; Rembiski, F.; Alvarez, C. E. Materiais de construção com características sustentáveis
e reaproveitáveis: oferta no Estado do Espírito Santo. Hábitat Sustentable, 1, p. 25-34, 2011.
Bissoli-Dalvi, M.; Alvarez, C. E.; Hofman, I. O.; Fuica, G.E.S. Sistematização de indicadores de
sustentabilidade como ferramenta auxiliar ao projetista na seleção dos materiais de construção.
Revista Arquitetura, 9, 2013.
Breeam: BRE Environmental & Sustainability Standard. [S.I.]: BRE Global, 2009.
Fernández-Sánchez, G.; Rodríguez-López, F. A methodology to identify sustainability indicators in
construction project management: Application to infrastructure projects in Spain. Ecological
Indicators, 10, p. 1193-1201, nov. 2010.
Fundação Carlos Alberto Vanzolini. Referencial técnico de certificação Edifícios do setor de serviços -
Processo AQUA: Escritórios e Edifícios escolares. São Paulo: FCAV, 2007. Disponível em:
<http://www.inovatechengenharia.com.br/processo-aqua/>, acesso em 18 abr. 2016.
Green Building Council of Australia. 2008. Technical manual: green star office design & office as built.
version 3. Sydney: Green building Council of Australia, 2008.
International Initiative for a Sustainable Building Environment – IISBE. 2007. Disponível em:
<http://www.iisbe.org/>, acesso em 28 abr. 2016.
Japan Greenbuild Council; Japan Sustainable Building Consortium. Theassessment method employed
by CASBEE. Disponível em: <http://www.ibec.or.jp/CASBEE/english/methodE.htm>, acesso em 15
fev. 2016.
Leed 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovation. Washington: U.S. Green Building Council.
2009.
Manguinhos. Tradições culturais no Festival Manguinhos Gourmet – Serra. Disponível em:
<http://www.manguinhos.org.br/pgi/1357/6-festival-manguinhos-gourmet/2/>, acesso 09 jan.
2016.
Moraes, A. C. R. 2007. Contribuições para a gestão da zona costeira do Brasil. Elementos para uma
Geografia do Litoral Brasileiro. São Paulo: Annablume, 232 p.
Oliveira, R. A; Zamborlini, K.; Souza, A. D. S.; Alvarez, C. E. A inserção urbana e os instrumentos de
controle urbanístico no contexto das ferramentas de avaliação de sustentabilidade em edificações: o
caso da ASUS. Anais... ELECS, 2011.
Petrosillo, I.; Zurlini, G.; Grato, E.; Zaccarelli, N. Indicating fragility of socio-ecological tourism-based
systems. Ecological Indicators, 6, p. 104–113, jan. 2006.
Projeto Orla: Fundamentos para gestão integrada. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Ministério do
Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão. Brasília: MMA, 2006. Disponível em:
<http://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/orla/_arquivos/11_04122008111238.pdf.>, acesso em 25 de
aug. 2015.
Rogers, R.; Gumuchdjian, P. Cidades para um pequeno planeta. Barcelona: Gustavo Gilli, 196 p. 2001.
SECRETARIA de Estado do Turismo. Plano de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Turismo do Estado do
Espírito Santo 2025. Vitória: Governo do Estado do Espírito Santo, 2010.
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New tools for sustainable urban land regularization in
permanent preservation areas: The 11.977/09 Brazilian
Law Implementation
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1. INTRODUCTION
As these people have scarce financial resources because of the low salaries paid, one of the
main side effects of the lack of access by this population to the urban land – a fact that
results particularly from the high costs of real estates equipped with infrastructure – is the
distance created between these people and an appropriate social environment, which
therefore keeps them away from a balanced environment.
This fact demonstrates that the essential need for housing lead these people to find their
place somewhere else, often in sensitive environmental areas as the PPA’s (Permanent
Protection Areas), which are mostly located beyond the perimeter of the structured city, in
a predictable move from the legal to the informal, characterizing a “split city” and a social
apartheid (MARICATO, 1995).
The spatial segregation institutionalized between poorer people and the middle class,
follow the excluding logic of the real city and its open wound in the capitalist system in
force in Brazil.
In this sense, the division of self-produced lots, self-built constructions, and the poor
conditions of life lead to precariousness, danger, health hazards, and complete
degradation of humans and the nature, bringing about the tragic harmony between the
environment and the excluded people and the possibilities available to them.
The expansion of this scenario of irregularity of housing settlements in environmentally
sensitive areas (MARTINS, 2011) indicates that their protection is intrinsically related to
the demand for housing for popular classes with low income or no income at all.
This is the context in which the right to housing for low income population translates into
one of the most challenging commitments of Brazilian urban policies provided for in the
constitution, but which advances very slowly (or retrocedes very rapidly).
For this reason, the Statute of City (BRASIL, 2001) and posteriorly Program Minha Casa
Minha Vida (BRASIL, 2009) listed the urban land regularization as one of the instruments
to legalize the occupied land and its necessary urbanization, so as to correct the
distortions caused by the populational growth, the spatial exclusion, and the negative
effects to the environment, thereby ensuring its social function in a sustainable way.
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Moreover, these settlements have a lack or even absolute absence of basic infrastructure
(such as sewer systems, rainwater galleries, drinking water supply, lighting, sidewalks,
garbage collection, and road systems adjusted to the needs of that population, etc.) and
public services, such as schools, health centers, transportation, official justice offices, not
to mention the difficulty to access means for professionalization and formal employment,
the exposure to risks, discrimination, and urban violence, all of which are elements that
should be considered in the process of regularization of land of social interest by the
Public Power.
Therefore, in order to accomplish a socio-environmental sustainability in Brazilian cities,
the regularization of land in Permanent Preservation Areas stands as a very important
action.
However, this also brings a conflict between environmental preservation and the demand
for urban settlements for lower income population (MARTINS, 2011), even if the need to
expand the access of this population to the formal housing market is widely known.
In this sense, it is not possible to adopt the single alternative of removing thousands of
families occupying environmentally sensitive areas and then resettle them somewhere
else. More than that, projects for the adaptation and regularization of the existing
settlements to the specific conditions of the occupied area must also be taken into
consideration.
The urban land regularization processes carried out before the introduction of Federal
Law no. 11.977/09 (BRASIL, 2009) took place in a punctual manner, and still do as they
clash against legal and environmental hindrances.
These processes also could not prevent the expansion of the territory to peripheral zones,
nor the populational densification in those areas, and many of the reoccupations of risk
areas and environmentally protected area. It indicates the need for changes in the
legislation to debureaucratize the regularization process, as one of the major difficulties
faced – not to consider the state inertia and the commercial fundamentalism (MARICATO,
1995) – is to define which legal, urban, and environmental tools would be appropriate to
each reality.
Known as the Law of Program Minha Casa Minha Vida (My Home, My Life), the
abovementioned law was introduced to meet this need by establishing general directives
for regularization programs and by creating other tools, such as the urban demarcation
and the legitimization of ownership, which enabled the regularization of social interest
land in PPA’s, according to paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Article 54 of said law.
The main challenge for that legalization and urbanization proceeding to occur – in addition
to facing the conservative views and the eminently conservationist approach to natural
resources – is to provide evidences that the environmental intervention to be proposed
can lead to improvements in environmental conditions when compared to the previous
irregular occupation. In other words, it is necessary to demonstrate and execute social
and environmental improvements in the occupied area as a single, concise act of
sustainability to consummate socio-environmental justice where environmental
conservation and recovery thrives hand in hand with the preservation of the right for
decent housing.
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commercial real estate sector in lieu of the public interest. However, the power of the
capital and the right to private property suggest that said legal provisions may become
meaningless in the Brazilian legal system without political power.
The acquiescence of the State with illegal urban land occupations and its tolerance to
clandestine or irregular occupations, added to public management practices that better
suit to trends in the real estate market and civil construction industries and consumables,
such as automobiles, that is, sectors that profit from the marginalization and deterioration
of conditions of life by producing asphalt, works, roads, bridges, and vehicles for a long
and lengthy transportation of these populations, all lead to the false illusion that these
excluded populations have actual access to the formal city, which further damages the
effectiveness of urban policies intended to preserve and control the use and occupation of
the soil (MARICATO, 1995).
Moreover, it is worth noting that if the real estate speculation suggests that the “vocation”
of the occupied area leads to losses to that financial sector, prohibitive legal provisions are
rapidly enforced without any tolerance or analysis by all other indicators that led to such a
housing informality (MARICATO, 1995).
The ongoing criminalization of poverty and – more specifically – movements that claim for
land and housing practiced by the Judiciary Power, the Police, and the general media
evidences the ideological construction of the private property concept and the creation of
urban and environmental legislation in Brazil to favor the interests explained above.
(MARICATO, 2011).
In this context, “justice” is made by overlooking the law, and not by the way it is practiced
(MARICATO, 1995), which does not implement a right or protection to this part of society,
but a complete abandonment, since the inspection of the use and occupation of the soil is
exercised in a discriminatory fashion, according to the interests of the real estate market
and the political manager, which makes use of the need for regularization and the absence
of public services to disregarded populations to reinforce the paternalistic relationship
between the Public Power and the occupants of irregular settlements.
In other words, this fosters the elected ruler’s pork barrel with this destitute portion of its
supposed voters by means of small "favors" and palliative public works, giving the false
impression that those occupants have a right to the city.
This is why the land regularization can bring effective benefits to people settled in
environmentally sensitive areas, for the legalization of the ownership added to the
implementation of basic infrastructure works and access to public utilities and spaces
stand as primordial elements for the democratization of socio-environmental
relationships, provided that measures for the environmental compensation, mitigation,
and recovery are actually implemented.
Nevertheless, in addition to the challenges inherent to the force of speculative capital and
the interest in maintaining the status quo of environmental segregation and social
exclusion in pork-barrel practices by many members of government, there are other
issues to be overcome and rethought in the policies for urban land regularization. One of
the most important is that the use of such urban policies must not lead to the inversion in
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Diegues (2001) affirms that, throughout history, humanity took several measures in the
attempt to preserve nature. In the 19th century, the USA started to create natural reserves
and national parks. Seen as one of the main elements of preservation of nature, that
strategy served as a role model for several other countries in the world, including Brazil.
The broader objective of those protected natural areas is to preserve spaces with
important ecological attributes. When they were created, those areas were intended to
protect nature from urban-industrial civilization. However, the existence of this wild,
pristine, untouchable natural world is now part of a modern myth. Diegues affirms that
there is no such a thing as nature in its pure state. Today, biogeographers refer to natural
regions that now usually correspond to areas extensively manipulated by mankind. Thus,
we may reach the conclusion that, in order to better manage our preservation areas,
particularly our environmentally sensitive areas, we should rethink the way these areas
have been treated, as the current reality of poverty and lack of decent housing alternatives
that lead to irregular occupation and self-construction are often disregarded.
When planning environmental preservation areas in urban regions, the public power
enters a battle against their occupation, which has shown to be an endless struggle, as the
real estate mindset that thrives in the cities continuously pushes lower income
populations to the margins, which are very often considered to be environmentally
sensitive areas. According to Ferreira & Ferrara (2012), it is also worth noting that the
critical environmental condition of several Brazilian cities is not solely related to the
occupation of preservation areas. Those who believe in the existence of a sustainable
urbanization in richer neighborhoods are deeply mistaken. According to some authors, it
is important to accept the fact that no country that has promoted economic growth
through urbanization has been successful in avoiding environmental impacts. However,
not every urbanization is necessarily negative. In order to promote a less aggressive
urbanization, we must change our basic standards to avoid repeating the same predatory
processes used in northern countries, and instead adopt an ideal of socio-environmental
justice. Therefore, by accepting the existence of countless people left apart from our
economic system, incapable of including themselves into the logic of cities, and
consequently led to occupy environmentally sensitive areas, the public power can grant
appropriate treatment to these situations by taking compensating, mitigating, and
repairing actions. And this is exactly what the implementation of Law no. 11.977/09
determines.
According to Bueno & Almeida (2015), the regularization of a settlement within a
Permanent Preservation Area must be based on actions aimed at promoting the
environmental recovery and compensation, and minimizing environmental impacts.
Environmental remediation actions involve removing the pollutant from the environment
and restore the degraded environment, which may involve resettling families already
located within the restriction boundaries (between 15 to 30 meters from water bodies)
and the reforestation of the area. On the other hand, environmental compensation actions
are used to provide infrastructure to deficient housing areas through the implementation
of rainwater infiltration wells, for instance. Finally, mitigating actions are intended to
prevent or reduce the magnitude of the effects of urbanization by implementing sewer
collection and treatment, erosion control, etc. It is worth noting that, when implemented,
these actions minimize not only the local environmental impacts, but also positively affect
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other surrounding urban areas. The application of these measures, as well as the
regularization as a whole, bring countless benefits to the occupied area and to the
occupying population.
On the other hand, the forced removal of populations living in environmentally sensitive
areas, or the failure to take measures to regularize and implement remediation,
compensation, and mitigation measures bring several negative impacts, as we discuss
below.
Figure 1: Original situation of Favela Monte Taó (Source: FONSECA; LUZ; CORREIA, 2014)
Figure 2: Situation after the removal of families. The stream resumed its original natural
conditions and the families - without a housing alternative – moved to other locations not suited for
urbanization. (Source: FONSECA; LUZ; CORREIA, 2014)
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Finally, it is important to point out the need to prioritize the urbanization of the occupied
areas by adopting the processes of intervention in PPA’s, preferably measures of recovery,
compensation, and mitigation in order to keep the families in those locations instead of
removing them from environmentally sensitive areas, since the improper housing
approach used in these removals have demonstrated that these families return to other
areas or risk or environmentally fragile, which maintains the social and ecological
vulnerability in this disgraceful scenario.
3. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Deepen the integration of public policies on housing, sanitation and environment, in the
actions of interventions in APP's occupations is necessary. The lack of articulation
between these key policies and the processes of urbanization and land regularization of
urban settlements located in such environmentally sensitive areas, makes possible to
achieve only few results in the recovery and preservation of these areas and of the people
who live in them.
Importantly, the simple removal of these populations from the occupied areas cannot be
seen as a solution to the problem of poor housing and recovery as well as the preservation
of the environment. For this reason it is necessary to diagnose the occupied place, rating it
by technicians who operate in these three spheres of public policies of land use regulation,
and also adopting the environmental licensing procedures and urban and social support
that make such regulation possible.
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It is remarkable, that the relationship of the inhabitants with the stream neither match
their ecological recovery, nor provides its appreciation in the urban space. It's necessary
to develop more effective proposals that are able to promote the ecological restoration of
an urban stream and enhance its presence to human life.
In the light of the arguments above, and in view of the existence of well succeeded PPA
regularization projects, we conclude that the most appropriate way to achieve socio-
environmental justice in Brazilian cities is to acknowledge and adjust these settlements to
receive the infrastructure required for their consolidation. The expulsion of lower income
population from precarious settlements in PPA’s can only ensure the continuation of the
cycle of deforestation of natural resources and social exclusion.
Hence, it is worth noting that Law no. 11.977/09 stands as an indispensable instrument in
the fight for decent housing and good conditions of life to populations that are led to
occupy Permanent Preservation Areas, as it ensures that proper infrastructure is provided
to these locations. In addition, it allows a balanced and sustainable environment to be
accomplished as remediation, mitigation, and compensation measures are implemented in
these locations.
REFERENCES
BUENO. Laura M.M. e ALMEIDA. Estela R. Estudos de adaptação: dilemas da regularização de bairros com
favelas com áreas ambientalmente sensíveis. Cadernos PROARQ noº 24 de julho de 2015. 78 - 101.
DIEGUES, A. O mito moderno da natureza intocada. Editora Hucitec, 3rd edition, São Paulo, 2011.
FERREIRA, J. & FERRARA, L. A formulação de uma nova matriz urbana no Brasil, baseada na justiça
socioambiental. In: NUNES, T; SANTA ROSA, J.; MORAES, R.F. Sustentabilidade urbana: impactos do
desenvolvimento econômico e suas consequências sobre o processo de urbanização nos países emergentes.
Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 2015. V.3.
FONSECA, M.; LUZ, F.; CORREIA, J. Direito à moradia e áreas de preservação ambiental - o caso da Favela Monte
Taó – SP. Anais do seminário nacional sobre tratamento de áreas de preservação permanente em meio urbano
e restrições ambientais ao parcelamento de solo APPURBANA. Belém, 2014
MARICATO, E. Metrópole na periferia do capitalismo: Ilegalidade desigualdade e violência. São Paulo, 1995.
___________. O Impasse na política urbana no Brasil. Editora Vozes, 3rd edition, Petrópolis, 2011.
MARTINS, M. L. São Paulo, centro e periferia: a retórica ambiental e os limites da política urbana. In: Revista
Estudos Avançados, São Paulo, v.25, n.71, p.59 - 72, 2011.
LEGISLATION
BRAZIL. Lei nº 6.766, de 19 de dezembro de 1979. Available at:
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/L6766compilado.htm. Accessed on May 16, 2016.
BRAZIL. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Enacted on October 5, 1988. Available at:
http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/const/con1988/CON1988_05.10.1988/CON1988.pdf. Accessed on May
16, 2016.
BRAZIL. Lei nº 10.257, de 10 de julho de 2001. Available at:
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/LEIS_2001/L10257.htm. Accessed on May 16, 2016.
BRAZIL. Lei nº 11.977, de 7 de julho de 2009. Available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-
2010/2009/lei/11977.htm. Accessed on May 16, 2016.
BRAZIL. Lei nº 12.651, de 25 de maio de 2012. Available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-
2014/2012/lei/l12651.htm. Accessed on May 16, 2016.
BRAZIL. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. RESOLUÇÃO CONAMA nº 369, de 28 de março de 2006. Available at:
http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/legislacao/CONAMA_RES_CONS_2006_369.pdf. Accessed on May 16,
2016.
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Assessing sustainable urban densification using
geographic information systems
Natasha Cabrera-Jara
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Cuenca, Ecuador
natasha.cabrera@ucuenca.edu.ec
Daniel Orellana
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Cuenca, Ecuador
daniel.orellana@ucuenca.edu.ec
M. Augusta Hermida
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Cuenca, Ecuador
augusta.hermida@ucuenca.edu.ec
ABSTRACT: Facing the expansive growth of cities and the wasteful consumption of
resources, cities must be measured in its immense complexity, and its parts and layers
must be observed so as to assess its ability to support such pressures. Cities should look at
themselves and define how far away they are from a sustainable model, which means a
greater sense of community, mixed uses, higher densities, better public space, higher
quality of life, less energy consume, among others. This paper presents a toolbox for
assessing sustainable urban densification using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
The toolbox uses spatial analysis and cartographic representation techniques to
characterize and analyze the spatial distribution of a set of indicators using an orthogonal
grid. The toolbox includes the automatic computation of 20 indicators of urban
sustainability organized in four themes: compactness, diversity of uses, urban green, and
socio-spatial integration. It also computes a Sustainable Urban Densification Index for
each cell of the grid allowing to explore and discover spatial patterns of urban
sustainability. The toolbox includes options for parameterization of both the indicators
and the index, offering flexibility for adapting it to different realities and needs. These
features allows the application of the toolbox for a wide variety of studies, such as
comparative analysis of different cities or urban fabrics, monitoring of performance of
urban policies, assessment of the impact of urban densification and urban sprawl, and
future scenario evaluation. The toolbox is publicly available to researchers, practitioners,
urban officials, technicians and students interested in urban sustainability.
Keywords Urban sustainability, Urban indicators, GIS, Spatial analysis, Assessment tools.
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2. INDICATORS SYSTEM
The construction of this system uses at a starting point 52 indicators extracted from the
indicator system for large and medium-sized cities (Agencia de Ecología Urbana de
Barcelona & Red de Redes de Desarrollo Local Sostenible, 2009), and the environmental
sustainability indicators plan of Seville (Rueda, 2008). From these studies 20 indicators
are proposed, which are adapted to the city of Cuenca and organized into four axes: 1)
compactness, 2) diversity of uses, 3) urban green, and 4) socio-spatial integration (table 1)
(Hermida et al., 2015a, p. 36). The criteria for the selection and development of these
indicators are based primarily on relevance, cost of production and information value. In
this sense the existence of updated cadastral data to reduce the cost in obtaining
information becomes fundamental.
Table 1. Indicators system proposed
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16 Proximity to the nearest green area Closeness of the population walk to the nearest green area.
17 Simultaneous proximity to three Closeness of the population walk to three types of green areas.
types of green areas
Axis 4: Socio-spatial integration
18 Provision of infrastructure Simultaneous coverage of different types of infrastructure.
19 Percentage of households in narrow Fraction of homes that are in conditions of deprivation.
circumstances
20 Socio-spatial segregation Percentage of low-income population, measured in quartiles.
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3. AUTOMATION
The calculation of the indicators and the index is automated within GIS, using process
flows that take data entry, stored inside geographic layers and tables, perform spatial
aggregation operations, overlay, execute statistical calculation and produce results which
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are referenced to each grid cell (Fig. 3). A tool for calculating each indicator and a tool for
calculating the Sustainable Urban Densification Index using ArcGIS 10.3 has been
implemented. These tools are clustered in a "Toolbox" and can be executed through a
friendly graphical user interface or through a command line that allows greater flexibility.
To use the tools, a data structure is required so the names and locations of the input files
should be standardized according to a table in the Toolbox. Table 3 shows an example of
the input data required for the calculation of an indicator.
Table 3. Required information for calculating the indicator “Percentage of households in narrow circumstances”
Indicator List of data needed with the Description
required name
Percentage of Malla_200x200.shp Shape with the grid of 200x200m. Each cell
households in narrow must be assigned with a code.
circumstances
Manzanas_Condiciones_Vida.shp Shape with blocks, whose attribute table
contains the number of total dwellings and
the number of dwellings in narrow
circumstances, considering four elements:
construction quality, access to public
services, education and health services
affiliation (Orellana & Osorio, 2014).
The files generated by each tool are automatically placed in a folder output structure
depending on the indicator or index, which includes: a) the original files of each indicator;
b) the intermediate files generated by geo-processes; and c) the final file that corresponds
to the spatial representation of the values obtained for each indicator (Fig. 4).
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To calculate the index, results of 9 indicators are required; therefore it is necessary to run
the tools to calculate each indicator first. In order to facilitate the use of the Toolbox, each
automation process is accompanied by a management protocol -a detailed explanation of
each indicator and suggested representation ranges-.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This automation process by using geographic information systems, aims to facilitate the
evaluation of urban sustainability in terms of densification in different cities, using the
same methodology, which allows comparison between different cities or different areas
within the same city. The most important requirement of the proposed approach is the
availability of the necessary input data, so the indicators intend -as far as possible- to use
secondary sources available in local government, to avoid obtaining data in field.
Therefore the result is partly dependent on the quality of information available, which is
highly variable for Latin American cases.
The proposed Toolbox has been developed in such a way that allows the parameterization
of the calculations and representation ranges, enabling the adaptation of the optimum
values for different assessment approaches. This feature makes it a useful tool for a well
informed and evidence based debate about different ways of assessing the parameters
that affect sustainability, especially in terms of densification.
The Toolbox, a set of demonstration data, a tutorial and research documents are publicly
available to all individuals and institutions. The next step in this line of work consists of
the implementation of this tool in open source software as an effort to democratize access
and use of information and public debate on the decision-making around our urban spaces.
REFERENCES
Agencia de Ecología Urbana de Barcelona & Red de Redes de Desarrollo Local Sostenible. 2009.
Sistema de indicadores y condicionantes para ciudades grandes y medianas. Barcelona: Gobierno de
España.
Arbury, J. 2005. From urban sprawl to compact city. An analysis of urban growth management in
Auckland. Auckland: University of Auckland.
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Cabrera, N., Orellana, D., Hermida, A. & Osorio, P. 2015. Assessing the sustainability of urban
density. Indicators in the case of Cuenca (Ecuador). Bitácora Urbano Territorial 25 (2): 21-34.
Chueca, F. 2011. Breve historia del urbanismo. Madrid: Alianza.
Hermida, A., Orellana, D., Cabrera, N., Osorio, P. & Calle, C. 2015a. La ciudad es esto. Medición y
representación espacial para ciudades compactas sustentables. Cuenca: Universidad de Cuenca.
Hermida, A., Hermida, C., Cabrera, N. & Calle, C. 2015b. La densidad urbana como variable de
análisis de la ciudad. El caso de Cuenca, Ecuador. Revista EURE 41(124): 25-44.
Lehmann, S. 2010. Green Urbanism: Formulating a Series of Holistic Principles. SAPIENS
3(2). Retrieved from: https://sapiens.revues.org/1057
London Data Store. 2015. London Squared Map. After the flood. Retrieved from:
http://aftertheflood.co/projects/london-squared-map
Olaya, V. 2011. Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Retrieved from:
ftp://ftp.ehu.es/cidira/profs/iipbaiza/Libro_SIG.pdf
Openshaw, S. 1981. The modifiable area unit problem. Quantitative geography a British view 35: 60-
70.
Orellana, D. & Osorio, P. 2014. Segregación socio-espacial urbana en Cuenca, Ecuador. Analitika,
Revista de Análisis Estadístico 8(2): 27-38.
Rueda, S. (ed.) 2008. Plan Especial de Indicadores de Sustentabilidad Ambiental de la Actividad
Urbanística de Sevilla. Retrieved from:
http://www.upv.es/contenidos/CAMUNISO/info/U0681581.pdf
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Development of a retrofitting tool for classrooms
ABSTRACT: Several investigations have led to understand how architecture and the
environmental surrounding such as natural lighting, thermal performance, and air quality
influence on learning processes and are the key to provide comfort for the students. The
purpose of this research is to study the application of different energy retrofitting
strategies in classrooms of the city of Concepción, Chile. The main objective was to develop
a tool for the classification of existing classrooms according to their level of energy
efficiency to subsequently provide different strategies to retrofit those classrooms. In the
first stage the influence of different architectural elements for the environmental comfort
and energy demand was defined, also, the different results of the energy simulation
developed in EnergyPlus to a typological classroom where analyzed. Then the modifiable
variables where determined in order to select those that influence the energy
consumption of the classroom in a more effective manner, such as the orientation, thermal
envelop, airtightness, type of glassing and percentage of window surface. Subsequently,
retrofitting strategies based on levels of architectural intervention and retrofitting costs
where proposed, materials costs were recorded in the market, considering transport and
installation of those materials. After that, the costs saving in the energy consumption that
the application of each strategy would generate and recovery that their application would
generate was determined; as a result, an interactive and easy to use tool was created. In
just a couple of steps it is possible to see some alternatives of intervention provided by the
tool to retrofit a certain classroom. This provides the user with a tool that compares the
current situation of a classroom with a more energy-efficient situation.
Key words Retrofitting Energy Demand Concepcion Schools Tool
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1. INTRODUCTION
Several studies have shown that achieving environmental comfort in classrooms has a
positive impact on the well-being and health of the students (Sensharma, Woods &
Goodwin, 1998; Bluyssen 2014). Children spend much of their time in the classroom,
therefore, we as architects must design schools focused on achieving a high environmental
standard, offering the best environmental conditions for their development, and at the
same time, reduce the energy demand generated.
In the environmental-energetic context of the schools in Chile, studies have proved that
their environmental conditions are poor, with poor thermal conditions and an inadequate
quality of the air inside the classrooms (Armijo, Whitman & Casals, 2011; Trebilcock et al.,
2012); There is no thermal regulation which ensures basic conditions for environmental
comfort in classrooms and there are limited publications related to the design of
classrooms applicable to the design of new facilities. (GEEEduc, Trebilcock et al., 2012).
The General standard of Construction and Urbanism of Chile establishes that schools
located south of latitude 36 ° S, as is the case of Concepcion, must have heating systems;
However most of the schools in Concepcion do not use such systems due to budget
considerations, which aggravates their thermal conditions, especially in winter. Recent
studies which were developed in different cities of Chile to measure the operating
temperature and the comfort conditions of students inside the classroom allowed us to
conclude that the interior temperature is below the appropriate conditions in the vast
majority of classrooms (Trebilcock; Piderit, 2016).
There is a high number of schools that require to be retrofitted to improve their interior
conditions and lead to a full learning environment. Within this context this assessment is
made with the objective of creating the basis for energy retrofitting, as a support tool for
professionals who work on the improvement of environmental conditions in schools. The
objective is to progress in the development of sustainable schools in Chile which are
characterized by a lower energy consumption and environmental comfort, achieving heat
comfort, quality light and air standards.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Retrofitting of school classrooms
It is essential to advance in the retrofitting of schools in a sustainable manner to support
energy architectural interventions, focusing on three aspects of the sustainability design:
Indoor environment, welfare of the students and economic sustainability.
The main objective is to develop a tool that supports architects or managers of schools
when the time comes to decide what to do during the stage of retrofitting. Based on a
predefined type of classroom different passive design strategies for energy retrofitting of
existing classrooms are incorporated. Energy evaluation results allow us to develop a
classification of the energy demand of a typological classroom for Concepcion.
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ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
According to the value of the energetic demand, the tool offers systematically different
retrofitting options, by means of different passive strategies. The initial cost of the
intervention and the amount of time required to recover the investment were evaluated
for each of them.
This research is carried out in the geographical center of continental Chile, in the city of
Concepción, located at 36 ° 47's and 73 ° W at fifteen meters of average altitude above the
level of the sea, which is part of the climate area called "South Coast", which is
characterized as a costal climate, with frequent rainfall and warm to cool temperatures
(Meteorological service Chile, 2012).
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energy demand since it is the variable that has the most influence in the decrease of the
artificial light demand.
In the case of the thermal envelope the influence is also very significant, especially in the
cities of the South of the country, in the case of Conception an efficient thermal envelope
with a good insulating capacity (low U value) is highly recommendable to keep the heating
demand lower than other cases. The type of glass and the percentage of window panes
surface do not generate a significant influence in the energy demand of the building, but
they can be easily modified to generate some valuable Kwh/m2 when it is desired to make
a difference by decreasing the thermal demand. (Geeeduc, Citec, Ubb, 2012).
Figure 1: Influence of the design parameters in Concepcion (Source: GEEEduc, UBB Citec)
Regarding the energy demand (Kwh/m2), the evaluations determines that in Concepción,
the demand for heating has a 69.6% of influence, the lighting demand is also important
haveing 30% of influence on the total demand and the cooling demand has almost 0% of
influence because the average temperature never reaches a higher level than the thermal
comfort (Geeeduc , Citec, Ubb, 2012)
3. RESULTS
3.1 Retrofitting tool for classrooms
The retrofitting tool for classrooms is developed with the collected information, and as
mentioned above, it aims to support the design and implementation of improvements that
enable a better use of energy in schools. This tool allows the users to make important
decisions related to retrofitting strategies and it also helps to quantify the energy
consumption currently generated by the analyzed classroom, furthermore, the tool
proposes different improvement strategies that lead to a more efficient use of energy,
demonstrating the economic viability of the implementation of the proposed strategies.
Each one of the improvement strategies mentioned in the tool are related to the
incorporation of different kinds of materials on the envelope and windows of the analyzed
classroom, therefore, the mentioned economic viability considers a comparison between
the initial cost of materials including labor of the different construction processes, and the
cost savings obtained monthly because of the reduction of the total energy demand.
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Figure 2. Process of selection of classroom conditions in the diagnosis stage of the tool
(Source: Authors)
As the different options are shown, the tool explains each one of them, for example, for the
option "choice of type of thermal envelope” 5 options are offered (Envelope A-B-C-D-E),
according to a classification of thermal envelopes made by the “UBB Citec” considering the
thickness and the position of the thermal insulation in the different constructive elements
(table 2). For the walls and floor insulation expanded polystyrene is considered, and for
the roof insulation mineral wool is considered.
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It is essential to be aware of the current conditions of the thermal envelope of the analyzed
classroom since, in order to operate efficiently in a city such as Concepcion the classroom
should be able to conserve heat and prevent heat losses especially in the coldest periods of
the year.
The questions made by the tool are intended to evaluate the presence of cracks or fissures
in wall-floor and wall-ceiling joints; the presence of cracks or poor door-frame and
window-frame element joints. Table 3 shows the criteria used for the definition of the
hermeticity values, a simplification is made to be able to add it to the tool.
Airtightness
(Infiltration,
Criteria
Air changes
per hour)
Doors, windows and joints do not present any deterioration that generate air infiltration de0,5 ach
Joints between walls, ceilings and floors are in good condition, but doors and windows,
1,5 ach
or both, exhibit damage
Joints between walls-ceiling, wall-floor, joints of window with glass or wall frames and
2,5 ach
door joints exhibit damage that generates air infiltration
The size of the window panes surface of the classroom generates a positive effect on the
visual comfort of students and at the same time reduces the need for artificial lighting. In
Concepcion the standard requires that the window panes surface must be greater than
20% of the total base area of the classroom. The user must indicate if the percentage of
window pane surface of the classroom is 20% or higher for the purposes of the calculation
of energy demand.
The type of glass is responsible for approximately 15% of heat loss in the classroom,
therefore the user should indicate if the analyzed classroom has simple or double glass,
depending on the answer, the tool will take a different U value of the glass to perform the
energy calculation.
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Finally, when all the classroom characteristics are identified in the diagnosis stage, the tool
will generate an annual energy demand calculation of the classroom. The next stage, will
present different energy retrofitting proposals.
The 1st proposal considers improving the thermal envelope by increasing the thermal
insulation in walls, floor and ceiling of the classroom. The 2nd proposal considers
improving the thermal envelope and in the airtightness of the classroom, therefore besides
the increasing of thermal insulation, the joints between walls, ceiling, floor, windows and
doors will be improved to reduce the air infiltration. The 3rd proposal considers the
improvement of thermal envelope, airtightness and change the simple glass to a double
glass type if the classroom still does not have that type of windows.
Since the tool offers retrofitting proposals, the morphology of the classroom or building
will never be modified.
When all the proposal information is provided the user can evaluate different intervention
strategies and decide which of these to implement in the classroom, always considering
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the most convenient option based on the initial monetary investment and the energy
demand reduction of the classroom.
It is important to mention that using this tool the user may quantify the monetary saving,
for example, if the current total energy demand of a classroom is 23 (Kwh / m2 Year) and
the considered classroom base surface is 54 m2 the of demand values will be the
following: (table 4)
Monthly by classroom
DEMAND By m2/ year By classroom (54 m2)
(Year = 10 months use)
23 Kwh/m2 by year 1242 Kwh/ year 124,2 Kwh / Month
Price (in UF)
Approx. Value
12.42 UF/ year by
Kwh = 0.01 UF 0.23 UF/ m2 by year 1.24 UF / Month by classroom
classroom
UF= 39.83 US$
(Approx.)
For the costs calculation associated to the implementation of envelope improvements the
considered materials include sheets of expanded polystyrene of different thicknesses
(depending on the type of envelope required) as thermal insulation, a moisture barrier
and an exterior coating with fastener elements when the thermal insulation is integrated
on the outside of the walls and, glass wool of different thicknesses with their respective
moisture barrier are contemplated as roof insulation.
Finally for the calculation of costs related to the change of the simple glass window of the
classroom to a thermopanel double glazed window with inner airtight chamber and a PVC
frame that ensures good hermeticity for the construction are considered.
Within all the calculated costs labor, a margin of material loss and legal documentation are
considered, all the above data was obtained from the document "Analysis of Unit Prices”
and different construction material manuals, generating a database that is pertinent to the
use of the tool.
Once the diagnosis and proposals stages are finalized a summary table is generated with
the current monthly expenditure, monthly expenditure of the proposal, monthly savings,
and the recovery time of the investment, the table can be downloaded in PDF format.
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4. CONCLUSIONS
The application of this tool provides viable and quantifiable solutions to actual problems
of educational architecture in Chile. Its use is intended to refurbish existing educational
spaces by decreasing energy demands and increasing the comfort of students inside the
classroom. Additionally it also provides improvements in the design of new educational
spaces that enables users to test different alternatives in a certain analyzed classroom
unless they are already built, providing information in a simple manner with the objective
that users are not limited by lack of knowledge about certain terms or mentioned results,
the latter encourages massive knowledge related to energy efficiency and the retrofitting
of educational establishments
By means of the correct implementation and use of this tool, not only the energy
expenditure related to the educational area would be considerably decreased, but in
addition to improving the conditions of classrooms built an increase in the productivity of
the students would be generated, which is directly related to the decrease of the
interferences generated by the deficiencies of the interior conditions such as infiltrations
of air, deficiencies in natural lighting and very high or very low temperatures.
As this tool continues to be developed, its scope will not have limitations because it will be
possible to continue to expand the variable spectrum to consider, for example to
incorporate information about the type of frame and artificial lighting of the
establishment, with the purpose of delivering a more accurate diagnosis and results. In
addition, it could expand its area of use, integrating thermal dynamic simulations and
climate data of different cities of the country, making it possible for the tool to be
applicable not only in Concepcion but also in many other cities.
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research is developed with students who are doing the last year of the career at the
Architecture School of the University of Bío-Bío and carried out with the support of the
Group of research in architecture and sustainable building of the University of Bío-Bío.
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REFERENCES
BASF The Chemical Company, 2008 La Eficiencia Energética es la fuente de energía del futuro,
Hanover
CITEC UBB, 2012, Guía de eficiencia energética en establecimientos educacionales, Concepción
CITEC UBB, 2012, Manual de diseño pasivo y eficiencia energética en edificios públicos, Concepción
CITEC UBB, DECON UC,2014, Manual de hermeticidad al aire de edificaciones, Concepción
CNE, Comisión Nacional de Energía, (2010) Santiago
FENERCOM, 2008, Guía de rehabilitación de edificios de vivienda, Madrid
IDAE, 2010, Guía práctica de la energía para la rehabilitación de edificios, Madrid
Programa Chile sustentable, 2013, Chile, Energía en Chile ¿Para qué y para quién?, Santiago
Proyecto Foncedyt 11121608 ILUMINA, 2014, Concepción
www.acee.cl Agencia Chilena de la Eficiencia Energética
www.igdigital.clInformación económica de Chile
www.tutiempo.net Datos climáticos de todas las ciudades de Chile
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O SBTool como base conceitual para retrofit de edifícios
multifamiliares
Rhaina Fornaciari
Federal University of Espírito Santo, Planning and Project Laboratory, Vitória (ES), Brazil
rhainafornaciari@hotmail.com
Márcia Bissoli-Dalvi
Federal University of Espírito Santo, Planning and Project Laboratory, Vitória (ES), Brazil
marciabissoli@gmail.com
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O reconhecimento da importância das soluções que visam à eficiência na construção civil
tem se difundido por quase todo o mundo. Nos últimos anos, foram incrementados no
mercado edifícios que passaram a ser projetados de forma consciente e responsável, e os
princípios sustentáveis estão sendo pouco a pouco incorporados ao ato de projetar, fazendo
da sustentabilidade um conceito de planejamento, e não somente característica de projetos
especiais. Entretanto, se faz necessário não apenas pensar novas construções para serem
mais eficientes como, também, o aproveitamento de edifícios existentes em substituição à
demolição e à construção de novos (Zamborlini-Waldetario, 2009).
O retrofit, entendido como processo de interferir em uma benfeitoria que foi executada em
padrões inadequados às necessidades atuais (Qualharini, 2000), pode transformar um
prédio antigo e já deteriorado em um edifício revitalizado e com aspecto novo, recuperando
estruturas desgastadas pelo tempo, aumentando sua vida útil e reduzindo custos com
manutenção. As melhorias podem, ainda, possibilitar maior conforto, segurança e
funcionalidade para os usuários e reduzir o consumo energético, tornando-os mais
eficientes (Gonçalves & Duarte, 2006).
A modernização de construções antigas deve buscar soluções alicerçadas no conceito da
sustentabilidade, revertendo o papel do edifício no contexto urbano, ou seja,
transformando-o de um elemento oneroso para uma edificação contribuinte com a condição
ambiental da sociedade (Zamborlini-Waldetario, 2009).
Desde a crise energética da década de 1970 vem sendo desenvolvidas muitas pesquisas para
propor diretrizes que contribuam para a idealização de projetos e construções que gerem
menos impactos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. Nesse contexto, já na década de 1990,
surgiram as ferramentas de avaliação da sustentabilidade. Elas começaram a ser
desenvolvidas por duas razões principais: para verificar o real desempenho ambiental dos
edifícios “ecológicos”, e pela percepção de que a classificação de desempenho junto a
esquemas de certificação poderia configurar-se um meio eficiente de se melhorar o
desempenho ambiental dos edifícios, sejam eles novos ou existentes (Silva et al. 2003; Souza,
2008).
2. METODOLOGIA
Para alcançar o objetivo pretendido a metodologia adotada consistiu preliminarmente na
revisão bibliográfica que permeou todas as outras etapas metodológicas. As demais etapas
seguem detalhadas.
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Quadro 1: Diretrizes para construção sustentável, com base nos critérios de avaliação do SBTool. Fonte:
Adaptado de International..., 2012.
A - Regeneração do síto e desenvolvimento, desenho urbano e infra estrutura
Tratar solo, águas subterrâneas, ou água de superfície que possam estar contaminados;
Sombrear edifícios com árvores de folha caduca;
Usar vegetação para proporcionar refrigeração ao ambiente exterior;
Reduzir as necessidades de irrigação através do uso de plantas nativas;
Disponibilizar espaços abertos ao público;
Disponibilizar área de recreação infantil adequadas;
Disponibilizar ciclovias e estacionamentos adequados;
Disponibilizar calçadas adequadas para uso dos pedestres;
Maximizar a eficiência do uso da terra através do desenvolvimento da densidade;
Reduzir a necessidade de transporte através da disponibilidade de usos mistos;
Determinar a orientação do(s) edifícios de modo a incentivar um potencial solar passive;
Determinar a orientação e localização do(s) edifícios de modo a favorecer a ventilação natural do
edifício durante as estações quentes;
Determinar a orientação e localização do(s) edifícios de modo a favorecer a ventilação natural do
edifício durante as estações frias;
Possibilitar a coleta e triagem adequadas de resíduos não-orgânicos;
Disponibilizar serviços de divisão de água cinza / potável;
Disponibilizar sistema de gestão de águas da superfície;
Tratar águas pluviais e águas cinzas no local;
Tratar os líquidos de resíduos sanitários no local;
Desencorajar o uso de veículos particulares por ocupantes e usuários;
Maximizar a conectividade das ruas em projetos de grande escala, para fornecer aos usuários uma
escolha de rotas e criar uma vida comunitária mais ativa;
Disponibilizar vias de acesso e instalações para transporte de mercadorias ou de entregas; e
Disponibilizar iluminação exterior de qualidade.
B - Consumo de energia e recursos
Minimizar a energia não renovável incorporada nos materiais de construção;
Minimizar a energia não renovável utilizada em toda fase de operação do edifício;
Diminuir o pico de demanda elétrica para operação do edifício;
Reutilizar ao máximo a estrutura existente, onde disponível;
Utilizar de maneira eficiente o material da estrutura e os componentes do envelope, reduzindo o peso
dessas estruturas;
Disponibilizar um sistema de gestão de águas de superfície;
Reduzir a utilização de materiais de acabamento;
Reduzir o uso de água necessário por ocupante durante operação;
Reduzir o uso da água para fins de irrigação; e
Reduzir o uso de água para os equipamentos dos sistemas prediais.
C - Cargas ambientais
Minimizar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa pela energia incorporada nos materiais de construção
primários;
Minimizar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa pela energia incorporada nos materiais de construção
utilizados para a manutenção ou substituição;
Minimizar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa pela energia utilizada na fase de operação do edifício;
Minimizar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa pela energia primária utilizada para o transporte de
pessoas relacionadas com o projeto;
Reduzir as emissões de substâncias que empobrecem a camada de ozono durante a fase de operação do
edifício;
Minimizar as emissões de acidificantes durante a fase de operação do edifício;
Minimizar as emissões que conduzem a foto-oxidação durante a fase de operação do edifício;
Fornecer instalações para armazenamento de resíduos em cada andar, e espaço para a central de
triagem e armazenamento de resíduos, com acesso a uma área de carregamento de caminhões;
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ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Minimizar o volume de água residual, incluindo efluentes, que são tratados fora do sítio;
Recargar as águas subterrâneas;
Manter ou aumentar a biodiversidade do sítio;
Reduzir o impacto das condições excessivas de vento perto do piso térreo de edifícios altos;
Garantir que a altura ou localização do edifício no sítio não degrada significativamente o acesso à luz
natural direta de um edifício existente ou em futuras propriedades adjacentes;
Amenizar o impacto de grandes populações do edifício sobre a eficiência das operações dos sistemas de
transportes públicos;
Minimizar o impacto de veículos particulares utilizados pelos usuários do edifício sobre a capacidade
de carga do sistema de vias locais em horário de pico;
Desencorajar a seleção de terrenos para construção em que o risco de poluir um corpo de água
adjacente é alta;
Garantir que as operações de construção não provoquem mudanças térmicas cumulativa (anual) para
água de lago ou aquíferos do subsolo;
Garantir que a cobertura e as áreas pavimentadas ou paisagísticas não contribuirão para o aumento do
efeito de ilhas de calor; e
Minimizar o grau de poluição luminosa atmosférica causada pelo sistema de iluminação exterior.
D - Qualidade do ambiente interior
Garantir que as zonas que contêm equipamentos ou atividades geradoras de poluentes químicos, sejam
separadamente ventiladas e isoladas;
Garantir que os ocupantes do edifício não serão expostos a níveis perigosos de mofo;
Garantir que os ocupantes do interior do edifício não serão expostos a níveis nocivos de Compostos
Voláteis Orgânicos (VOCs);
Garantir que a concentração de dióxido de carbono permaneça abaixo do nível aceitável nas principais
áreas de ocupação;
Garantir no edifício naturalmente um elevado nível de qualidade do ar e ventilação durante as
condições de Verão;
Garantir no edifício naturalmente um elevado nível de qualidade do ar e ventilação durante as
condições de Primavera/Outono;
Garantir no edifício naturalmente um elevado nível de qualidade do ar e ventilação durante as
condições de Inverno;
Garantir que o movimento mecânico do ar seja suficiente para satisfazer os requerimentos de conforto
humano;
Garantir que o sistema de ventilação mecânica para ocupações não-residenciais trará ventilação para
onde é necessário, como por exemplo áreas de estar, de trabalho ou de visitants;
Garantir temperatura do ar e umidade relativa apropriada em ocupações resfriadas mecanicamente;
Garantir temperatura do ar adequada em ocupações com ventilação natural;
Assegurar um nível adequado de iluminação natural nos principais espaços ocupados;
Garantir que as condições de brilho sejam minimizadas nos principais espaços ocupados durante os
períodos de brilho máximo exterior, através do uso de sombreamento exterior ou interior;
Garantir níveis adequados de iluminação em áreas de trabalho;
Atenuar o ruído através do envelope exterior;
Garantir que os sistemas de climatização e salas de equipamentos sejam projetados para minimizar a
transmissão de ruído para zonas de ocupação principal;
Atenuar os ruídos entre as áreas de ocupação primárias; e
Garantir que as ocupações primárias sejam projetadas para garantir um nível satisfatório de
desempenho acústico.
E - Qualidade de serviços
Garantir a segurança dos ocupantes dos edifícios altos em condições de saída de emergência devido a
incêndio ou outro incidente grave que exija evacuação;
Garantir a manutenção das funções do edifício fora das condições de projeto previstas para
temperatura, chuva, energia e abastecimento de combustível;
Garantir a segurança pessoal dos usuários no acesso e durante a utilização do edifício;
Fornecer facilidades de acesso e instalações adequadas para entregas e descarga de mercadorias;
Projetar um sistema de transporte vertical eficiente;
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Como objeto para estudo de caso, foi escolhido o Condomínio Parque Residencial
Universitário III (PRUIII), situado no Bairro Mata da Praia, em Vitória/ES. Apesar da
localização privilegiada (proximidade com facilidades urbanas, tais como instituições de
ensino, comércio e transporte público) o condomínio sofre com a desvalorização imobiliária
de aproximadamente 30% em relação a prédios novos (Censo Imobiliário, 2014). Além
disso por possuir quatros pavimentos e estar inserido em uma zona urbanística onde é
permitido, no máximo, edificações de somente seis pavimentos, o argumento de demolição
e substituição por outro edifício de maior porte torna-se economicamente insustentável. A
escolha do PRU III é endossada pelo fato da sua tipologia ser frequentemente repetida por
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todo bairro, podendo o estudo realizado ser replicado em outras situações semelhantes.
Destaca-se ainda que, tendo sido construído na década de 1980, o PRU encontra-se
desprovido de equipamentos ou sistemas que visem a melhoria das condições de conforto
e economia de recursos hídricos ou energéticos.
Alicerçadas nas diretrizes projetuais baseadas na ferramenta, e também em outras análises
realizadas (insolação, ventilação e observação in loco), foi proposta uma intervenção no
condomínio objetivando maior conforto aos usuários aproximando também o edifício aos
princípios da sustantabilidade. Observando os condicionantes definidos pela legislação,
foram apresentadas melhorias relacionadas à proteção solar e seleção de materiais, uso
eficiente de água e energia, lazer, paisagismo, acessibilidade, melhorias do ambiente
interior, entre outros. A Figura 1 mostra o PRU III altualmente e com a intervenção proposta.
4. RESULTADOS
Para a avaliação com o SBTool foi utilizada a versão2012 generic, ou seja, não foram
alterados a calibração, ponderação e peso dos critérios da ferramenta para adaptação à
realidade local, devido à complexidade do processo e à necessidade de conhecimento ou
dados específicos. A Figura 2 ilustra a comparação entre o nível de sustentabilidade atual
do PRU III e como seria caso fossem implantadas as melhorias propostas.
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Observa-se que entre todos os critérios não aplicados, 50% não podem ser avaliados devido
às particularides específicas do objeto, no caso o PRUIII. Assim, conclui-se que a
flexibilidade, que possibilita ao projetista ativar e desativar critérios, é uma característica
importante do SBTool.
Entretanto, parte significativa dos critérios não puderam ser considerados na avaliação
devido à falta de dados disponíveis. Muitos exigem métodos, como simulação
computacional de fluidos, ou dados de emissões ao longo do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), que não
são de fácil acesso aos projetistas brasileiros. Isso pode resultar em lacunas no processo de
avaliação de um edifício. Um exemplo foram as categorias C - cargas ambientais - e D -
qualidade do ambiente interior, onde cerca de 45% de todos os critérios não foram
considerados por não terem dados disponíveis. Contudo, o gráfico do resultado da aplicação
do SBTool apresentauma significativa melhora nessas categorias. Isso pode induzir à
conclusão de que o edifício tem ótimo desempenho nesses quesitos, porém, caso fossem
considerados todos os critérios da categoria, os resultados poderiam indicar um resultado
diferente.
Em ferramentas que não disponibilizam os dados de saídas por categoria, os resultados
poderiam ser ainda mais divergentes da real situação do edifício. Isso porque, em níveis
gerais, o objeto avaliado poderia apresentar uma excelente classificação, porém, apresentar
graves deficiências em categorias inteiras
5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
O SBTool mostrou-se um importante instrumento à ser utilizado quando o objetivo é a
proposição de construções mais sustentáveis, seja para novos edifícios ou retrofits. Ele pode
fornecer diretrizes que auxiliam os projetistas em vários aspectos, como a redução do
consumo de recursos e a garantia de conforto e seguranca aos usuários.
As intervenções propostas para o PRU III - com base nas diretrizes propostas através da
análise dos critérios do SBTool- resultaram em melhorias que colaboram para qualidade de
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vida e para o conforto dos moradores, além de estarem em melhor sintonia com o meio
ambiente, como demonstrado pela avaliação feita com a ferramenta.
Porém, para o uso da ferramenta esbarra-se em problemas como a complexidade, a
necessidade de envolver outros profissionais e métodos auxiliares para avaliação dos
critérios, além da dificuldade de obtenção de dados. Essa carência de dados torna-se mais
relevante em projetos de retrofit, visto que as informações sobre os edifícios construídos há
muitos anos podem ser incompletas ou inexistentes. Na avaliação do PRU III
aproximadamente 24% dos critérios do SBTool não puderam ser aplicados por falta de
dados e 26% não foram considerados devido às características específicas do projeto. Esses
resultados sugerem a necessidade de desenvolver uma metodologia de classificação
adequada à realidade brasileira, considerando a disponibilidade de dados para os
projetistas e as especificidades de um projeto de retrofit. A flexibilidade do SBTool e sua
adaptabilidade sugerem que a ferramenta seja eficiente para ser utilizada como base
conceitual no desenvolvimento dessa metodologia.
Por fim, pode-se concluir que o objetivo principal foi atingido, sendo analisada a viabilidade
do uso do SBTool enquanto método auxiliar em projetos de retrofit para edifícios
residenciais em Vitória (ES).
6. AGRADECIMENTOS
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir da pesquisa de iniciação científica “Avaliação do
potencial de uso da técnica de retrofit para a ampliação da vida útil de condomínios
residenciais em Vitória (ES)”. Os autores agradecem ao Fundo de apoio à Ciência e à
Tecnologia de Vitória (FACITEC), e à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito
Santo (FAPES) pelo auxílio à pesquisa.
REFERÊNCIAS
Gonçalves, J. C. S & Duarte, D.H.S. 2006. Arquitetura Sustentável: uma integração entre ambiente.
Projeto e tecnologia em experiências de pesquisa, pratica e ensino. Ambiente Construído, v.6, n. 4, p.51-
82, 2006. Porto Alegre.
International Initiative For Sustainable Building Environment – IISBE. SBTool 2012 Description. 2012.
Disponível em: <http://iisbe.org/sbtool-2012>. Acesso em: 21/02/2016
Qualharini, E., L. 2004. Retrofit de construções: metodologia de avaliação. In: Encontro Nacional De
Tecnologia Do Ambiente Construído. São Paulo.
Silva, V. G.; Silva, M. G. Agopyan, V. 2003. Avaliação de edifícios no Brasil: da avaliação ambiental para
a avaliação de sustentabilidade. Ambiente Construído, v.3, n.3, p.7-18, jul.set. Porto Alegre.
Sindicato da Indústria da Construção Civil no Estado do Espírito Santo. 2014. 25º Censo Imobiliário.
Vitória. Disponivel em: <http://www.sinduscon-es.com.br/v2/cgi-bin/conteudo.asp?menu2=55>.
Acesso em: 06/03/2016.
Souza, A. D. S. 2008. Ferramenta ASUS: proposta preliminar para avaliação da sustentabilidade de
edifícios brasileiros a partir da base conceitual da SBTool. 2009.178f. Dissertação (Mestrado em
Engenharia Civil) – Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal do
Espírito Santo, Centro Tecnológico. Vitória.
Zamborlini-Waldetario, K. 2009. Diretrizes para aplicação dos conceitos de sustentabilidade na
reabilitação de edifícios em centros urbanos para fins de habitação de interesse popular: análise do
programa morar no centro – Vitória (ES). 1983-Z24d. Dissertação (Mestrado em Arquitetura e
Urbanismo) – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Artes. Vitória.
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Construction of indicators systems tool for making
decision to related stormwater management problems
ABSTRACT: Large part of volume of water that reaches the river and drainage systems
comes from runoff due to the waterproofing process of urban space and paving the
riverbeds and streams. The management of cities should take into account the sustainability
and for this, the indicators are important tools to aid decision making, use and land
occupation, and thus avoid risk situations related to urban water. For selection of
appropriate indicators was used multicriteria methods, based on the principles of
sustainability and more sustainable urban drainage processes, such as urban low impact
development. These indicators were used for the scenario development, through specific
tool for monitoring and decision making of managers and responsible for the management
of stormwater. This is the purpose of the design of the Support System for the Sustainable
Management of Stormwater - SAMSAP, it is to generate a monitoring tool and decision
support. With the use of software can be further expanded the scope of the models to
include more variables and test alternatives, can simplify complex phenomena by
eliminating everything that can be foreign to what needs to be studied. This tool will be
applied experimentally in São Carlos / SP, because it is a city in which problems related to
the management of rain waters are recurrent and have several data sources on the topic.
Keywords Stormwater management, Urban Planning, Indicators of Sustainability, Decision-
making tool.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Waters plays an important part in the urban areas, with the needs of service to different
demands, questions concerning the quality, availability and flow of stormwater. The
vulnerability to storm events in some cities is high, which aggravates poverty in the periphery.
The biggest losses are not necessarily material, but social.
The urban water systems are characterized by complex environmental, economic and social
interactions, forming delicate structures which are not always adequately assessed in urban
developments in its implementation process. Faced with these problems, new approaches to
treat urban development have been developed, as widely reported in the technical literature,
integrating the principles of sustainability.
The sustainable management of stormwater is rapidly gaining acceptance. The increased
interest is a response to the increasing development costs of new projects and infrastructure
reconstruction, more stringent environmental regulations and to concerns about the impact of
growth on natural resources. The strategy recognizes the relationship between the natural and
the built environment, and seeks to manage the components in an integrated manner. The
transition to more sustainable stormwater management is a slow process and each country
must find its place in this process (Barbosa et al, 2012).
Major instruments related to sustainability are the indicators. The main pertinent
characteristics to indicators are the ability to assess existing conditions and trends; the
possibility of making comparisons in the temporal and spatial scales; the ability to assess
conditions and trends in relation to the goals and objectives, the ability to provide warning
information and to anticipate conditions and trends.
A Support System Decision -DSS, is an organized set of procedures, software, databases and
devices used for support the decision-making related to a specific problem. The objective of
most decision support systems is to assist on the topics analyzed in the stages of decision-
making process.
The purpose of the design of the Support System for the Sustainable Management of
Stormwater - SAMSAP, is to generate a monitoring tool and decision support. Based on
sustainability indicators for monitoring issues related to the management of stormwater.
2. BACKGROUND
Even if unconsciously, the act of planning is old, especially the daily activities related to a life
in society. According to (Souza, 2006, p21) "The act of planning refers to future actions, trying
to predict a certain phenomenon and simulating the evolution of the process in an attempt to
prevent the possible problems and difficulties, or enjoy best possible benefits."
From this premise, the emphasis of planning, ceases to be the search for the ideal city for a
search for concrete and practical problem solving, establishing control instruments of urban
processes over time.
The urbanization process in Brazil printed on regional development a mark characterized by
peripheral expansion, the socio-spatial segregation and social and environmental inequality,
resulting from the forms of precarious inclusion which were submitted broad layers of society
(Maricato, 2001).
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Because of erroneous planning methods, the cities of developing countries have a vast range of
problems present throughout the urban network. With uncontrolled growth of urban centers,
social problems and environmental imbalances increase, pointing to a future with low quality
of life and severe environmental degradation (Rossetto, 2003).
The planning is a constant process that must be oriented vision for the future, taking into
account the limits, restrictions and potential, and the ability to change direction when
necessary and constant evaluation.
The urban water-related activities should be integrated into the own urban planning, including
here the design of the urban fabric and its expansion, zoning activities, road and transport
network, information flows, landscape features.
Shares located, carried out somewhere along the basin, can be felt kilometers away. All
components of river basins are interconnected and rivers are the vectors of this integration.
Because of this natural interconnection, watersheds are excellent planning and management
units (Tucci et al, 2001).
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3. METODOLOGY
Table 1. Saaty.Scale
Numerical Nominal Justification
scale scale
absolute An indicator has absolute superiority over other indicator. That is, 9
9
importance times more important.
strong One of the indicators has strong superiority compared to other
7
importance indicator. Which was 7 times more important.
great One of the indicators has great importance when compared to other
5
importance indicator. That is, 5 times more important.
minor One of the indicators is slightly more important than others in the
3
importance criterion. That is 3 times more important.
Equally The two indicators are also relevant for the criterion
1
important
Source: Saaty, 2005
The multicriteria analysis through the Analytic Hierarchy Process was utilized as a method for
structured decision making in complex environments using variables or criteria considered in
the prioritization and selection of alternatives. This conversion capability of empirical data into
mathematical models is the main difference from the AHP compared to other techniques
(Vargas, 2010).
In this study, a prioritization of indicators for each of the problems related to the management
of stormwater found in the literature was conducted. Initially, decomposition of the problems
using the criteria to which they were compared was performed and analyzed independently.
Therefore, the problem was used as the criteria for the comparison of indicators with the
purpose to find the most appropriate indicator for monitoring each problem.
The priority was conducted by three evaluators, university professors and researchers that
manage research in the areas of water management, stormwater and sustainability in the
departments of environmental sciences, urban engineering and civil engineering of Federal
University of Sao Carlos. To support the decision of the experts who participated in the choice,
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four criteria were used: 1 - Relevance - The indicator should be relevant with respect to what
one wants to observe, i.e. in relation to the problem to be monitored; 2 - Comparability - the
indicator should be sensitive to observe changes and be comparable with respect to variations
in time and space; 3 - Cost and Reliability - the indicator must have a reasonable cost of
obtaining data, without losing reliability; 4 - Accessibility - the indicator should have an ease of
communication and interpretation regarding the results. After this hierarchical decomposition
was carried out a comparative systematic evaluation of alternatives by decision makers of two
for each of the evaluated problems. This process was conducted by online questionnaire so that
no response was influenced by the responses of the other experts. After obtaining the
responses of experts was held an arithmetic average of the results and then held for the method.
4. RESULTS
With the support of multi-criteria tool, it was possible to select 54 sustainability indicators,
which in turn, were divided with regard to the problems directly related to the management of
stormwater. The distribution was not equal, and some problems more indicators than others,
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but the minimum amount was two indicators for a particular problem. As the research core is
in a search for more sustainable solutions for the stormwater management, the problems were
divided according to the five dimensions of sustainability: environmental, social, political,
economic, cultural and technological or management.
Whereas the level of local development and its sustainability in a territory assumes a dynamic
balance between the various dimensions that cross the lives of people, if you have here
dimensions: economic dimension - involves the ability to articulate different actions that go
beyond conventional relationships ; social dimension - respect the existing level of social
cohesion in the community; cultural dimension - the knowledge and the identification of the
community of their own history; political dimension - is related to the degree of autonomy of
local groups in the management process and decision-making; environmental dimension - is
the linking of experiences with respect to environmental characteristics of the territory.
Sustainability indicators were then used to build a decision support tool, SAMSAP - Support
System for the Sustainable Management of Stormwater (Table 2). This tool will be able to
monitor the problems based on information provided by the indicators over time. Data can be
collected in the field or secondarily obtained through database of municipal, state or federal
governments, academic publications, among others.
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5. CONCLUSIONS
Problems related to the management of storm water should be monitored to avoid disastrous
consequences. The thought of merely drain the water to other locations is no longer viable, this
will only transfer the problem to another area, it is necessary to rethink the mechanisms and
propose more sustainable possibilities. It is also important to think about staff training to work
in management. As well as the participation of the affected population is critical in decision
making. The service should be universalized and preferably use techniques with less structural
impacts. This tool can be useful in monitoring the problems related to the management of
stormwater over time and with the management units watershed
REFERENCES
Barbosa, A. E. Fernandes, J.N. David. L.M. 2012. Key issues for sustainable urban stormwater
management. Water Research., 46. pp. 6787–6798
Canholi, A. P., 2005. Drenagem Urbana e Controle de Enchentes. São Paulo: Oficina de Textos, 302p.
Kasemir, B., Jaeger, C.C. and Jäger, J. 2003. Citizen Participation in Sustainability Assessments, in: B.
Kasemir, B., J. Jäger, C.C. Jaeger and M.T. Gardner, Public Participation in Sustainability Science,
Cambridge.
Maricato, E. 2001. Brasil, cidades: alternativas para a crise urbana. Petrópolis, Vozes,
Mascarenhas, F. C. B.; Miguez, M. G.. 2007. Multifunctional Landscapes for Urban Flood Control in
Developing Countries. International Journal on Sustainable Development and Planning, v. 2, p. 37-49.
National Research Council (NCR). 1999. Our Common Journey: A Transition Toward Sustainability.
National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.
Ness, B., E. Urbel-Piirsalu, S. Anderberg, and L. Olsson. 2007. Categorizing tools for sustainability
assessment. Ecological Economics 60: 498-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.023
Pompêo, C. A. 2000. “Drenagem urbana sustentável”. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, v.5, n.1,
p.15-23.
Rossetto, A. M. 2003. Proposta de um Sistema Integrado de Gestão Ambiental Urbana (SIGAU) para
administração estratégica das cidades. 133p. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Produção).
Departamento de Engenharia de produção. Universidade de Federal de Santa Catarina.
Saaty, T. L. 2005. Theory and Applications of the Analytic Network Process: Decision Making with
Benefits, Opportunities, Costs, and Risks. Pittsburgh: RWS Publications.
Saaty, T. L. .2008.. Relative Measurement and its Generalization in Decision Making: Why Pairwise
Comparisons Are Central in Mathematics for the Measurement of Intangible Factors – The Analytic
Hierarchy/Network Process. Madrid: Review of the Royal Spanish Academy of Sciences, Series A,
Mathematics. Available at http://www.rac.es/ficheros/doc/00576.PDF
Souza, C.. 2006. Políticas públicas: uma revisão da literatura. Sociologias. n.16, pp. 20-45.
Tucci, C. E. M. 2005. Programa de drenagem sustentável: apoio ao desenvolvimento do manejo das águas
pluviais urbanas - Versão 2.0. Brasília: Ministério das Cidades.
Tucci, C. E. M.; Porto, R. L. 2005. Storm hydrology and urban drainage. In: Tucci, C. Humid Tropics Urban
Drainage, capítulo 4. UNESCO.
Vargas, R. V. (2010). Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to select and prioritize projects in a portfolio.
Pp 8-31. In: Analytical Hierarchy Process, Earned Value and other Project Management Themes – Second
Edition. 2015. 235pp
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Proposta de Aprimoramento da ferramenta ISMAS
Estudo de Caso: Madeira Plástica
Márcia Bissoli-Dalvi
Federal University of Espírito Santo, Planning and Project Laboratory, Vitória (ES), Brazil
marciabissoli@gmail.com
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O consumo crescente de produtos, juntamente com o crescimento populacional e as
mudanças no estilo de vida em muitas partes do mundo causam a exploração e degradação
desenfreada dos recursos naturais, bem como danos que, muitas vezes, são irremediáveis
ao planeta (Cellura; Longo; Mistretta, 2011). O uso dos recursos naturais acima da
capacidade de regeneração se tornou um dos principais desafios do século XXI, sendo um
problema tanto ecológico quanto econômico e social. Nesse contexto, a sustentabilidade
surge como uma necessidade da relação mais harmoniosa entre homem e natureza
(Fernandes et al., 2015).
Os projetos arquitetônicos têm buscado, cada vez mais, o protagonismo dos critérios de
bioclimatismo e sustentabilidade (Guerra; Santos, 2008), tidos como inerentes ao conceito
da denominada “boa arquitetura”. A escolha dos materiais durante as diversas fases do
projeto é de fundamental importância para a implementação de tais pressupostos. Para
tanto, é importante que os profissionais tenham conhecimento sobre os materiais que serão
selecionados (Bissoli-Dalvi, 2014). A seleção pode afetar positiva ou negativamente o
desempenho das edificações e uma seleção inadequada pode gerar resultados como a baixa
qualidade do empreendimento ou o não cumprimento com os requisitos mínimos
estabelecidos por normas (Karade; Chakraborty, 2012). Por outro lado, a seleção correta
dos materiais visa oferecer o máximo de desempenho da edificação (Bissoli-Davil et al.,
2015).
Existe uma tendência dos projetistas em selecionar materiais usados tradicionalmente, seja
por já conhecerem suas qualidades, ou pela facilidade de encontrar mão de obra para sua
efetiva aplicação na obra. Porém, nos últimos anos, essa tendência tem mudado, e os
profissionais têm procurado novos materiais e processos que possuam tecnologias
atualizadas e que sejam de qualidade igual ou superior a aqueles tradicionais (Jahan et al.,
2010). Existem no mercado produtos e projetos que ampliam conceitos, técnicas e materiais
embasados na sustentabilidade. Especificamente no âmbito da construção civil, foram
criados nos últimos anos ferramentas de avaliação de sustentabilidade em diversos países,
que cooperam também com a seleção de materiais. Elas têm como objetivo, entre outros
aspectos, a redução do impacto ambiental além de promover o marketing para os
empreendimentos que se submetem aos processos de avaliações e certificações (Bortolini;
Bissoli-Dalvi; Alvarez, 2015).
As ferramentas de avaliação distinguem-se de acordo com a região onde foram criadas, pois
levam em conta fatores como clima, aspectos ambientais e viabilidade do mercado (Silva;
Silva; Agopyan, 2001). Porém, algumas são utilizadas em locais diferentes daqueles em que
foram criados, sem a devida adaptação, levantando dúvidas sobre a validade da certificação.
Além disso, a quantidade de critérios a serem avaliados tornam as ferramentas complexas,
e em alguns casos, difíceis de serem mensuradas. Isto também acontece nas ferramentas
que dão suporte à seleção de materiais. Diante da necessidade específica, foi desenvolvido
o ISMAS - Instrumento de Seleção de Materiais mais Sustentáveis, por Bissoli-Dalvi (2014),
que fornece uma avaliação com critérios simplificados, voltados especialmente para a
realidade da Região Metropolitana de Vitória (ES-Brasil) para definir o índice de
sustentabilidade dos materiais, sendo desenvolvido para a atuação tanto profissional
quanto acadêmica.
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O objetivo deste artigo é aprimorar a ferramenta ISMAS e testar a madeira plástica com a
feramenta reformulada. Bissoli-Dalvi (2014) já assinalava a necessidade de aprimoramento
da ferramenta para uma versão mais abrangente, adotando diferentes abordagens e
envolvendo outros indicadores de sustentabilidade. No processo de aprimoramento da
ferramenta ISMAS, foi selecionado um material específico como estudo de caso para o teste:
a madeira plástica. O material foi escolhido principalmente por já ter sido avaliado
anteriormente por este mesmo instrumento, tanto na tese de Bissoli-Dalvi (2014), quanto
no artigo “The sustentability of the materials under the approach of ISMAS” (Bissoli-Dalvi,
2015). Para ambas avaliações foram utilizadas a versão original da ferramenta, obtetendo-
se como resultado o índice elevado para sustentabilidade.
Figura 1: Possíveis resultados do índice de sustentabilidde propostos pelo ISMAS
-1 ≥ ≤ -0,6 > ≤ -0,2 > ≤ 0,2 > ≤ 0,6 > ≤ 1
2. METODOLOGIA
Os procedimentos metodológicos se dividiram em duas etapas: a primeira foi a definição
dos critérios completares que foram incorporados à ferramenta ISMAS, com o objetivo de
torná-la mais abrangente, sem, contudo, prejudicar sua característica praticidade. A
segunda etapa consistiu no teste da madeira plástica na ferramenta ISMAS já reformulada.
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Neste aspecto, foram percorridas 3 etapas. Na etapa 1 foi realizado um levantamento dos
critérios relacionados ao tema materiais adotados nas ferramentas de avaliação de
sustentabilidade reconhecidas no Brasil e mundialmente, que são: AQUA - Alta Qualidade
Ambiental (Fundação..., 2007); ASUS - Avaliação de Sustentabilidade (Alvarez; Souza, 2011);
BEAM PLUS (HK-BEAM..., 2004); BREEAM - Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method (BREEAM, 2009); CASBEE - Comprehensive Assessment System for
Building Environmental Efficiency (Japan..., acesso em 15 jan. 2016); GREEN STAR (GREEN...,
2008); HQE - Haute Qualité Environnementale (Guide..., 2011); LEED - Leadership in Energy
& Environmental Design (LEED, 2009); SBAT - Sustainable Building Assessment Tool
(Council..., acesso em 16 jan. 2016); e SBTOOL - Sustainable Building Tool (International...
2007).
A lista com a seleção e sistematização das informações extraídas das duas fontes principais
de pesquisa resultou em 52 critérios passíveis de serem utilizados na seleção de materiais.
Optou-se por adotar como parâmetro de seleção o percentual de repetições dos critérios
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3. RESULTADOS
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Apesar de não ser considerado um material no contexto da construção civil, a água exerce
papel fundamental na construção de qualquer tipo de edificação, do início ao fim do
empreendimento. Ela é um dos componentes mais importantes na produção dos diversos
materiais de construção, tais como argamassas, polimento de porcelanato e cura do
concreto (Souza, 2015). Estima-se que a quantidade de água gasta por m² de área construída
é de 0.20 a 0.25 m³ (Rocha et al., 2011). Por ser a água um recurso limitado, é importante
atentar para a quantidade utilizada não apenas em obra como, também, nas etapas de
fabricação do material. Além disso, deve-se avaliar se essa água é descartada ou se é passível
de ser reaproveitada.
Foi levado em consideração que, para um material ser produzido é necessário o uso de
energia e que a matriz energética brasileira é maioritariamente proveniente das usinas
hidrelétricas, ou seja, da água – um recurso finito – para sua produção. Sabendo também da
dificuldade de mensurar a quantidade de energia gasta na produção e transporte do
material até a obra, o ISMAS escolheu uma etapa de recorte que levou em consideração a
etapa de produção do material para avaliar esse critério. Dessa forma, é preferível o uso de
materiais que não necessitem, ou que precisem muito pouca energia na etapa de produção.
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número de CNPJ da empresa; ela serve para comprovar que a empresa está em condição
regular em relação a Receita Federal e à dívida ativa da União (Certidão…, acesso em 09 jun.
2016).
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4. CONCLUSÃO
Os resultados mostram que a reformulação da ferramenta ISMAS, com a adição de novos
critérios, aprimora o potencial de avaliação sem, necessariamente, incluir aspectos que
possam exigir conhecimentos avançados do utilizador. A verificação da eficacia dessa
reformulação se deu através do teste realizado com a madeira plástica. Os novos critérios
não alteraram os princípios bases da ferramenta, ou seja, de ser um instrumento com
critérios claros e acessíveis para os diferentes tipos de usuários. Destaca-se ainda o fato de
que mesmo a ferramenta tendo sido criada para a região do Espírito Santo, ela é passível de
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ser utilizada em outras regiões do Brasil, desde que os aspectos considerados de maior
relevância no recorte territorial estabelecido sejam mantidos para outras localidades e que
sejam levados em conta as peculiaridades e restrições de cada lugar. Considerando as
diferenças territoriais, consequentemente os resultados de um mesmo material podem
variar conforme a região. O resultado do teste com a madeira plástica expos o fato de que é
difícil atingir a máxima sustentabilidade. Apesar de não ter alcançado o mesmo resultado
obtido nos testes anteriores, o material ainda apresenta caraterísticas apreciáveis e
vantajosas para no quesito sustentabilidade. O teste também reforça a importância da
seleção de materiais com base em fundamentos e conceitos sustentáveis e que quanto mais
critérios são levados em considreação, maior é o rigor para avaliar a sustentabilidade.
5. AGRADECIMENTOS
Este artigo é parte de um projeto de pesquisa aprovado na chamada MCTI/CNPQ/Universal
14/2014 - Faixa A, Processo: 443906/2014-9. Os autores agradecem o apoio recebido do
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq – Brasil.
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<http://lpp.ufes.br/sites/lpp.ufes.br/files/field/anexo/Referencial-Teorico.pdf>. Acesso em: 24
mar. 2016.
B. Lippiatt, A.L.; Greig, Lavappa, P. Bees, Online, 2009.
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Chile, 2014.
Bissoli-Dalvi, M.; Nico-Rodrigues, E.; Alvarez, C.E.; Fuica, E. S. Montarroyos, D. C. G. The sustentability
of the materials under the approach of ISMAS. Construction and Building Materials, 106, 357-363
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.030, 2015.
Bortolini, G. G.; Bissoli-Dalvi, M.; Alvarez, C. E. A identidade visual nas ferramentas de avaliação de
sustentabilidade: ênfase no ISMAS. Euro ELECS - Latin- American and European Conference of
Sustainable Buildings and Communities , Guimarães, 21-24 Julho 2015.
BREEAM: The world’s leading design and assessment method for sustainable buildings. Disponível em:
<http://www.breeam.org/>. Acesso em: 15 abr. 2016.
Calkins, M. Materials for sustainable sites: a complete guide to the evaluation, selection, and use of
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Cerway. HQE: Haute Qualité Environmentale. Disponível em: <http://www.behqe.com/>. Acesso em:
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Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o meio ambiente e desenvolvimento. Conferência das Nações
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Análise da implantação do selo casa azul em edifício
residencial multifamiliar
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Desde o início da civilização, os espaços naturais servem de refúgio, proteção e sustento
para o ser humano. Entretanto, não houve preocupação com o consumo e a produção em
massa, o que provocou a degradação do meio ambiente. Como resultado, nota-se a redução
dos recursos naturais, gerando a necessidade de mudanças nos padrões construtivos e em
hábitos culturais, sendo indispensável o incentivo ao consumo sustentável dos recursos
(Valente, 2009). Desse modo, o consumo sustentável torna-se uma estratégia ambiental
para as gerações futuras, bem como a construção de edificações eficientes (Florim, 2005).
As referidas mudanças resultaram na criação de práticas construtivas em algumas
edificações, no Brasil e no mundo. Para Pinheiro (2003), construir com sustentabilidade
não significa apenas liderança ambiental, mas construir de forma estável, segura e
energeticamente eficiente, quando os edifícios possam ser funcionais e comercializáveis. A
confirmação deste fato, pode ser observado através da criação e uso dos selos,
certificações e sistemas de avaliação ambiental para edificações (Grunberg et al., 2014).
A maioria dos países desenvolvidos utiliza certificações como Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) ou Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method (BREEAM) (Gurgun et al., 2015). O LEED é a certificação mais
comercializada no setor da construção civil no mundo (Orozco-Messana & Climent, 2015).
No entanto, essas certificações demandam a adaptação do seu referencial teórico para
outros países (Gurgun et al. 2015, John et al. 2007).
No Brasil, é pequeno o número de edificações certificadas, sendo inferior a 300 em 2014
(Lazzarini & Penna, 2015). Na falta de certificações creditadas no país, os modelos
internacionais são usados em larga escala, como exemplo o LEED Brasil e o Alta Qualidade
Ambiental (AQUA-HQE), baseado no selo francês Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE)
(Lauriano, 2013). O Selo Casa Azul da Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF) foi o primeiro
sistema de classificação para projetos habitacionais sustentáveis do Brasil, sendo uma das
ações do Programa de Construção Sustentável da Caixa.
De acordo com Grunberg et al. (2014), o uso de certificação ambiental impulsiona o
desenvolvimento da construção civil em busca de práticas mais sustentáveis. A aplicação
destas certificações não leva em consideração somente o desempenho da construção para
uso e operação, mas também uma escolha adequada de materiais e fornecedores,
reduzindo assim o impacto ambiental, a melhoria na gestão da obra, a redução de
consumo e de desperdício de materiais.
Nesse contexto, insere-se esse artigo, que analisa os requisitos para implantação do Selo
Casa Azul em um empreendimento residencial multifamiliar em Vitória (Espírito Santo,
Brasil), por meio de revisão bibliográfica e do referencial teórico do selo, que embasaram a
construção do questionário para entrevista, do roteiro de observação e análise de dados.
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3. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS
O desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa contemplou revisão bibliográfica, entrevista com
engenheiro do empreendimento, visita técnica, registro fotográfico e análise comparativa
dos dados. Após a revisão bibliográfica elaborou-se um questionário com 19 perguntas,
relacionadas as 5 categorias do Selo. A entrevista semiestruturada foi realizada durante
uma hora no escritório da construtora. Na sequência, realizou-se a visita técnica ao
empreendimento, na qual foram esclarecidas as dúvidas e realizado o registro fotográfico.
Neste artigo foi utilizada a metodologia de análise comparativa, que consiste em comparar
os critérios sustentáveis da certificação e suas aplicações ao empreendimento
multifamiliar em Vitória, certificado com este Selo. Nesse artigo não serão identificados o
nome da construtora e do empreendimento analisados.
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Por sua vez, na categoria Eficiência Energética não foram atendidos 3 critérios de livre
escolha (3.3, 3.4 e 3.8), que são opções de fontes alternativas de energia para redução da
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dependência da energia elétrica (Quadro 2). Tal decisão pode estar relacionada ao padrão
das unidades do empreendimento e ao valor para implantação dessas tecnologias. Na
categoria Conservação de Recursos Materiais os critérios não atendidos foram 4.1 e 4.8,
essencialmente, relacionados aos materiais usados no empreendimento (Quadro 2).
Quadro 2. Relação de categorias e critérios do Selo Casa Azul da Caixa.
3 Eficiência Energética
3.1 Lâmpadas de Baixo Consumo - Áreas Privativas Obrigatório p/HIS Atendido
3.2 Dispositivos Economizadores - Áreas Comuns Obrigatório Atendido
3.3 Sistema de Aquecimento Solar Livre escolha Não atendido
3.4 Sistema de Aquecimento à Gás Livre escolha Não atendido
3.5 Medição Individualizada - Gás Obrigatório Atendido
3.6 Elevadores Eficientes Livre escolha Atendido
3.7 Eletrodomésticos eficientes Livre escolha Atendido
3.8 Fontes Alternativas de Energia Livre escolha Não atendido
4 Conservação de Recursos Materiais
4.1 Coordenação Modular Livre escolha Não Atendido
4.2 Qualidade de Materiais e Componentes Obrigatório Atendido
4.3 Componentes Industrializados ou Pré-fabricados Livre escolha Atendido
4.4 Formas e Escoras Reutilizáveis Obrigatório Atendido
4.5 Gestão de Resíduos de Construção de Demolição - Obrigatório Atendido
RCD
4.6 Concreto com Dosagem Otimizada Livre escolha Atendido
4.7 Cimento de Alto Forno (CPIII) e Pozolânico(CP IV) Livre escolha Atendido
4.8 Pavimentação com RCD Livre escolha Não Atendido
4.9 Madeira Plantada ou Certificada Livre escolha Atendido
4.10 Facilidade de Manutenção de Fachada Livre escolha Atendido
5 Gestão da Água
5.1 Medição Individualizada - Água Obrigatório Atendido
5.2 Dispositivos Economizadores - Sistema de Descarga Obrigatório Atendido
5.3 Dispositivos Economizadores - Arejadores Livre escolha Atendido
5.4 Dispositivos Economizadores - Registro Regulador de
Livre escolha Não atendido
Vazão
5.5 Aproveitamento de Águas Pluviais Livre escolha Atendido
5.6 Retenção de Águas Pluviais Livre escolha Não atendido
5.7 Infiltração de Águas Pluviais Livre escolha Não atendido
5.8 Áreas permeáveis Obrigatório Atendido
Por fim, na categoria Gestão da Água não foram atendidos critérios referentes as unidades
da edificação e ao sistema alternativo para retenção e infiltração de águas pluviais.
Considerando que o bairro onde se situa o empreendimento tem grandes problemas
relacionados a enchentes em período de chuvas, essas ações seriam fundamentais.
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Por sua vez, não existe no entorno do empreendimento, em um raio de 2,5 Km, fontes
consideradas prejudiciais (impactos) ao bem-estar, a saúde ou a segurança dos moradores,
tais como aeroportos, portos, rodovias, indústrias, entre outros. Portanto, este quesito foi
atendido, conforme prescrito no referencial do Selo.
Para garantir as melhorias do entorno com benefícios socioambientais foi executado o
projeto da calçada cidadã, que garante acessibilidade plena aos pedestres ao redor da
edificação. Além disso, foi implantado um bicicletário em uma área de acesso público e
realizado um projeto de arborização, com o intuito de melhorar o conforto do pedestre.
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Outra medida realizada, para conservação dos recursos, foi o uso do concreto com
dosagem otimizada, fornecido por centrais com alto controle de qualidade. Esse concreto
estrutural foi produzido com cimento de alto-forno (CP III) e pozolânico (CP IV), que
promovem a redução de emissão do CO2 e do uso de recursos naturais, através da adição
de resíduos (escorias e cinzas volantes) em sua composição.
Ainda de acordo com os critérios do selo, o memorial descritivo do empreendimento
deverá especificar a estimativa da quantidade de madeira exótica plantada (eucalipto,
pinus, teca) ou de madeira certificada pelo Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), entidade
similar ao Programa Nacional de Certificação Florestal (CERFLOR), em todas as etapas da
construção (John & Prado, 2010). Soma-se a isso, ao final da obra, deve ser apresentada a
documentação comprobatória da aquisição de madeira certificada e/ou notas fiscais de
aquisição de madeiras exóticas, como realizado pelo empreendimento.
Além dos itens descritos e visando garantir a fácil manutenção da fachada, o
empreendimento usou o revestimento em textura acrílica, que possui vida útil superior a
15 anos, correção de pequenas irregularidades do substrato, ótima elasticidade e
resistência à penetração de água, ampliando assim sua vida útil.
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5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Essa pesquisa visou apresentar e analisar a implantação dos critérios atendidos para a
obtenção da gradação ouro do Selo Casa Azul Caixa, em um empreendimento residencial
multifamiliar em Vitória (ES). Também, demonstrou a possibilidade de desenvolver
práticas sustentáveis no planejamento de habitações, através de vários critérios
apresentados pelo referencial do selo. A partir dessas informações, da entrevista e da
visita a obra, foi realizada a análise comparativa, observado se os itens estão de acordo
com a recomendação técnica para adesão do Selo.
Desta forma, verificou-se que a construtora é uma das referências no setor em Vitória, pois
investe em inovação de processos construtivos, estudos socioambientais e busca da
qualidade em suas edificações. Diante disso, não ocorreram muitos obstáculos para adesão
do selo, pois métodos construtivos eficientes, destinação de resíduos, aproveitamento da
água, qualidade do entorno, entre outros, já faziam parte das práticas da empresa.
No entanto, ainda, a certificação possui pouca adesão em Vitória, apenas em empresas que
tenham financiamento pela CEF, limitando, assim sua implantação e divulgação. A
construtora indica para outras construtoras a utilização do Selo, pois suas recomendações
estão alinhadas à realidade e aos métodos construtivos usados no país. Contudo, o
obstáculo identificado pela construtora ocorreu no planejamento do empreendimento,
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REFERÊNCIAS
FLORIM, L.C. Contribuição para a Construção Sustentável: características de um projeto habitacional
eco-eficiente. 2004. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) – Universidade Federal
Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, 2004.
GRUNBERG, P. R.; MEDEIROS, H.; TAVARES, S. Certificação Ambiental de Habitações: Comparações
entre Leed for Homes, processo Aqua e Selo Casa Azul. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/
pdf/asoc/ v17n2/a13v17n2.pdf>. Acesso em: 10 de Mar. 2015
GURGUN, A.P.; KOMURLU, R.; ARDITI,D. Review of the LEED Category in Materials and Resources
for Developing Countries. Procedia Engineering, v. 118, 2015. p. 1145 – 1152.
JOHN, V. M.; OLIVEIRA, D. P.; LIMA, J. A. R. de. Levantamento do estado da arte: Seleção de materiais.
Documento 2.4. Projeto Tecnologias para construção habitacional mais sustentável (Projeto FINEP
2384/04). São Paulo: FINEP, 2007.
JOHN, V. M.; PRADO, R. T. A. Boas práticas para habitação mais Sustentável. Caixa Econômica
Federal, São Paulo: Páginas & Letras - Editora e Gráfica, 2010.
LAURIANO, L.A. Governos locais para a sustentabilidade: o setor da construção e as Regiões
Metropolitanas de Belo Horizonte e São Paulo. Nova Lima, Minas Gerais: Fundação Dom Cabral,
2012. (Caderno de Ideias, CI1210).
LAZZARINI, R.; PENNA, C.D. (coord.). Sustentabilidade – tendências na construção brasileira 2015.
São Paulo: CTE, Criactive, Editora O nome da rosa 2015. 96 p.
OROZCO-MESSANA. J.; CLIMENT, V. Sustainability evaluation of materials in architecture. In:
MILETO, C.; VEGAS, F.; GARCÍA SORIANO, L.; CRISTINI, V(eds). Vernacular Architecture: towards a
sustainable future. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2015. p. 567–570.
PINHEIRO, M. D. Construção Sustentável – Mito ou Realidade? VII Congresso Nacional de
Engenharia do Ambiente. Lisboa, 2003. Disponível em:<https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt /download
File/3779571242058/aperAPEA_ConstrucaoSustentavel.pdf>. Acesso em: 09 de jun. 2015.
MAGNANI, J. Análise Comparativa do Selo Casa Azul e do Sistema de Certificação Leed for Homes.
Disponível em: <http://www.pos.demc.ufmg.br/2015/trabalhos/pg2/67.pdf> Acesso em: 5 de Jun.
2015
VALENTE, J.P. Certificações na Construção Civil: Comparativo entre LEED e HQE. 2009. 65p.
Monografia (Graduação em Engenharia Civil) - Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2009.
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A conceptual model for sustainable development
assessments
Juvancir da Silva
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Ambiental, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba/PR,
Dept. de Administração, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa/PR
juvancirsilva@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT: With most of the population living in cities while relying heavily upon
resources provided from rural areas, the urban footprint and environmental pressure do
not cease to grow, which presents great challenges for achieving sustainable communities
and the Sustainable Development goals of the United Nations. Unsustainable urban growth
can be seen as both a cause and a consequence of natural resource degradation, social,
economic, cultural and educational shortcomings and poor and/or insufficient
infrastructure. The complex interrelations amongst such matters contribute to form one of
the wicked problems facing socioenvironmental systems around the globe. Any
sustainability analysis must encompass such dimensions and capture such interrelations,
if it is to achieve realistic results. Sound decision and policy making also depends upon
robust data and information, which are usually compiled for indicators, indexes and
systems of indicators. In this sense, this paper presents a new conceptual model developed
for sustainable development assessments encompassing the natural, social and built
capitals, as defined in the well-known Meadows report: ‘Indicators and Information
Systems for Sustainable Development’. Content analysis supported by a review of related
international literature led to the subdivision of each capital into categories and
subcategories, for which 52 sustainable development attributes were derived. Individual
indicators that represent such attributes and their interlinkages can then be compiled to
suit data availability and specificities of a given scenario of interest, as part of future
integrated sustainable development assessments.
Keywords Sustainable development; indicators; conceptual model; capitals
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1. INTRODUCTION
The ongoing social and environmental degradation as a result of economic growth was
highlighted in the report ‘The Limits to Growth’, which was a milestone in the theory of
sustainable development. The report highlighted the interdependence between economic
growth and natural resources emphasizing the limits of natural order and social
development for economic growth (Meadows et al. 1972).
Three main goals were then established for the conservation of natural resources:
maintain ecological processes and life support systems, preserve the genetic diversity and
ensure the sustainable use of species and ecosystems (IUCN, 1980). This was followed by
the establishment of the sustainable development paradigm, as the development that
meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability to meet the
needs of future generations (WCED, 1987). Hence, sustainable development implies
achieving inter- and intra- generational equity, in a dynamic environment inseparable
from society (Waas et al. 2014). Intergenerational equity requires that future generations
have at least the welfare of present generations (Komiyama & Takeuchi, 2006). This view
implies the recognition that limitations are imposed on current technology and social
organization by limited environmental resources and ability of the biosphere to absorb the
effects of human activities. The constraint of sustainability is thus imposed upon
anthropogenic development, in the sense of using natural resources without reducing
stocks beyond their ability to recover (IUCN, 1980).
Working in favour of sustainable development requires great effort from managers and
policy makers to obtain appropriate information and reduce uncertainties, at various
scales. However, sustainable development is intrinsically multidimensional and uncertain,
which makes its assessment and measurement both challenging and complex. A sound
understanding of the inter-relationships between different aspects of the environmental,
economic and social dimensions is required to assist in structuring such a complexity for
the sake of information communication and decision making (Komiyama & Takeuchi,
2006; Kajikawa, 2008; Sachs, 2009; Jerneck et al. 2011; Waas et al. 2014). Meadows
(1998) is a key classical text in this respect, for its description of sustainable development
aimed at providing a structured framework for building indicator and information
systems.
In this context, the objective of this study was to construct a conceptual model for
sustainable development analyses based upon Meadows (1998) framework of social, built
and natural capitals.
2. METHODS
The object of this study was the structured analysis and characterisation of sustainable
development in socioenvironmental systems. A qualitative research approach based on
content analysis (Bardin, 2008) was taken. Following Gil (1999), the steps of content
analysis were pre-analysis, analysis and interpretation of the document. In the pre-
analysis stage, a literature review of key sustainable development publications led to the
selection of Meadows (1998) as the reference text for the conceptual model development.
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This report was thus scrutinised with the purpose of structuring a conceptual model.
Meadows (1998) proposed assessment of sustainable development in dimensions
represented by social, human, natural and built capitals. Considering the issues raised in
this report and supported and complemented by a review of the literature, it was possible
to identify key levels for the analytical subdivision of sustainable development aspects.
Such a hierarchical subdivision was made in the order of capitals > categories >
subcategories > attributes, where the latter were the key measurable sustainable
development issues to be associated with indicators.
Figure 1. Conceptual framework for sustainable development (SD) assessments, in terms of the social
capital (SC), natural capital (NC) and built capital (BC), with seven categories, 19 subcategories and 52
attributes of analysis
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social approaches perceived and joined by permanent and useful connections. Such
connections are based on material and symbolic trading established and perpetuated by
the recognition of approximations and bindings.
The social capital in Meadows (1998) is defined as the stock of attributes that do not
belong to a single individual, but to society as a whole. Such attributes depict how
prepared a society is to face their problems and seek solutions for sustainability. In this
sense, for Meadows (1998) the human identity is a result of the social capital. The first
category of analysis was thus defined as population. The pillars of such human capital are
its characteristics, such as age, gender structure and the work force. These are factors in
the production system for economic gain, through interactions with the built and natural
capitals. Health, education and productivity of the human capital are attributes that allow
this capital to increase or lose productivity. Another key aspect is the way in which time is
allocated and spent by the population, considering subsistence activities, learning,
working, raising children, leisure and community work.
In addition to this, the social capital in Meadows (1998) is further described by the
following categories: information systems, human relationships and institutionalism. The
flow of information allows for social relations to occur. The social capital is enveloped in
the flow of information, so that society should be able to organize the various data that
represent events in information. Quality information systems are thus a key component of
the social capital, which can be used in decision-making and knowledge generation
processes. The decision-making process encompasses transformation of data into
information, access to information, use and quality of information. The generation of
knowledge can be evaluated in terms of scientific research, technology and the capacity for
technological development, and the creativity of the population (Meadows, 1998).
Human relationships was identified as another category of analysis of the social capital. It
includes the set of social interactions that form society. Human relations can be evaluated
by the level of cultural isolation and power relations. Culture is closely linked with
collective well-being. Power is associated with the ability to direct people’s efforts to
achieve something that they would not necessarily achieve independently; it may, thus, be
seen as the opposite of freedom (Meadows, 1998). The existence of conflict due to an
uneven appropriation of social capital, and its use to maintain positions of power is taken
into consideration when studying the social capital within the framework of the political
conflict (Arriagada, 2003). Social participation and communication can be evaluated for
identifying any unequal power distribution between groups (Lehtonen, 2004). In
Meadows (1998) it is possible to identify the attributes of social cohesion, social
participation, social empowerment, cultural identity, human diversity, social equity and
social mobility as aspects that represent power relations in society. Human relations may
also be linked with the vision of the social capital of a group, which, according to Arriagada
(2003), represents its mobilisation ability by means of relations of trust, reciprocity and
cooperation. Trust is the result of repeated interactions among people. Reciprocity
involves favour-based exchanges, while cooperation is seen as goal-oriented action.
Based on Meadows (1998), existence of political prisoners, degree of income distribution,
number of police and their distribution in the population, concentration of ownership of
media in the public and private sectors and percentage of gross domestic product
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concentrated in the largest companies can also be used to describe power relationships.
These attributes represent democracy, for their ability to demonstrate the level of social
freedom and the distribution of power. In this sense, the attributes of income distribution
and political prisoners can best represent power relations, for their association with the
levels of social equity and social participation.
Institutionalism figures as another category of analysis. This term is taken to represent the
integrity and efficiency of the institutions, which can be analysed in terms of the legal
apparatus that regulates social relations and trade, society's monitoring capacity,
reliability of leaders, efficient and regulated markets, and institutional development. If
such aspects are neglected, institutions are usually unable to meet social needs (Meadows,
1998). Institutionalism is also in line with the concept of social capital as networks of
social relations (Bourdieu, 2001; Espinoza, 2001), through which individuals are able to
guarantee access to resources and meet their needs by means of formal organizations
(Meadows, 1998). Furthermore, for Sehnem & Macke (2015) elements of social
organizations such as networks, norms and trust enable cooperative action and the
achievement of mutual benefit within the sociocultural perspective.
The natural capital has been described in an economic and in an ecological perspective. In
the economic perspective, the natural capital is linked to the maintenance of stocks and
flows of nature to provide income, being a restriction for economic growth. In ecological
terms, it represents the physical volume of energy flows and stocks from the environment
(Jacobi & Sinisgall, 2012).
Meadows (1998) considers the natural services for the economy as invaluable, but which
should, nonetheless, undergo valuation to enable its proper use. In the economic
perspective, this capital is represented by inputs of resources and energy flows from the
terrestrial ecosystem, which are transformed into economically valuable goods and
services, thus generating revenue for their producers. However, from the output value of
natural capital processing systems one should deduct the cost of waste, as well as the costs
of treating pollution or damage caused to the built, human and natural capitals. One of the
biggest challenges for achieving sustainable development arises from an inadequate
consideration of the costs of waste from the processing and consumption stages.
Waste resulting from the production of goods and services, if reused or recycled, can be
considered as investments in natural capital, because this process reduces the depletion of
natural capital for reintroduction of waste into the production process. However, if such
waste causes degradation of socioenvironmental systems, it should be associated to
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depreciation or consumption of natural capital (Ekins et al. 2003). For Meadows (1998), if
a production system is not recycled or rendered harmless, this system cannot be
maintained and sustained without serious repercussions. In this sense, it is necessary to
assess the natural capital resilience, in terms of its ability to assimilate waste. The main
challenges for developing sustainability indicators are the gradual natural capital
degradation, interactions among its different forms and the timeframes for its exhaustion
and for reaching critical limits. Such limits may be dictated by resource or waste flows. All
this indicates that dynamic integrated assessment models are needed.
The natural capital is used unsustainably when its stocks are declining and/or waste is
increasing. According to Ekins et al. (2003), the reduction in the stock of natural capital is
a sign of environmental unsustainability. For Meadows (1998), it is necessary to
determine the amount of natural capital that should be kept untouched, as insurance,
admitting our ignorance about the forms and the real value of natural capital. In this case,
it is necessary to identify the critical assimilation rate, as well as the timeframe for
reaching an acceptable level of waste and resource depletion. In this sense, a sustainable
natural capital use should be assessed through its decline and recovery, representing the
relationship between the rate of use and the rate of restoration. These rates can be
assessed through the resource category, in terms of its availability for multiple uses, in
quantity and in quality terms. It is understood that if natural capital is qualitatively and
quantitatively available above the levels required by the multiple uses, then there is a
situation of sustainability. Otherwise, there is a situation of unsustainability. This category
also encompasses the restoration subcategory, which is represented through direct and
indirect conservation actions for the assimilation of waste arising from resource usage.
For Meadows (1998), operating the built capital requires natural resources (natural
capital) and labour and management (human capital) to produce goods and services to
meet needs of the social capital. Waste and pollution are generated in this process, which
must be absorbed by the natural capital and/or by built capital systems. In this sense, the
built capital is the stock of production capacity of the economy. One subcategory of
analysis thus identified was the installed built capital, which can be assessed by means of
its capacity, stability, flexibility, quality, productivity and profitability.
For Meadows (1998), economic productivity is determined by the built capital availability
and quality. Part of the built capital income is invested back into the built capital, which
influences the economy growth rate. The built capital sustainability and growth are
defined by the difference between investments in production capacity and the rates of
depreciation and obsolescence. In this sense, built capital under development was
identified as another subcategory of analysis, which can be represented by attributes for
investment, depreciation and obsolescence. This is in agreement with other built capital
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literature. For instance, Bossel (1999) recommends that the built capital be assessed
through the ratio between maintenance investment and the rate of depreciation, and
through the built capital net growth evaluated by the infrastructure and economic system;
Sachs (2009) states that adequately maintaining the infrastructure stock, equipment and
buildings allows extending its life cycle and reducing depreciation, which in turn reduces
the demand for replacement capital and releases resources for investment; and Pérez-
Maqueo et al. (2013) recommend the analysis of built capital through public investment in
infrastructure and public revenue.
Besides the economic perspective, the built capital can be analysed by the classes of
capital. The industrial class represents the production capacity, industrial machines and
equipment, and is an indicator of economic growth. The domestic goods class
encompasses durable goods used in homes, and is an indicator of well being. The service
class includes hospitals, schools, banks and government buildings that assist the social
capital. The consumer goods class encompasses the consumption of paper, clothing and
food, and is also an indicator of social well being. The military class represents the effort to
maintain the security of natural capital, the economy and society. The class of public
infrastructure involves roads, bridges, ports, water distribution systems and other
systems that serve the economy, such as electricity and communications supply systems.
The resource acquisition class encompasses the extraction of natural capital. The pollution
reduction class includes the wastewater treatment systems, waste incinerators and repair
systems, all of which are required to reduce waste emission (Meadows, 1998). These last
three classes are not directly productive, but are required to cover the supply or
maintenance costs of other classes.
The consumer goods and domestic goods classes can be analysed through their
consumption ability of non-durable and durable goods. The remaining subcategories can
be analysed by their installed capacity and investment.
4. CONCLUSION
Population growth and the concentration of human activities in urban areas have led to a
scenario of natural resource depletion, uncontrolled environmental degradation and
socioeconomic problems. Socioenvironmental sustainability is thus threatened, and a
desire to make urban development more sustainable requires that human well being is
reconciled with the preservation of environmental quality. The complex interrelations
between social and environmental systems make for a challenging problem, so that any
efforts undertaken to identify solution pathways require a comprehensive and structured
approach. In this study a conceptual model was developed based on Meadows (1998) and
other key international literature. A hierarchical structure is proposed in which the
natural, social and built capitals are subdivided into categories, subcategories and
attributes of analysis. A novel conceptual framework is thus proposed, aimed at
supporting decision and policy making processes involving indicator-based analyses of
sustainable development.
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REFERENCES
Arriagada, I. 2003. Capital social: potencialidades y limitaciones analíticas de um concepto. Estudios
Sociológicos, XXI(3), 557-584.
Bardin, L. 2008. Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Bossel, H. 1999. Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications. A Report to
the Balaton Group. IISD, Winnipeg, Canada.
Bourdieu, P. 2001. O capital social – notas provisórias. In: Escritos de Educação. Seleção,
organização, introdução e notas de Maria Alice Nogueira e Afrânio Catani. Rio de Janeiro: Vozes.
Daly, H.; Farley, J. 2004. Economia Ecológica: princípios e aplicações. Instituto Piaget. Divisão
Editorial. Lisboa, Portugal.
Dietz, S.; Neumayer, E. 2007. Weak and strong sustainability in the SEEA: concepts and
measurement. Ecological Economics, 61(4), 617-626.
Ekins,P.; Simon,S.; Deutsch,L.; Folke,C.; Groot,R. 2003. A framework for practical application of the
concepts of critical natural capital and strong sustainability. Ecological Economics, 44, 165-185.
Espinoza, V. 2001. Indicadores y generación de datos para un estúdio comparativo de capital social y
trayectorias laborales. In John Durston e Francisca Miranda (org), Capital social y políticas públicas
en Chile, vol. I, Naciones Unidas/CEPAL, Serie Políticas Sociales, 55, 23-31.
Gil, A.C. 1999. Métodos e Técnicas de Pesquisa Social. São Paulo: Atlas.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). 1980. World
Conservation Strategy: Living resource conservation for sustainable development. IUCN, UNEP, WWF.
Jacobi, P. R.; Sinisgrall, P. A. A. 2012. Governança ambiental e economia verde. Ciência & Saúde
Coletiva, 17(6), 1469-1478.
Jerneck,A.; Olsson, L.; Ness, B.; Anderberg, S.; Baieer, M.; Clark, E.; Hickler, T.; Hornborg, A.; Kronsell,
A.; Lovbrand, E.; Persson, J. 2011. Structuring sustainability science. Sustain Sci, 6, 69-82.
Kajikawa, Y. 2008. Research core and framework of sustainability science. Sustain Sci, 3, 215-239.
Komiyama,H.;Takeuchi,K. 2006. Sustainability science: building a new discipline. Sustain Sci, 1, 1-6.
Lehtonen, M. 2004. The environmental–social interface of sustainable development: capabilities,
social capital, institutions. Ecological Economics, 49, 199-214.
Meadows, D. 1998. Indicators and Information Systems for Sustainable Development. A Report to the
Balaton Group. The Sustainability Institute.
Meadows, D.H.; Meadows, D.L.; Randers, J.; Behrens III, W. W. 1972. The limits to growth. A report
for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. Universe Book, New York.
Pérez-Maqueo, O.; Martinez, M. L.; Vázquez, G.; Equihua, M. 2013. Using for capitals to assess
watershed sustainability. Environmental Management, 51, 679–693.
Sachs, I. 2009. Caminhos para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond.
Sehnem, A.; Macke, J. 2015. Fatores Explicativos do Capital Social no Extremo Oeste Catarinense.
Organizações & Sociedade, 22, 309-324.
Waas, T.; Hugé, J.; Block, T.; Wright, T.; Capistros-Benites, F.; Verbruggen, A. 2014. Sustainability
Assessment and Indicators: Tools in a Decision-Making Strategy for Sustainable Development.
Sustainability, 6, 5512-5534.
WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development). 1987. Our Common Future. United
Nations.
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The ASUS tool as a conceptual basis for proposing the
inclusion of the sustainability concept in the formation of
the Architect and Urbanist
Pâmela Pegoretti
Integrated Faculties of Aracruz, Aracruz (ES), Brazil
pamela_pegoretti@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT: The term sustainability is widely used in the construction industry as the
subject of research, seminars and conferences. The discussion ranges from materials and
techniques for construction to the use of the edification, allowing the identification of
various application possibilities within the architecture field. The evaluation tools and
certifications of buildings support achieving sustainable practices in the sector, as they set
parameters that contribute to the decision-making since the project stage. However,
theory and practice with its results are pushed apart due to both: no demanding for
certifications in small projects; and the academic unpreparedness of professional
designers, which are unaware of concepts and technologies for this purpose. This research
is motivated by the identification of the need for disciplines that aim at what is called the
teaching of sustainability in graduation. The objective of this research is the identification
of potential disciplines for including sustainability concepts in the curriculum of
Architecture and Urbanism course of the Integrated Faculties of Aracruz, considering the
changing requirements of buildings and urban environments, as well as the mismatch of
the theme in traditional curriculum. The methodology is based on the analysis of the
disciplines and on the verification of applicability of the items from ASUS assessment tool,
developed by the Planning and Project Laboratory at UFES. The result reveals both a
discrepancy between teaching and the market, and a great potential of some disciplines
for including concepts of more sustainable buildings and the related practices.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Sustainability is present in almost everything around us. Much has been discussed on the
subject in many areas and sectors of modern society. In civil engineering sector the term
achieved an important place in the market, adding value to buildings by using more
sustainable technologies. In the academy setting it has become an important object of
study, research, seminars and conferences around the country and around the world,
aiming at the same goal: building sustainable practices and technologies for the
construction industry.
According to Agopyan & John (2011), to achieve the sustainability of the construction it is
essential to incorporate innovation, including changes in all construction’s activities,
having as the concept of innovation the new knowledge that is put into practice.
Different justifications exist for investing resources in studies on the sustainability theme
in civil construction. Amongst the most common ones is the possibility of reducing the
impact generated by the construction of buildings, seeking for solutions where the new
buildings are aproximately balanced with the environment they are entering. It can also be
noticed that economic and social motivations begin to take on an important role in this
context. However, despite the justifications, the related innovation produced by
researches are seldom effectively put into practice.
In recent years, one of the solutions implemented in the market to help reducing the
environmental, social and economic impacts caused by construction was the creation of
tools designed to evaluate and certify buildings as "sustainable". The evaluation of aspects
related to technologies associated to environmental impacts is usually considered with
greater intensity, giving rise to the so-called green buildings. This type of tool has
supported the stablishment of parameters, often with low or average cost of deployment.
Even when there is no interest in certification, the tool contributes for decision-making at
the project stage and guide it to a balance with the environment, with greater or lesser
degree.
For example, the rainwater harvesting and solar heating are alternatives that have been
often applied regardless of the interest in certification. This is due to a change in the
industry mindset and the awareness about the importance of contributing to the
environment. Moreover, such technologies are often associated with an effective savings
during the useful life of the building.
The demand for certification in the construction industry has been growing in recent years
according to each type of building. Despite the differences, all of them follow the same
concept: causing less impact on the environment (Agopyan & John, 2011). However, the
evaluation tools still have a limited coverage, usually being restricted to buildings that are
aimed at achieving the title of "green building". It is believed that such restriction is due to
the lack of professionals with the knowledge required to design with techniques, materials
and technologies that lead the building construction to more sustainable solutions.
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In undergraduate courses, the disciplines usually do not cover specific content focused on
sustainability issues, being the student restricted to two possibilities: learning from the
teacher that has this specific knowledge or being motivated to search for the best
performance of the building. In some cases, undergraduate students only come to learn
about the theme when looking for subjects to develop their final graduation projects. In
this way, the professional goes unprepared to the labor market and is often insecure to
apply even simple techniques or to opt for more suitable materials.
Introducing these concepts in the academic community and contributing to the training of
the professional by enabling him to execute more sustainable projects, is already part of
the national curriculum guidelines for undergraduate courses in architecture and
urbanism. According to the Ministry of Education, through Resolution No. 2 of June 17th of
2010 that establishes these guidelines, the course should follow a pedagogical proposal
that ensures the training of professionals on acquiring the ability to understand and
translate the needs of individuals with respect to design, organization and construction of
indoor and outdoor space, including town planning, building, landscaping, conservation of
built heritage, protection and balance of the natural environment and the rational use of
available resources (Brazil , 2010).
Therefore, the general guidelines are already established but it is still necessary to have a
methodology for the subject to be effectively inserted in the undergraduate curriculum.
Ideally the theme should permeate each of the disciplines, rather than being addressed in
a specific discipline with the title "sustainability" - or similar - disconnected from other
ones.
The study presented in this article is based specifically on the curriculum of the
Architecture and Urbanism Course of the Integrated Faculties of Aracruz (FAACZ), located
in the city of Aracruz, Espírito Santo (FAACZ, 2016). The institution was founded in 1989
and the Department of Architecture and Urbanism was created in 2001. Since then, the
curriculum has been undergoing constant changes, and the last revision took place in
2015. With each adaptation, the college searches for disciplines according to what it is
required in the labor market, in order to keep students updated so that the knowledge
gained in college is compatible with the professional needs.
Curriculum revisions should occur usually every 05 years, avoiding its lag. However,
technological changes and market demands has made these adjustments more frequent.
Thus, FAACZ has planned more changes for the curriculum in 2016. It is in this context
that this research is justified: to include the sustainability concepts in the new curriculum
of Architecture and Urbanism course.
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The general objective of this research is to contribute to the adaptation of the curriculum
of the Architecture and Urbanism course in the Integrated Faculties of Aracruz (FAACZ).
The curriculum is being reformulated in order to meet national curriculum guidelines as
well as to provide a training that is more suitable to the labor market needs.
To fulfill this objective, both syllabuses of the course curriculum of 2015 and the ones
proposed for 2016 were analyzed. Then, it was sought to identify the potential of each
discipline by relating it to certain concepts concerning sustainability issues in architecture
and urbanism. For example, in the discipline of Hydro-sanitation Facilities, which covers
topics related to buildings systems of cold water, hot water, sewage and rainwater, it is
feasible to insert several specific concepts such as use of rainwater harvesting, greywater
reuse, solar heating, water-saving equipments, etc. Consequently, it is possible to extend of
the class load foreseen as 80 hours in the previous curriculum.
The structuring of the evaluation process based on the content and indicators proposed by
a sustainability assessment tool is adopted as a fundamental methodological approach for
considering the following matters: (i) sustainability issues should be deeply linked to the
local reality (Bissoli Alvarez & 2008); (ii) sustainability assessment tools address through
their indicators the aspects inherent in the concept of sustainability for the building and
the city; (iii) most of the desirable actions are defined in the project stage and therefore
under the aegis of the architect and urban planner.
Furthermore, given that the effectiveness of teaching methodology is directly linked to the
continuity and interdisciplinary, it was identified that in this study it is possible to propose
learning stages for each topic to be addressed. The proposed stages are:
Introduction: where the issues can be addressed still in preliminary form, embedded in
other contexts, usually in disciplines of the first periods, so that the student will be made
aware of the importance of this subject and of its relationship with the production of
architecture and urbanism;
Conceptualization: in disciplines that will address the subject still in a theoretic view but
more in deep, explaining parameters, rules and specific concepts of each subject in order
to enable the student to learn thoroughly the theme, preparing him for the following
phases;
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Analysis and critical thinking: at this stage, it should be addressed case studies, technical
visits and other methods for approximating the students to the applicability of this matter
in reality, allowing them to analyze and report the situation, exercising their critical
thinking on the concepts previously studied;
Project practice: based on the studied concepts and after verifying the ways of
application of the subject to architectural and urban design, the students should be
encouraged to exercise it in project practice, having the evaluation criteria as constraints
of the different projects developed during graduation.
Thus, the method used in this research is the systematization of information through data
sheet where, for each evaluation criteria from the ASUS tool, each discipline can fall into
one or more learning stages. The spreadsheets were developed by categories, having
subcategories or evaluation criteria as columns and learning steps as rows. Thereby the
disciplines can be distributed in a systematic way where a single discipline can approach
more than one learning stage within the same sub-category or even approach a specific
learning stage of several sub-categories.
The goal is to spread the content in the maximum possible number of disciplines so the
student can get in touch with the themes in a distributed and contextualized way during
all the proposed cycles by the institution’s new curriculum. Therefore, in theory, the
student will have at the end of the graduation course, the skill, knowledge and confidence
to create a project based on the sustainability concept, seeking to meet each of the
presented guidelines in the best way.
3. RESULTS
The Table 1 shows an example of the method applied for the themes (i) "Resource
Consumption" in its category "Water" and (ii) "Environmental Loads" in its category
"Rainwater and Wastewater". This demonstrates the alleged need for expanding the class
load of some disciplines, such as the one covering the contents of hydro sanitation
facilities, in order to necessarily include in the course syllabus the several possibilities of
saving, harnessing and reuse of water, besides architectural measures to help prevent
waste, stressing that this is an aspect of fundamental importance for the current reality of
the state of Espirito Santo.
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The Table 2 shows an example of the method applied for the theme "Resource
Consumption" in its category "Energy". It is possible to observe that exist only few
disciplines whose syllabus would be able to absorb the learning stages of this category.
Basically, disciplines such as Electrical Installations and Lighting and Thermal Comfort
would have features that approach the concepts to be inserted in this theme. However, it is
known that the current class load of these disciplines do not accomodate an increase of
content, and therefore it would be required the expansion of the class load or the creation
of new disciplines such as Electrical Installations II or similar.
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However, another observation from this study that can be exemplified with Table 2 is
about the chronology of the disciplines. For example, the practical disciplines in whose
project development proposals would fit the application of the studied concepts about
energy happen in periods prior to the one where Electrical installations is studied.
Thereby, the simple class load expansion for the discipline could not be as effective as
expected in the process of teaching and learning, since students would not have project
practices where they could apply the studied concepts. To this end, a proposal for a
chronological reorganization of the disciplines would be required.
It was also observed that some aspects can be suppressed or grouped together. For
example, still in Table 2, the criterium of "Deployment Feasibility Study of a renewable
energy system generated in the building", originally existent in the ASUS tool, was
supressed from the table since this concept could be merged to the criterium "Use of
Energy from renewable sources generated on site ". On the other hand, some aspects may
be further subdivided or addressed in more than one discipline. For example, the
conceptualization of the criterium "Multiple Uses" can be addressed under the historical
aspect and within the urban legislation.
This restructuring of the criteria approached by the ASUS tool, proposed for the
spreadsheets in this research, aims to their adaptation to support the inclusion of the
sustainability concept, in its several possibilities, in the process of reformulation of the
curriculum of the course of Architecture and Urbanism of FAACZ. To this end, the method
aims to benefit from the systematization of the criteria, organizing them in a less complex
way, enhancing the capacity and possibility of successful application in the specific
situation here proposed.
In addition to the practical results, which indicate the possibilities of improvement in the
method and suggest guidelines for restructuring the course curriculum, it can still be
reported as a result the possibility of involvement of almost all disciplines of the course, in
contrast to the idea that sustainability in buildings would apply only to the disciplines of
technologies and projects.
Table 3 shows an example of the method applied for the theme "Enterprise Planning" in its
category " Urban Interrelationship and Site Development".
Table 3. Application example of the methodology to category “Urban Interrelationship and Site Development”
A – ENTERPRISE PLANNING
A.2 - URBAN INTERRELATIONSHIP AND SITE DEVELOPMENT
Incentive to Compensations
Harnessing of Provision of
non- to traffic Use of native or
Construtive Multiple Uses green spaces in
motorized generating adapted plants
Potencial the enterprise
transportation poles
Introduction to Introduction to
Integration Urbanism:
Architectural Urbanism: Architecture, Architecture,
Introduction Project: The Urban
design Urban Analysis Urbanism and Urbanism and
Edification Analysis
Landscaping Landscaping
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Continues
Integration
Project: The
Integration Edification
Urban Urban Green Green
Conceptualization Project: The Theory of
infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure
Edification Contemporary
Architecture and
Urbanism
Theory of
Integration
Analysis and Contemporary Urban Urban Green
Project: The Landscaping
Critical Thinking Architecture and infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure
Edification
Urbanism
Architectural Architectural
Project Project Green
Community Community infrastructure
Urban
Project Practice Equipment Equipment Urban Planning Landscaping
Planning
Architectural Architectural
Project Hybrid Project Hybrid Landscaping
Building Building
In this context, it is worth highlight that the analysis of the category "Enterprise Planning"
points to a greater weight of responsibility in disciplines related to urbanism. Indeed, the
urban planning within the sphere of government has the responsibility to regulate
interventions in the territory, directing growth vectors, defining occupancy criteria,
restricting or encouraging densification in certain areas, creating settlement patterns that
minimize the need for cars, the consumption of energy and natural resources, etc.
Therefore, the aspects of urban interference proposed by ASUS tool, such as the ecological
value of the site, vulnerability to flooding and natural disasters, soil contamination,
protection of water bodies, proximity to public transportation and incentive to non-
motorized transportation, were considered in the same way as the procedures adopted for
the edification.
4. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
From the first observations, it is identified that the viability of the proposal involves the
chronological and structural reformulation of the course curriculum. However, it is worth
noting that this research has a very specific focus, and that several other factors must be
considered besides the systematic application of sustainability concepts, since the
curriculum of the Architecture and Urbanism course is quite broad.
Given that this article presents the first step among many others that compose a broader
work of support for the systematic restructuring of the curriculum of the course of
Architecture and Urbanism of FAACZ, the results point to new unfoldings in the research,
as it was expected.
As a result of this research, the introduction of the sustainability assessment criteria in the
disciplines of the Architecture and Urbanism course is considered viable and has real
possibilities of applicability. However, it was confirmed, as already expected, that it is
essential to obtain the involvement of teaching staff and students to improve the initial
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ideas launched in this research, indicating not only suggestions for structuring the
proposed change, but also situations that could derail it.
Another result is that some subcategories could be suppressed or merged in other ones to
simplify the method. Likewise, some subcategories could be subdivided.
The use of the Asus tool has shown to be an important initial parameter for this study, for
being developed for the local reality as well as for being systematized into topics and for
addressing in a broad way the application of the concepts intended to be inserted in the
teaching practice of the Architecture and Urbanism.
This research also leads to reflection that the sustainability theme needs to be directly and
clearly addressed in the classroom, not only in a generic way. It is important the
undergraduate student to be aware of the term’s meaning and how to apply it.
The concept of cultural sustainability emphasizes the need to seek local solutions,
adapting them to the local culture and ecosystem. Due to that, the adaptation of the ASUS
tool has shown to be fundamental, since the tool systematizes the aspects that are more
relevant and have effective applicability in the state of Espirito Santo.
Furthermore, it was observed that organizing the teaching in stages properly outlined
made it possible to cover almost all the disciplines of the proposed course curriculum, not
leaving only to the practical disciplines the role of "teaching how to design" but also
involving the theoretical disciplines, in order to provide the necessary knowledge for the
students to develop the practical application of what they are studying.
In the practical disciplines, the student can exercise the contents taught in the theoretical
disciplines aiming to apply the concept of sustainability, from the decisions related to the
choice of the land – and establishing strategies conditioned to their natural features,
including the expansion of the relevance of the building in relation with the surroundings
– to the planning of operation and use of the building. It is also expected that with the
improvement of the process, it will be possible to incorporate the concept of "from cradle
to grave" for all project exercises in the course.
THANKS
The authors thank the Integrated Faculties of Aracruz (FAACZ) for the availability,
attention and contribution to this research.
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REFERENCES
AGOPYAN, V. e JOHN, V. M. 2011. O Desafio da Sustentabilidade na Construção Civil. São Paulo:
Blucher.
BISSOLI, M. ; ALVAREZ, C. E. . A inserção dos conceitos de sustentabilidade no ensino de
arquitetura: experiências na Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. In: I Encontro Latino
Americano de Universidades Sustentáveis, 2008, Passo Fundo, RS. Anais do ELAUS 2008.Passo Fundo:
SDPromo, EMSU, UPF, USP, 2008.
LABORATÓRIO DE PLANEJAMENTO E PROJETOS. 2015. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
Referencial Teórico Ferramenta ASUS. Disponível em: <http://asus.lpp.ufes.br/ > Acesso em 10
março 2016.
BRASIL. 2010. Ministério da Educação. Conselho Nacional da Educação. Câmara de Educação
Superior. Resolução nº2, de 17 de junho de 2010. Brasília: MEC, CES, 2010.
PROJETO Político Pedagógico: Departamento de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Faculdades Integradas
de Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Aracruz, 2016.
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Integration of Experimental and Simulation Computer
Fluid Dynamics to Improve Natural Ventilation in
Buildings for Hygrothermal Comfort and Energy Savings
Guilebaldo Tolentino
National Polytechnic Institute. Mexico City, Mexico. Laboratory of Applied Thermal and Hydraulic Engineering
gte@maya.esimez.ipn.mx
René Tolentino
National Polytechnic Institute.Mexico City, Mexico Laboratory of Applied Thermal and Hydraulic Engineering
rene_toes@yahoo.com.mx
ABSTRACT: Buildings consume nearly half the global annual energy use that comes mainly
from the burning of fossil fuels, which provokes the emission of greenhouse gasses (GHG),
and consequently global warming and climate change, among other consequences. The Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014)
confirms and ratifies the necessity for immediate and sustainable actions to reduce the
burning of fossil fuels. Buildings play an important role for this to come about, as they are
responsible for almost half of the CO2 emissions. One strategic area for this approach to be
applied is in providing effective natural ventilation in buildings to achieve the maximum
possible comfort conditions for the occupants at the minimal consumption of energy. The
objective of this research is focused on the integration of experimental and simulated fluid
dynamics techniques in buildings, aimed at providing sustainable educational design tools
for engineers and building practitioners. The results indicated that the suitable use of
experimental and simulation techniques for analysis and evaluation of natural ventilation
are useful tools to achieve a significant reduction on energy consumption whilst improving
the occupant´s hygrothermal comfort and the environment, and to promote sustainability.
Keywords Thermal comfort, Natural Ventilation, buildings, hygrothermal comfort, energy
savings.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The supply and control of natural ventilation is essential in all type of buildings. The use of
natural ventilation plays a crucial role in the design of buildings for hygienic reasons and for
providing hygrothermal comfort conditions to the occupants, as well as for achieving energy
savings and improving the environment.
Methods for evaluating natural ventilation in buildings include mathematical and computer
models as well as experimental procedures. Three-dimensional physical simulators, in the
form of wind tunnels are practical and useful tools for studying air movement patterns in and
around buildings experimentally in architectural and urban projects. The utilization of wind
tunnels can provide two components: Visualization of airflow patterns in and around
buildings and measuring of wind pressures and speeds. These two components are
complemented with computer fluid dynamics (CFD) that is computer simulations for
visualization and measuring pressures and wind speeds.
Nowadays, most modern buildings incorporate architectural styles and materials that ignore
the local climate as well as its cultural and traditional factors. This is the predominant case of
many contemporary buildings located in hot climate regions. As a result, such buildings are
highly dependent on mechanical and electrical systems to control the indoor environment.
This situation causes the consumption of large quantities of energy and thus high running
costs for both artificial lighting and air-conditioning systems (AC), associated with problems
of occupants' discomfort, both hygrothermal and visual, among others.
Figure 1. 3D Physical scale model 1 showing section frame with Thin wires for visualization technique
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Figure 2. 3D Physical scale model N1 in wind tunnel operating at 2 m/sec speed, showing section frame with
thin wires moving for visualization technique
Figure 3. 3D Physical scale model N2 showing section frame with thin wires for visualization technique and
hot wire anemometer for pressure and wind speed measuring
The wind tunnel utilized for the experimental work is located at the Laboratory of Applied
Thermal and Hydraulic Engineering.
It is an open circuit wind tunnel with a suction and pressure test section. The airflow is
generated by a centrifugal fan driven by a 74.6 kW (100 hp) electrical motor controlled with a
variable frequency drives, to get different velocities in both test sections. The highest wind
velocity in the suction test section is 65 m/s. This velocity depends of environmental
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conditions like temperature, pressure and humidity (Figure 4).
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The test section has a rectangular cross section of 0.8 meters by 0.6 meters, a variable length
of 4.0 meters. The wind tunnel has a settling chamber to have a good flow quality in the test
section. The components are a bell mouth follow by a honeycomb grid with a cell size of
10.5 mm, thickness of 0.2 mm and a length of 85 mm. Once the flow passes through the
honeycomb grid, there are five screens of 20 meshes, wire diameter of 0.23 mm and an open
ratio area of 0.67, to reduce the velocity fluctuation in the test section. At the end of the settling
chamber, there is a contraction with an area ratio of 9:1, a length of 1,680 mm manufactured
with plywood. Details of the design of the wind tunnel are shown in a previous work [12]. The
flow quality in the test section was verified by measurement of velocity profile, turbulence and
boundary layer in the test section by means of a hot wire anemometer. The results
demonstrated that the velocity variations in the test section are less than 1% and the
turbulence intensity is less than 0.5% in (Tolentino et al, 2015, Murakami, (1991).
5. METHODOLOGY
5.1 Instrumentation
The instrumentation used to get the velocity distribution was a constant temperature hot wire
anemometer, 90C10 model. The probe 55P11 was used to measure the velocity and
turbulences intensity. The probe was calibrated in a velocity range from 0.5 m/s to 50 m/s.
Frequency and time sample were 30 kHz and 30 s for all measurements.
The probe was moved by a three dimensional traverse system. The traverse is outside the
tunnel in order to avoid the blockage effect. Pressure, temperature and humidity relative were
also measured during the experiments by means of a local on-site meteorological station. Data
velocities collected were reduced to get the turbulence intensity [%] in every point measured.
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Figure 5. 3D Physical scale model N3 of a real educational building in wind tunnel operating, showing
visualization technique of small polystyrene spheres
For the monitoring of the air velocities, three measuring points were located within the
physical scale models at 120 cm height. Hot wire anemometers were used for the
measurements in the physical model whilst maintaining the required velocity, controlled by
the electronic speed system of the wind tunnel. For visualization of air patterns inside the
physical model, the techniques used to identify the air movement was by means of a a) Section
frame with thin wires; b) Small polystyrene spheres; and c) Smoke flux fine at different heights
to provide a complete scan of the scale models. High resolution digital video and fixed pictures
were applied to capture air movement pattern images (Figures 2, 5 and 6).
The average ambient temperature range recorded during the experiments was from 22° C to
23 ° C; the relative humidity varied from 62% to 63%, and the atmospheric pressure was stable
at 79.8 kPa. The indoor air speeds within the model were measured as a percentage, relative
to the external wind velocity at window level. Since the physical models tested had no curved
surfaces, the air flux was discharged from the borderlines and thereby the results become
independent of the Reynolds Number. Therefore, this outcome is a valid approximation, as the
comparisons of velocity percentages of the model investigated relative to the air flux in a 1: 1
real case, and therefore, it is a reliable parameter for analogy.
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Figure 6. 3D Physical scale model N3 in wind tunnel operating, showing visualization technique of smoke at
different heights
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Figure 7. Model N1. Cross ventilation using CFD to visualize and calculate air velocity and pressure
Figure 8. Model N2 Cross ventilation with Inlet (lower) and Oulet (upper) Openings. Ratio 1:2, using CFD to
visualize and calculate air velocity and pressure
Figure 9. Model N3 Stack Effect. Educational Building with Wind Catcher and Chimney and Thermal
Convective Effect using CFD to visualize and calculate air velocity and pressure
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8. CONCLUSIONS
The use of natural ventilation in buildings can contribute to accomplish health and
hygrothermal comfort conditions for building occupants and this can eventually produce a
significant reduction of energy consumption and energy savings, and consequently a
decrease of the emission of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere. This approach can also
be useful to provide a true sustainable statement aimed at improving the natural
environment and the quality of living for the present and future generations of all types of
ecosystems, including the human beings.
This work demonstrated that by applying passive natural ventilation strategies in buildings,
it is possible to achieve important economic, health and environmental benefits,
particularly in buildings with high internal loads and in hot climates. The methodology of
the experimental work conducted in this research can be particularly useful to provide
sustainable educational design tools for schools of architecture, and engineering, as well as
design alternatives for engineers and building practitioners, aimed to mitigate the climate
change and the severe damage to the planet earth.
To sum up, further work in this extent is necessary and the new findings would certainly
allow new opportunities to further extend the results obtained so far and to promote more
research for other design conditions meant to contribute to the quality of living of buildings’
occupants as well as to promote sustainability
REFERENCES
Artmann, Nikolai; Manz, Heinrich; Heiselberg, Per Kvols (2007). "Climatic Potential for Passive Cooling of
Buildings by Night-Time Ventilation in Europe". Applied Energy 84: 187–20 p.
Blondeau, Patrice; Sperandio, Maurice; Allard, Francis (1997). "Night Ventilation for Building Cooling in
Summer". Solar Energy 61: 327–335 pp.
Brown, G.Z.; DeKay, Mark (2014). Sun, Wind, and Light: Architectural Design Strategies (3nd ed.). 605 Third
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Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fernándes, J., Pimenta, C., Mateus, R.,Monteiro , S., Braganca, L. Contribution of Vernacular Buildings Strategies
to Indoor Thermal Comfort and Occupants´ Perception. Buildings Journal 2015, 5, 1242-1264.
García Chávez, J. R., Fernández, F. Application of Passive Cooling and Passive Heating as Sustainable
Environmental Strategies to Reduce the Energy Consumption in Buildings in Hot Dry Climates. CISBAT 2015
Proceedings.
García-Chávez, J.R. The Potential of Passive Cooling Strategies for Improving Ambient Comfort Conditions and
Achieving Energy Savings in a Typical Hot/Arid Climate. Passive and Low Energy Architecture Proceedings of
the 16th PLEA International Conference. Brisbane, Australia, September, 1999.
Givoni, Baruch (1994). Passive and Low Energy Cooling of Buildings (1st Ed.). 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY
10158-0012, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IPCC Climate Change 2014 (2014). Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, 2014: Climate Change
2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (Eds.). IPCC,
Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
Kaiser, J., Hughes, R.., Salome, S. et al. CFD and Wind Tunnel Study of the Performance of a Uni- Directional Wind
Catcher with Heat Transfer Devices. Renewable Energy Journal 83. Elsevier. 2015 85 to 99 pp.
Kwok, Alison G.; Grondzik, Walter T. (2014). The Green Studio Handbook. Environmental Strategies for
Schematic Design (Third Ed.). 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA: Architectural Press.
Lechner, Norbert (2009). Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Methods for Architects (3rd ed.). 605
Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Santamouris, M.; Asimakoupolos, D. (1996).Passive Cooling of Buildings (1st ed.). 35-37 William Road, London
NW1 3ER, UK: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd.
Tolentino-Eslava R., Tolentino-Eslava G., Toledo Velázquez M., (2008), The Low Speed Wind Tunnel at
LABINTHAP. Preliminary Evaluation, Proceedings of FEDSM 2008. ASME Fluids Engineering Conference,
Jacksonville, August 10-14, 2008.
Tolentino-Eslava R., Tolentino-Eslava G., Sánchez-Silva F., Improvement and Measurement of Velocity
Distribution in a Wind Tunnel. 9th ISFFM. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 2015.
Vickery. The Use of the Wind Tunnel in the Analysis of Naturally Ventilated Structures. Proceedings of the 1981.
International Passive/Hybrid Cooling
856
New geo-tools for urban studies
Daniel Orellana
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Cuenca, Ecuador.
daniel.orellana@ucuenca.edu.ec
Mateo Neira
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Cuenca, Ecuador.
mateo0719@gmail.com
Priscila Samaniego
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cuenca, Ecuador.
priscila.samaniego@ucuenca.edu.ec
M. Augusta Hermida
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Cuenca, Ecuador.
augusta.hermida@ucuenca.edu.ec
ABSTRACT: One of the biggest challenges in urban research is to obtain spatial data with
high enough spatial and temporal resolution. New tools based on mobile devices,
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Web services allow the creations of platforms for
collecting georeferenced information to study the complexity and dynamism of urban
environments with a resolution, cost and frequency hardly reachable with traditional
techniques. This paper presents methods and results obtained within the research group
LlactaLAB – Sustainable Cities using three of these tools for three cases. The first case
presents the use of low-cost UAVs to produce 2D and 3D geographical information to
study urban morphology and visual integration. The second case shows the application of
mobile devices to collect data to analyse spatial behaviour of people on public spaces.
Finally, the third case explains the use of Google Street View to produce land use
information for urban analysis. These cases demonstrate the advantages of such tools in
terms of time, effort and cost for producing information for urban studies. Some
limitations and lessons learned are also reported.
Keywords Public space, spatial behaviour, UAVs, Mobile data collection, GIS.
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1. INTRODUCTION
There is a growing interest for studying the relation between the built environment and
people’s behaviour. A key aspect in urban studies is the urban form as a physical
consequence of the interaction between inhabitants and their environment in a constant
transformation process. Many aspects of the city’s reality can be read and understood by
studying their physical confirmation (Moudon, 1997). Likewise, it is important to
understand the degree to which the physical setting affects human behaviour and how the
built environment may promote community–building. Public and collective spaces enable
social interactions, which are crucial to maintain community cohesion and social capital
(Ngesan et al., 2012). Architects and designers face several challenges when it comes to
create new urban spaces, especially when there is no empirical base over which to make
design choices (Forsyth, 2007; Frick, 2007). In order to design, build and transform
public space, it is useful and appropriate studying life in the city, observing and
understanding its inhabitant’s activities and behaviour, and use this knowledge to improve
design practices to promote high quality urban life (Gehl, 2010).
This kind of research requires detailed geospatial information with a space and time
coverage high enough to capture the heterogeneity and dynamism of the urban system.
This challenge was extremely hard to face until a few years ago due to the scarcity of data
sources, the elevated cost to obtain them, and a relatively limited access to specialized
tools. However, during the last decade we have witnessed the creation of a plethora of
platforms, techniques and tools for spatial data analysis, allowing researchers to obtain
and analyse information with a spatial and temporal resolution unimaginable until a few
years ago at a relatively low cost. These new opportunities emerged thanks, in part, to the
explosive popularisation of mobile devices with geo-positioning capacity along with a
growing access to information and communication technologies, including smartphones
with integrated sensors and geo-positioning devices, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and
collaborative on-line platforms, among others.
Although many of these tools and techniques existed for several years, its use and
mastering has not been widely generalized among research groups in urban studies yet, or
it has been limited to groups staffed with trained experts experienced in geographical
information systems and sciences. This is especially true in emergent countries, where the
adoption of new technologies is delayed in relation to high-developed economies.
However, this delay is progressively reducing (Pew Research Center, 2014), which
reaffirms the need of reviewing the potential of these techniques for urban research.
This paper aims to report the experiences, challenges and lessons learned while using and
implementing new tools for obtaining and analysing geospatial data by LlactaLAB –
Sustainable Cities research group. We expect that sharing our experience enable other
researchers to consider and evaluate the suitability of these new technologies for their
own research processes, and that the lessons we learn and the limitations we found allow
other groups to overcome obstacles more quickly.
The remaining of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 explains three selected
techniques to produce geo-information about urban environment based on new
technologies. Section 3 exposes three cases where the methodologies have been applied to
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study spatial behaviour of people and its relation with the built environment, and presents
the advantages and disadvantages of the applied methodology or technique. Finally,
Section 4, provides conclusions lessons learned.
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products include three-dimensional point clouds, Digital Surface Models (DSMs), land use
and land coverage maps, volumetric models, amongst others.
UAV photogrammetry allows diverse applications for urban studies, like vegetation
mapping in urban landscape (Feng et al., 2015), automated detection of the main
components of the urban environment (buildings, streets, trees, cars, grass and water)
(Zhang et al., 2015) or monitoring and evaluating damage produces by natural
catastrophes (Candigliota et al., 2012).
3. APPLICATIONS
The applicability of the mentioned tools and techniques has been explored in the context
of the research project “Urban design as a resilient cities construction tool. Uses, perceptions
and possibilities in the margins of Tomebamba River in the city of Cuenca – RIOURBANO”.
This project aims to understand the relation between urban environment and uses,
perceptions and human behaviour in the Tomebamba river banks, in Cuenca, Ecuador. For
this purpose, five zones have been defined for analysis (Figure 1). The objectives of the
project require the detailed collection of different features of the urban setting, from
which three have been selected to examine the application of the techniques explained in
section 2. These features are: a) land use, b) human spatial behaviour and c) spatial
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morphology. In the following paragraphs the applied techniques, results and lessons
learned are explained for each of the three mentioned features.
Figure 1. Study area with five zones for data collection in the Tomebamba river banks. Cuenca,
Ecuador.
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people, duplicating the effort in data collection. Also, digital forms with too many options
in multiple choice items were difficult to manage. Thus, it is recommended to use assisted
free text options or search boxes. As for Google Street View, the main limitation is
geographical coverage, that reached 72% of parcels in this study. Also, the date when
images were taken might represent a potential limitation, although this was not the case.
Finally, some images present obstacles that impede adequate characterization. These
problems have been previously identified by other authors (Kelly et al., 2013).
Table 1. Efficiency in characterizing parcels by using ODK and Google Street View
Stage Method Time Parcels Efficiency
(hours) (#) (parcels/ hour)
1 ODK 1142 1922 1.68
2 GSV 75 1753 23.37
3 ODK 110 671 6.10
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Results showed that all zones have few users under the age of 15 or above 60. Despite all
zones showed similar patterns, the ones closer to residential areas had more presence of
children and elders, while the absence of these groups is related to areas with accessibility
barriers and lack of infrastructure. There are also differences in activity types between
zones. Zones 4 and 5 present a predominance of leisure and recreational activities, while
in Zone 1 productive activities are more frequent. Finally, Zone 3 has a larger concertation
of people performing quotidian activities. Gender differences are also evident in terms of
space use, especially close to peri-urban areas, where public space quality is inferior.
The applied technique presents a series of advantages compared to conventional
procedures. Firstly, the combination of digital and paper-based collection produced
detailed spatial data on the relation between users and environment configuration,
making correlational analysis possible. Processing time was minimal, because it was
necessary to digitalize points drawn on paper and join them to the base generated with
ODK. However, the time to verify and fix collection errors was considerable. The most
common errors were inconsistencies in the number of records between the digital form
and paper maps, incomplete records, and wrong values in date and time fields. Paper
records presented some lack of location precision, which varies according to the
observer’s experience. More precise data might be obtained by using mobile devices GPS,
but practical difficulties must be considered, since the observer would have to take the
GPS near the observed person, disturbing her privacy (Golicknik & Ward Thompson,
2010).
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Aerial photogrammetry with low-cost UAVs proved to be an economic, viable and effective
technique for producing information on urban morphology. Platform’s versatility and ease
of use (DJI Phantom II quadcopter) allowed good operation flexibility. Integration of
location data from GPS to individual pictures was successful but cumbersome, so we
recommend to use low-weight, GPS-enabled cameras that are able to save geographical
coordinates directly to picture’s EXIF metadata.
The main limitation for low-cost UAV photogrammetry is linked to the relation between
the surveying area, flight time (determined by battery duration) and the desired
resolution of final products. Therefore, a multirotor UAV is suitable for small areas with
good visibility and where landing tracks are unavailable. However, for larger surfaces
fixed wing UAV are recommended, as they allow longer flight times and higher altitudes,
although they are more expensive and complex to operate. Weather is another limitation
for UAV operation, since they must be only used under good weather conditions and
without electromagnetic interference that could degrade remote control signal and on–
board sensors. Also, geographical and geometrical accuracy of final products is severely
affected by GPS precision, and therefore adding ground control points with a differential
GPS is recommended to obtain high precision products. Lastly, security and privacy, as
well as national and local legislation must be taken into account. Legal status of UAVs
operation varies in different countries, and is changing and evolving, which implies
serious limitations in some places.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented three new technologies applied to urban studies, specifically related
to built environment and human spatial behaviour. The presented techniques include
georeferenced field data collection with mobile devices, information derivation from on-
line georeferenced photography, and cartographic surveying with unmanned aerial
vehicles. These techniques were applied in the context of a research project about use,
perception and behaviour at Tomebamba river banks in Cuenca, Ecuador. The techniques
proved to be effective to produce detailed information on land use at parcel level, human
spatial behaviour and urban environment’s morphological characteristics.
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REFERENCES
Aanensen, D. M., Huntley, D. M., Feil, E. J., al-Own, F., & Spratt, B. G. (2009). EpiCollect: linking
smartphones to web applications for epidemiology, ecology and community data collection. PloS
One, 4(9).
Anguelov, D., Dulong, C., Filip, D., Frueh, C., Lafon, S., Lyon, R., … Weaver, J. (2010). Google Street
View: Capturing the World at Street Level. Computer, 43(6), 32–38.
Browning, D. (2011). Mobile Solutions for GIS Data Collection and Display, 55.
Candigliota, E., Immordino, F., Moretti, L., & Indirli, M. (2012). Remote sensing, laser scanner survey
and GIS integrated method for assessment and preservation of historic centers: the example of
Arsita. In Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering - WCEE, 1–9.
ESRI. (2016). ArcGIS for Mobile. Retrieved 30 May 2016, from
http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/about/mobile-gis-for-you
Feng, Q., Liu, J., & Gong, J. (2015). UAV Remote Sensing for Urban Vegetation Mapping Using
Random Forest and Texture Analysis. Remote Sensing, 7(1), 1074–1094.
Forsyth, A. (2007). Innovation in Urban Design: Does Research Help? Journal of Urban Design, 12(3),
461–473.
Frick, D. (2007). Spatial Synergy and Supportiveness of Public Space. Journal of Urban Design, 12(2),
261–274.
Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for people. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Golicknik, B., & Ward Thompson, C. (2010). Emerging relationships between design and use of
urban park spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 94(1), 38–53.
Hartung, C., Anokwa, Y., Brunette, W., Lerer, A., Tseng, C., & Borriello, G. (2010). Open Data Kit:
Tools to Build Information Services for Developing Regions. Proceedings of the International
Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, 1–11.
Hermida, M. A., Orellana, D., Cabrera, N., Osorio, P., & Calle, C. (2015). La ciudad es esto: medición y
representación espacial para ciudades compactas y sustentables. Cuenca: Universidad de Cuenca.
Jeffrey-Coker, F., Basinger, M., & Modi, V. (2010). Open Data Kit: Implications for the Use of
Smartphone Software Technology for Questionnaire Studies in International Development.
Kelly, C. M., Wilson, J. S., Baker, E. A., Miller, D. K., & Schootman, M. (2013). Using Google Street View
to Audit the Built Environment: Inter-rater Reliability Results. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(S1),
108–112.
Kim, S., Mankoff, J., & Paulos, E. (2013). Sensr: Evaluating A Flexible Framework for Authoring
Mobile Data-Collection Tools for Citizen Science. Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer
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866
The use of SBTool on public procurement: Challenges and
opportunities
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
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1. INTRODUCTION
The concern about environmental sustainability in civil construction industry is a vital
aspect that should be considered from design and construction until demolition phase.
Despite the fact that this issue has been on the agenda of professionals for several years,
many questions and doubts persist. Architects and constructors are looking for
specifications which could guarantee proper environmental behaviour to their buildings.
The major goal is to minimize the negative impact of a building, considering not only the
design and the construction phases, but also the operation, maintenance and rehabilitation
phases. However, it is necessary to understand that depending on the type of activities that
will take place in the building, the requirements that must be considered become complex,
and it is necessary to review the design process in order to integrate all requirements.
(SALGADO & LEMOS, 2005)
This research aims to bring the debate into the management of projects contracted to third
parties by public authorities. These contracts require technical evaluation of projects with
clear and objective criteria, beyond the quality of the project including environmental
sustainability. By objective criteria, it is understood that there can be no interference of
subjectivity or biased assessment.
Developed in an international collaborative process, the Sustainable Building Method (SB
Method) “is a generic framework for rating the sustainable performance of buildings and
projects. It may also be thought of as a toolkit that assists local organizations to develop
local SBTool rating systems” (iiSBE, 2016).
Thus, this research presents the results of a preliminary analysis considering the potential
of STool in biddings in order to guarantee the development assessment of projects with
environmental quality.
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laws to the ones of any other country. In this sense this paper doesn’t present a parallel
neither to North American nor to British or any other English spoken country legal
framework.
Table 1 lists Brazilian in force public procurement modes and its main characteristics in
what they concern to this paper subject.
Table 1: Brazilian bidding modes for Engineering. Source: adapted from Federal Laws N°. 8666/1993, N°.
10.520/ 2016 ,N°. 12.462/ 2011 & N°. 13.303/2016
Types of Brazilian public procurement Competitors
Invitation/ Contracts of low complexity and with values up Companies registered or not, selected
“Carta convite” to R$ 150,000.00 for works and engineering and invited, in minimum of 3.
services (art. 23 of Law 8.666 / 93.)
Public High-value contracts above R$ 1,500,000.00 for Allows the participation of any
competition/ construction and engineering services (art. 23 interested party.
“Concorrência” of Law 8.666 / 93)
Live reverse Bidding for the purchase of common goods and Allows the participation of any
auction/ services, including engineering, regardless of interested party. Dispute through
“Pregão the contract value (Federal Law N.º proposals and bids in live public
presencial” 10.520/2002, regulated by Federal Decree N.º session.
3.555/2000)
Virtual reverse Bidding for the purchase of common goods and Allows the participation of any
auction/ services, regardless of the contract value interested party. Dispute through
“Pregão (Federal Law N.º 10.520/2002, regulated by proposals and bids in virtual session
eletrônico” Federal Decree N.º 5.450/2005) (by Internet).
Design Contracts for the provision of specialized Allows the participation of any
Competition/ professional technical services should interested party.
“Concurso” preferably be awarded by this competitive Dispute through the competition of
tendering with prior stipulation of award or design projects.
remuneration. (Art. 13. § 1 Federal Law N.º
8666/93)
Differentiated Currently applies only to bids and contracts Wide publicity in electronic site must
regime of hiring / required to develop specific public be ensured for all stages and
“Regime procurement as the 2016 Olympic Games and procedures of the bidding process.
Diferenciado de Health Unic System (SUS) (Federal Law N.º
Contratação – 12.462/ 2011)
RDC”
Public companies, Contracts with values above R$ 100,000.00 for Wide publicity in electronic site must
Joint stock works and engineering services (Art. 29, I be ensured aiming to increase the
companies and its Federal Law N.º 13.303/2016) participation of bidders.
Subsidiaries’ law
Except for the mode Design Competition, which selects the design project, all the other
modes aim to select the company that will develop the design project. In this sense must be
assessed the companies technical-operational and technical-professional capacities,
besides their economic and financial qualification: and guarantee insurance. (CAMPELO &
CAVALCANTE, 2004)
As can be seen along Table 1, over the time Brazilian procurement laws have improved and
are demonstrating an effort in speeding processes and, besides, are favoring broader
participation and the Public Administration best interests. Also at least since 2010 there can
be seen a progressive result of general concern with our natural environment with
reflections in our laws and regulations.
The brand new bidding procedures and contracts awarded by public enterprises and joint
stock companies (BRASIL, 2016) are designed to ensure the selection of the most
advantageous offer, including regards to the life cycle of the building. Bids and contracts
governed by this law must respect, especially the rules on:
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I - final disposal environmentally sound of solid waste generated by the contracted works;
II - mitigation of environmental damage through constraining measures and environmental
compensation, which will be defined in the licensing procedure;
III - use of products, equipment and services that are proven to reduce the consumption of
energy and natural resources;
IV - assessment of neighborhood impacts, according to the town planning legislation;
V - protection of cultural, historical, archaeological and immaterial heritage, demonstrating
an evolution process towards sustainability.
Up to the present time the most used modes are public competition and live or virtual
reverse auction. In case of common engineering services Federal Law N°. 10.520/2002
indicates the use of virtual reverse auction. Later on, Federal Decree 5.504/2005 obliges it
use and in the case of impossibility it should be made a sound justification in the
administrative process. In contradiction, as determined by Federal Law N° 8666/93
(BRASIL, 1993), contracts for the provision of specialized professional technical services, as
Engineering ones, should preferably be awarded by Design Competition.
As the preliminary results of this research indicates, unfortunately, it seems that due to the
difficulties implied by requirement of prior stipulation of objective design assessment
criteria and also of the award or remuneration, this mode is rarely used. First of all,
assessing the quality of design projects is a difficult task, full of human subjectivities, and
objective judgement is mandatory by force of law creating great obstacles. On the other
hand, the laws require the exclusive use of objective criteria, previously determined by the
public announcement (called “Edital”).
“Edital” is the notice, a written formal call for the tender, that must be broadly published.
This document is accompanied by the Terms of Reference, which contains all the conditions
for holding a public procurement, such as: description of the object, definition of terms,
qualification requirements, judging criteria, payment of the future contract, etc.. There are
also annexes, such as: budget spreadsheet, physical and financial schedules, the draft
contract, etc. All those documents should be prepared in the first phase of a procurement,
called “internal phase”. These documents guide the entire process of bidding and also guide
the contract stage.
Difficulties in the activities of this process must be already solved during the public
procurement preparation considering all its parts, particularly the Term of Reference. The
contract supervision will be also based on strict compliance with the “Edital”. To properly
guide the process, this document must already contain all the criteria and to ensure that
these criteria are framed as goals, first they need to be selected, have description in clear
language and be properly ordered, allocated into classes or categories. (ROY & BOUYSSOU,
1993).
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Although LEED (developed by the United States Green Building Council) and HQE / AQUA
(implemented in Brazil by Vanzolini Foundation) had been adopted by some Brazilians
entrepreneurs, the process of evaluation and certifications are expensive which is very
negative for public contracts.
On the other hand, SBTool assessment method and tool (developed by iiSBE - International
Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment) is freely available to the public and, for this
reason, can be easily adapted and integrated in public procurement bidding processes.
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Figure 1. Three different File B versions from the same File A. Source: Adapted from Larsson, 2012b
In turn, the “B” file contains specific information for a particular project filled in by the
project designer or by a professional qualified by iiSBE. However, before being released to
the designers, the local representative must check whether the “A” and “B” files are linked
and leave visible only the relevant information in order to prevent possible confusion
during filling the “B” file. There can be several “B” files derived from a single “A” file (see
Figure 1), since they have the same type of occupation, and “B” file settings are automatically
determined by the adjustment made in “A” file (Larsson, 2012b).
SBTool provides a list of criteria, shown in table 2, divided in phases of the life cycle and
categories. These categories are divided into criteria that vary according to the type of scope
to be used: maximum scope, medium or low. The maximum covers all sustainability issues
proposed by the tool, the minimum corresponds only to the essential evaluation criteria,
while the average is a balance between the previous two. Thus, a building can be evaluated
in only 3 or 107 criteria, depending on the type of scope and phase of the life cycle.
SBTool presents 8 categories for sustainability assessment. These categories are assessed
by 29 indicators that are calculated through the use of 194 parameters, as can be seen in
Table 1, aiming to cover the three dimensions that define sustainability – environmental,
social, and economic aspects (iiSBE, 2016).
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Table 2. List of SBTool criteria, 2015. Source: Adapted from iiSBE, 2016.
Assessment Phases of the Number of
Category Indicators
modules life-cycle Parameters
S. Location, Services S1. Site Location and Context 12
Site
Pre-Design and Site S2. Off-site Services Available 9
assessment
Characteristics S3. Site Characteristics 14
A1. Site Regeneration and
A. Site Regeneration 13
Development
and Development,
A2. Urban Design 6
Urban Design and
A3. Project Infrastructure and
Infrastructure 16
Services
B1. Total Life Cycle Non-
5
Renewable Energy
B. Energy and
B2. Electrical Peak Demand 2
Resource
B3. Use of Materials 6
Consumption
B4. Use of Potable Water,
4
Stormwater and Greywater
C1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 4
C2. Other Atmospheric Emissions 3
C. Environmental C3. Solid and Liquid Wastes 5
Loadings C4. Impacts on Project Site 5
C5. Other Local and Regional
8
Impacts
Design,
D1. Indoor Air Quality and
Building Construction 10
Ventilation
assessment and
D2. Air Temperature and Relative
Operation 2
D. Indoor Humidity
Environmental Quality D3. Daylighting and Illumination 3
D4. Noise and Acoustics 4
D5. Control of Electromagnetic
1
Emissions
E1. Safety and Security 10
E2. Functionality and efficiency 8
E3. Controllability 4
E. Service Quality E4. Flexibility and Adaptability 5
E5. Optimization and
Maintenance of Operating 9
Performance
F1. Social Aspects 5
F. Social, Cultural and
F2. Culture and Heritage 6
Perceptual Aspects
F3. Perceptual 7
G. Cost and Economic
G1. Cost and Economics 8
Aspects
TOTAL 8 29 194
In addition, a project is evaluated according to the four phases of the building lifecycle - pre-
design, design, construction and operation - and the weighting system is adjusted according
to the local characteristics. Some parameters can be switched off, if necessary, without
interference with the final score (Larsson, 2012a).
As showed on Table 2, SBTool provides assessment to up to 194 parameters for a single
location, but the number of active parameters varies with the stage of design and the type
of scope. (iiSBE, 2016).
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The method allows analyzing a building in four life cycle phases in addition to considering
all dimensions defining the sustainability thus allowing a more thorough check of the
building. The generic SBTool is free, which is a relevant aspect to public bodies and used as
a zero reference the best regional construction practice and the impact of local materials in
the evaluation process (iiSBE, 2016). In this way it provides an opportunity for continuous
improvement. Another important issue, according to Souza (2008), is that the SBTool is the
only system that takes into account the perception of the user in the assessment of existing
buildings, since it has assessment criteria set for building operation / use. However, some
challenges were found. SBTool has a difficult and complex structure that is hampered by the
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Excel program, since the user needs to fully understand the program in order not to make
mistakes that can change the whole assessment system (Aulicino, 2008). In addition, file B
needs to be synchronized with file A in order to update the information to file B and to allow
the system to work properly (iiSBE, 2016).
As shown in Table 3, creating a SBTool local benchmark would be a common difficulty to all
procurement modes. Another barrier to be considered is the continuous evolution and
updating of the generic SBTool method, which may cause differences between the local and
the generic tools and may confuse users and companies and create problems. When the
Edict is not clear or doesn’t fulfill these specifications the procurement process itself can be
contested by the interested companies or the supervision of future contract will have to deal
with the gaps during the contract. In a certain way, the most used options postpone most
problems to the contract supervision phase. Design competition is the exception.
The evaluation through SBTool method requires the use of other tools and methods, such
as the assessment of the energy performance of the building, or the user satisfaction
indicators.
5. CONCLUSIONS
SBTool is a very objective tool, with clear parameters, meeting the needed requirements to
guide the development of design projects by contractors and carry out the evaluation of the
design projects by the contractor, within the same parameters.
The present stage of this research indicates that SBTool can be applied in all modes of
Brazilian procurement, during procurement phase in case of the adoption of contest mode
and during contract phase in other modes.
Despite the challenges, the positive points outweigh the negatives, which, with effort and
preparation, can be widely overcome.
This research deals with the preliminary analysis of the potential adoption of SBTool tool in
biddings in order to lead development assessment of projects with environmental quality.
Positive results, as shown, already indicate the potential of SBTool on Brazilian’s public
procurement process as long as it has been considered since the beginning of design process
(pre-design phase) establishing the assessment parameters from the very beginning of the
process.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge financial support from National Council for Research and
Development - CNPq (Research Scholarship), CAPES (Research Scholarship) and Osvaldo
Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ. Authors also acknowledges the participation of UFRJ’s master
student Bianca Leal in the SBTool’s tests.
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REFERENCES
BRASIL. Federal Decree Nº 3.555/2000.
BRASIL. Federal Decree Nº 5.450/2005.
BRASIL. Federal Law Nº 8666 June 21, 1993: Licitação
<http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L8666compilado.htm> Accessed: May 2016
BRASIL. Federal Law Nº 10.520, July 17, 2002: Pregão <
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/2002/L10520.htm> Accessed: May 2016
BRASIL. Federal Law Nº 12.462. August 4, 2011: RDC
<http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2011/Lei/L12462.htm> accessed: April 2016
BRASIL. Federal Law Nº 13.303. June 30, 2016. Legal statute of public companies, joint stock
companies and its subsidiaries. <http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/_Ato2015-
2018/2016/Lei/L13303.htm. > accessed: July 2016
BRASIL. Manual de Obras Públicas – práticas da Administração. Secretaria de Estado da
Administração e Patrimônio (SEAP) May 2, 2014. Online:
<http://www.comprasnet.gov.br/publicacoes/manuais/manual_construcao.pdf> accessed: May
2016
CAMPELO, V & CAVALCANTE, R.J. Obras Públicas: Comentários à Jurisprudência do TCU. Editora
Fórum, Belo Horizonte, 2014.
iiSBE 2016 - INTERNATIONAL INICIATIVE FOR A SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT. SB Method
and SBTool. Available online: http://www.iisbe.org/sbmethod, Last accessed: May 2016.
LARSSON, N. 2012a. Part A, User Guide to the SBTool 2012 assessment framework. Available online:
http://www.iisbe.org/node/140, Last accessed: May 2016.
LARSSON, N. 2012b. Part B, User Guide to the SBTool 2012 assessment framework. Available online:
http://www.iisbe.org/node/140, Last accessed: May 2016.
LARSSON, N. 2015. SBTool 2015 - overview 18 Jul 15. Available online:
http://www.iisbe.org/sbmethod, Last accessed: May 2016.
ROY, B & BOUYSSOU, D. Aide multicritere à la Décision: Méthodes et Cas. Editora Economica, Paris,
1993.
SBC 2016 - Sustainable Building Challenge. Available online: http://www.iisbe.org/sb_challenge,
Accessed: May 2016.
SBE Series 2016 - International Sustainable Built Environment Conference Series 2016-2017.
Available online: http://www.sbe-series.org/, Accessed: May 2016.
SALGADO, M.S.; LEMOS, H. M. Guidelines for the Certification of Laboratory Architectonic Design,
considering Quality, Environment and Safety Requirements. In: SB05 Tokyo. Proceedings of SB05.
Tokyo - Japan: SB05 Tokyo National Conference Board, 2005. p. 2473-2480
SOUZA, A. D. S. Ferramenta ASUS: proposta preliminar para avaliação da sustentabilidade de edifícios
brasileiros a partir da base conceitual da SBTool [dissertation]. Technological center: Federal
University of Espírito Santo; 2008.
876
Influência das fontes de dados nas emissões de CO2 e no
indicador de mudanças climáticas da indústria
cimenteira brasileira
Vanderley M. John
Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, São Paulo, Brasil
vmjohn@lme.pcc.usp.br
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A produção de cimento representa cerca 8% das emissões de Dióxido de Carbono (CO2)
globais (Tait and Cheung 2016). Mantendo a atual rota tecnológica, esse valor tende a
aumentar, em virtude da projeção de aumento na demanda por cimento. Face a este cenário,
a indústria cimenteira está empenhada em reduzir as emissões de CO2 provenientes
fundamentalmente da produção de clínquer através da decomposição do calcário e pela
queima dos combustíveis fósseis utilizados nesse mesmo processo (Oliveira et al. 2014).
Diminuir os níveis de produção de cimento não é uma opção viável do ponto de vista social,
considerando a grande demanda na construção de edifícios e infraestruturas; portanto
estratégias que permitam reduzir as emissões mantendo os níveis de produção adequados
à demanda devem ser priorizadas.
Um elemento de grande relevância para se promover a sustentabilidade ambiental consiste
na sensibilização dos consumidores para a aquisição de produtos com menor impacto
ambiental. Porém, na indústria cimenteira brasileira, as informações sobre esses impactos
ainda é limitada e, em termos comerciais, não permite ao consumidor selecionar os
produtos em função do desempenho ambiental. A ACV é uma ferramenta que possibilita a
análise da pegada ambiental de produtos durante todo o seu ciclo de vida (Van den Heede
and De Belie 2012), bem como comparar os potenciais impactos ambientais de produtos
com funções equivalentes, como por exemplo: o cimento.
Uma das categorias de impacto ambiental de maior relevo e comumente utilizada na ACV
de produtos cimentícios é o potencial de mudança climática que está correlacionado com o
aquecimento global provocada pelos Gases do Efeito Estufa (GEE), destacando-se o CO2. Na
contabilização de inventário de ciclo de vida, as emissões de CO2 é um parâmetro
importante que, por sua vez, influência o resultado final da ACV. No Brasil, pela ausência de
uma base de dados nacional na etapa de inventário, pesquisadores e profissionais têm de
recorrer a bases estrangeiras como o Ecoinvent, uma das mais populares, para obter dados
relativos às emissões de CO2, CH4 e NOx; também podem recorrer ao centro de dados
“Getting the Numbers Right” (GNR) (WBCSD, 2014), que fornece dados médios provenientes
diretamente da indústria cimenteira brasileira cuja abrangência é de 77% do setor; como
terceira alternativa podem utilizar dados dos relatórios de sustentabilidade das empresas
cimenteira brasileiras. Apenas os relatórios de sustentabilidade e o GNR fornecem dados
primários.
Constatou-se que no Brasil existe apenas um estudo (Oliveira et al. 2014) avaliando as
emissões de CO2 oriundas da indústria cimenteira onde foram utilizados mais de uma fonte
de dados; neste estudo também foram apresentadas as emissões de acordo com o fator de
clínquer de cada cimento. Porém ainda não existe até o momento uma estimativa do
impacto do uso destas diferentes fontes de informações.
A utilização da base de dados estrangeira e do centro de dados do GNR, conforme é proposto
atualmente, influência na comparação entre fabricantes distintos de um mesmo produto,
privilegiando as empresas que se encontram acima do valor médio do mercado e
prejudicam aquelas que se encontram abaixo. Partindo desta premissa, este artigo tem
como primeiro objetivo realizar uma análise da influência da fonte de dados de emissão de
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CO2 utilizadas para o inventário do ciclo de vida dos principais tipos de cimentos
comercializados no Brasil.
Por outro lado, no cálculo do indicador mudança climática é prática comum, na metodologia
de ACV, contabilizar os restantes gases do efeito estufa como o Metano (CH4) e Óxidos de
Nitrogênio (NOx), conforme sugerem as diretrizes do IPCC (2007). Porém, o Conselho
Brasileiro de Construção Sustentável (CBCS) está propondo, no âmbito da metodologia
Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida Modular (ACVm), uma estimativa direta somente do CO2 como
um indicador da contribuição dos produtos ao aquecimento global. Novamente não existe
uma quantificação do impacto desta decisão na cadeia de cimento. Assim, o segundo
objetivo deste trabalho, consiste em quantificar a influência de limitar o inventário às
emissões de CO2, negligenciando o CH4 e NOx.
2. METODOLOGIA
A primeira etapa deste trabalho consistiu no levantamento das emissões líquidas de CO 2
através do banco de dados do Ecoinvent v3.2 considerando o processo Rest of the World
(RoW), do GNR e dos relatórios de sustentabilidade de quatro empresas cimenteiras que,
atualmente, operam no Brasil. Os nomes das empresas e o respectivo volume de produção
de cimento não será apresentado neste trabalho para resguardar o seu anonimato. Foram
avaliados os principais tipos de cimento brasileiros, nomeadamente, CPII-E, CPII-Z, CPII-F,
CPIII, CPIV e CPV que, de forma conjunta, correspondem a mais de 99,5% da produção anual
brasileira. Os documentos normativos brasileiros (NBR 11578) (NBR 5735) (NBR 5736)
(NBR 5733) também se fizeram necessários para identificar as faixas de variação do fator
clínquer dentro de cada tipo de cimento.
Para o cálculo das emissões de CO2 para os diferentes tipos de cimento a alocação de
emissão de CO2 do processo produtivo dos materiais cimentícios suplementares foram
considerados nulos, hipótese geralmente aceita e exposta na literatura cientifica (Damineli
et al. 2010; Oliveira et al. 2014). Portanto tendo o conhecimento do teor médio de clínquer
(km) nos cimentos, a emissão de CO2 do mesmo (Cm) e o teor de clínquer do cimento
analisado (k) é possível estimar através da Equação 1 a emissão média de CO2 para
diferentes teores de clínquer (C) (Oliveira et al. 2014), para diversas fontes de dados.
C = k. Cm. km -1 (1)
Onde C = emissão média de CO2; k = teor de clínquer do cimento analisado; Cm = emissão de
CO2 para o teor de clínquer médio; e km = teor médio de clínquer.
A segunda etapa consistiu no levantamento dos restantes gases do efeito estufa (CH4 e NOx)
através do banco de dados do Ecoinvent 3.2 para os seguintes processos: i) Rest of the world;
ii) Canadá; iii) Suíça; iv) Europa; v) Estados Unidos da América. Neste trabalho considerou-
se um horizonte temporal de 100 anos. Segundo o IPCC (2007), o potencial de aquecimento
global para 100 anos é 25 e 298 vezes maior, que o do CO2, para o CH4 e NOx,
respectivamente.
A Tabela 1 correlaciona os dados de inventário utilizados neste trabalho para
primeiramente quantificar a variabilidade do CO2 entre inventários, e depois utilizando
apenas os dados do Ecoinvent para quantificar o peso do NOx e do CH4 no cálculo do
indicador de mudanças climáticas. Já a Tabela 2 apresenta os dados utilizados para as
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análises feitas neste estudo, nomeadamente, fonte de dados, informações para o cálculo das
emissões específicas de cada tipo de cimento, informações para o cálculo do indicador GWP
e ano de origem dos dados.
Tabela 1. Bases de dados utilizadas para cálculo da variabilidade do CO2 e quanto impacta essa variabilidade
no GWP
Fonte de dados
Gases do Efeito Estufa
Relatórios ambientais da
(GEE) Ecoinvent GNR - WBCSD
Indústria
CO2 X X X
NOX X X -
CH4 X - -
3. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES
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Figura 1. Emissão brasileira de CO2 por fator clínquer permitido, por tipo de cimento e faixa de
emissão dos inventários estudados
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clínquer de 96%, a diferença nas emissões de CO2 pode chegar aos 83kgCO2/t, dependendo
da fonte de dados a ser analisada. Esta situação de variabilidade nas emissões de CO2
demonstra que mesmo utilizando dados primários médios da indústria, conforme
disponibilizado pelo GNR, existe uma variância na emissão de CO2, evidenciando que existe
diferença entre empresas do mesmo setor. Quanto maior o fator de clínquer, maior o erro.
Figura 3: Impacto da fonte de dados utilizados nos inventários de ciclo de vida, e estimativa nas
emissões de CO2 associadas aos diferentes tipos de cimento, considerando a faixa de variação de
clínquer admitida pela norma.
A Figura 4 ilustra a incerteza nas emissões de CO2 para cada tipo de cimento, considerando
a variabilidade no teor de clínquer admitido as diferenças entre as fontes de dados
analisadas, GNR (média) e relatórios de sustentabilidade das industrias. Por outras
palavras, o gráfico representa a faixa de emissão de CO2 relacionada a produção dos
diferentes tipos de cimentos brasileiros de acordo o teor de clínquer que os mesmos
apresentam. Esta faixa foi construída através da compilação de todos os dados provenientes
das fontes de dados (Figura 1). Deste modo, qualquer cimento produzido no Brasil, de
acordo com seu tipo, estará dentro destas faixas de emissão apresentadas na Figura 4.
Como se pode observar na Figura 4, o fator de clínquer no cimento é um parâmetro
importante, mas não absoluto, na definição das emissões de CO2 (Oliveira et al. 2014). Um
cimento CPIII por exemplo pode apresentar maior emissão do que o cimento CPII-E; ou o
cimento CPV produzido pela melhor empresa apresentar menor emissão comparando com
o cimento CPII de qualquer tipo. Portanto para se fazer uma decisão quanto a utilização do
cimento com menor emissão de CO2 é necessário saber o teor de clínquer exato do mesmo.
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atrelada a eficiência dos fornos para produção do clínquer, considerando que a faixa de
incorporação de clínquer no cimento seria igual para todos os produtores.
4 CONCLUSÕES
Neste artigo avaliou-se quantitativamente a variação das emissões do CO2 entre as
diferentes fontes de dados e qual o seu peso no indicador mudanças climáticas para os
vários tipos de cimento brasileiro.
Verificou-se, em primeiro lugar, que existem diferenças significativas entre as emissões de
CO2 de diferentes empresas brasileiras. Esta constatação reforça a necessidade de uma
Declaração Ambiental de Produto por empresa. Revela também a limitação do uso de base
de dados que apresentam valores únicos para descrever cadeias industriais. Estas bases
fornecem ao usuário uma falsa precisão e permitem comparações entre materiais
diferentes, ignorando que as diferenças entre empresas podem ser até mais importantes.
Esta prática além de igualar empresas com diferentes compromissos ambientais, falha em
alertar o consumidor sobre o potencial de redução dos impactos ambientais pela simples
seleção de fornecedores.
Assim, acreditamos que a utilização de dados inventariados diretamente (primários) da
indústria e de forma individual é possível gerar indicadores que permitem promover a
mitigação de impactos ambientais e, desta forma, aumentar a sustentabilidade na indústria
cimenteira.
Verificou-se, em segundo lugar, que a simples medição do CO2 reflete adequadamente o
indicador mudanças climáticas para o caso de cimento. Deste modo, ao se desprezar os
restantes gases com potencial de aquecimento global, se possibilita também a redução do
escopo permitindo às empresas inventariar os seus dados de forma mais simples. Este
cenário comprova a robustez da metodologia de ACV Modular que, em seu método de
avaliação, propõem apenas inventariar dados primários de CO2.
5 AGRADECIMENTOS
À CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) e ao CNPq
(Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) pelo financiamento à
pesquisa.
REFERÊNCIAS
Damineli, Bruno L., Fernanda M. Kemeid, Patricia S. Aguiar, and Vanderley M. John. 2010. “Measuring
the Eco-Efficiency of Cement Use.” Cement and Concrete Composites 32 (8): 555–62.
Oliveira, Vanessa Carina Heinrichs Chirico, Bruno Luís Damineli, Vahan Agopyan, and Vanderley
Moacyr John. 2014. “Strategies for the Minimization of CO2 Emissions from Concrete.” Ambiente
Construído 14 (4): 167–181.
Tait, Michael W., and Wai M. Cheung. 2016. “A Comparative Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment of
Three Concrete Mix Designs.” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 21 (6): 847–60.
Van den Heede, P., and N. De Belie. 2012. “Environmental Impact and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of
Traditional and ‘green’ Concretes: Literature Review and Theoretical Calculations.” Cement and
Concrete Composites 34 (4): 431–42.
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World business council for sustainable development (WBCSD). Getting the numbers right project.
2014. Geneva. Disponível em: <http://www.wbcsdcement.org/GNR-2013/index.html>. Acesso em:
15 mai. 2016.
Lafarge. Sustainability report 2014. São Paulo. Disponível em: <
http://www.lafarge.com/en/sustainability-report>. Acesso em: 15 mai. 2016.
Intercement. Relatório Anual 2014. São Paulo. Disponível em:
<http://www.intercement.com/sites/ra2014/inovacao-e-sustentabilidade.php>. Acesso em: 30
mai. 2016.
Holcim. Corporate Sustainable Development Report 2014. São Paulo. Disponível em: <
http://www.holcim.com/sustainable.html>. Acesso em: 15 mai. 2016.
Votorantim. Relatório de sustentabilidade 2014. São Paulo. Disponível em: <
http://www.votorantim.com.br/ptbr/responsabilidadeSocialCorporativa/Paginas/relatorios.as>.
Acesso em: 20 mai. 2016.
Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. 2007. Cambridge. Disponível em: <https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-
report/ar4/wg2/ar4_wg2_full_report.pdf>. Acesso em: 03 jun. 2016.
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Impacto ambiental dos edifícios - Cenários França e Brasil
RESUMO: A construção civil é um setor atividades que causa muitos impactos ambientais,
como grande consumo de materiais, água, energia e geração de resíduos. É preciso tornar
o setor mais sustentável adotando uma visão sistêmica de toda a cadeia produtiva, ao
longo do ciclo de vida dos materiais e dos edifícios. O presente trabalho aborda este tema
através de uma reunião de conceitos e um estudo de caso, tomando a realidade da França
como referência para realçar a lacuna existente no Brasil na área de impactos dos edifícios.
É indispensável considerar o ciclo de vida das edificações, especialmente a fase de
especificações de materiais, pois o impacto gerado numa fase inicial do empreendimento
pode ser irreversível. O estudo de caso de um edifício com a ferramenta computacional
francesa "CoCon" de cálculo de impactos mostra algumas possibilidades de redução de
impactos - a opção por alguns materiais nas etapas de alvenaria, cobertura, revestimento
de piso e esquadrias pode representar redução de até 30% de energia embutida e até
cerca de 26% nas emissões de CO2 .
Palavras-chave Edifícios, Materiais de construção, Análise do ciclo de vida, Construção
sustentável.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A construção civil é um dos setores mais importantes para a economia e o
desenvolvimento dos países e, ao mesmo tempo, um dos maiores causadores de impactos
ambientais negativos. Dentre eles podem ser citados o uso intensivo de recursos naturais,
o consumo de energia, o consumo de água, a geração de resíduos e a poluição do ar. A
indústria da construção civil consome, no mundo, cerca de 60% dos recursos naturais, 45%
da energia produzida e gera 40% do total de resíduos (BRIBRIÁN, 2011; ANTÓN, 2014;
IRIBARREN, 2015). É urgente que ocorram mudanças neste cenário para tornar o setor
sustentável, conciliando aspectos ambientais, econômicos e sociais.
A França, país onde 44% da energia são consumidos pelos edifícios dos setores residencial
e terciário (MOLLE, 2013) avançou muito na última década com as leis Grenelle 1 e
Grenelle 2 (de 2009 e 2010, respectivamente), que têm como um dos principais eixos a
melhoria da eficiência energética dos edifícios - o objetivo é reduzir em 38% o consumo de
energia (MINISTÈRE DE L'ÉCOLOGIE, DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE ET DE L'ÉNERGIE,
2010). As regulamentações térmicas também estabelecem políticas e metas importantes
para o mesmo setor. A Réglementation Thermique 2012 - RT 2012 fixa o consumo máximo
de energia dos novos edifícios em 50 kWh/m².ano, em média, de acordo com
características de projeto e de localização, considerando altitude e clima de determinada
zona bioclimática (MOLLE, 2013).
De outro lado, países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, encontram-se em estágio
primitivo quanto a políticas governamentais, nível de conscientização da indústria e de
ações no setor que sejam significativas local e globalmente. O setor da construção civil
brasileiro, notadamente o de edifícios, caracteriza-se pela presença maciça de processos
quase artesanais de produção, uso intensivo de mão de obra e altos índices de desperdício.
De toda energia elétrica consumida no Brasil, 14% são utilizados em edificações
residenciais e pelo setor de serviços. A indústria consome 32% (BRASIL, 2015). A melhora
da eficiência energética das edificações e dos equipamentos nelas utilizados é essencial
para uma redução do consumo no setor.
Apesar das disputas geopolíticas globais não terem permitido, até o presente, avançar nos
acordos climáticos internacionais no ritmo necessário, a ciência e a tecnologia têm dado
sua contribuição. As novas ferramentas computacionais de análise do ciclo de vida dos
edifícios são um exemplo. Porém, ainda existem muitas restrições para sua aplicação
genérica em realidades muito distintas - França e Brasil, por exemplo.
2. OBJETIVO
Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem dos cenários de Brasil e França na área de impactos
ambientais dos edifícios, com o objetivo de contribuir para a discussão dos seguintes
pontos:
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3. METODOLOGIA
O desenvolvimento do presente trabalho se apoiou em literatura sobre o tema, obtida em
oportunidades de intercâmbio dos autores para pesquisa na França e no uso de uma
ferramenta computacional (planilha eletrônica "CoCon") também obtida naquele país,
para cálculo dos impactos ambientais do estudo de caso aqui apresentado.
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construções na fase de projeto, mesmo que isso signifique, no atual estágio brasileiro de
inexistência de bases de dados e de ferramentas adequadas às características nacionais do
setor, o uso de recursos adaptados.
A planilha eletrônica CoCon (COmparaison de Solutions COnstructives, de CONfort et
d’Émissions de CO2)1, entre as muitas ferramentas existentes, permite estimar a qualidade
ambiental de um edifício em termos de soluções construtivas e ambientais. É possível
caracterizar o projeto pelo tipo de intervenção (obra nova ou reforma), localização,
altitude, vida útil prevista e os selos greenbuilding utilizados. O programa permite nomear,
mudar a espessura e os materiais utilizados, especificar quantidades, áreas, custos e gerar
resultados de mudanças climáticas, em kg de CO2 por m2, consumo de recursos naturais e
consumo de energia primária, entre outros indicadores. Através do número de ocupantes,
área construída e a área de partes da obra como paredes, janelas, fundações e cobertura, o
CoCon fornece, também, dados de resistência térmica, mudanças climáticas, energia
primária e energia cinza consumidas pelo edifício.
8. ESTUDO DE CASO
Foi escolhida uma tipologia bastante comum nos centros urbanos, de altura e porte
médios - sete pavimentos, estrutura de concreto armado, paredes de vedação em alvenaria,
quatro apartamentos por pavimento, área total construída de 1.630,0 m2. O projeto, assim
como o consumo de materiais por etapa de obra, foram extraídos de Del Mar (2008).
Algumas características dos materiais ou de partes da construção, como tempo de vida útil
estimada e espessuras diversas de pisos e revestimento de parede, foram inseridas no
programa. Outras, como densidade e condutividade térmica, fazem parte da base de dados
do CoCon. As variações do estudo foram feitas para o tipo de piso dos apartamentos
(madeira ou cerâmico), tipo de cobertura (telha cerâmica ou de concreto), tipo de
esquadria (alumínio ou madeira) e tipo de bloco de alvenaria (cerâmico ou de concreto).
Em todos os casos a estrutura do edifício é de concreto armado. O prédio adotado como
referência (PR) é composto por:
Pisos: laje de concreto armado revestida com piso cerâmico;
Cobertura: telha cerâmica;
Esquadrias: portas de madeira e janelas de alumínio com vidro duplo;
Paredes de vedação: blocos cerâmicos.
1 Consultar: http://www.eosphere.fr/COCON-comparaison-solutions-constructives-confort.html
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A Tabela 1 mostra as áreas (m²) das partes do edifício consideradas nos cálculos de
impactos.
Tabela 1- Áreas (m²) de partes do edifício.
Área
Partes do edifício
m²
Alvenaria 3.813,0
Cobertura 227,0
Laje com revestimento de piso 1.589,0
Esquadrias - janelas 112,0
Esquadrias - portas 294,0
O estudo de caso traz resultados de consumo de energia embutida e de emissão de CO2 das
etapas de extração de matéria prima até a entrega na obra. Não traz resultados do uso do
edifício. Deve-se ressaltar, como limitação, que a base de dados da ferramenta CoCon não
se aplica de modo direto ao cenário brasileiro. As adaptações a serem feitas, como
inserção de fatores de cálculo de acordo com a matriz energética, distâncias de transporte
e processos e fabricação dos materiais não serão objeto deste estudo. Os resultados,
portanto, devem considerar esta ressalva, mas, por outro lado, sua proporcionalidade
pode ser entendida como útil na pré-avaliação de materiais no momento da especificação,
na fase de projeto do edifício. Além disso, o presente estudo tem como um dos objetivos
trazer à tona a reflexão sobre o tema.
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Densidade
Espessura
estimada
Vida Útil
Condutividade Energia
Emissões de
térmica - λ Cinza
CO2
Partes do edifício
9. RESULTADOS E ANÁLISE
A Figura 1 mostra o consumo de energia cinza (em kWh/m²) dos casos estudados. Como é
possível observar, há uma redução na quantidade de energia cinza por metro quadrado
dos edifícios, à medida que são substituídos materiais mais impactantes por outros menos
impactantes, até se chegar a uma redução de quase 30% de energia, quando comparados o
edifícios de referência com o edifício P5, para o qual foram feitas todas as substituições
possíveis pensadas no presente estudo. A maior redução percentual (14,6%) para a
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substituição de apenas uma parte da obra ocorreu para a troca de piso cerâmico por piso
de madeira no edifício P3, seguida (7,9%) pela troca de bloco cerâmico por bloco de
concreto para a alvenaria no edifício P1 e pela troca de janela de alumínio por madeira no
edifício P4 (5,4%). A troca de telha cerâmica por telha de concreto representou redução de
apenas 0,5%, comparando-se os edifícios PR e P2. Evidentemente, estes percentuais
dependem das quantidades de serviço em cada etapa da obra.
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REFERÊNCIAS
ABNT. NBR 15575: Edificações habitacionais - Desempenho Parte 1: Requisitos gerais, 2013d.
Antón, Laura Álvarez; DÍAZ, Joaquín. Integration of LCA and BIM for Sustainable
Construction. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Science Index, v.
89, p. 1345-1349, 2014.
Arene, Guide Bio-tech: L’énergie grise des matériaux et des ouvrages . ICEB, 2012.
Brasil. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Balanço Energético Nacional 2015 – Ano base 2014:
Relatório Síntese Rio de Janeiro: EPE, 2015.
Bribrián, I. Z. Life cycle assessment of building materials: Comparative analysis of energy and
environmental impacts and evaluation of the eco-efficiency improvement potential, Building and
Environment, Volume 46, Issue 5, May 2011, Pages 1133-1140
Del Mar, C. P. Orçamento exato – Prédio estrutural de baixo padrão. Guia da Construção –
Construção Mercado. 83 ed. São Paulo: Editora PINI, 2008.
Dixit,M. K. Identification of parameters for embodied energy measurement: A literature review,
Energy and Buildings, Volume 42, Issue 8, August 2010, Pages 1238-1247
Hammond, G. P. and Jones, C. I. (2008) Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials. Proc.
Instn Civil. Engrs: Energy, in press.
Irribarén, D., Marvuglia, A., Hild, P., Guiton, M., Popovici, E., & Benetto, E. (2015). Life cycle
assessment and data envelopment analysis approach for the selection of building components
according to their environmental impact efficiency: a case study for external walls. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 87, 707-716.
Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable et de l'Énergie. Le Grenelle Environnement - Loi
Grenelle 2. 2010. Disponível em: http://www.developpement-
durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Grenelle_Loi-2.pdf. Acessado em 26/07/2016.
Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable et de l'Énergie. Bilan énergétique de la France
pour 2014. 2015. Disponível em: http://www.statistiques.developpement-
durable.gouv.fr/fileadmin/documents/Produits_editoriaux/Publications/References/2015/ref-
bilan-energie-2014-juillet2015-b.pdf. Acessado em 26/07/2016.
Miyazato, Tarsila; Oliveira, C.T. de A. Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV): aplicações e limitações no
setor da construção civil. V Encontro Nacional e III Encontro Latino-Americano sobre Edificações e
Comunidades Sustentáveis, v. 49, 2009.
Molle, D.; Patry, P-Manuel. RT 2012 et RT Existant - Réglementation thermique et efficacité
énergétique. 2. ed. Paris, Eyrolles, 2013.
Monahan, J. An embodied carbon and energy analysis of modern methods of construction in
housing: A case study using a lifecycle assessment framework, Energy and Buildings, Volume 43,
Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 179-188.
Silva, V. G.; Silva M. G. Seleção de materiais e edifícios de alto desempenho ambiental. In:
GONÇALVES, J. C. S.; BODE, K. Edifício Ambiental. São Paulo: Oficina de Textos, 2015. p. 129-151.
896
The trivialization of the sustainability in the civil
construction
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to develop a theoretical reflection about the trivialization of
the sustainability concept, putting together conceptual interfaces and real cases of
contemporary buildings that has improper application of the sustainability concept. The
case study was based on the comparison between contemporary buildings certified by LEED
and modernist buildings of the 50s, which were more efficient in the context of
sustainability. According to this we added factors: political, the various definitions of
sustainability without a consensus, and the decoupling of the real vocation of sustainable
building, as well as how they are being applied.
Keywords Civil Construction; Sustainability and LEED.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Stockholm Conference in 1972 is the first attempt at rapprochement between human
rights and the environment; at the time, the concept was called "Eco-Development" and
later renamed "Sustainable Development". (Souza; Alencastro, p.1). What happened from
there was a rapid growth in the number of NGOs, creation of activism such as Green parties,
which began to influence politics, multiplication of transnational actors in the field of
environment, environmentalism emergence as a new social movement and political
opposition to the dominant structures (Gurski; Gonzaga; Tendolini quoted in Le Prestre,
2000).
In 1987 the United Nations conference created the World Commission on Environment and
Development, which resulted in the famous "Brundtland Report, which says that "Humanity
has the ability to achieve sustainable development, in other words to meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ".
(Nascimento cited Brundtland, 2012, p. 1).
In this way, concerned to promote sustainability, society, government and construction
companies have articulated to aim economic growth and respect for the environment. The
strategy to enable this growth is directly linked to building sustainable enterprises, which
purposes, among other things the lowest impact and energy efficiency in buildings.
The idea that the current production and consumption mode leads to a disaster is
increasingly accepted. "The fact that the economy is in conflict with the natural systems of
the planet is evident and proven by the daily information about the disappearance of fishery
areas, the reduction of forests, soil erosion ... and the disappearance of species" (Brown,
2003, p.14). In this same logic, the rising need for residential, commercial and industrial
buildings caused the construction and all involved agents to realize directly or indirectly the
significant impact due to scale, scope and influence of the buildings in relation to the
environment, in many cases causing considerable impacts and other irreversible.
Many of these negative impacts are generated by the construction sector, which accounts
for 40% of world energy consumption and 16% of water used in the world. According to
data from the World Watch Institute, the construction of buildings consumes 40% of stones
and sand used in the world each year, and is responsible for 25% of logging annually. It is
natural that sustainability assumes gradually a position of increasing importance in this
scenario. (Brazil Environment, Accessed: 03/2016)
Thus, craving the understanding of the concept of sustainability and sustainability in
construction, we will analyze what happens with respect to the application of this concept
by large developers and important government officials. The goal is to understand, from the
major labels such as LEED analysis to what extent this fulfills its role in the area of
sustainability. Focusing on understanding the trivialization of the concept of sustainability
in construction, from the comparison with buildings from the 50's that today are more
sustainable than those certified with sustainability seals in the XXI century.
2. SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT
The main goal of sustainability is to recognize the needs of the present without affecting
future generations that appears quite engaged with an emphasis on justice. This is seen as
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a paradigm in that future policies should be based on. However, can the equitable use of
natural resources, human and fair distribution of wealth among the current generation of
people or efforts to do so be understood as a presumption for the widely used definition of
sustainability? This principle could be in agreement, but the reality may be a different
matter. (Huang, 2014)
It is pertinent to ask whether the three dimensions (economic, social and environmental)
sustainability are sufficient, and what it means. The first dimension, environmental,
assumes that the production and consumption model is compatible with the material basis
on which rests the economy as a subsystem of the natural environment. It is therefore
production and consumption to ensure that ecosystems can maintain their self-repair or
resilience. (Nascimento, 2012, p. 2)
The second dimension, the economic, presupposes increased efficiency of production and
consumption with increasing economy of natural resources, especially permissive
resources such as fossil energy sources and the delicate and poorly distributed ones, such
as water and minerals. This is what some refer to as eco-efficiency, which implies a
continuous technological innovation that takes us out of the fossil energy cycle (coal, oil and
gas) and expand the dematerialization of the economy. (Nascimento, 2012, p. 5)
The third and final dimension is social. A sustainable society assumes that all citizens have
the minimum necessary for a dignified life and that nobody absorbs goods, natural
resources and energy that are harmful to others. This means eradicating poverty and set the
standard for acceptable inequality, defining minimum and maximum access to material
goods. In short, to deploy the old and desirable social justice. (Nascimento, 2012, p.6)
According to the author (Pereira cited Heinberg, 2009, p.4), the use of the terms sustainable
and sustainability is not feasible, because there are many possible definitions to
characterize these two terms. What predominates, in fact, despite many theoretical efforts
is lack of consensus on the meaning given to sustainability. The numerous definitions lead
to the argument that sustainability is a concept devoid of meaning and with many meanings
at the same time. In this sense, (Temple, 1992 1-28) stated that the massive use of the term
means that it is many things and nothing at the same time, and that as a concept it is very
broad, being useless. (Huang cited Pezzzoli, 2014) says that today's literary scientists offer
more than 100 definitions of the term sustainability or sustainable development.
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Sustainable architecture design challenges the idea of a building as a work of art and
comprises as part of the living habitat, closely linked to the site, the society, the climate, the
region and the planet. It undertakes to disseminate ways to build with less environmental
impact and higher social benefits without, however, being uneconomic. The development of
an architectural project in the search for greater sustainability should consider the entire
life cycle of the building, including its use, maintenance and recycling or demolition.
(Construction Forum Accessed: 03/2016)
It is understood here as sustainable not only the environmental performance of products,
but also social and environmental responsibility of the manufacturers. There is still much
to develop. Among the points to be pursued are: the creation of methods of analysis of a
product life cycle and of the building (to ensure expected performance), as well as a
mechanism to inform the consumer of the environmental characteristics of products, of
works and sustainable features of the projects. (Andrade; Ramacciotti, Simon, 2012, p.29)
4. FREE-RIDER
The free-rider discursive (applied to environmental issues) is an actor who, to express
rhetorical support to sustainable development, enjoys the benefits of being "green" without
actually being one. That is, they appropriate and benefits of symbolic goods without
supporting their discourse by practical action and continues to be guided by
individual/immediate interests (Fonseca; Bursztyn, 2007). This allows players to
reproduce certain discourse and appear to practice it when, in fact, their daily practice is
guided by special interests that often clash with the speech used as a rhetorical instrument.
(Fonseca, Bursztyn, 2009, p 16-17).
The chances of a program or project be approved for funding agencies increase, as they
express their membership, at least formally, the criteria of Good Governance Manual (MBG).
The greater the number of elements of good governance questions list the project contains,
the greater are your chances of being approved and funded, for "donors and international
financial institutions are increasingly basing their aid and their loans with the condition that
reforms are promoted to ensure good governance "(UNESCAP, 2009, translation by the
authors).
The free-rider concept is proposed by (Olson, 1999) to explain why, in the logic of collective
action, it is not enough for individuals to be aware of their own interests and favorable to
the acquisition of collective benefits for them to mobilize in search of such benefits. When
the group is large and the benefit is too general, the action of a single individual has little
impact on the action, either favorable or contrary to the acquisition of collective benefit.
5. CERTIFICAITIONS
A set of actions that supported the development of sustainability in construction were
environmental certifications for buildings, as shown by some examples cited in Figure 01,
which determine parameters for assessing the environmental impact of buildings both in
their construction and in use. Many countries have developed their own methodologies,
aiming to support the action of the construction companies in their markets. By 2011, about
32,000 certificates had been issued in the world. Both environmental assessment initiatives
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buildings have good design and management guidelines. (Andrade; Ramacciotti, Simon,
2012, p.28)
The maturation of these evaluations is demonstrated by the development of methodologies
for residential buildings and housing developments. This expands the view that sustainable
construction should cover all types of works, in addition to considering other requirements
of energy efficiency, and insert social aspects in his assessment. Thus, the concept of a green
building is expanded to a sustainable building. (Andrade; Ramacciotti, Simon, 2012, p.29)
Figure 1. Options: design / green and sustainable construction. Source: Andrade; Ramacciotti,
Simon, 2012
There are three types of Environmental Labelling, according to (Duarte, 2011, p.12):
•Ecological labels - "stamp" that indicates that a product or service meets certain
environmental requirements based on their life cycle, directed to the final consumer.
•Self-statements- developed by manufacturers, importers or distributors to communicate
information on the environmental aspects of its products or services without being subject
to external verification, directed to the final consumer. Ex. Indication emissions of VOC.
•Environmental Statements of Product EPD - more complex and are aimed at the
professional public (public or private). Not They do not necessarily mean that the product
is environmentally superior, but show that the supplier has a good knowledge of the
environmental aspects and impacts. The primary objective of sustainable construction is
the implementation of a sustainable building, as shown in Figure 02, this shall include the
three dimensions of sustainability: environmental, economic and socio-environmental.
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6. CASE STUDY
The efficiency of allegedly sustainable buildings is questioned, because they proved,
through assessments, much less sustainable in the post-occupation than its proponents
have claimed. In response, the city of New York began requiring by law the disclosure of the
actual performance of some buildings, which led to even lower results in sustainability
performance. (Mehaffy; Salingaros, 2013)
The program uses a point system based on a wide list of features for buildings that can be
certified by accumulating points on not only energy efficiency, but also on water
conservation, proximity to public transportation, indoor air quality and use of
environmentally friendly materials. Another problem is that certification is based on energy
modeling to predict the amount that a building uses. However, Council officials and many
experts agree that such models are inexact. Once a building is open it can use more energy
than was predicted by the project. And the way how a building is used - how many occupants
it has, for example - affects its energy consumption (Navarroaug, 2009). Other reasons for
failure: Widespread use of glass curtain; expanding wall; deep design plan, no building is an
island and architectural treatment of buildings in isolation from the urban context.
(Navarroaug, 2009) and (Mehaffy; Salingaros, 2013):
Although Henry Gifford is not an engineer, he is respected in the energy efficiency of the
cycle due to their technical knowledge. According to Henry LEED sealed the buildings which
used 29% more energy than conventional buildings. This statement in his article came to
the US Green Building Council which has made the LEED change a lot since then. Still, Henry
filed a class of $ 100 million, against the USGBC, alleging fraud, unfair competition, deceptive
trade practices, false advertising, wire fraud and unjust enrichment. "No one hires me to fix
their buildings" - Henry Gifford (Alter, 2010)
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Environmental lawyer Shari Shapiro in Law Green Building describes the process in simple
language: The allegations are essentially fraud and false advertising, an unreliable claim. His
theory is that the USGBC falsely claimed that its rating system makes buildings more
economical, and for this reason the owners could pay more for certified buildings, and that
professionals have obtained worthless professional credentials, and people in general, have
been deceived by LEED. (Alter, 2010)
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On the other hand, the MetLife building built in 1963 that features a large central terminal
scored 39. However, the Seagram Building in 1958, masterpiece of architect Mies van der
Rohe, on Park Avenue was awarded score 3. Older buildings tend to have higher Energy Star
scores, because they have thicker walls, fewer windows and less ventilation - superior
"thermal envelope" as a report on the first results. (Mireya Navarroaug, 2012)
"The stakes are considerable. Unlike cities that rely heavily on automobiles, New York has
carbon dioxide emissions - almost 80 per cent - regarding the heating and cooling of
buildings. According to this demand of energy it is crucial to fulfill the goal that the city has
to cut global emissions by about a third by 2030, reducing costs and combating climate
change. " (Navarro, 2012)
The largest buildings in New York - there are only 2 percent of the nearly one million
buildings in the city - account for 45 percent of the energy used throughout the building
stock. “On the other hand, two venerable buildings of the 1930s, the Chrysler Building and
the Empire State, respectively hit the notes 84 and 80, the result of extensive upgrading of
their insulation and mechanical systems.” (Navarroaug, 2012)
To (Palestrini, 1980), "from the beginning of the twentieth century, mankind has changed
the world dramatically." "The industrial and agricultural growth, technological innovation,
consumption of goods and resources, all have deeply interfered in nature conditions"
(Gavazzoni, 2015). Thereby causing the producing of environmental impact as an inherent
need and social commitment and ethical justification. Organizations are sustainable when
they serve the interests of their owners and also of society. The performance of individuals
stems from their personal beliefs and values, which require limits determined by the beliefs
and values of society. (Fenker, undated)
Ethics and the laws created by man is what dictates, ultimately, the limits of their
performance. Sustainability proposed today has to do with a new model of business
management. The main challenge of sustainability, and greater focus of resistance from the
executive, is the commitment to the long term. It turns out that as well as quality
management, which was once synonymous with competitive advantage and is now a staple
in industry, sustainability management is an inevitable way. Therefore, the more companies
postpone its implementation, more expensive and more complex it will be in the future
(Gavazzoni, 2015).
However, the general trend of sustainable development of most countries is well revealed.
The difference is, in each country, in the attitudes of governments, companies, institutions
and citizens to meet the challenges of sustainable development. To increase the
sustainability index for Brazil, it is necessary to increase their participation in international
cooperation and projects related to environmental issues. (Mikhailova, 2004)
8. CONCLUSION
This article realized that nowadays, although the sustainability concept is constantly
debatable their applicability, in some cases, is not as efficient as expected. What really is
expressive, in large part, is the need that the contemporary buildings have to be always ¨the
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most¨ in a way, seek to draw more attention through the design, or your height than actually
seek to play the role. The wrong interpretation of the sustainable concept meaning add
power to the income´s divergence, as well as the lack of a truly effective system of
sustainability seals, generate the illusion that the building is when in fact it is not sustainable.
In this way, it becomes evident the need for a review regarding the LEED certifications
already issued.
The sustainable building concept, even before be analyzed on its real applicability, must be
understood first of all, by the people who will dwell, which has as much responsibility as the
designer and the entire chain that the conceived. In fact, to achieve a high income and thus
the building be considered sustainable, the work must happen together, from the actions of
the users of the building. In this way, the aim is to incentive a sense of ownership of the
inhabitants, the building has the ability to communicate on a daily basis, showing (for
example in the elevators) data on consumption and expenditure, daily goals and monthly
energy, water, etc. In this way, it is understood that the exposure of these data, by means of
technological resources, encourages awareness and even recovery among users with regard
to the waste. Thus, the implementation of the 5R's (rethink, reduce, reuse, refuse and recycle)
will occur naturally within each individual present there or passing through expanding
including the city scale.
REFERENCES
Andrade, R. & Ramacciotti, R. & Simão, P. 2012. Green building: development with sustainability.p.
28-29.
Barrett, C. 1996. Fairness, stewardship and sustainable development. Department of Economics:
(Páginas).
Brown, L. R. 2003. Éco-économie, une autre Croissance est Possible, Écologique et Durable: (Páginas).
Duarte, A. 2011. Sustainable construction: opportunities and best practices. p.12.
Fenker, E. Environmental impact and environmental damage. (UFRGS/BACEN);
Fonseca, I. & Bursztyn, M. 2007. Merchants of morality: the environmentalist rhetoric and practice of
sustainable development. Environment and society: v. 10, n. 2, 169-186.
Fonseca, I. & Bursztyn, M. 2009. The trivialization of sustainability: reflections on environmental
governance in local scale. p. 16-17.
Gurski, B. & Gonzaga, R. & Tendolini, P. Stockholm Conference a milestone in environmental issues.
(Páginas)
Huang, G. 2014. A Re-Visit to the Concept of Sustainability. Graduate School of Global Environmental
Studies, Sophia University. (Páginas 1)
Mehaffy, M. & Salingaros, N. 2013. Why green often isn't.(páginas 1)
Mehaffy, M. & Salingaros, N. 2009. Some buildings not living up to Greeen Label. (páginas 1)
Mikhailova, I. 2004. Sustainability: evolution of the theoretical concepts and practical measurement
problems. (páginas 1)
Navarro, M. 2012. City’s Law Tracking Energy Use Yields Some Surprises. New York Times. (Páginas
1) Birth, and. 2012. Path of sustainability: the environmental social, economic social.P. 1-6.
Olson, M. 1999The logic of collective action: public benefits and a theory of social groups. Pereira P.
2009. Sustainable construction: the challenge. p. 4.
Souza, F. & Alencastro, M. Sustainable development: reality or utopia?. p. 1.
Temple, S. 1992. Old issue, new urgency? Wisconsin Environmental Dimension, Madison: v.1, Issue
1, 1-28.
UNITED NATIONS. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC (Unescap).
What is Good Governance? [s.d.] Disponível em: http://www.unescap.org/pdd/
prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp>. Acessado em: 03/2016.
THE CONSTRUCTION FORUM. How what, sustainable Architecture? [s.d.] Disponivel em:
http://www.forumdaconstrucao.com.br/conteudo.php?a=23&Cod=1818 Acessado em: 3/2016
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906
Indicadores de desempenho ambiental de edificações:
revisão da literatura
RESUMO: O setor da construção civil tem mostrado um crescente interesse por técnicas
construtivas que reduzam a quantidade de atividades necessárias no canteiro de obras e
que proporcionem ganhos de produtividade. Métodos como modularização, panelização,
pré-fabricação de componentes, bem como novas tecnologias aplicadas no próprio
canteiro, são alguns exemplos de alternativas para estes fins. Também denominadas
Métodos Modernos de Construção (MMC), estas tecnologias também são, muitas vezes,
apresentadas como opções para atingir altos patamares de desempenho ambiental. O
estudo que segue tem como objetivo apresentar, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, artigos
que estudem indicadores de desempenho ambiental para Métodos Modernos de
Construção e estabeleçam comparações com os métodos tradicionais durante a fase de
construção. Foram revisados sete artigos e os indicadores / métodos de análise ambiental
pesquisados são: Análise do ciclo de vida; Carbono Incorporado; Energia incorporada;
Desperdício de materiais e geração de resíduos; Emergia; Emissão de gases do efeito
estufa. Todos os artigos selecionados utilizam um empreendimento real base para suas
simulações. Entretanto, apenas parte destes estudos foi realizada em conjunto com a
execução da obra base, com dados reais e investigações in loco combinadas com
verificações literais. Os demais artigos contam com abordagem bibliográfica, coleta de
informações pós-obra e simulações computacionais. A comparação entre os resultados é
dividida em redução de desperdício e emissões. Em linhas gerais, houve redução
significativa na geração de entulho, bem como na maioria dos materiais utilizados, além de
reduções na energia embutida, de operação e consequente emissão de gases do efeito
estufa (GEE).
Palavras chave Métodos Modernos de Construção, Desempenho Ambiental, Energia
Embutida, Análise do Ciclo de Vida, Resíduos.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Como alternativa para aumento de produtividade, qualidade e sustentabilidade, novos
métodos construtivos vêm sendo desenvolvidos. O termo Métodos Modernos de
Construção, descreve uma série de inovações em tecnologias construtivas que, em sua
grande maioria, são realizadas em instalações fabris fora do canteiro (Rahman 2014;
WRAP 2007; Pan et al. 2007).
Definida pela ABNT NBR ISO 14040:2009 como uma técnica para avaliar os aspectos e
impactos ambientais associados à um produto ao longo de sua vida, a Análise do Ciclo de
Vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta poderosa para a análise da performance ambiental de
edificações. Contudo, requerem tempo e recursos extensivos, criando assim uma barreira
para ambientes dinâmicos e que em muitas situações necessitam de uma resposta rápida
(Cherubini & Ribeiro 2015). Ainda no estudo citado, é feita uma análise das barreiras
existentes ao uso de ACV comuns ao Brasil e à União Europeia, as quais podem estar
ligadas às próprias limitações e aspectos metodológicos da ACV, à escassez de base de
dados e às características das empresas, órgãos públicos, entidades, etc.
Uma alternativa à ACV é a Análise do Ciclo de Vida Energético (ACVE), que relaciona os
impactos ambientais ao longo do ciclo de vida aos gastos energéticos de cada insumo. Para
calcular toda a energia do ciclo, deve-se considerar a energia do processo produtivo, da
operação e da demolição (Ramesh et al. 2010). Na fase pré-operacional, ou seja, durante o
processo produtivo, são determinadas as energias incorporadas, tanto nos insumos
utilizados quanto no transporte. Esta parcela de energia, também denominada de Emergia,
corresponde ao somatório de todas as energias embutidas em cada insumo necessário à
construção (Silva 2012). Baird (1997) apresenta quatro métodos de análise energética
para aplicação aos materiais de construção: análise estatística, de processo, input-output e
híbrida.
A partir da análise energética, podem-se estabelecer relações com outros fatores com alto
potencial de impacto ambiental, como carbono embutido e outros gases do efeito estufa.
Em sua tese, Alcorn (2010), fez análises híbridas tanto da energia quanto do carbono
embutido em diversos materiais de construção voltados para o setor de construção civil da
Nova Zelândia.
Estudos que investigam os impactos ambientais relacionados às edificações pré-fabricadas
são recentes. Cao et al. (2015) pondera algumas limitações comuns à estes estudos: (a) a
coleta dados é resultado de revisões bibliográficas, questionários e/ou entrevistas. Em
contrapartida, são poucos os estudos que coletam dados no longo prazo, por
acompanhamento em canteiro em paralelo com o desenvolvimento da obra; (b) Limitam o
escopo de avaliação ao canteiro de obras, desconsiderando os impactos ambientais
decorrentes do processo de pré-fabricação; (c) Focam em um único indicador ambiental.
A construção civil brasileira é responsável pela geração de aproximadamente 31 toneladas
de resíduos por ano (IPEA 2012). Uma estratégia para reduzir este desperdício, é o Projeto
para Minimização de Resíduos (WMD – Waste Minimization Design), que é caracterizado
por considerações feitas durante a fase de projeto de um empreendimento que visem à
redução de desperdícios, por exemplo: fôrmas metálicas; componentes pré-fabricados;
projetos modulares; projeto para reciclagem de material (Wang et al. 2015).
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2. METODOLOGIA
A fim de manter a imparcialidade na busca de artigos criaram-se critérios fixos e variáveis
de pesquisa, a saber:
- Critérios fixos: Os artigos foram pesquisados no canal de busca da editora Elsevier
(Science Direct) e, das vinte e oito ciências disponíveis para pesquisa, foram selecionadas
sete: Decision Sciences; Design; Economics, Econometrics and Science; Energy; Engineering;
Environmental Science; Material Science. As pesquisas se limitaram à jornais e aos
primeiros vinte e cinco resultados de cada busca, ordenados por relevância. Não houve
restrição quanto ao ano de publicação. Por fim, os artigos deveriam apresentar estudos de
caso comparativos entre impactos ambientais de edificações que utilizassem Métodos
Modernos de Construção e métodos tradicionais.
- Critérios variáveis: estes critérios definiram as busca, realizadas nos tópicos (Resumo,
Título e Palavras Chave), e são relacionados aos seis indicadores ambientais / métodos de
análise ambiental pesquisados: (1) Waste; (2) Life Cycle; (3) Emergy; (4) Embodied energy;
(5) Greenhouse; (6) Embodied carbon, e aos quatro identificadores chave para métodos
construtivos: (1) Modern Methods of Construction; (2) Offsite Construction; (3) Modular
Construction; (4) Prefabricate Construction; totalizando vinte e quatro combinações.
Após pré-seleção baseada em informações do título, fez-se uma leitura do resumo e do
texto na íntegra. Os resultados das buscas são apresentados na Tabela 1 e as informações
sobre os artigos selecionados estão na Tabela 2.
Tabela 1. Resultados das buscas
Total de Artigos pré- Artigos selecionados pós-
resultados selecionados leitura
95 11 7
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do canteiro. Os autores reconhecem que a análise detalhada deste item precisaria de dados
mais precisos. Contudo, foi possível identificar que no processo de pré-fabricação, boa
parte dos resíduos gerados podem ser reaproveitados. Os resultados dos artigos possuem
unidades e/ou insumos divergentes, portanto, três tabelas serão mostradas.
A Tabela 3 lista os percentuais de redução encontrados nos Artigos 1, 3 e 5, obtidos por
meio de comparação entre as edificações com métodos tradicionais e modernos. O
primeiro artigo considera reduções de 36.54%, 24.91% e 81.25% em resíduos de aço,
concreto e argamassas, respectivamente. O Artigo 3 aplica fatores distintos para aço,
concreto, cimento, areia, blocos e vidro, mas o resultado está listado em valor global por
toneladas, totalizando 10% de redução. O Artigo 5 identifica uma redução de 65% no total
de resíduos gerados. Tal valor, significativamente mais expressivo, pode estar relacionado
à porcentagem superior de pré-fabricação dos empreendimentos, 40% e 47% (em volume
de concreto), enquanto os Artigos 1 e 3 possuem 38% e 10.5%, respectivamente.
Tabela 3. % de redução de resíduos - Artigos 1, 3 e 5
% de pré-fabricação em Aço Concreto Argamassa Geral
Artigo
volume de concreto (kg/m²) (m³/m²) (kg/m²) (ton)
1 38% 36.54% 24.91% 81.25% -
3 10.50% - - - 10%
5 40-47% - - - 65%
Por fim, o Artigo 7 faz análises com um modelo dinâmico similar adotado no Artigo 4. Os
cenários denominados PSA, PSB e PSC calculam a redução do total de resíduos gerados ao
variar políticas de subsídio por m² construído, benefícios fiscais e a combinação de ambos,
respectivamente. Novamente, quanto maior o total de pré-fabricação, menor a geração de
resíduos, vide Tabela 5.
Tabela 5. Redução de resíduos em toneladas x adoção de pré-fabricados - Artigo 7
Redução total de
Pré-disposição para adotar
Artigo Cenário Incentivo resíduos - TCWR
pré-fabricação - WAP
(t)
PSA1 40 Yuan/m² 7.43 27.9
PSA2 60 Yuan/m² 8.91 63.13
PSB1 15% 6.08 19.54
7
PSB2 30% 6.08 19.72
PSC (PSA2 + 40 Yuan/m² + 30%
10.24 66.27
PSB2) (benefícios fiscais)
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5. CONCLUSÕES
A discussão apresentada no item 4 deste artigo deixou claro que existe uma redução nos
impactos ambientais decorrentes da fase de construção de um empreendimento ao adotar
Métodos Modernos de Construção em detrimento dos métodos tradicionais.
No quesito redução dos resíduos da construção, é possível verificar que quanto maior o
percentual de pré-fabricação adotado, maior é a redução na geração de resíduos. Esta
constatação foi medida em empreendimentos existentes, atingindo patamares
significativos para estruturas em concreto. Os estudos literais também mostraram que
quanto maior a predisposição ou o índice de adoção de elementos pré-fabricados, maior a
redução na geração de resíduos.
O segundo item analisado, materiais utilizados, mostrou uma tendência para redução em
massa do total. Para comparações entre estruturas em concreto armado, as reduções de
insumos básicos como aço e concreto, decorrentes da economia gerada durante o processo
industrial, foram compensados por disposições construtivas necessárias à implementação
do sistema, por exemplo, substituição de fachadas em bloco por fachadas em concreto.
Demais insumos apresentaram redução significativa, especialmente madeira – eliminação
das formas durante a concretagem – e água – resultado do processo de cura a vapor
adotado nas instalações industriais. Nesta análise, deve-se atentar para o método
construtivo em comparação, por exemplo, estruturas industrializadas em aço são
significativamente mais leves que estruturas tradicionais em concreto.
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Por fim, foram apresentadas as análises para energia embutida, carbono embutido e
emissões. Os estudos revisados mostram um potencial de redução destes indicadores ao
adotar técnicas de pré-fabricação. Justificativas encontradas: redução da necessidade de
transportes internos em canteiro e equipamentos para concretagem in loco; disposições
construtivas; redução de entulhos e disposição destes.
REFERÊNCIAS
ABNT, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2009. NBR ISO 14040: Gestão ambiental -
Avaliação do ciclo de vida - Princípios e estrutura. Rio de Janeiro.
Alcorn, J. A. 2010. Global Sustainability and the New Zealand House. 353 f. Tese de Doutorado –
Victoria University of Wellington, Nova Zelândia.
Aye, L. et al. 2012. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy analysis of prefabricated
reusable building modules. Energy and Buildings 47: 159-168.
Baird, G. et al. 1997. The energy embodied in building materials - updated New Zealand coefficients
and their significance. IPENZ Transactions 24: 46-54.
Cao, X. et al. 2015. A comparative study of environmental performance between prefabricated and
traditional residential buildings in China. Journal of Cleaner Production: 1-13.
Cherubini, E. & Ribeiro, P. T. 2015. Diálogos Setoriais Brasil e União Europeia: desafios e soluções
para o fortalecimento da ACV no Brasil – Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia
- Ibict, Brasília.
Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada IPEA. 2012. Diagnóstico dos Resíduos Sólidos da
Construção Civil. Brasília.
Jaillon, L. & Poon, C.S. 2013. Life cycle design and prefabrication in buildings: A review and case
studies in Hong Kong. Automation in Construction: 1-8.
Li, Z. et al. 2014. Measuring the impact of prefabrication on construction waste reduction: An
empirical study in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 91: 27-39.
Mao, C. et al. 2013. Comparative study of greenhouse gas emissions between off-site prefabrication
and conventional construction methods: Two case studies of residential projects. Energy and
Buildings 66: 165-176.
Monahan, J. & Powell, J.C. 2010. An embodied carbon and energy analysis of modern methods of
construction in housing: A case study using a lifecycle assessment framework. Energy and Buildings
43: 179-188.
Pan, W. et al. 2007. Perspectives of UK Housebuilders on the Use of Offsite Modern Methods of
Construction. Construction Management and Economics 25(2): 183-194.
Rahman, M. M. 2014. Barriers of Implementing Modern Methods of Construction. Journal Of
Management In Engineering 30(1): 69-77.
Ramesh, T. et al. 2010. Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: An overview. Energy and Buildings
42: 1592-1600.
Silva, L. P. Análise do Ciclo de Vida Energético de Habitações de Interesse Social. 2012. 185f.
Dissertação – Escola de Engenharia, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Civil – PPGEC,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre.
Wang, J. et al. 2014. Critical factors in effective construction waste minimization at the design stage:
A Shenzhen case study, China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 82: 1-7.
Wang, J. et al. 2015. Identifying best design strategies for construction waste minimization. Journal
of Cleaner Production: 1-11.
Waste & Resourses Action Programme WRAP. 2007. Current Practices and Future Potential in
Modern Methods of Construction - Full Final Report. Banbury, UK.
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TOOLS FOR ASSESSING SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN
SETTLEMENTS: Case study of the Metropolitan Center
neighborhood, Rio de Janeiro, aplying the LEED ND
environmental certification
ABSTRACT: While increasing the use of sustainability in urban projects, it grows the need
to develop sustainability indicators that serve as a reference for assessing urban policies
implemented in the city. With it come new evaluation systems that take into consideration
the environment, location, urban mobility, infrastructure and environmental management,
putting into practice concepts of new urbanism and sustainable development. Through
qualitative sustainability indicators, it shows how cities could be designed to absorb urban
growth, without ceasing to be self-sustaining, providing opportunities without jeopardizing
future generations. After a survey of urban conceptual parameters of sustainability, a case
study of the neighborhood Metropolitan Centre in Barra da Tijuca was prepared, indicating
the possibility of certification according to the standards required by LEED ND (Leadership
in Energy and Environmental Design Neighborhood Development).
Keyword Urban Sustainability; Environmental Certification for Neighborhoods; LEED ND.
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1 INTRODUCTION
The terms Sustainable Neighborhoods or Green Neighborhoods have been increasingly
used by society as a positive way to occupy new areas. This concern for the sustainable
development of cities has meant that developers across the country to adhere to this
thought, seeking certification as a way to classify their projects at different levels of
sustainability and add value to their works. (FARR, 2013)
Currently there are numerous enterprises certified and in process of certification in the
country. However, environmental certification for neighborhoods has not been much
discussed and used in Brazil.
While the use of sustainability increases in urban projects, it grows the need to develop
sustainability indicators that serve as a reference for assessing urban policies implemented
in the city. What can be seen nowadays is an urban legislation where the indices for
construction differ from the indices required by environmental certifications, and therefore
require a compatibility of urban laws with environmental certifications, enabling thus a
sustainable urban growth of neighborhoods. (FARR, 2013)
The main problem of this research is: what would be the best way to measure sustainability
in urban settlements. The indicators are fully applicable to the Brazilian urban
environment?
The construction is major cause of degradation in the environment. Thus it justifies the
choice of this subject, as an attempt to gather information and data to encourage the
construction of neighborhoods that cause less environmental impacts.
The overall objective of this research consist of listing sustainability indicators for urban
neighborhoods and housing developments, which are in accordance with the law of Rio de
Janeiro and the local reality.
The methodology adopted for this study consist of the following stages of research:
conceptualize the term urban sustainability; describe indicators with essential importance
to enable sustainable urban development; list the most used and recognized environmental
certifications for neighborhoods; analyze the LEED ND certification; analyze and apply the
concepts of LEED ND in the study subdivision.
2 SUSTAINABILITY
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Some of the guiding concepts to get a city becomes sustainable are: New Urbanism, Compact
Cities and Neighborhood Units. "New Urbanism seeks to show that it is technically possible
to build cities that have a conventional configuration dedicated to pedestrian and based on
streets, sidewalks and courts" (Katz, 1994).
Compact Cities and Neighborhood Units are concepts used by Rogers to define principles of
sustainability. This city model is dense and socially diverse where economic and social
activities take place together and the community is concentrated around the neighborhood
units. For Rogers "compact neighborhoods and mixed-use reduce the displacement needs
and create sustainable and filled spaces of vitality" (Rogers et. Al., 2001).
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Free Areas: Parks and squares provide population living areas with entertainment
for children, gymnastics for seniors and contact with nature.
Ecosystem and Biodiversity: the existence of protected areas, allows the population
to have daily contact with natural systems.
Local Food Production: Encourage local food production in areas such as green
roofs, home gardens, gardens, orchard and community farms.
Health Care access: The health of the population depends on both the quality of
service as the quality and comfort of the built environment.
Access to Education: Promoting environmental awareness in the population
through education.
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The LEED standard combines prerequisites, with optional credits that generate points and
result in a score ranking. In addition to a minimum of 40 points, so that the project achieves
certification, mandatory items must be met. As the project performance level increases the
score increases. According to the number of points the certification may be Certified (40
points), Silver (50 points), Gold (60 points) or Plantinum (80 points).
As the LEED ND involves urban projects of long duration, the USGBC provides that the
certificate can be done in three stages: Pre-approval -when urban housing development is
still in the design phase or under 50% of the urbanized area; Pre-certification - if the
company with the approved design and maximum 75% of urbanization made; and
certification - when urbanization is completed. (USGBC, 2009).
In the version of LEED ND 2009 (V3) certification has 5 categories, 12 prerequisites, 51
credits and 110 possible points to be achieved. Of these five categories, there are three main:
Smart Location and Linkege and Neighbourhood Design, Green Infrastructure and
Buildings; and two secondary groups: Innovation and Design and credits Regional
Processes.
In Brazil LEED ND certification is starting to be used. At the moment it is possible to identify
two certified projects (Ilha Pura - Rio de Janeiro and Parque da Cidade - São Paulo) and in
the certification phase (Quartier - Pelotas).
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Figure 5.1: Phases suggested Certification. Source: Image prepared by the author.
For the presentation of the diagnosis was made a spreadsheet indicating each prerequisite
and credit, which were classified as: C - According, M - Goal to be achieved, EA - In evaluation
or D - Disposed. They will be analyzed in more detail the most significant prerequisite and
credit of each category. The other prerequisites and credits are classified in the tables below
(Table 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3).
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to the site. Besides, you should identify the category of the site that will be the district among
the four following options:
Infill site - where at least 75% of the neighborhood's perimeter is adjacent to
previously developed areas.
Local with connectivity - at least 90 crossings per square mile, 800m LEED
Boundary.
Located near transit corridors - 50% of entries are 400m walking distance from the
bus stop and 800m walk distance from the subway or train stations.
Locate the neighborhood in an area with more than 30% of residential buildings at
a 400m distance of 5 different uses or 800m from 7 different uses, measured from
the geographical center of the project (USGBC, 2009).
The Metropolitan Center allotment is located close to Abelardo Bueno avenue, and BRT and
bus stops. The longest distance traveled on foot to the BRT stop would be approximately
600m.
Credit 5 - Proximity to housing and work:
This credit encourages balanced communities with a variety of uses and employment
opportunities.
The Metropolitan Center has most of the lots with commercial use, public transportation
and residential units to a walking distance of up to 800m, with enough units to meet 50%
of local jobs.
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certified would need it able to meet at least 26 points of the criteria that were placed as a
goal. If all goals are met it is possible to reach 51 points, the equivalent of LEED ND Silver
Certification (Fig. 5.2).
Figure 5.2: Score Graphic LEED ND. Source: Figure prepared by the author from the table above.
6 CONCLUSION:
After analyzing the importance of sustainable urban development and identify the events
responsible for the emergence of this concept, we identified several qualitative indicators
of sustainability necessary for a neighborhood becomes sustainable. These conceptual
design parameters have been described in order to become the basis for the analysis of the
Metropolitan Center neighborhood, according to the environmental certification LEED ND.
The analyzed neighborhood has great potential to become certified. However LEED ND
certification is not easy to be achieved, mainly because Brazil does not have the culture to
implement various items required by USGBC.
After the assessment made were identified that LEED ND certification has topics that are
not applied frequently in the Brazilian urban areas, due to culture, nature or local law, but
none of them is not feasible to put into practice.
LEED ND certification has a methodology that covers all project levels. Throughout the
analysis certification instigates the designer to consider several issues related to
sustainability, leaving only him the responsibility to put or not that activity in practice.
REFERENCES:
FARR, Douglas. Urbanismo Sustentável: Desenho urbano com a natureza. Tradução: Alexandre Salva
terra – Porto Alegre. Editora Bookman, 2013.
KATZ, P. The new urbanism: Toward an architecture of community. New York. McGraw Hill, 1994.
ROGERS, Richard; GUMUCHDJIAN, Philip. Cidades para um pequeno planeta. Barcelona. Editora
Gustavo Gili, 2001.
U.S. Green Building Council. LEED Neighborhood Development Rating System. 2009. Disponível em:
<http://www.gbcbrasil.org.br/leed-neighborhood.php>. Acesso em: 09 de julho de 2015.
926
Índices de CO2 para materiais de construção em
edificações brasileiras
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
RESUMO: No Brasil apesar da emissão de gases de efeito estufa estar abaixo dos índices
mundiais, o setor da construção civil apresenta padrões de emissão semelhantes a de
países desenvolvidos. Neste sentido é importante o desenvolvimento de instrumentos de
aferição destes impactos associados às edificações. Este artigo atualiza dados da emissão
de dióxido de carbono embutido em materiais de construção e na matriz de geração de
eletricidade brasileira, visando desenvolver uma ferramenta para o cálculo do CO2
embutido em edificações. O método consiste em organizar planilhas que discriminam os
insumos energéticos dos principais materiais de construção utilizados no Brasil a partir de
levantamentos de dados primários no processo de fabricação. Os dados são levantados do
Balanço Energético Nacional e em relatórios de ministérios e de federações de indústrias.
As emissões de Carbono por uso de fontes combustíveis são adaptadas do IPCC 2006,
atualizando a pesquisa de 1996. Ao final é proposta uma ferramenta que permite estimar,
a partir do cálculo prévio da energia embutida, as emissões de dióxido de carbono na fase
pré-operacional do ciclo de vida de uma edificação, no que tange ao uso de materiais de
construção e energia elétrica. A partir dos novos índices encontrados neste trabalho
procedeu-se uma atualização de uma pesquisa de 2008 que calculava o CO2 embutido em
uma edificação residencial típica brasileira. Os novos índices são superiores aos de 2008
principalmente pelo aumento da participação de combustíveis fósseis na matriz de
geração termoelétrica brasileira e pela revisão de alguns processos produtivos dos
materiais investigados.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O Brasil tem emissões de dióxido de carbono e outros gases do efeito estufa abaixo da
média mundial. Isto se dá por ter a maior parte de seu consumo de energia elétrica a partir
de geração hidráulica, por utilizar combustíveis renováveis no setor de transportes como o
etanol e o biodiesel, associada ainda à grande utilização de biomassa em outros setores da
economia. Tal condição faz com que o país apresente uma taxa de emissão de CO 2 , por
utilização de fontes energéticas, de 1,56 tCO2/tep contra 2,37 tCO2/tep da média mundial
(IEA, 2014).
Em que pese tal condição o setor da construção civil brasileiro apresenta índices de
emissão semelhantes aos de países desenvolvidos (Tavares 2006; Monich 2010; Paulsen &
Sposto 2013).
A preocupação sobre a avaliação de impactos ambientais ao longo do ciclo de vida das
edificações, e a necessidade de informar os cidadãos sobre isto, já é presente em países
como Austrália e Alemanha (Australian Gonvernment, 2016; Germany, 2016), citando
alguns casos.
A literatura técnica apresenta parâmetros de sustentabilidade na construção civil
definindo relações entre o consumo de energia e a geração de CO2 nos processos de
fabricação e uso dos materiais de construção (Jeong, 2012; Dias, 2004; Suzuky, 1995). A
discriminação dos insumos energéticos em fontes específicas, e destas para a geração de
CO2 correspondente, são pontos importantes de interpretação em uma análise energética
(Buchanan & Honey, 1994; Treloar 2001).
No Brasil as técnicas de análise de ciclo de vida carecem de ferramentas adequadas e
também de dados atualizados para a composição dos inventários. Além destas condições o
acesso de instrumentos para estas análises por parte de profissionais ou estudantes
ligados a construção é restrito. Para tanto propõe-se o desenvolvimento de recursos que
possam facilitar estas tarefas.
1.1 Objetivo
O trabalho visa apresentar uma ferramenta para estimar as emissões de dióxido de
carbono na fase pré-operacional do ciclo de vida de edificações residenciais brasileiras
com dados atualizados das emissões por fontes e da contribuição da energia elétrica por
fontes fosseis. A proposta da ferramenta em questão atualiza o recurso utilizado por
Tavares (2006).
2. MÉTODO
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COQUE DE CARVÃO
CARVÃO MINERAL
CARVÃO VEGETAL
ELETRICIDADE
ÓLEO DIESEL E
COMBUSTÍVEL
GÁS NATURAL
DE PETRÓLEO
MATERIAIS
RENOVÁVEIS
MINERAL
OUTRAS
LENHA
GLP
AÇO E FERRO 1 6 45 10 19 19
ALUMÍNIO 17 13 55 15
AREIA 25 15 30 30
ARGAMASSA (1) 30 10 10 30 20
CAL 10 20 15 55
CERÂMICA REVEST. 15 60 10 15
CERÂMICA VERM. 4 2 8 5 80 1
CIMENTO 1 70 2 13 3 11
COBRE 10 20 5 60 5
CONCRETO (2) 25 15 10 30 20
FIBROCIMENTO (6) 15 50 30 5
IMPERMEABILIZANT 5 30 3 30 2 30
ES
MADEIRA (3) 5 3 2 8 82
PAPEL 2 7 15 2 15 45 14
PEDRA 30 10 30 30
PLÁSTICOS 20 20 30 30
TINTAS (4) 5 20 5 70
VIDRO 2 60 10 28
OUTROS MATERIAIS 4 23 3 7 50 1 12
(5)
Fonte: autoria própria, a partir de dados de: Balanço Energético Nacional 2015 (EPE, 2015); Anuário estatístico-Setor
metalúrgico 2014 (Brasil, 2015); Inventory of Carbon and Energy, University of Bath (Hammond & Jones, 2011).
1) Traço 1 : 2 : 8 Cimento, Cal Hidratada, Areia
2) Percentual de cimento 12%
3) Madeira maciça para batentes e esquadrias
4) 1Kg de produto; rendimento médio 3,33 m2 (duas demãos)
5) Segundo BEN 2015 (EPE, 2015)
6) Para 70% de cimento
Percebe-se pela distribuição dos insumos que a maioria destes são oriundos de fontes
fósseis, o que reforça a necessidade de se estudar a influência dos materiais para as
emissões de gases do efeito estufa no ciclo de vida da edificação.
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Note-se que os índices dos itens de Energia Elétrica, Madeira e Carvão Vegetal são
adaptados para a realidade brasileira.
Para o cálculo da contribuição de emissão de CO2 na eletricidade levantou-se o mix da
matriz termoelétrica brasileira, com os respectivos percentuais de contribuição e índices
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Nota-se um considerável aumento em relação à avaliação feita por Tavares (2006) (18,1
contra 42,2 kg CO2 /GJ desta pesquisa), o que se explica pelo fato de aumentarem as
participações de combustíveis fósseis no mix de geração termoelétrica (EPE, 2015).
Outras parcelas de emissões consideradas são aquelas oriundas de reações químicas no
processo produtivo além da queima de combustível. A partir dos relatórios de emissões de
gases de efeito estufa do Ministério da Indústria e Comércio (Brasil, 2013) e dos relatórios
de emissões de gases do efeito estufa nos processos industriais do Ministério da Ciência e
Tecnologia (Brasil, 2010), foram consideradas as emissões adicionais do Cimento, Cal e
Alumínio. Os índices do Concreto, Argamassa e Fibrocimento são definidos a partir dos
percentuais de cimento utilizado. Todas estas parcelas adicionais estão apresentadas na
Tabela 4.
Tabela 4: Geração de CO2 nos processos de fabricação
MATERIAL kg CO2/kg
ALUMÍNIO 1,65
CAL 0,76
CIMENTO(1) 0,37
CONCRETO (2) 0,05
ARGAMASSA (3) 0,21
FIBROCIMENTO (4) 0,26
Fonte: Própria a partir de Brasil (2010a); Brasil (2010b);Brasil (2013); IPCC (2006).
1)Percentual de clínquer 75%
2)Percentual de cimento 12%
3)Traço 1 : 2 : 8 Cimento, Cal Hidratada, Areia
4)Para 70% de cimento
3. RESULTADOS
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COQUE DE CARVÃO
CARVÃO MINERAL
CARVÃO VEGETAL
SECUNDÁRIAS DE
OUTRAS FONTES
ELETRICIDADE
ÓLEO DIESEL E
COMBUSTÍVEL
GÁS NATURAL
RENOVÁVEIS
CO2 processo
MATERIAIS
PETRÓLEO
PETRÓLEO
MATERIAL
CO2 /kg de
COQUE DE
MINERAL
OUTRAS
OUTRAS
LENHA
PRIM.
GLP
CO2 (kg/GJ)
74,1 56,1 63,1 97,5 73,3 94,6 107 42,2 33,6 56 100 80
(Cf Tabela 2)
AÇO E FERRO (% por fontes)
1 6 45 10 19 19
(cf. Tab.1)
CO2 /kg
0,03 0,12 0 0 0 0 1,69 0,15 0,22 0 0 0,53 2,73
(EE (35,0 MJ/kg)∗ x % fonte)
∗ (Energia Embutida de cada material segundo Tavares (2006))
A Tabela 6 resume os resultados da aplicação da planilha para cálculo das emissões de CO2
, resumida na Tabela 5, apresentando os valores de emissões de Dióxido de Carbono por
kg de material de construção utilizado. São informados associadamente os valores de
Energia Embutida por material.
Tabela 6: Índices de EE e CO2 embutido nos materiais de construção típicos brasileiros
MATERIAIS EE (MJ/kg) kgCO2 / kg
AÇO E FERRO 35,0 2,73
ALUMÍNIO 155,0 10,19
AREIA 0,5 0,03
ARGAMASSA (1) 2,1 0,34
CAL 3,0 0,87
CERÂMICA REVEST. 3,0 0,29
CERÂMICA VERM. 5,0 0,17
CHAPA DE COMPENSADO 8,0 0,41
CIMENTO 4,5 0,79
COBRE 75,0 3,95
CONCRETO (2) 1,2 0,12
FIBROCIMENTO (3) 6,0 0,72
IMPERMEABILIZANTES 90,0 5,50
MADEIRA (4) 2,0 0,11
PAPEL 20,0 1,54
PEDRA 1,5 0,10
PLÁSTICOS 80,0 5,02
TINTAS (5) 75,0 3,57
VIDRO 18,5 0,99
OUTROS MATERIAIS (6) 50,0 2,58
1) Traço 1 : 2 : 8 Cimento, Cal Hidratada, Areia
2) Percentual de cimento 12%
3) Para 70% de cimento
4) Madeira maciça para batentes e esquadrias
5) 1Kg de produto; rendimento médio 3,33 m2 (duas demãos)
6) Segundo BEN 2015 (EPE, 2015)
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Outra comparação pode ser atribuída com o trabalho de Luo (2011) que analisou 78
prédios comerciais na China e encontrou um valor médio de 326 kg CO2 /m2 .
4. CONCLUSÕES
O modelo de planilha para a estimativa do CO2 embutido em edificações desenvolvido
contribui para facilitar as análises de ciclo de vida em edificações, notadamente na fase
pré-operacional.
Na revisão dos valores de CO2 embutido a principal diferença de emissões por fonte se dá
na eletricidade, que teve seu mix alterado pela maior participação de combustíveis fósseis
para a geração termoelétrica.
A reavaliação dos valores de CO2 embutido na edificação típica brasileira, a partir da nova
ferramenta proposta com os valores revisados, confirmam que o CO2 embutido nas
edificações brasileiras na fase pré operacional é similar ao de edificações estrangeiras,
apesar da matriz de emissões gerais do Brasil ser mais baixa que a média mundial. Isto se
explica em parte pelo fato de que as técnicas construtivas e os materiais de construção
empregados na construção civil brasileira geram grande quantidade de resíduos, em parte
pelo fato de que os processos de fabricação dos principais materiais utilizados sejam
semelhantes aos de outros países desenvolvidos com uso prioritário de fontes fósseis.
Os resultados, a partir dos instrumentos desenvolvidos e dos valores obtidos na avaliação
da edificação típica, apontam para a necessidade da avaliação destes impactos em outras
fases do ciclo de vida. Na fase operacional o uso dos materiais de reposição podem elevar
os índices de CO2 incorporado em todo o ciclo de vida, principalmente com a participação
de materiais de alto CO2 inicial incorporado e de baixa durabilidade, como tintas e outros
materiais de acabamento. Na fase pós operacional a perspectiva do uso de materiais com
possibilidades de reuso ou reciclagem podem ser relevantes para o cálculo do CO2
embutido total e devem portanto ser estudadas.
REFERÊNCIAS
ABNT, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 12721: Avaliação de custos unitários e
preparo de orçamento de construção para incorporação de edifícios em condomínio – Procedimento.
Rio de Janeiro.2005
Australian Gonvernment, Departament of Environment. https://www.environment.gov.au/climate-
change/greenhouse-gas-measurement. Acessado em maio de 2016.
Brasil, Ministé rio da Ciê ncia e Tecnologia, Coordenaç ão Geral de Mudanç as Globais de Clima.
Emissõ es de gases de efeito estufa nos processos industriais - produç ão de metais, Alumínio. Segundo
inventá rio brasileiro de emissõ es e remoç ões antró picas de gases de efeito estufa - Relató rios de
referê ncia. Elaborado por: Ingrid Person Rocha e Pinho. Colaboraç ão: Associaç ão Brasileira de
Alumínio – ABAL. Brasília, 2010a.
Brasil, Ministé rio da Ciê ncia e Tecnologia, Coordenaç ão Geral de Mudanç as Globais de Clima.
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Emissõ es de gases de efeito estufa nos processos industriais - produtos minerais, Parte I. Produç ão de
cimento. Elaborado por: Sindicato Nacional da Indú stria do Cimento – SNIC Associaç ão Brasileira de
Cimento Portland – ABCP. Segundo inventá rio brasileiro de emissõ es e remoç ões antró picas de
gases de efeito estufa - Relató rios de referê ncia. Brasília, 2010b.
Brasil - Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação – MCTI. Estimativas anuais de emissões de gases
de efeito estufa no Brasil. Brasília, 2013.
Brasil, Ministério da Indústria e Comércio. Anuário Estatístico do Setor Metalúrgico 2014, ano base
2013. Disponível em http://www.mme.gov.br/sgm/menupublicacoes.html. Acessado em Maio de
2015.
Buchanan, A. H.; Honey B. G. Energy and carbon dioxide implications of building construction.
Energy and Buildings, Volume 20, Issue 3, Pages 205–217. 1994.
Dias, W.P.S.; Pooliyadda, S.P. Quality based energy contents and carbon coefficients for building
materials: A systems approach. Energy, Volume 29, Issue 4, Pages 561–580, March 2004.
EPE - Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (Brasil) –. Balanço Energético Nacional 2015: Ano base 2014.
Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
Germany, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.
http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiewende/monitoring-prozess.html e
http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Industrie/Industrie-und-
Umwelt/klimaschutz,did=338368.html. Acessado em maio de 2016
Hammond G.; Jones C. Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) Version 1.6a . Sustainable Energy
Research Team (SERT) Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Bath, UK. 2008.
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Produção da Extração Vegetal e Silvicultura.
Rio de Janeiro, v. 28, p.1-69, 2013. ISSN 0103-8435
IEA – International Energy Agency. Key world energy statistics 2014. International Energy Agency,
Paris, France. 2014.
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions. Acessado em 05/2016 http://www.ipcc-
nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.html. Geneva, Switzerland.1996.
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S.,
Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. ISBN 4-88788-032-4
(2006).
Jeong, Y.S.; Lee, S.E.; Huh, J.H. Estimation of CO2 emission of apartment buildings due to major
construction materials in the Republic of Korea. Energy and Buildings, Volume 49, Pages 437–442,
June 2012.
Luo, Z.; Yang, L.; Liu, J. Embodied carbon emissions of office building: A case study of China's 78
office buildings. Building and Environment, 95. p 365e371 (2016).
Manfredini C.; Sattler, M. A. Estimativa da energia incorporada a materiais de cerâmica vermelha no
Rio Grande do Sul. Ambiente Construído, v. 5, n. 1, p. 23-37, jan./mar. 2005. ISSN 1415-8876 ©
Associação Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre. 2005.
Monich, C. R.; Tavares S. F. Energia e CO2 embutidos na fabricação dos materiais de construção:
panorama atual no Brasil e exterior. In: 13o Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente
Construído, 2010, Canela, RS. Anais... Porto Alegre: ANTAC, 2010.
Paulsen, J. S.; Sposto, R. M. A life cycle energy analysis of social housing in Brazil: Case study for the
program “MY HOUSE MY LIFE”. Energy and Buildings, Volume 57, Pages 95–102, February 2013.
PNAD. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2013. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e
Estatística. Disponível em <http://www.ibge.gov.br>. Acessado em Maio de 2016
Santi, A.M.M. Co-incineração e co-processamento de resíduos industriais perigosos em fornos de
clínquer: investigação no maior pólo produtor de cimento do País, Região Metropolitana de Belo
Horizonte, MG, sobre os riscos ambientais e propostas para a Segurança Química. Tese [Doutorado].
Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos. Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica. UNICAMP Campinas,
SP. (2003).
SINPHA. Sistema de Informações de Posses de Eletrodomésticos e Hábitos de Consumo. PROCEL /
ELETROBRÁS. Núcleo de Estatística Computacional, PUC/Rio. Rio de Janeiro, 1999. CD-ROM.
Suzuki, M.; Oka, T.; Okada, K. The estimation of energy consumption and CO2 emission due to
housing construction in Japan. Energy and Buildings 22, p. 165-169 (1995).
Tavares, S.F. Metodologia de análise do ciclo de vida energético de edificações residenciais brasileiras.
Tese de doutorado. PPGEC - Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Civil. UFSC – Universidade
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Instruments for Environmental Management: A Focus on
Sustainable Innovation
ABSTRACT: The current environmental issue has increasingly demanded, initiatives aimed
at finding solutions that can provide a balance between the evolving needs of society and
the maintenance and preservation of the environment. In this sense, the instruments for
environmental management emerge and are designed to help strategies and decision-
making process. For as such instruments can become effective in the pursuit of sustainable
development, it is necessary that they be based on a holistic view of all aspects of society,
combining economic prospects, political and sociocultural to environmental balance. Thus,
this article aims to propose sustainable technological innovation as an environmental
management instrument, which can be a potentiating tool of the integration between
management tools already established as well as new. This mechanism seeks to attract
environmentally friendly solutions both in the development process, with improvements
in environmental performance, as the products, adapting them to new market niches.
Keywords Sustainable innovation, environmental management, management instruments,
public policy, sustainable development.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Discussions on environmental policies increasingly converge on issues related to
technological change. Social activities are often affected by the characteristics and
directions of technological change, and partly, environmental policy interventions can
create constraints and incentives that have significant effects on technological
development in process. For Freeman (1996) and Ruttan (1996), innovation and diffusion
represents the way to the adequacy of technological and social demands with
environmental conditions, and for such, a holistic view of the ecosystem conditions and
technological sets is necessary.
The construction of innovative technological policies currently represents one of the main
challenge for environmentalism, forcing him to abandon a defensive and restrictive stance,
front of to the broad possibilities of political and social restructuring in the contemporary
world. It is necessary to seek to understand innovation as a complex compatibility formula
of a technological system while technical and social environment. According to this notion,
it's necessary leave the Cartesian view of technological discussion, in other words, not just
replace a power source for another or add a palliative device on certain machines, it is
necessary to develop a comprehensive view at building a technical, economic
environmental paradigm that modifies the social behavior, consumption patterns, the way
of life, so that the technology is considered in a holistic view. It is up to environmentalism,
among other contemporary sectors, redeem the innovation of the interior of large
corporations and government agencies, and disseminate it to all the social groups, creating
conditions for the establishment of plural and efficient environments. The improvement of
sustainable organization models, the development of sustainable technologies,
management innovations for sustainable development will have more space in future
studies.
2.1 Dimensions
The concept of innovation is quite varied, depending mainly of its application. Briefly,
there are those who believe that innovation is the successful exploitation of new ideas.
Among the various possibilities to innovate, those relating to product or process
innovations are known as technological innovations. Other types of innovations can relate
to new markets, new business models, new processes and organizational methods or even
new sources of supplies. The word innovate, of the Latin: "Innovare", means making new,
renew, while innovation is relating to the act of innovate. In the early twentieth century,
the studies of Joseph Schumpeter had a major impact in debate on technological and
economic developments. According to Schumpeter (1982), entrepreneurial behavior,
coupled with the introduction and expansion of technological and organizational
innovations in enterprises is a key factor in the changes in the economic and long-term
development. According to Feenberg (1999), the choice or rejection of certain
technologies can not be based on purely economic criteria, but in the compatibilization
involving behavior and interest of the groups and strategic sectors. Over the past decades,
the development of systems theory has provided a basis for integration of knowledge
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4.1.2 Indicators
The indicators or parameters to be used in the analysis may vary between the different
technological innovations, being for product or process. This study suggests some, such as
life cycle analysis, energy efficiency, renewable energy use, greenhouse gas emissions,
noise pollution, self-sufficiency in relation to energy consumption, efficient use of
environmental resources, water consumption, flexibility of uses, rehabilitation of the built
environment, natural and technological risks, integration and social inclusion. The
knowledge network is paramount to assist the definition of the parameters to be used in a
multidisciplinary context.
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(AHP) developed in the 1970s by Prof. Thomas Saaty, in the Wharton School of the
University of Pennsylvania. The AHP aims to support the analyst to choose and justify his
choice and is based on mathematics and psychology. The central idea of this method is the
study of systems in a comparison sequence in pairs that allows us to understand, how to
make judgments in values that satisfy the wide optimization, according to multiple criteria.
The use of the method is carried out in the decision making process, minimizing its flaws.
Once the hierarchy is built, decision makers systematically evaluate its various elements,
comparing them to each other in pairs. To making comparisons, they can use concrete data
about the elements or can use their judgments about the relative significance or
importance of the elements. The AHP converts the judgments into numerical values that
can be processed and compared considering all extent of the problem. According Saaty
(1980), it is considered the elements of a given hierarchical level, and then, it is
determined the weights of the elements in relation to an element of the next higher level of
the comparison matrix by pairs, by calculating the eigenvector. Thus, being aij the value
obtained by comparison in pair of the element i with the element j, the matrix formed by
these values is the matrix called A, where A = (aij), and this matrix is a reciprocal matrix
such that aij =1/aij, wherein, if the judgments were perfect in all comparisons would be
possible to verify that aij x ajk = aik, for any i, j, k. For this procedure the matrix A should
be consistent. However, it is sometimes observed some inconsistency in judgments, a fact
which is admitted by the AHP. The nearer the value of λmáx is of n, the greater the
consistency of judgments (Gomes et al., 2004). Saaty (1980) showed that, being A, the
matrix of values, must be found the value that satisfies Equation 1:
𝐴𝑤 = λ𝑚á𝑥 × 𝜔 (1)
To obtain the eigenvector from Equation 1, one has Equation 2:
1 (𝐴𝜔)𝑖
λ𝑚á𝑥 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑗𝑖 (2)
𝑛 𝜔𝑖
Still according with Saaty (1980), the matrix A is consistent if, and only if, λmáx ≥ n. If the
matrix A is consistent, the magnitude of the disturbance is calculated using the
Consistency Index (CI), which must have a value of less than 0.1, through Equation 3:
𝐼𝑐 = (λ𝑚á𝑥 − 𝑛)(𝑛 − 1) (3)
Saaty (1980) proposes the calculation the Consistency Ratio (CR), which is the ratio of the
Consistency Index (CI) by Randomic Index (RI). This calculation provides as a result a new
vector in which each element is divided by the corresponding element of eigenvector and
the results are summed, then calculating the average.
𝐼𝐶
𝑅𝑐 = 𝐼𝑅 (4)
The Randomic Index (RI) is a random index, calculated for square matrices of n order by
the National Laboratory of Oak Ridge in USA. Table 1 shows some values.
Table 1 - Values of RI for square matrices of n order
Values of RI
n 2 3 4 5 6 7
RI 0 0,58 0,9 1,12 1,24 1,32
Source: Gomes et al, p. 48, 2004.
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Due the so-called psychological limit, according to which the human can, at most, judge
correctly 7 ± 2 points, that is, a maximum nine points (parameters to be analyzed) to
distinguish their differences, Saaty (1980) defined a Fundamental Scale which is presented
in Table 2:
Table 2 – Fundamental Scale of Saaty (1980).
FUNDAMENTAL SCALE OF SAATY
The Classic AHP method utilized considers many imponderables or unmatched aspects
among themselves, therefore, the values assigned to the comparison should be listed
subjectively using a multidisciplinary team. This method calculates the value of the impact
of the j alternative in relation to i, where results represent numerical values of the verbal
assignments given by decisor in each comparison of alternatives. It used the Equation 5,
which corresponds to the number of alternatives or compared elements.
∑ni=1 v̅i (Aj ) = 1 j = 1, … , n (5)
This causes the priority vector of the alternative i with respect to the criterion Ck, is:
(Aj )
v̅k (Ai ) = ∑nj=1 v̅i i = 1, … , n (7)
n
According to Saaty (1980), after obtaining the vector of priorities or impact of the
alternatives under each criterion Ck, it is necessary to continue with the level of the
criteria. It is adopted then again, the verbal scale for the classification in pairs of the
criteria, which are normalized in according the equation:
C
̅ i (Cj ) = ∑m ijC
w j = 1, … , m (8)
i=1 ij
Which corresponds to the number of criteria of the same level. The main vector is given by:
(Cj )
̅ (Ci ) = ∑m
w j=1 w
̅i m
i = 1, … , m (9)
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Finally, a process of aggregation allows to generate the final values of the alternatives,
ordering them by Equation 10, where n is the number of alternatives:
̅ j ) = ∑m
f(A ̅ (Ci ) × vi (Aj )
i=1 w j = 1, … , n (10)
5. CONCLUSION
As seen, sustainable innovation does not follow a linear path, but it is an interactive
process between different actors and involves continuous feedback loops between the
different stages. An innovation policy must be linked to sustainable development so that
they can influence each other over time, to tackle the barriers to technology diffusion and
trade-offs between the economy, society and the environment. Given the increasing
demand for environmental resources, not all existing technologies are long-term, adequate
to ensure sustainable development. During the environmental licensing process should be
a technological research process seeking to assess the most appropriate technology. In this
sense, this study presented a new environmental management instrument that causes the
comparison between technologies to meet the objectives of sustainable development. This
instrument consists of three stages: creation of a knowledge network to expand the basis
of technical studies of the licenser, listing and definition of parameters to be analyzed and
the use of a matrix analysis tool to aid decision making. Finally, pointed it the use of
quality management tools to verify compliance with the performance targets. This
environmental management instrument can be a potentiating tool of the integration
between management tools already established as well as new. Such mechanism seeks to
attract environmentally friendly solutions both in the development process with
improvements in environmental performance, as in the products, adapting them to new
market niches.
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REFERENCES
Azzone, G.; Bertelè, U.; Noci, G. At last we are creating environmental strategies which work. Long
Range Planning, v.30, n.4, p.562-571, 1997.
Barbieri, J. C. et al. Inovação e sustentabilidade: novos modelos e proposições, RAE, v. 50, n. 2, 2010.
Barbieri, J. C.; DIAS, M. Logística Reversa Como instrumento de programas de produção e consumo
sustentáveis. Revista Tecnologística, São Paulo, Ano VI, nº 77. 2002.
Boschetti, A.F; Bicarji, G.A. Instrumentos de Gestão Ambiental: Uma Ferramenta para
Competitividade. In. Anais Simpósio de Excelência em Gestão e Tecnologia, Resende, 2010.
Capra, Fritjof. O Ponto de Mutação: A Ciência, a Sociedade e a Cultura emergente. 23ª ed. Trad.
Álvaro Cabral. São Paulo, SP: Editora Pensamento-Cultrix Ltda, 2002.
Feenberg, A. Questioning technology, London, Routledge, 1999.
Freeman, C. The greening of technology and models of innovation, Technological forecasting and
social change, v. 53, n. 01. 1996.
Gomes, L. F. A. M., Araya, M. C.G., Carignamo, C. 2004. Tomada de Decisão em Cenários Complexos,
pp.41-61.
Groenewegen, P.; Vergragt, P. Environmental issues as treats and opportunities for technological
innovation. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, v. 3, n. 1, p. 43-55, 1991.
Latour, B. Jamais fomos modernos, São Paulo, Ed. 34, 1994.
Mendes, F. E.; Seroa da Motta, R. Instrumentos econômicos para o controle ambiental do ar e da
água: uma resenha da experiência internacional. Texto para Discussão nº 479. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA,
1997.
Ruttan, V. Induced innovation and path-dependence: a reassessment with respect to agricultural
development and the environment, Technological forecasting and social change, v. 53, n. 01. 1996.
Saaty, T. L. The Analytic Hierarchy Process. N. York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.
Schumpeter, J.A. Teoria do desenvolvimento econômico. São Paulo, Abril (Os pensadores), 1982.
Vendramin, P; Valenduc, G. O desenvolvimento rural na sociedade da informação. Relatório do
grupo de peritos de alto nível sobre os aspectos sociais da sociedade de informação. Direção Geral V
da Comissão Europeia, Bruxelas. 1997.
946
An assessment of the CASBEE sustainability certificate in
the context of Brazilian urban projects
ABSTRACT: In most studies, it has been taking into account the performance assessment of
construction, without addressing or addressing insufficiently, the urban context in which it
is inserted: the environment, the neighborhood, the city. As cause and consequence of this
situation, many of the built environment promotion policies are directed solely to the
construction, while larger scale projects are at the mercy of a few indicators, hampering the
assessment work of funding agencies. These criteria have been defined by the various
institutions that develop methods of environmental assessment, some of which granting
certification to the enterprise. This paper aims to consider one of these methods, CASBEE
method - Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency,
administered by IBEC -Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservation, based in
Japan, the only one, so far, that assesses the scale of the city instead of the
neighborhood/district scale. As a result, this paper presents the adjustments that must be
made on some criteria of the method in question, so that it can be used in Brazilian context.
Keywords Civil Construction, Urban Design, Urban Sustainability, Environmental Assessment
Methods, CASBEE.
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1. INTRODUCTION
In this context, society reacts to the other United Nations conferences on the environment
confirming their importance, such as the Rio + 20, from which Bonduki (2012) mentions
how superficial was treated the "sustainable cities" theme.
1.2 Objective
The objective of this paper is to analyze the environmental assessment method called
CASBEE - Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency. The
choice of this method is due to the fact that it presents some criteria that the authors
1
Free translation of the original text.
2
Free translation of the original text.
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2. DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Methodology and action strategy
The methodology used in this paper consists of revising the bibliography related to
classificatory environmental assessment methods, based on those used for calculation of
environmental performance built on an urban scale. Classificatory assessment methods are
quantitative character assessment procedures, which give certification (NEGREIROS; Abiko,
2009).
The basis for the development of this paper was based on Bueno master's thesis (2010), in
which the author addresses four certification standards directed to buildings motivated by
the increasing of the production of social housing and its problematic related to the quality
of the housing units built at low cost.
Essentially, the certifications that are of interest to the objective of the work are identified,
by drawing a brief overview of the state of the art and technology. Next, the most relevant
certifications to the assessment of urban scale are preferred and described, showing the
reason for the choice and their degree of relevance to the study, systematizing them in order
to build a proper analysis model.
In accordance with Bueno (2010): "Adequacy to the studied regulation", "applicability in
the Brazilian context" and "regional flexibility" are defined as marking criteria. These
criteria were adapted for the assessment of the urban environment, as explained below:
1. Adequacy to the studied regulation: the values required by the certifications shall be
greater than or equal to the values of national standards.
2. Applicability in the Brazilian context: the credits must be consistent with Brazil in
cultural, geographic and economic terms, as well as the technical and applied practices.
3. Regional Flexibility: requirements must be flexible, adapting to regional contexts so
different, present in a country of continental proportions like Brazil.
The criterion of "relevance to the determination of environmental performance" was not
included due to unsuitability to the object of this dissertation. In the case studied, what is at
stake is not only the environmental performance of certifications, but also a general analysis
of sustainability, which the environment is a part, as well as the economy and society.
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The assessed criteria of CASBEE are succinctly explained throughout the paper and can be
found best described in its own documentation.
For urban environment assessment, it has been adapted to urban environments nine
assessment categories defined by Bueno (2010). They are listed below:
1. Design process and popular support: it assesses the practice of urban design.
2. Connections: it relates the question of the project's connections with its urban
infrastructure systems.
3. Implementation: it refers to issues related to the land and the ground.
4. Resource consumption: it refers to the consumption of water, energy and materials.
5. Emissions: it refers to the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases during
construction, most important during operation.
6. Comfort: it addresses issues relating to thermal comfort, acoustic, luminal, ventilation,
especially physical issues, but also landscape and psychological ones.
7. Services and integration: it includes all services systems such as trading, security,
education, leisure and health. And yet forms of control of systems addressed in category
Connections.
8. Economic aspects: it includes aspects related to the financial system and economic
welfare.
9. Planning of the operation and urban management: the operation, main and broader point
of an urban project, is assessed in this category.
The bibliographic search was made in books, articles, dissertations, theses, manuals,
documentation published in academia, and internationally to capture ideas and successful
experiences. Legislation and relevant resolutions. Journals of scientific and technical
information, and available sources from the internet.
To understand the scale of the problem there were also made research on case studies
turned to management and sustainability in construction. The documentary research was
done in library collections, databases, environment, environmental plans and projects.
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It is addressed the quantitative data assessment directly taken from Japanese federal
agencies as Statiscs Bureau, Japan Sewage Works Association, and the National Police
Agency. With holistic approach, it distinguishes criteria to be analyzed in the form of
percentage rates spontaneously obtained in the Japanese landscape. The data are of such
understandable nature that counts on historical series. This certification includes a chapter
that deals with policy options and programs to be stipulated over the years for maintenance
and confirmation of the achieved benchmarks.
The certification procedure in a simplified way is the calculation of a quotient. The
numerator is defined as the quality of the city (Q), while the denominator is its
environmental load (L). Both factors are calculated according to an average of the
certification criteria. In each criterion, it is presented an indicator and a scale of five
intervals where each interval is associated with a score of 1 to 5. Indicators are many, but
simple and sometimes take the form of only one value, such as in "Policies and efforts to life
in society", which assesses the amount of government programs that serve the population.
At other times, take the form of percentage, for example, in "domestic waste recycling rate",
which is the ratio of recycled waste and waste produced.
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The analysis of how well suited a city is with analogy to natural disasters that can occur is
compromised. The seal of a country as different as Japan is, compared to Brazil should be
changed. There is no intention to use as a generic reference the areas of public facilities that
can serve as shelters are still attached to the Japanese inclement weather, as the occurrence
of earthquakes, as only the facilities that are certified are recorded. To be used in Brazil This
identifier would need to be reviewed and trampled on regional inclement weather, such as
drought or flooding events.
Culture services are analyzed with indexes without access in Brazil. It also occurs with the
daycare service and the rate of population growth due to migration. The first related to the
possibility to be assessed with the difference between the number of children up to four
years enrolled in daycare services, would not properly consider the condition of the city.
The second could be found with a survey by the Brazilian Museums System that contains
such data, or even, particularly in each city museum. The reason for which there are
instances of children who have family members who can take care of them. Finally, the rate
of migration could only be analyzed with own tests subsidy and these elements are not
assessed so segregated at the municipal level by statistical offices.
The last fact of unconformity, which will consist of explanation, is the number of policies for
environmental improvement and biodiversity. This is an artifact of simple acquisition. The
fear of its analysis, however, is that certain federal policies, not developed fully in a certain
county, could be introduced and conceals the results. This set, in order to have regional
flexibility, that this critical judgment would need to be adapted to house only municipal
policies, or policies, which have some sort of self-analysis with respect to their local results.
It is permissible then congregate the non-conformities found in three types: - The first, most
common, is related to the calibration of the indexes and the analogy standards. As this is a
Japanese certification, it is to aim that is linked to the panorama of the country. The simple
way to get these inadequacies would be through its adjustment to the Brazilian indexes. A
second way of non-conformity is the lack of information required in Brazilian researches or
agencies, whereas the third and last one is more of a concern than a mismatch. Certain
indexes can be misinterpreted, even with the current effort in the manual to emphasize that
types of buildings, areas or policies should be recorded.
3. CONCLUSÃO
The certificate analyzed, except for the fact of having a high concentration of unadjusted
critical, considers various aspects attached to urban projects. Its treatment, consists of
environmental conditions, labor relations or housing welfare, which are essential for a high
note in CASBEE-City labor, and therefore to a "good city", established by the same
foundation of sustainability: economic, social and environmental factors, certifying the
quality of life. Therefore, it is evident the need to comply more jobs that point to analyze
environmental assessment methods in order to collaborate with the construction of
criticism that support the government, the professionals of the built environment sector
and funding agencies that require, architect, finance and produce more sustainable urban
projects.
There are several artifacts that are valued by services in the city. Fifteen of the forty-two
criteria assesses, through indicators per capita, the availability of these systems. Two
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assessments can be done on these indexes. On the other hand, notes like these disguise the
real effectiveness of the service given that central neighborhoods, with more choice, end up
increasing the overall rate of the city even if peripheral areas with few facilities. However,
this analysis does not value the "cut-neighborhood", but the city as a whole.
Although the per capita rates levied a lack of CASBEE-City, it is essential to verify that was
implemented a policy that subsidizes the reduction of this misunderstanding, as already
explained, at the "Efficiency of public transport." Therefore, people's access to services is
guaranteed.
Certain regional economy considerations lead to many city systems. Then, one of the main
systems of the city is the exchange and trade ones. The trade vitality of the city is mostly
seen in the CASBEE-City through the indicator "Equivalent index of the number of people
visiting the city" that, even before the measurement difficulty, is calculated, even if
indirectly. The seriousness that is given to trade for the good life in the city is, therefore,
ratified.
The citizen, as part of the city, should feel at ease, comfortable, nothing despite amortize its
impacts. The criteria encompassed in Emissions and Comfort outline a scenario of quality
of life that residents have at their disposal of the environmental perspective and, from a
more general outline, also the quality of the environment. The sound attribute is a
component that outlines this correctly: it can be used vehicles, as soon as the noise caused
not intervene in the other city functions such as the reside one.
Different criteria tend to the welfare of citizens, even outside those categories, such as
"adequate provision of parks and open spaces" that does not edify the city, but preserves
the landscape quality and the friendliness of the way.
The disengagement and access to city services, a good trading system, the human welfare
and the reduction of their impacts are assessed in CASBEE-City and confirm the operation
of the city as a set of interconnected systems. Leisure, sewage, traffic, security, education,
health, information technology, and politics are only a few systems assessed in the seal, but
they are present in any city, promoting exchanges and improving the quality of life for their
residents.
REFERENCES
BERKE, P. R.; GODSCHALK, D. R.; KAISER, E. J. ; RODRIGUES, D. A. Urban Land Use Planing. United
States: University of Illinois Press, 2006.
BRASIL. Estatuto da Cidade: Lei 10.257/2001 que estabelece diretrizes gerais da política urbana.
Brasília, Câmara dos Deputados, 2001.
BRUNDTLAND, Gro Harlem –– “Our Common Future – The World Commission on Environment and
Development” – Oxford University, Oxford University Press, 1987.
BUENO, C. Avaliação de desempenho ambiental de edificações habitacionais: análise comparativa dos
sistemas de certificação no contexto brasileiro. Brazil (São Paulo): Universidade Federal de São
Carlos. 2010.
CONAMA, Resoluções do CONAMA nº 3, 2nd. Edition, Brasília, 1990.
FARR, D. Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design With Nature. United States: Wiley, 2007.
JACOBS, Jane. Morte e vida das grandes cidades. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2000.
MEADOWS, D. et al. - The limits of growth - Universe Books. New York, 1972.
NEGREIROS, I.; ABIKO, A.K. Diretrizes para Projetos de Loteamentos de Projetos Urbanos
Considerando os Métodos de Avaliação Ambiental. Boletim Técnico BT/PCC/526. Boletim Técnico –
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954
Sustainable building: Assessment tool in brazil
Camila Condorelli
Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil
Júlia Furtado
Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil
Leander Braga
Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil
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1. INTRODUCTION
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with 3,287.956 square miles, 5,570 cities,
and 27 states divided into five regions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South and Midwest).
This division in regions and states enables the planning of political actions directed for
regions with similar characteristics.
There are four different time zones, as well as four climatic regions in Brazil (equatorial
climate, tropical climate, subtropical climate and quasi arid climate), which explain the
different construction practices and building types. In this context, the global interest
about the sustainable development in the Brazilian construction industry is promising.
However, a definition for this segment is complex as it is divided into many parts despite
the several incentives in recent years, which are, however, timid when compared with the
rest of the world.
In the last 14 years, the Brazilian GDP per capita increased 21.4%. Economic growth is
directly linked with education, being that, currently, higher education is represented by
2,416 institutions, being 87.4% of them private and 12.6% public institutions. The number
of graduate students in 2012 has more than doubled when compared with 2002,
increasing from 467,972 to 1,050413 professionals. 74,539 of these students belong to the
fields of engineering (engineering of production and construction (building) is 7% of the
total). However, Leite (2013) states that the number of graduated professionals is not
enough since the demand for houses in 2010 has grown 28% when compared to the year
2000. (MEC/INEP (2012))
According to the GBC Brazil (2014), the main concentration of professionals of the
construction industry is located in the Southeast, with 67.24% in São Paulo followed by
8.37% in Rio de Janeiro. A general analysis of higher education institutions, both public
and private, shows that the situation is not different regarding the students of engineering
since the Southeast stands out with 49% of the country’s total.
In this context, it is worth mentioning the several global meetings on the topic of
sustainable development that have been taking place and the numerous governmental
organizations that have offered and periodically updated the Sustainable Development
Indicators in accordance with the Commission on Sustainable Development. In Brazil, the
Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE) has been undertaking that research
since 2002 focusing on four aspects, summarized below (IBGE, 2015):
i) The environmental dimension: it refers to the use of natural resources and
environmental degradation, and is related to conservation objectives and
environmental preservation, being considered as essential for the quality of
life of the present and future generations. These issues appear organized in 20
(twenty) indicators arranged according to aspects such as atmosphere, earth,
water, oceans and seas, biodiversity and sanitation;
ii) The social dimension: it concerns objectives related to the satisfaction of human
needs, improvements in the quality of life and social justice. The 21 (twenty
one) indicators are arranged by population, labour and income, health,
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education, home and security, aiming to depict the educational level, income
distribution and living conditions;
iii) The economic dimension: is concerned with the use of natural resources,
industrial production and waste management, energy use and its connection
with the financial performance of the country. This dimension refers to the
efficiency of production processes and changes in consumption patterns, being
organized in 12 (twelve) indicators;
iv) The institutional dimension: is concerned with the political orientation, the
ability and effort spent by governments and society towards the effectuation of
changes required for an effective implementation of sustainable development,
and is presented in 9 (nine) indicators.
In the case of Brazil, there is the Brazilian Sustainable Building Council (www.cbcs.org.br)
(CBCS, 2015), as well as several research centres and agencies involved in the issue in
question. However, the Brazilian assessment tools are international adaptations and do
not properly take into consideration its own characteristics.
In Brazil, the most nominated and commercially accepted assessment tools, given that
they analyze a variety of aspects of the building (deployment, water and energy efficiency,
environmental comfort, performance of the materials, among others), are:
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The LEED assessment tool aims to identify the efficiency and environmental performance
of the building through an evaluation system based on credits, in different levels of
environmental performance: Certificate (minimum 40 points), Silver (minimum 50 points),
Gold (minimum 60 points), and Platinum (over 80 points). Emits the following categories
(USGBC, 2013) in the following versions: LEED Core & Shell, LEED New Construction &
Major Renovation, LEED for Commercial Interiors, LEED Existing Buildings – Operation
and Maintenance, LEED Retail, LEED for Schools, LEED for Neighbourhood Development
and LEED for Healthcare.
Taking this assessment tool in consideration, it was created a database about the buildings
that are certified and registered as well as their distribution among the Brazilian Regions.
This is illustrated in Table 1 and Figure 1, which shows the results of certifications LEEED
/ Brazil. Therefore, it was observed that by the second half of 2013 the system had already
assessed 854 projects in total, being that 169 of them had already been certified and 685
were registered and the certification was in process (GBC, 2014).
Table 1. LEED/Brazil Regions. (Source: GBC Brasil (2014)).
Regions of LEED Level of certification
Brazil Certificate Registered Region LEED LEED Silver LEED Gold LEED Platinum
North 0 14 14 0 0 0 0
Northeast 9 40 49 3 6 0 0
Midwest 2 23 25 0 0 2 0
Southeast 145 536 681 30 45 61 5
South 13 72 85 1 6 6 0
169 685 854 34 57 69 5
LEED/Brazil
1% 6% 3%
10% LEED CS
LEED NC
LEED EB_OM
80% LEED-CI
LEED-RETAIL
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Table 1 and Figure 1shows that the south-eastern region of Brazil has a large number of
buildings evaluated through the assessment tool LEED. The Southern region goes along
with the national average, with 8%. About the LEED version, the LEED CS (core & shell) is
the most common, followed by others (LEED New Construction, for example), as it can be
seen in table 2.
Table 2 and Figure 2 shows a strong variation between the versions of LEED. In the end of
the ranking are Neighbourhood Development and LEED, with 5 (five) projects, LEED for
schools with 4 (four) registered and, finally, LEED for Healthcare with only 3 (three)
hospitals.
Versions of LEED
1%
1% 0%
2% LEED CS
6% LEED NC
8%
46% LEED EB_OM
LEED-CI
36% LEED-RETAIL
LEED ND
LEED FOR SCHOOLS
LEED HC
The AQUA assessment tool (adapted to HQE) performs the verification in two moments:
management system (SGE) and Environmental quality of building (QAE). The first moment
ensures the implementation of the second and it is organized in four steps (Appointment,
Operation, Management, Learning). In the second moment, the QAE analysis is executed in
order to evaluate the project and the building (i.e., Project, Conception, Building, Operation
and Use). (FUNDAÇÃO VANZOLINI, 2013)
Tables 3 and 4, Figure 3 and 4 show the buildings certified by the AQUA assessment tool.
The south-eastern region of Brazil has the largest number of nominations even though all
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regions in Brazil have employed this assessment tool. The concernment for Home Building
is evident flowing the school building.
Table 3. AQUA assessment tool in Brazil (QAE e SGE). (FUNDAÇÃO VANZOLINI, 2013).
Region AQUA Levels of Certification
QAE SGE Project Conception Building Operation Use
North 2 6 8 5 3 2 3 2
Northeast 1 12 13 12 7 1 1 0
Midwest 1 6 7 6 3 1 1 1
Southeast 12 123 135 120 46 12 16 5
South 2 5 7 3 2 2 4 2
18 152 170 146 61 18 25 10
Table 4. AQUA assessment tool for each region of Brazil. (FUNDAÇÃO VANZOLINI, 2013).
AQUA assessment tool Regions
Home Building 1 3 0 54 0 58
School 0 4 3 41 0 48
Operation/ Use 3 1 1 14 4 23
Commercial 3 4 2 7 2 18
Accommodation and leisure 1 1 1 9 0 12
Neighborhood 0 0 0 6 0 6
Industry 0 0 0 3 1 4
Renovation 0 0 0 1 0 1
AQUA Brazil
4% 5%
4%
8% North
Northeast
Midwest
79% Southeast
South
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Home Building
Verions of AQUA
School
4% 2% 1%
7% Operation/ Use
34%
11% Commercial
28% Neighborhood
Industry
Renovation
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standardization into account and also the lack of qualified professionals on the
subject of assessment tools;
xii) Finally, the sustainable building in Brazil is greater in the building market, i. e.,
“sustainable construction is the regulation of the building industry because it
differentiates the product and integrates demand to user”.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this context, contributions for the Brazilian construction industry and for the political
consolidation of “green building” are very important. However, the building’s design will
be possible with the introduction and consolidation of environmental changes, both in the
social and in the economic aspects, including the building process.
Analyzing the Brazilian territory and its regional differences - associated with public
policies that, in this case, include the financial and technical incentives in all principles of
sustainable development – as well as its socio-economic inequalities, are important
indicators in the reinforcement of "Green Building Brazil". The assessment tool guide in
the Brazilian and in the international civil construction industry usually follows four steps:
quantification of the performance of the building at the level of each indicator;
standardization of parameters; collection of parameters and sustainable scores for global
assessment.
REFERENCES
Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE). Indicadores do desenvolvimento sustentável.
2013. Available at: <http://www.ibge.gov.br>. [accessed: 12.01.15]
Diakaki C, Grigoroudis E, Kabelis N, Kolokotsa D, Kalaitzakis K, Stavrakakis G. A multi-objective
decision model for the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings. Energy and Buildings. 2010;
35: 5483–5496. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2010.05.012.
Brazilian Sustainable Building Council (CBCS). Aspectos da construção sustentável no Brasil e
promoção de políticas públicas. 2015. Available at: <www.cbcs.org.br>. [accessed: 12.01.15]
Cox R, Drews M, Rode C, Nielsen S. Simple future weather files for estimating heating and cooling
demand. Building and Environment. 2015; 83: 104-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.04.006.
GBTOOL: GREEN Building tool, GBC. 2014. Available at: <http://iisbe.org/gbc2k/gbtool/gbtool-
main.htm>. [accessed: 30.08.14]
Mattos BF. Sustainable Constuction: national picture of environmental certification. Federal
University of Juiz de Fora (master's degree), Brazil. 2014: 119p.
Vanzolini Fundation. Technical certification: AQUA assessment tool. São Paulo, SP, 2007.
AQUA assessment tool. 2014. Available at: <http://www.vanzolini.org.br/hotsite-
104.asp?cod_site=104>. [accessed: 30.08.14]
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Water loss indicators used in public water supply services
in Brazil: Literature research and review
Saulo Biasutti
Federal University of Espírito Santo, Professional Master’s in Engineering and Sustainable
Development, Vitória (ES), Brazil
saulobiasutti@gmail.com
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1. INTRODUCTION
Water loss indicators are valuable tools for the systematic evaluation of the efficiency of
water supply systems (Abes 2013) because a system with high loss rate may require
frequent interruptions in supply, compromising the quality of services (Almandoz et al.
2005).
You can find in the literature several loss indicators in different formats (Miranda 2002).
And the lack of uniformity in the procedures for determining such indicators, coupled with
the lack of rigor in handling information, denigrates the credibility of the use of this tool,
generally effective, because it hinders the comparison of the water loss performance
management among different water supply systems (Lambert et al. 2014).
As a result, the International Water Association (IWA), in the late 90's, laid the normative
basis of the performance indicators for water supply services. The standard of IWA
indicators was successful, being adopted by several countries (Kanakoudis et al. 2011).
However, in Brazil there is still no consolidated national standard of loss indicators and
therefore a lot of indicators are used by water supply sector, making it difficult benchmark
performance in combating losses between different water supply companies (Miranda
2002). In this context, this article aims to investigate the various types of water loss
indicators adopted in Brazil, observing variations in terminology, units and formulas.
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2. METHODS
The method selected for the literature research was systematic review of the literature,
which differs from traditional literature research (narrative review), to be a more focused
research, by applying systematic research methods for critical analysis and synthesis of
information selected. In order to implement the method, the procedures recommended by
Sampaio & Mancini (2007) were followed, which are outlined in the following flowchart:
Figure 1. Systematic review of the literature. Source: Adapted from Sampaio & Mancini 2007.
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Event Organizer
Brazilian Congress of Sanitary and Environmental Brazilian Association of Sanitary and Environmental
Engineering Engineering (ABES)
National Association of Municipal Sanitation Services
Exhibition of Municipal Experiences in Sanitation
(ASSEMAE)
National Congress of Sanitation and Environment Association of Engineers of Sabesp (AESabesp)
Source: Own authorship.
Periodical Site
Journal of Environmental and Sanitary
http://abes-dn.org.br/d2_Publicacoes_eng.html
Engineering
Journal of Water Resources http://www.abrh.org.br/
Journal of Technology and Environment http://periodicos.unesc.net/index.php/tecnoambiente
Journal of DAE http://revistadae.com.br/site/artigos-aprovados/
Source: Own authorship.
It should be emphasized that the review was not limited to these journals. Articles that
were considered relevant for the purpose of research and met the established criteria
were selected for the study.
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After the selection of the articles, theses and dissertations that met the requirements for
inclusion in the study, it was searched within the set of publications which ones effectively
answered the survey questions. Readings and summaries played a central role in this
phase. For each document a reading record containing summary was created, and some
transcriptions of excerpts that could be used later. All publications were filed in folders, at
the same time the collection continued. The criterion for such organization was the source
of the document.
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80% 70%
40% 34%
23% 20%
20%
0%
Total losses Revenue losses Real losses Apparent losses
In Figure 2, it is noted that 70% of the sample case studies presented indicators of "total
losses" that consider the total volume lost (real and apparent losses). It is the most widely
used indicator because of the ease of understanding and calculation that does not require
a lot of data, only some information that is generally available (e.g. Available and
consumed volume). However, it should be noted that the IWA recommends distinguishing,
whenever possible, the real water losses from apparent water losses. This breakdown
allows the calculation of a set of more specific performance indicators that guide decision-
making on priority actions to combat water losses.
Figure 2 also shows that only 23% of the case studies presented real loss indicators
(physical loss) which represent the volume of water lost due to the occurrence of leaks in
pipes and overflowing in reservoirs. And 20% of the case studies presented indicators for
apparent loss (not physical loss) which represent the volume of water consumed but not
recorded by the sanitation company due to measurement errors, fraud, illegal connections
and failures in the commercial register. It was observed that the real and apparent losses
are generally evaluated indirectly through other operating information, such as listed in
Table 3.
Table 3. Additional indicators assessing water losses
Another indicator widely used is the "revenue losses" that differs from the previous
indicator by considering the formula the billed water volume instead of consumed water
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volume1. According to the IWA, this indicator should be used only for a preliminary
financial assessment of the problem and should not be used as an operating indicator.
It was not identified in the sample a case study which presented "non-revenue water by
cost," which is a more complete financial indicator for assessing the financial impact of
losses in revenues and costs of production and distribution of treated water, as
recommended by IWA.
Of the 164 study cases, only 11 studies calculated the ILI (Infrastructure leakage index)
that relates the actual real losses and an estimate of the minimum real losses that could be
technically achieved for the system operating pressure, average service connection length
and service connection density (Alegre et al. 2006). This indicator allows the comparison
of the efficiency of different systems and different operators.
Only three studies showed loss indicators in production and only a study of the sample
suggested a loss rate in adduction of the raw water and in production of the treated water.
Table 4 shows examples of these indicators proposed by Beloni & Paper (2015).
Table 4. Water loss indicators in adduction and production.
3.3 Units
Figure 3 shows the most used water loss indicators units.
80%
64%
total of each type of indicator
Frequency relative to the
60%
41% 40% 44% 43%
35% 39%
40%
25% 21%
15% 18%
20% 11%
2% 2%
0%
%
%
m³/year
m³/km/day
m³/year
m³/year
m³/year
Others
L/con./day
L/con./day
L/con./day
L/con./day
In Figure 3, it is observed that more than 40% of total loss indicators are expressed as a
percentage. These indicators relate the volume of water lost to the total volume produced
1
It should be highlighted that the billed volume differs from the consumed volume, as the companies of water
supply services adopt minimum or average consumption parameters, which can be higher than the volume
actually consumed. Generally, the value of the invoiced amount is greater than or equal to the consumed
volume (Brazil 2016).
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3.4 Terminology
Table 5 shows the various terminologies used for different types of loss indicators. It is
observed that there is a large list of loss indicators used by providers of water services.
Although these indicators present different terminologies or acronyms, many agree in
their formulations and units.
Table 5. Water loss indicators terminologies.
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However, the following case was also observed: indicators with the same nomenclature
but with different formulations, especially in the delimitation of the water balance
components. For example, there is difference between "Infrastructure leakage index" (ILI)
in Negrisolli (2009) and in Melato Zahed & Filho (2011). The first reference ILI relates the
volume of total losses (real and apparent losses) to the volume of total inevitable losses
(the minimum level of total losses expected for the system). In the second reference, ILI
reports the real losses to the inevitable minimum real losses, as it is recommended by IWA.
Another example is the differences in the formulation of "revenue loss index." In the
formula of the indicator, some references exclude the service water volume (authorized
unbilled consumption) of the offered volume following the methodology of the National
Sanitation Information System (SNIS), which is currently the largest database of the
Brazilian sanitation sector (Brazil, 2016). In other references, the formula of the indicator
includes service water volume to the total of non-revenue water volume, as recommended
by the IWA (Alegre et al. 2006) and Miranda (2002).
It is also observed that the "loss index in percentage" terminology used to represent both
the total loss (non-accounted water index) and also the loss of revenue (non-revenue
water index).
It should be emphasized the difference in meaning between the terms index and indicator,
which are often mistakenly used interchangeably. Indicators come from a synthesis of
primary data and indexes of aggregate indicators (Brazil 2011). In this article, it was
chosen to use the original term of reference even to highlight the differences in
terminologies adopted in the references.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The results of this research show that there is still not a consolidated set of standardized
loss indicators in Brazil. The main divergence between the indicators is the delimitation of
the volume control, which does not always consider the imported, exported or service
water volume.
This study provides evidence that indicators expressed by percentage continue to be
widely used by water supply companies, even those not being recommended by IWA for
technical loss management.
It should be emphasized that there is no perfect indicator, because the set of indicators
should be analyzed and decided which best portray the situation of losses. And there
should be standardization in the indicators calculation methodology across all process
agents (water supply companies and regulatory agencies) for a clearer definition of the
loss indicators, in order to allow a coherent assessment of the effectiveness of the water
supply companies as to combat losses.
Finally, this study does not intend to exhaust the theme of the research, but draw attention
to the need for further studies for an appropriate proposal of standardization of the water
loss indicators to Brazilian needs.
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REFERENCES
Abes – Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental. 2013. Perdas em sistemas de
abastecimento de água. Rio de Janeiro: ABES.
Alegre, H. et al. 2006. Performance indicators for water supply services. Londres: IWA Publishing.
Almandoz, J. et al. 2005. Leakage assessment through water distribution network simulation.
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 131(6): 458–466.
Beloni, A. C. V. & Papel, A. P. 2015. Estudo de controle de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de
água. In XIX Exposição de Experiências Municipais em Saneamento. 24-29 maio 2015. Poços de
Caldas/MG: ASSEMAE.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. 2011. Saúde ambiental: guia básico para construção de indicadores.. -
Brasília: Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde.
Brasil. Ministério das Cidades. 2016. Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento:
Diagnóstico dos Serviços de Água e Esgotos. Brasília: SNSA/MCIDADES.
Giustolisi, O et al. 2013. Operational Optimization: Water Losses versus Energy Costs. Journal of
Hydraulic Engineering, 139(4): 410-423.
Kanakoudis, V. et al. 2011. Developing appropriate performance indicators for urban water
distribution systems evaluation at Mediterranean countries. Water Utility Journal. 1: 31-40.
Lambert, A et al. 2014. 14 Years Experience of using IWA Best Practice Water Balance and Water
Loss Performance Indicators in Europe. In Water Loss Conference.. 30 mar. a 2 abr. 2014. Viena-
Austria: IWA Publishing.
Melato, D. S. & Zahed Filho, K. 2011. Diagnóstico de perdas de água: uma metodologia aplicada na
Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. In Congresso Nacional de Saneamento e Meio Ambiente.. 1-3 ago.
2011. São Paulo: AESABESP.
Miranda, E. C. 2002. Avaliação de perdas em Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água - Indicadores de
Perdas e Metodologias para a Análise de Confiabilidade. 2002. 215 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) -
Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília.
Negrisolli, R. K. 2009. Análise de dados e indicadores de perdas em sistema de abastecimento de
água. 2009. 191f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Ambientais,
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande.
Sampaio, R. F. & Mancini, M. C. 2007. Estudos de revisão sistemática: um guia para síntese criteriosa
da evidência científica. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia 11(1): 83-89.
Tabesh, M et al. 2009. An Integrated Model to Evaluate Losses in Water Distribution Systems. Water
Resources Management 23(3): 477-492.
972
Eficiência de proteções solares horizontais externas para
a latitude da cidade de São Paulo
Maria Akutsu
Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Laboratório de Conforto Ambiental e Sustentabilidade, São Paulo
(SP), Brasil
akutsuma@ipt.br
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Janelas sem sombreamento podem admitir quantidades significativas de radiação solar em
ambientes, causando problemas visuais, como o brilho intenso da iluminação natural, e
térmicos com consequências no conforto do usuário. O controle eficiente da incidência de
energia solar nas edificações contribui tanto para a melhoria do seu desempenho térmico,
quanto para o aproveitamento da luz natural, fatores associados à eficiência energética
dos edifícios, que são fundamentais no âmbito da sustentabilidade do ambiente
construído. Isso é destacado em diversos trabalhos que apresentam o resultado de
pesquisas onde se avaliaram a influência das proteções solares no consumo de energia por
sistemas de ar-condicionado e no conforto térmico dos usuários. (Tzempelikos e
Athienitis, 2007; Datta, 2001; Palmero-Marrero e Oliveira, 2010; Gupta e Ralegaonkar,
2004). Porém, não é feita uma análise considerando isoladamente o efeito da eficiência da
proteção solar no sombreamento de aberturas.
Florides et al. (2002) estudaram o efeito do comprimento do beiral na demanda de
energia. Eles descobriram que um beiral horizontal maior reduziu a demanda de
refrigeração porém aumentou a demanda de aquecimento. As cargas térmicas de cada
edifício e as diferentes características climáticas ao longo do ano de cada lugar demandam
por eficiências de sombreamento apropriadas. Uma proporção maior de sombreamento
(maior eficiência do dispositivo) não significa necessariamente um ambiente mais
confortável. Dependendo da situação é adequado admitir ou impedir o ganho de calor
solar através da abertura no ambiente. Desse modo um padrão para demonstrar a
eficiência mensal de sombreamento é um dos fatores essenciais para a escolha de um
dispositivo de sombreamento adequado.
Cho, Yoo e Kim (2014) apresentam uma análise de eficiência do sombreamento de
proteções solares. Para isso uma janela de referência foi definida e modelos de proteções
solares (verticais e horizontais), com variações dimensionais, foram aplicados à janela de
referência para três orientações solares (sul, leste e oeste). A incidência de radiação solar
direta é simulada apenas de maio a setembro, quando a ocorrência de carga de
resfriamento é esperada, sem avaliar a influência dos dispositivos de sombreamento nos
outros meses do ano. Os dados de radiação solar utilizados para as simulações são de um
ano típico do lugar com as variações de nebulosidade. As nuvens causam a maior
atenuação da radiação, porém são imprevisíveis e não é possível determinar sua
localização, tamanho e espessura, por isso podem mascarar o efeito das proteções solares.
São utilizados como resultado os totais de radiação direta incidente durante todo o mês, o
que encobre o padrão de incidência durante o dia e não demonstra as horas em que a
proteção solar é eficiente.
Entender o comportamento do sombreamento das proteções solares em relação às
variações na intensidade e no período de incidência da radiação solar ao longo do ano é
um passo fundamental para que o projetista possa determinar suas consequências finais
no consumo de energia, no conforto e no desempenho térmico da edificação.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de apresentar o comportamento do
sombreamento de proteções solares externas horizontais típicas para aberturas de modo a
proporcionar a avaliação e a comparação direta da eficiência destes elementos, para cada
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2. MÉTODO
Para determinar a eficiência do sombreamento quanto à efetiva redução de energia solar
que incide numa superfície é necessário considerar as variações no período de insolação e
na intensidade da radiação solar incidente ao longo do tempo. Para isso foi desenvolvido
um método, com base em simulações com o software Energy Plus para a determinação da
radiação solar incidente em uma unidade de área de superfície vertical, sem
sombreamento e com os modelos de proteções solares avaliados.
As dezesseis variações dimensionais da proteção solar horizontal contempladas nesta
avaliação abrangem as formas básicas dos dispositivos de sombreamento horizontais
externos normalmente utilizados em edifícios. O comportamento do sombreamento
proporcionado por este modelo e as suas variações na largura e profundidade do elemento
demonstram a influência dessas alterações no sombreamento horário e mensal, visando
levar à compreensão da eficiência dos dispositivos ao longo de um dia e de um ano.
Foram consideradas oito orientações solares para a superfície vertical de referência (N, S,
L, O, NE, NO, SO e SE) com o intuito de evidenciar o comportamento da insolação para as
diferentes possibilidades de implantação de um edifício, e doze “Dias de Referência”
relacionados aos meses do ano, considerando-se o céu sem nebulosidade. Foi selecionado
o dia 21 de cada mês para as simulações, tendo em vista contemplar as variações mensais
da geometria solar e também os solstícios e equinócios.
A eficiência dos dispositivos foi determinada em função da sua capacidade de redução da
incidência de energia solar na superfície vertical analisada em comparação com a situação
sem sombreamento.
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Estes valores são tabulados por mês nos dados climatológicos da ASHRAE e os valores de
profundidade óptica de céu claro para irradiância direta (taub) e difusa (taud) são
específicos de cada lugar e variam durante o ano. Para esses valores são consideradas as
condições locais, tais como altitude, teor de água precipitável e aerossóis presentes na
atmosfera através de levantamentos.
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Figura 1. Eficiência proteções solares horizontais para leste com mesmos ângulos limites de
sombreamento e variação no número de aletas.
3. APLICAÇÃO DO MÉTODO
São Paulo (latitude 23° 50) é uma das maiores cidades da América Latina com uma
quantidade significativa de edificações projetadas geralmente sem dispositivos de
sombreamento. Para a simulação foram inseridos no software Energy Plus os valores de
profundidade óptica para radiação solar direta (taub) e profundidade óptica para radiação
solar difusa (taud) descritos pela ASHRAE 2009 HOF (figura 3) para os respectivos “Dias
de Referência” no modelo solar ASHRAE Revised Clear Sky para a cidade em estudo.
Figura 3. Valores de profundidade óptica para radiação solar direta e difusa (taub e taud). ASHRAE,
2009.
Os totais diários de radiação solar direta incidente por hora (Wh/m²) na superfície
vertical de referência, para o dia 21 de cada mês do ano, são apresentados em um gráfico
mensal para demonstrar a variação da incidência solar ao longo do ano. E os valores
horários da radiação solar direta incidente (Wh/m²) são mostrados em gráficos dos três
“Dias de Referência” com as geometrias solares extremas (solstício - 21/dezembro;
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Figura 2. Radiação solar direta incidente para oito orientações (N, NE, E, SE, S, SO, W, NO) sem
sombreamento.
No gráfico mensal pode-se observar que, para a latitude da cidade de São Paulo, durante a
Primavera e Verão as orientações solares com maior quantidade de radiação solar
incidente são: Leste e Oeste, Nordeste e Noroeste, Sudeste e Sudoeste. Durante o outono e
inverno as orientações solares com maior quantidade de radiação solar incidente são:
Norte, Nordeste e Noroeste, Leste e Oeste. As orientações solares Sul, Sudeste e Sudoeste
apresentam baixa quantidade de radiação solar incidente durante o outono e inverno e
dependendo da necessidade de eficiência do edifício não precisam de sombreamento neste
período. O mesmo vale para as orientações Norte e Sul durante a primavera e verão. As
orientações solares Leste e Oeste, Nordeste e Noroeste, Sudeste e Sudoeste, possuem a
mesma quantidade de radiação solar incidente durante o ano e por isso suas curvas se
sobrepõe no gráfico mensal. A diferença fica por conta do período diário de incidência.
Nos gráficos horários dos três “dias de referência” representativos pode-se observar que
para a orientação Sul, durante o solstício de verão (21/dezembro), o período de incidência
da radiação solar é no início da manhã e no final da tarde com baixa intensidade. A
orientação Norte possui o período de incidência longo com a alta intensidade de radiação
solar durante o solstício de inverno (21/junho). Para Leste e Oeste o período de incidência
diário é curto, porém com alto pico de intensidade, principalmente durante o solstício de
verão (21/dezembro) chegando a 700 Wh/m². Para Nordeste e Noroeste o período de
incidência diário é longo e com intensidade alta, principalmente durante o solstício de
inverno (21/junho) chegando a 700 Wh/m². Sudeste e Sudoeste são as orientações solares
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em segundo lugar com maior intensidade de radiação solar incidente no solstício de verão
(21/dezembro) chegando a 605 Wh/m².
3.3 Norte
Para a orientação solar Norte (figura 5), com maior quantidade de radiação solar incidente
durante o outono e inverno, pode-se observar que a Proteção solar “Horizontal” sombreia
no pico diário da intensidade de radiação solar (12:00 horas) e é eficiente para esta
orientação. Ao aumentar a profundidade da proteção solar horizontal, e
consequentemente o ângulo limite de sombreamento alfa (α), os dispositivos de
sombreamento apresentam maior eficiência. Já ao aumentar a largura e assim o ângulo
gama (γ), esta alteração demonstra maior eficiência para as proteções solares de maior
profundidade. Desta maneira, pode-se notar que as proteções solares com α:10° tem a
mesma eficiência com diferentes γ:0°, 10°, 20°, 30°. No gráfico do “Dia de Referência” 21
de junho é possível notar que quanto maior a profundidade da proteção solar horizontal
(α) mais ela sombreia no pico diário de intensidade de radiação solar, e por isso a grande
influê ncia desta variação dimensional na diminuição de energia solar incidente, enquanto
a variação na largura do dispositivo de sombreamento influencia no sombreamento no
começo da manhã e no final da tarde com intensidades mais baixas.
3.4 Nordeste
Para a orientação solar Nordeste (figura 6), com incidência de radiação solar durante todo
o ano e maior quantidade durante o outono e inverno, pode-se observar que a Proteção
solar “Horizontal” é eficiente durante todo o ano. Ao aumentar a profundidade da proteção
solar horizontal, e consequentemente o ângulo limite de sombreamento alfa (α), esta
alteração demonstra maior eficiência principalmente durante o outono e inverno. Já ao
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aumentar a largura da proteção solar e assim o ângulo gama (γ), esta alteração demonstra
maior eficiência durante a primavera e verão. Pode-se notar que 21/dezembro, os
dispositivos de sombreamento com α:20° e γ:20° e 30° são mais eficientes do que a
proteção solar com α:30° e γ:0°, e os dispositivos de sombreamento com α:30° e γ:10°, 20°
e 30° são mais eficientes do que a proteção solar com α:40° e γ:0°.
3.5 Oeste
Para a orientação solar Oeste (figura 7), com incidência de radiação solar durante todo o
ano e maior quantidade durante a primavera e verão, pode-se observar que a proteção
solar “Horizontal” é eficiente durante todo o ano. Ao aumentar a profundidade da proteção
solar horizontal, e consequentemente o ângulo limite de sombreamento alfa (α), esta
alteração demonstra maior eficiência principalmente durante a primavera e verão. Já ao
aumentar a largura da proteção solar e assim o ângulo gama (γ), esta alteração demonstra
maior eficiência durante o outono e inverno. Desta maneira pode-se notar que durante a
primavera e verão os dispositivos de proteção solar com mesma profundidade e diferentes
larguras possuem eficiências parecidas. Pode-se notar também que em 21/junho, os
dispositivos de sombreamento com α:20° e γ:30° são mais eficientes do que a proteção
solar com α:30° e γ:0°, e os dispositivos de sombreamento com α:30° e γ:20° e 30° são
mais eficientes do que a proteção solar com α:40° e γ:0°.
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4. CONCLUSÕES
Na avaliação das proteções solares horizontais externas para da cidade de São Paulo pode-
se observar que este dispositivo de sombreamento é eficiente para as três orientações
solares, com as maiores quantidades de radiação solar incidente (N, NE, W). Os resultados
demonstram o padrão de sombreamento deste modelo de proteção solar e a eficiência de
acordo com as alterações nas dimensões do dispositivo, ao aumentar a profundidade e
largura e consequentemente os ângulos limites de sombreamento alfa (α) e gama (γ)
respectivamente.
Além dos resultados da eficiência dos dispositivos de sombreamento para cada orientação
ao longo do ano destaca-se também, dentre as conclusões obtidas, que dispositivos de
sombreamento com ângulos limites de sombreamento idênticos, apesar de divididos em
mais aletas demonstram a mesma eficiência ao longo do ano. Assim o comportamento do
sombreamento das 16 variações dimensionais analisadas representa uma série de outras
possibilidades de projetos de proteções solares que respeitem os mesmo ângulos limites
de sombreamento. Pode-se observar também que a eficiência das proteções solares na
alteração da sua largura é mais perceptível quando a profundidade da mesma é maior.
REFERÊNCIAS
ASHRAE. 2009. Ashrae climatic design conditions 2009/2013. Disponível em: <http://ashrae-
meteo.info/> (15 de junho de 2016)
Cho, J. Yoo, C. Kim, Y. 2014.Viability of exterior shading devices for high-rise residential buildings:
Case study for cooling energy saving and economic feasibility analysis. Energy and Buildings 82:
771-785.
Datta, G. 2001. Effect of fixed horizontal louver shading devices on thermal performance of building
by TRNSYS simulation. Renewable Energy, 23: 497–507.
Florides, G.A. Tassou, S.A. Kalogirou, S.A. Wrobel, L.C. 2002. Measures used to lower building energy
consumption and their cost effectiveness, Applied Energy, 73: 299–328.
Gupta, R. Ralegaonkar, Rv. 2004. Performance analysis of static sunshades using shading mask
approach. Journal of Energy and Fuel Users Association of India.p. 39–43
Palmero-Marrero, A.I., Oliveira, A.C. 2010. Effect of louver shading devices on building energy
requirements. Applied Energy, 87: 2040–2049.
Tzempelikos, A. Athienitis, A.K. 2007. The impact of shading design and control on building cooling
and lighting demand, Solar Energy, 81: 369–82.
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Critical overview of urban sustainability assessment tools
Erika Guimarães
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
erikaguimaraes@poli.ufrj.br
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
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1 INTRODUCTION
The current accelerated growth of urban populations, together with the paradigm of the
consumerism lifestyle is pushing the environment to its limits and harming the planet
(Ameen et al., 2015). Urban inhabitants stand for over 50% of the global population, and the
figure tends to evolve to 70% until 2060 (Mele, 2014) (United Nations, 2014). Urban areas
are nowadays the main responsible for local consumption of natural resources and land,
contributing in about 70% of global pollutant emissions (United Nations, 2014) (Shen et al.,
2011) and are responsible for numerous other environmental problems (Barbosa et al.,
2014a) (Barbosa et al., 2014b).
In an attempt to push the construction sector towards a sustainable development, it is very
important to guide urban planning projects towards sustainability principles (Ameen et al.,
2015) (Barbosa et al., 2014b). In this way, the development of sustainability assessment
tools in the late 1990’s had attracted the attention of stakeholders by making possible to
assess and certify the performance of construction projects. The assessment is normally
based on an assessment framework composed of several indicators/criteria that are
grouped in categories. Nowadays, there are many sustainability assessment tools all around
the world aimed at buildings of several types and, more recently, aiming at urban planning
operations (Berardi, 2015).
Nevertheless, there are many problems identified in these tools that are borrowed from
tools that were aimed for buildings. Luetzkendorf et al. identifies problems related to a
bottom-up approach such as: indicators often do not cover the full range of sustainability
issues; Indicators may be overlapping; Indicators may be of different value in terms of
significance (Lützkendorf et al., 2012). Additionally, most existing tools present extensive
lists of indicators that can cause redundancies and, in some cases, inconsistencies in the
assessment of different parameters (Ameen et al., 2015). Moreover, it is common to observe
the use of indicators previously developed for building in the assessment of urban areas,
which adaptation is inadequate. On the other hand, the scope of the tools have huge
variations, from the scale of a couple of buildings to the scale of a full urban block or district.
Consequently, there are many difficulties in comparing different sustainability assessment
tools (Ameen et al., 2015) (Barbosa et al., 2014a), (Lützkendorf et al., 2012), (Srinivasan et
al., 2014) (Whitehead et al., 2015) (Haapio and Viitaniemi, 2008). Considering these issues
and the ongoing tendency for normalization and standardization in this field with new
norms being launched by ISO (ISO, 2008, ISO, 2010, ISO, 2011) and CEN (CEN, 2010, CEN,
2011, CEN, 2012a, CEN, 2012b), there is a necessity to further develop and update existing
tools.
Aiming to make a positive contribution on the matter, the objective of this work is to analyse
several sustainability assessments tools developed for urban communities to conclude
about several issues previously identified and to identify new ones. Afterwards, instead of
promoting the development of a new assessment system, the objective is to develop
guidelines and recommendations for future development of existing tools. For this reason,
the study will focus on the development of a new assessment framework to be used as a
reference for the development of existing sustainability assessment tools.
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To fulfil the purposes of this study, several sustainability assessment tools were analysed.
Table 1 lists and summarizes information about the selected tools. The analysis of the
different tools was based on several criteria in order to conclude about the existence of the
issues identified in bottom-up approaches, namely: assessment framework and methods,
weighting systems, definition of sustainability, neutrality and redundancy of indicators.
Taking into account the results and conclusions of the analysis of existing tools, a new
structure is developed and proposed implementing solutions to solve some of the identified
problems.
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tool is able to identify the different impacts of an urban project on the surroundings, and,
therefore, size boundaries are not recommended neither established. In fact, its appliance
is recommended whenever it is intended to promote significant impacts on a community
and adequate provision of new services (BRE, 2012). The latest version of BREEAM
Communities (Co) features a process guide, which allows an international application of the
tool (BRE, 2012).
Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency – CASBEE was born
from the association between Japan Green Building Council (JaGBC) and Japanese
Sustainable Building Consortium (JSBC) as a tool to assess and rate the environmental
performance of buildings and built environment. Released in 2001, CASBEE was initially
directed to office buildings. However, since 2008 the assessment scope expanded with the
release of new tools, designed for different areas (JSBC and IBEC, 2014). Nowadays the
CASBEE family integrates four basic components related to New Constructions, Existing
Buildings, Renovations, and Pre-design (still under development).
The basic CASBEE tools were designed for individual buildings, not building groups. In this
sense, CASBEE for urban development, CASBEE-UD, was released in 2006 to make broader
assessments, covering urban development projects in the scale of blocks or zones (JSBC and
JaGBC, 2014). The tool is strictly related to urban clusters and ancillary external spaces,
excluding any kind of indoor environment. In 2012, JaGBC and JSBC launched CASBEE for
Cities, a more generic and extensive tool to evaluate environmental performance of larger
municipalities. Considering this, the 2014 edition inherits the basic principles of CASBEE-
UD, while featuring a revised and more specific evaluation for enhanced and diversified
demands in neighbourhood-scale arrangements.
SBTool PT for Urban Planning (UP) was developed as an adaptation of SBTool (Sustainable
Building Tool) to the Portuguese context. SBTool was originally developed by International
Initiative towards a Sustainable Built Environment and was specifically planned to help
local organizations develop their own assessment and certification systems (iiSBE, 2015).
SBTool assessments embrace projects from single building to urban scale and have been
adapted to several countries, as the system is designed to be easily inserted in local criteria
and language (iiSBE, 2015). SBTool PT-UP was developed by the Portuguese iiSBE
Association, in partnership with University of Minho and company Ecochoice (Mateus and
Bragança, 2011). The scope of the tool is restricted to urban planning operations which are
subject to two legal frameworks that are used in municipal plans: detailed plans and plans
of national interest. The pilot edition of SBtool PT-UP, which is subject of this study, was
released in 2013 and is the most recent version.
The Earth Craft program was established in 1999 by the Greater Atlanta Home Builders
Association and the Southface Energy Institute (Southface, 2016). It offers different kinds of
green building certification specifically designed for the built environment of United States’
Southeast region. The first product, from 2001, was directed to new constructions of single-
family houses. Since then, the program has evolved towards the fields of renovations,
multifamily buildings, urban communities, commercial buildings and lately, preservation of
historic heritage (Southface, 2016). Launched in 2005, Earth Craft Communities (ECC), has
its guidelines continuously updated. According to Southface, the program came from the
American market’s necessity of a holistic approach in the development of community
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projects. In this sense, city centres and suburbs, as well as rural areas, are eligible without
alleged dimension restrictions (Southface, 2016).
Created in 2003 by the Green Building Council of Australia, Green Star is a rating system
developed to evaluate sustainable features of Australian buildings and urban precincts.
Unique in the country, the system is designed for the specific needs and characteristics of
that context, and its certification is internationally recognized (GBCA, 2016).
Later, the founding entity expanded the methodology beyond the single-edifice scope
through the creation of an additional main tool, directed to urban communities. Green Star
Communities, GSC, emerged in 2012 and had three pilot editions. In August 2015 the tool’s
first version, here described, has been officially released. To evaluate a project, Green Star
Communities impose the minimum dimension of four buildings groupings. Also, the project
must define a clear study area, subject of a “plan of development”, which has to be managed
by a governmental or private entity (GBCA, 2016).
Released in 2009, Qatar Sustainability Assessment System (QSAS), the methodology was
developed by the Gulf Organization for Research & Development (GORD) in collaboration
with the Pennsylvania University and the Georgia Institute of Technology. The tool was
afterwards renamed as Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS).
The neighbourhood-scale scheme is based on the individual assessment of existing building,
proposing the most suitable available scheme to the main use. As an integrated analysis of
the area is not featured, the study of such tool is not consistent with the objectives of this
article. Instead, attention is directed to the District and Infrastructure appliance (GSAS-DI).
The referred scheme is currently on its second edition (V 2.1, from October 2015) and aims
a guide design assessments for both new and existing districts (GORD, 2016).
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SBTool PT-UP was the only tool analysed that attempts to frame the applicability of the
assessment subjects on existing legislation, being applied on Detailed Plans (PP – “Planos
de Pormenor”) and National Interest Projects (PIN – “Projectos de Interesse Nacional”).
These plans, defined in Portuguese Spatial Planning Standards, are instruments that help
local municipalities approve urban rehabilitation and development programmes (Portugal,
2007, Portugal, 2011). However, the mentioned documents do not indicate clearly the
applicable dimension for such interventions, which may vary from a single street to larger
neighbourhoods and respective networks. Regarding Earth Craft, Green Star and GSAS, it
was not found any information regarding the assessment scope.
The analysis of the scope of the several tools indicates that existing sustainability
assessment tools for urban areas are not homogeneous regarding the size of the assessed
projects, varying from a small group of buildings to a medium-sized city. This shows that
there is not a consensus or clear definition for the scope and scale of the assessment, making
it hard to establish a comparison between them. The main issue with this vagueness
concerns the difficulty in defining a concept of sustainable urban planning, since varied
scales of assessment involve different measures and stakeholders. As an example, if the
object of assessment is a group of streets or an urban district, the layout or the connectivity
of the infrastructures is an important aspect to be considered. However, when the scale of
assessment is reduced to a single block, this aspect cannot be considered. Consequently, the
framework of tools, the calculation methods and the benchmarks must be adaptable to each
type of situation. Thereby, it can be argued that tools with broad spectrums of application
cannot provide objective assessments.
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The Portuguese method presents 13 impact categories and 41 indicators. Like CASBEE-UD,
in this tool the categories are divided according to the 3 dimensions of sustainability, but
allocation does not follow a top-down approach. GSAS-DI divides 76 indicators in 8 groups.
Green Star Communities is the most concise having 33 indicators organised in five classes.
Earth Craft tool stands out for distinguishing separate lists of mandatory and optional
indicators, where the obligatoriness depends on the location of the project (coastal or
piedmont). This tool from has a total of 24 (piedmont) or 26 (coastal) mandatory indicators
and 74 (coastal) or 76 (piedmont) optional indicators, distributed in 7 impact categories.
It is verified that urban planning assessment methodologies have very divergent
approaches. This may demonstrate an unclear and imprecise definition of an urban
sustainability. For this reason, no distinction can be made regarding a correct model of
assessment. In the pursuit of an evolutionary approximation that would allow proper ways
of comparison in the future, methodologies should be developed according to top-down
approaches. Furthermore, given the similarity between indicators and categories of
assessment, local conditions must not justify different approaches.
2.2.3 Neutrality
This analysis was performed at indicator level and consisted of evaluating the emphasis
given to specific aspects that are beyond the urban planner reach in spite of actual
sustainable issues. For this purpose, any evidenced impositions of products or procedures
related to brands and/or products, such as certification, labels and partial criterion
attendance where examined. Considerations also included the statement of licensed project
elements and the presence of professionals and team members accredited according to the
same company or partner entities.
In Earth Craft Communities over half of available optional credits and 12 out of 27
mandatory indicators are submitted to either ECC accredited professional inspections,
Earth Craft certified builder contracts or certifications from agencies under the EarthCraft
Renovation program. This can be seen as a partial assessment methodology, once there
might be other equally qualified professionals to fulfil the purposes of the described
evaluation.
Although in a more moderate form, the other appraised methodologies also have significant
indications of products and procedures. BREEAM addresses an ecological strategy
developed by ecologist qualified according to determined institutions and indicates an
accredited assessor to work with the design team throughout the development of steps 2
and 3. SBtool-UP destines half of its spare credits to sustainability certification according to
specifically recognized methods. GSAS reserves one mandatory indicator to the recognition
of a Green Star Accredited Professional engagement under the justification of supporting
the Green Star certification process. From the analysed tools, CASBEE-UD’s structure is the
closest to impartiality of assessments, as CASBEE certification schemes are suggested to
evaluation of buildings but the adoption of another proper tools is equally recognized.
Anyways, the level of proactive utilization of CASBEE tools is directly referred as an
evaluation issue, therefore revealing a slight yet perceptible partiality. LEED and GSC were
found to be the least impositive methods, having roughly 1% of their assessments’ weight
associated to accreditations or certifications by their brand.
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2.2.4 Redundancy
The result of this analysis demonstrates that all methodologies have a considerable degree
of redundancy, being ECC the holder of the higher redundancy degree among them (figure
2). This is not a surprising revelation, as it has already been acknowledged as the tool with
greater amount of indicators (100).
30%
20%
10%
0%
BREEAM Co LEED-ND CASBEE-UD SBTool PT - UP ECC GSC GSAS - DI
Despite the coincidence of size and redundancy verified for ECC, further analysis did not
concluded a relation between these characteristics, nor revealed defined trends or patterns.
However, the existence of such levels of redundancy confirms the adoption of top-down
approaches in the development of the methods. Also, it confirms the need for a better
definition on urban sustainability assessment concept.
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Although the weight distribution seems quite different at first sight and disregarding the
fact that each methodology follows distinct strategies, a trend on the focus directed at each
dimension may be noticed. Although a tendency to social issues may be noted, international
scope tools in general (BREEAM Co, LEED_ND and CASBEE-UD) present more homogeneous
weight systems. This is comprehensible due to proposed wider ranges of application;
however the use of fixed weight systems in different contexts may result misleading
conclusions. Local tools, on the other hand, appear to be more homogeneous in the
distribution of indicators. A remarkable exception is ECC, which reserves roughly 2% of its
weight to economic issues.
80%
Environment Society Economy
60%
40%
20%
0%
BREEAM Co LEED-ND CASBEE-UD SBTool-UP ECC GSC GSAS-DI
Figure 3. Sum of weightings of Indicators related to the dimensions of sustainability
3 CONCLUSIONS
A comparative and critical analysis of several sustainability assessment tools for urban
planning allowed to conclude that these tools share the same issues that are found in the
literature regarding sustainability assessment tools for buildings, mainly those associated
to a bottom-up approach. This study identified in all the Urban Sustainability Assessment
tools analysed issues such as difficulties in the definition of assessment scope, problems in
the assessment framework and disconformity between different tools, making them hard to
compare, lack of neutrality in the assessment of sustainability, redundancy and difficulties
in the definition of sustainability regarding the weighting of sustainability dimensions
environment, society and economy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was done within the context of the research activities developed in the network
URBENERE, supported by CYTED “Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnologia para
el Desarrollo”.
REFERENCES
AMEEN, R. F. M., MOURSHED, M. & LI, H. 2015. A critical review of environmental assessment tools
for sustainable urban design. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 55, 110-125.
BARBOSA, J., BRAGANCA, L. & MATEUS, R. 2014a. New approach addressing sustainability in urban
areas using sustainable city models. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and
Urban Development, 5, 299-307.
BARBOSA, J., BRAGANÇA, L. & MATEUS, R. 2014b. Assessment of Land Use Efficiency Using BSA Tools:
Development of a New Index. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 0, 04014020.
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992
The latest ISO 14001:2015 and its contribution to
Sustainable Construction
Asher Kiperstok.
Federal University of Bahia. Polytechnic School. Industrial Engineering Program. Salvador, Bahia.
Brasil. asherkiperstok@gmail.com
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1. INTRODUCTION
Concerns about the large ongoing global changes in the world, regarding to the economic
situation of countries, climate change and the increasing social pressure, led governments
to make efforts to take actions aimed at sustainable development and, in this context,
organizations also play a key role. The construction sector stands out as far as the current
environment and sustainable development are concerned, due to the large impact on the
environment, since it displays a significant consumption of natural resources, energy and
water. In addition, when there is the implementation of a project, all its surroundings is
impacted during the construction phase, its use and even its deconstruction.
In this scenario, at the end of 2015, the new version of ISO 14001 was published, whose
aim is to provide a structure with requirements for environmental protection, based on
the prevention or reduction of adverse environmental impacts generated by business
activities, and the need for compliance with legal requirements.
The aim of this paper is to discuss the main changes in the ISO 14001 standard, its
application in the construction sector and the impacts on construction companies due to
the implementation of the new version. The specific objectives are:
• Present the main changes and the impact on construction companies;
• Analyze the new ISO 14001:2015 version to identify the contribution of this standard,
aiming at the achievement of a sustainable construction, taking into account the
requirements of the ISO 21931:2010.
The methodology will be based on the analysis of the requirements of the ISO 14001:2015,
comparing it to the ISO 14001:2004 version and the ISO 21931:2010 standard, which
establishes guidelines for an environmental assessment of sustainable construction.
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The ISO 14001 standard has requirements to assess conformity in relation to its
environmental management and, according to this new version, companies can either
perform their own assessment, as well as a self-declaration, or a 2nd-party auditing
(customers or other interested party) can be performed, or even get a certification body to
perform an external audit and evaluate their EMS.
In order to meet ISO 14001, the following requirements must be fulfilled: the context of
the organization, leadership, planning, support, operation and performance and
improvement evaluation.
The ISO 14001 standard helps the implementation of the EMS, which contributes to
improving the environment, the organization and its stakeholders. It may be applicable to
any type of organization, provided that the environmental aspects of its activities,
products and services are addressed, considering the life cycle.
In order to simplify and optimize resources, organizations seek to have an integrated
system, that is why the update of ISO 14001 has been aligned with the Quality
Management System ISO 9001 standard and the ISO 45001 standard for Safety and Health,
which it is expected to be published by the end of 2016.
According to the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the ISO 45001 – Occupational
Health and Safety Management System – was approved by the Committee members in
June 2015. This standard will replace the current OHSAS 18001. ISO 45001 is an
international standard, designed to assist organizations in improving their performance,
regarding safety, health and well-being of workers.
In order to have an alignment among the Management System standards, the ISO/IEC
Directives (ANNEX SL - High-Level Structure) was developed, which describe the structure
to be used by all ISO management system standards.
Each organization should define the scope for its EMS, analyze the context in which the
organization operates, checking issues related to the environment, both internal and
external, and stakeholders’ needs and expectations. For the successful implementation of
an environmental management system, the commitment and involvement of leadership
are essential.
After the implementation of ISO 14001, according to the 2015 version, the organization
may either perform a self-assessment and self-declaration, or seek confirmation from a
2nd-party audit, such as customers or other interested party, interested in the
organization, or seek a confirmation by another party, external to the organization, or
even seek certification of its EMS by an external organization, i.e., an Certification Body
(CB).
Figure 1 shows on the next page the structure of the EMS, according to ISO 14001:2015.
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Context of the Analyze the internal and external environment, considering results and
Organization environmental conditions.
Leadership At this stage, the organization should demonstrate the commitment by its
leadership and directive board.
Planning The organization should establish the EMS planning, considering the context,
stakeholders and the scope of the EMS. It should determine the risks and
opportunities related to its environmental aspects, legal and other
requirements.
Operation At this stage, the organization establishes, implements and controls its
processes in order to meet EMS requirements. It shoul also consider its
preparation for emergencies.
Performance The organization should monitor, measure, analyze and evaluate its
evaluation environmental performance, considering the compliance to legal and other
requirements. The directive board should perform critical audits and analysis.
Improvement At this point, opportunities for the improvement of the EMS should be
determined. Actions should be taken to deal with non-compliances and to
improve the environmental performance.
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Figure 02 – Graph of the develompment of ISO 14001 in Brazil I (ISO Survey, 2016),
(Available in http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/certification/iso-survey)
According to Magrini and Tombo (2008), the main difficulty faced by companies in Brazil
for the maintenance and implementation of EMS is the financial issue. The costs regarding
the implementation consulting, investment on adequating production equipment and
processes, the contract with the certifier, the EMS supervisory audits and system
maintenance are significant obstacles.
Since 2012, companies in Brazil have been facing several financial difficulties, and this
might be one of the causes for the drop in the number of certifications. Another factor that
affected the market was the difficulties faced by Petrobras, Vale do Rio Doce, the
automotive industry and other major industries, which established requirements to their
suppliers, a leading and motivating factor for companies to maintain their EMS. Due to the
economic crisis the country has been facing in the past years, the significant investment
reduction of large companies made it difficult for many of them to keep their EMS.
Companies have difficulties to measure the gains from the implementation of the
Environmental Management System, but, according to Mustafá (2016), many EMS actions
do not increase the budget, on the contrary, they ensure reduction of waste and accidents,
besides providing increased reuse and recycling of waste, with consequent cost reduction.
According to Aguiar and Nascimento (2014), the ISO 14001 certification is a renowned set
of standards for EMS certification, but there are other environmental certificates that seek
to classify organizations and show the next links in the chain, be them businesses or final
consumers, that the practices and products are manufactured or extracted based on
environmental concern.
Examples of such EMS certifications: CERFLOR (the timber industry), FSC (which reports
on appropriate forest management), IBRAF - Sustainable Fruit, among others. Strategic
sectors, such as Industry and Construction, might develop their own EMS certification,
considering the three pillars of sustainability, economic, social and environmental,
requirements of ISO 14001, ISO 21931 and ISO 15392. According to Fonseca (2012),
including sustainable development in organizations’ agenda is now one of the most
important issues, and ISO has a range of standards that can help companies and
organizations worldwide to obtain progress, considering the three pillars of sustainable
development.
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2.1 Main changes of the ISO 14001:2015 and their impacts on EMS implementation
in the Construction sector
Every seven years, the ISO 14001 standard undergoes a review process, and the changes
aim to meet market needs, and encourage better environmental management. The current
version also presents greater adhesion, still with the structure of ISO 9001, thus
facilitating the integration of systems. Companies will have a period of three years to
conform to the new version of the standard.
With the new version, the concept of stakeholders has been expanded and the
construction company should, at the time of the implementation, check people or
organizations that might affect, be affected or perceive themselves affected by a decision
or activity of the company, thus making a survey of these stakeholders and identifying
their needs, taking into account customers, community (neighbors), suppliers, regulators,
investors, employees and third parties.
The high direction directive board might succeed in the long run and contribute to
sustainable development through environmental protection, in compliance with
stakeholders’ and legal requirements, using the life-cycle perspective during the design of
the project, during the construction of the building, and during its use, resulting in
financial and operational benefits, and still having a better image in the market.
The fundamental and strategic role is replaced on the high direction directive board, since
now there is a specific requirement for leadership, and it is expected a greater
involvement and participation, being it necessary that the leadership knows the
environmental aspects and impacts, ensuring that the EMS requirements are being
considered in the organization’s processes and business. Environmental Policy must make
it clear the organization’s commitment to protect the environment, meet legal and other
requirements, and improve the EMS to increase environmental performance.
Analyzing the context of the organization, of the project and of the work influences the
strategic direction, regarding internal and external issues, which might be associated to
environmental conditions relating to climate, air quality, water quality, land use, existing
contamination, availability of natural resources and biodiversity. External issues related to
compliance, legal requirements, regulation, information technology, finance and economy,
culture and society.
Another significant change was the need for planning by adopting actions to analyze the
risks and opportunities, taking into account the significant environmental aspects and
impacts, legal requirements and other issues related to stakeholders. The construction
company can also identify risks due to environmental spill, flood increase due to climate
change, scarcity of resources, economic constraints, introduction of new technologies,
shortage of water and energy.
According to ISO 14001 Annex A, when determining environmental aspects, the following
aspects must be considered: air emissions, disposal in water and land, use of raw materials
and natural resources, energy use, energy emission (for instance: heat, radiation,
vibration, noise and light, generation of waste and/or by-products, use of space).
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As for the aspects and impacts, the construction company should consider project changes,
activities, new or modified products and services, and take into account the emergencies
that can be predicted as well.
As to preventive actions, the item has been replaced, in the new version, the organization
should assess the risks and propose actions to eliminate or reduce them. Thus, taking
preventive action should be intensified, based on the to need to assess the risks in all
activities and also perform assessment of change.
According to ISO 14001:2015, it is necessary to consider the life cycle, consecutive and
linked stages of a given product system (or service), from the acquisition of raw materials,
or their generation from natural resources, until the final disposal. The stages in the life
cycle include the acquisition of raw materials, design, production, shipping/delivery, use,
post-use treatment and final disposal. Thus, the construction company must establish
controls to address environmental issues in the development process of the project and
during the construction, taking into account the stages of the life cycle. It should also
consider information on potential environmental impacts associated with the delivery, use
and post-use and final disposal of the enterprise.
Changes in the new ISO 14001 version are very significant, especially when it comes to the
construction sector, since there are few incentives for companies to implement an SEM.
Besides, being it a very traditional sector, very resistant to change.
The new version will bring a great impact to the construction companies, regarding the
issue of context analysis and the active participation of leaders (high direction directive
board), who must now demonstrate full knowledge of the organization’s EMS. Making
management changes, analyzing risks and opportunities, and performing analysis the life
cycle; tasks that are far from the reality of the construction sector.
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existing constructions during the phase of use, the “retrofit” project, in addition to the
improvement of the equipment during the operation phase and analysis of the
environmental performance of existing constructions.
Using requirements of ISO 21931:2010, the author has defined minimum requirements for
sustainable construction, as shown in Table 1, in order to compare with the requirements
of ISO 14001:2015, which directly address the issue of sustainability.
Table 1 – Comparison between ISO 14001 requirements and sustainable construction
requirements.
As shown in Table 1, the construction company that chooses to carry out its project,
considering sustainability criteria, is very close to achieve the implementation of an EMS,
also meeting the ISO 14001 requirements. Sustainable construction criteria are focused
exclusively on the enterprise. When the construction company chooses to implement ISO
14001, they consider requirements for completion of the project, compliance with legal
requirements and also aspects of Business Management.
When there is implementation of ISO 14001 in a construction company, some benefits and
advantages can be observed, such as: compliance with legal requirements and subsequent
monitoring of the project conditions; reduction of waste amount, which leads to saving,
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since discharge will be lower; motivation and better commitment by employees, due to
training sessions; and environmental education, reducing air, noise and visual pollution
and the consequent reduction of environmental impacts.
From the point of view of stakeholders, the company’s image is improved, promoting a
competitive advantage and greater confidence in the market. There are also some funding
agents that value the implementation of EMS and environmental certification at the time
of authorizing a loan to the organization.
Thus, from the issues of ISO 14001 standard, addressed in item 2 of this article, it can be
said that only the leadership requirements, performance evaluation, support and
improvement are not part of the sustainable construction items. This is so, because these
are exactly ISO 14001 requirements dealing with Organization Management. Another
important point is that, when a company opts for the implementation of ISO 14001, EMS
practices should be applied to any business enterprise it carries out, unlike the sustainable
construction certification, which certifies only a single enterprise.
3. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
This article aims to discuss sustainability and the application of ISO 14001 standard in the
civil construction sector in Brazil and the impacts on construction companies, from the
publication of the new version
Based on this study, we can see that the standards studied have many points in common,
and that the construction companies who want to implement the Environmental
Management System or just build the enterprise with sustainability requirements have at
their disposal guidelines to help with this process. The new ISO 14001 version displays
significant changes regarding the management issue and the directive board, with an
expected greater commitment and involvement from the leaders. These new requirements
are aligned with market requirements, causing companies to worry about planning and
risk management. Construction companies will have to make an additional effort to
comply with the new version, especially those companies in which the directive board is
not so involved with the EMS.
The main contribution of this study was to analyze the changes of the new ISO 14001 and
make a comparison with the requirements for sustainable construction, based on ISO
21931:2010, considering the principles of sustainable construction in ISO 15392.
It was evident that ISO 14001 is more comprehensive, since it deals with the production
process, of the company’s management, compliance with legal requirements, and, when
applied in full, it can bring great benefits to the company’s management, to the
environment and to the realization of sustainable construction projects.
A new study may be performed to measure the financial gains with the implementation of
an EMS, considering that the compliance with legal requirements does not generate
environmental liabilities, there are management efficiencies, waste reduction, better
waste management, like recycling and no generation, in addition to the water and energy
savings.
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REFERENCES
ISO 21931-1. Sustainability in bulding construction – Framework for methods of assessment of the
enviromental performance of construction Works – Part 1: Buldings. Geneva, 2010.
ISO 15392:2008. Développment durable dans la construction – Principes généraux. Suisse, 2008.
ISO 21929-1. Développement durable dans la construction – Indicateurs de developpemente durable –
Partie 1: Cadre pour le developpement d’indicateurs et d’un ensemble d’indicateurs principaux pou le
bâtiment. Suisse, 2011.
ISO 14001. Sistema de Gestão Ambiental. Requisitos com orientações para uso. ABNT. São Paulo,
2015.
ISO 9001:2015. Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade. Requisitos. ABNT. Rio de Janeiro: 2015.
ISO 19011:2011. Diretrizes para auditoria de certificação. ABNT. Rio de Janeiro:2011.
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1- Consolidated ISO Suplement. Available in:
http://www.iso.org/iso/annex_sl_excerpt_-_2015__6th_edition_-hls_and_guidance_onl y.pdf.
Accessed in: January/2016
Associação Brasileira de Higiene Ocupacional. Aprovada a Norma ISO 45001: Sistema de Gestão de
Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho. Available in: http://www.abho.org.br/aprovada-norma-iso-45001,
Accessed in: April/ 2016
Aguiar. H. S; NASCIMENTO, P.T.S. Certificar ou não? Um Estudo de caso sobre a necessidade de
certificação do Sistema de Gestão Ambiental na empresa. XVII Seminários de Administração. São
Paulo. 2014.
Fonseca, L.M.C.M., ISO 14001:2015: An Improved Tool for Sustainnablity. Journal of Industrial
Engineering and Management. 2015. ISSN2013-0953.
INMETRO – Dados de Certificações por código NACE. Available in:
http://www.inmetro.gov.br/gestao14001/Rel_Certificados_Validos_Codigo_Nace. Accessed in:
January/2016.
ABHO. Aprovada norma ISO 45001: Sistema de Gestão da Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho - Requisitos.
Available in: http://www.abho.org.br/aprovada-norma-iso-45001. Accessed in: January/2016.
INMETRO. Dados das certificadoras. Available in: www.inmetro.gov. br/gestao14001 - Accessed in:
January/2016).
ISO Survey. Evolução das Certificações. Available in: http:/www.iso.org/isso/home/sta
ndards/certification/iso-survey. Accessed in: February/2016.
Mustafá, M.C. O Sistema de Gestão Ambiental na construção civil: vantagens, dificuldades e mitos
sobre sua implantação. Revista Téchne. Edicão 228. Editora PINI. São Paulo. SP.
Magrini, A e Pombo, F.R. Panorama de aplicação da norma ISO 14001 no Brasil. Gestão da
Produção. São Carlos. V.15, N.01 pag.1-São Paulo10. 2008.
1002
Análise comparativa entre ferramentas de certificação
ambiental relacionadas ao uso e gestão da água
Celso S. Bastos
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de pós graduação de engenharia ambiental , Vitória
(ES), Brasil
Celsobastos10@gmail.com
Thais A. Rebello
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de engenharia ambiental , Vitória (ES), Brasil
rebello.ayres.thais@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The civil construction industry consumes big quantities of water in all its
productive chain, and facing the necessity to attend the sustainability agendas
recommendations, it´s adjusting itself and taking responsibility in the market as a
committed sector with matters related to the reduction of environmental impacts, this fact
helps the grow of many evaluation methods. The goal of this work is to analyze some
sustainable certification systems as BREEAM, CASBEE, LEED, SBTOOL, AQUA, Green Star
and DGNB, to compare the purposes, evaluations and weights adopted in the criteria
related to use and water management, considering the current environmental reality and,
the hydro crisis, water scarcity and if the tools are consistent with the OSD in 2030 agenda.
In the systems analyzed, water had a low importance and weight in opposition to other
parameters such as CO2 emission and energy efficiency that had the major importance in
most tools. Among the systems analyzed, the maximum weight related to the total of each
tool was found in CASBEE (15%) and the lowest was DGNB (2,3%). The criteria in each
sustainable certification system are specific to each country and they should have an
international consensus that would result in environmental and financial gain.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A água durante muito tempo foi considerada um elemento natural inesgotável e ainda há
quem pense assim, mas a realidade é diferente, pois além de mal distribuída ela ainda é
utilizada de forma indevida o que faz com que a porcentagem de água disponível
atualmente decaia, trazendo sérios problemas de abastecimento e conflitos e entre povos e
nações. Segundo a ONU, organização das nações unidas, (s.d), a água é considerada como o
núcleo do desenvolvimento sustentável e fundamental para o desenvolvimento
socioeconômico, ecossistemas saudáveis e para a própria sobrevivência humana.
No Brasil a má distribuição dos abastecimentos hídricos já é elevada, o que reflete no país
de forma negativa e mesmo sendo beneficiado com grande porcentagem da água do
mundo, o país apresenta grandes problemas de escassez devido ao mau uso e também a
má distribuição. Nas últimas décadas, a degradação da qualidade da água aumentou a
níveis alarmantes, resultando em vários rios e lagos poluídos o que afeta na saúde de
grande parte da população.
Dentro deste quadro a certificação ambiental é um instrumento importante para orientar
a implementação de melhores práticas sustentáveis no setor, pois define e pondera
condições através de critérios que reduzem os impactos ambientais causados pelos
empreendimentos. Os sistemas de certificações são reconhecidos como meio de
contribuição para o desenvolvimento sustentável pelo Conselho Brasileiro de Construção
Sustentável, criado em 2007, por difundir a utilização dessas práticas no setor da
construção civil, trazendo qualidade de vida aos usuários, trabalhadores e ao ambiente em
torno da edificação.
2. REFERENCIAL TEÓRICO
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O secretário-geral das Nações Unidas, Ban Ki-moon, reiterou que a água potável e o
saneamento são fundamentais para reduzir a pobreza, para o desenvolvimento
sustentável e para cumprir os ODM. Apesar dessa advertência, o papel da água continua
sendo um tema relativamente descuidado no período que antecedeu a COP 21, que está
mais concentrado nas emissões de dióxido de carbono e mudanças climáticas (Deen,
2015).
A experiência dos Objetivos do Milênio demonstra que a abordagem vertical e isolada
adotada em relação aos temas ambientais impactou negativamente em sua
implementação. Desse modo, o Brasil tem trabalhado com os demais Estados Membros das
Nações Unidas para que se possa alcançar formato mais transversal no que se refere à
dimensão ambiental em todos os ODS, em particular em temas como manejo sustentável
dos recursos naturais, oceanos, florestas, água, biodiversidade, urbanização e o desafio da
mudança do clima. Dentre os ODS propostos foi destacado nesse trabalho o que se refere a
questão da água, sendo esse o objeto 6 (ODS 6) - Assegurar a disponibilidade e gestão
sustentável da água e saneamento para todos.
Dentre as metas do ODS 6, destaca-se como potencialmente compatível com os sistemas
de avaliações, o item 6.4, que recomenda que até 2030 deverá aumentar substancialmente
a eficiência do uso da água em todos os setores e assegurar retiradas sustentáveis e o
abastecimento de água doce para enfrentar a escassez de água, e reduzir substancialmente
o número de pessoas que sofrem com a escassez de água.
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Os critérios adotados pelos diferentes sistemas de certificação são muito diferentes entre
si, o que dificulta a seleção de um sistema apropriado por parte dos interessados em
aplicá-los. Kennett (2009) relata que os sistemas de certificação mais comuns, ou seja,
BREEAM, LEED e Green Star, utilizam unidades de medição comuns que permitem
parceiros internacionais comparar o desempenho ambiental de edificações em cidades
diferentes, usando uma "linguagem internacional".
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Pode-se constatar que o sistema CASBEE foi o que mais pontuou o uso da água, sendo o
15% o percentual máximo a ser conquistado entre os critérios utilizados pelo sistema. Já o
DGNB, apresentou a menor ponderação entre todos os analisados, considerando apenas
2,3% em relação às categorias do sistema.
O importante a destacar é que a diferença entre as ponderações dos sistemas não
representam diferenças percentuais entre elas devido ao fato de que cada sistema ter
sido desenvolvido dentro da realidade da região da sua origem, ou seja, os 2,3%
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considerados pelo DGBN podem, em relação às questões sustentáveis, ser mais eficiente
que o CASBEE com 15%. Nem sempre há equivalência em termos de características de
sustentabilidade ou de impacto ambiental entre os sistemas. Esse fato reforça a
necessidade de se criar parâmetros possível de serem entendidos e utilizados dentro dos
mesmos conceitos globais, salvo alguns ajustes regionais. O gráfico 1 apresenta o número
de parâmetros avaliados na categoria água para cada um dos sistemas de certificação.
Gráfico 1. Número de parâmetros avaliados na categoria água .
5
Número de parâmetros
0
BREEAM CASBEE LEED SB TOOLS AQUA GREEN
STAR
Não houve nenhum ajuste ou recomendação especial por parte dos sistemas de avaliação
ambiental, em relação ao atendimento dos ODS para a Agenda 2030 do desenvolvimento
sustentável, o que leva a acreditar que as ferramentas já estão avançadas nas questões
ambientais e se forem seguidas as recomendações, os resultados alcançados estarão em
conformidade com os objetivos podendo até superá-los em alguns pontos.
O ponto que pode ser considerado importante e que corrobora com a necessidade de se
alinhar as ferramentas é em relação ao comissionamento do empreendimento em
operação. Qual seria a maior economia de água tratada em um empreendimento em
operação, comparando-se os resultados das aplicações das ferramentas certificadoras, ou
seja, se objetivo é economizar água tratada, qual seria a ferramenta mais apropriada para
se atingir esse resultado? Vale lembrar que todos os outros critérios também deverão ser
levados em conta para que a obra seja considerada mais sustentável.
4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Tendo a indústria da construção como uma das maiores vilãs dos consumos de recursos
naturais, a busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável é indiscutível, mas o impacto
ambiental positivo possível de ser alcançado, só será significativo quando houver a adoção
em massa dos empreendimentos com conceitos sustentáveis, pois a representatividade
atual para obras certificadas não ultrapassa a casa de 0,5%, conforme afirmado por John
(2010).
Waidyasekara (2013) entende que os sistemas de avaliação de edifícios sustentáveis
precisam ser revistos em termos de eficiência e conservação de água no que tange a fase
de construção através do estabelecimento de novos padrões de consumo. Isso vale para
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REFERÊNCIAS
BERTOLDI, Marcia Rodrigues. Hidroguerras: o líquido cobiçado deixa de ser o petróleo. Jus
Navigandi, Teresina, ano 5, n. 49, fev. 2001. Disponível em:
<http://jus2.uol.com.br/doutrina/texto.asp?id=1701>. Acesso em: 10/Nov/2015.
CHEDIEK, J. Negociações da agenda de desenvolvimento pós-2015: elementos orientadores da
posição brasileira. 09 de setembro 2014. PNUD Brasil. Coordenador Residente, Sistema ONU Brasil.
Cole, R.J N Howard, T Ikaga, S Nibel - World Sustainable Building …, 2005 - sb05.com Until the 1990.
DEEN, T. Inter press service. Agência de notícias. Publicado dia 22 de outubro de 2015. Disponível
em <http://www.ipsnoticias.net> . Acesso em: 26 de outubro de 2015.
DINIZ, Nilo; SILVA, Marina; VIANA, Gilney (org.). O desafio da sustentabilidade - um debate
socioambiental no Brasil. São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo, 2001.
Green Building Council Brazil. Construindo um futuro sustentável. 22/07/2015. Disponível em
<http://www.gbcbrasil.org.br/detalhe-noticia.php?cod=116>. Acesso em: 04/12/2015.
GRÜNBERG, PRM, et al. (p. 195-214 n abr.-jun. 2014)2014Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo v.
XVII, n. 2 n
IBDA, (s.d). Disponível em <http://www.forumdaconstrucao.com.br/>. Acesso em: 03/11/2015.
Kennett, S. BREEAM and LEED to Work Together on New Global Standard.Building UK,
www.building.co.uk .Acesso em: 25 / 11 / 2015.
JOHN, V., A Sustentabilidade na Visão de Quem Atua no Mercado. ArcoWeb, 2010, acesso em:
22/11/2015
NALINI, José Renato. Ética ambiental. 2, ed. Campinas: Millenium, 2003.
NEGOCIAÇÕES da agenda de desenvolvimento pós-2015: elementos orientadores da posição
brasileira.09 de SETEMBRO 2014. Disponivel em
<http://nospodemos.org.br/upload/tiny_mce/2015/ODS-pos-bras.pdf>, acesso em: 14/10/2015.
OBRALIMPA, (s.d). Os verdadeiros impactos da construção civil. Disponível em
<http://www.obralimpa.com.br/index.php/os-verdadeiros-impactos-da-construcao- civil/>.
Acesso em: 18/11/ 2015.
ONU. S.d. Water and sustainable development. Disponível em
<http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/water_and_sustainable_development>. Acesso em:
05/nov/2015
ONUBR. [s.d]. 2015, momento de ação global para as pessoas e o planeta. Disponível em
<http://nacoesunidas.org/pos2015/>. Acesso em:27/ou/ 2015.
PICCOLI, R., KERN, A., GONZÁLEZ, M., & HIROTA, E. A certificação ambiental de prédios: exigências
usuais e novas atividades na gestão da construção. Revista Ambiente Construído, v.10, n.3, p. 69-79,
jul./set. 2010.
PNUD. Bandeira é hasteada na Casa da ONU, em Brasília, para celebrar a adoção dos Objetivos de
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1012
Analysis methodologies fitness assessment of residential
project sustainability for context Maceió - AL
ABSTRACT: The search for ways to measure the level of sustainability of buildings is
increasing. We note the relevance of the application of methodologies that drive the act of
designing more sustainable to improve the quality of the built environment in order to
minimize their impact. Thus, this study aimed to verify certification systems and its better
adaptation to climate and constructive reality of the city of Maceió - AL. The methodology
consisted of a pre-selection of environmental certification systems for residential
buildings and their application in a multifamily residential building project, set in the
context of the city. They were applied in a residential building project certifications AQUA,
Reference GBC Brasil Casa e Selo Azul Caixa, developed or adapted specifically for Brazil. It
was found that the analysis of the building project failed to meet up with the minimum
conditions to get the certification of selected systems, as it does not meet most of the
mandatory requirements: opening area of environments for prolonged stay, absence of
protection for shading, implementation on the land without concern for the orientation as
regards the sun and wind, among other criteria considered important for achieving a more
sustainable building in Maceió. Also, we noticed a gap of these instruments in important
aspects related to urban infrastructure. It appears anyway a need for methods of
measurement of the level of sustainability more targeted to specific circumstances to
obtain a more reliable result in the level of design sustainability.
Keywords sustainability, architectural design, assessment methodologies.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry accounts for a significant portion of the impacts on the
environment arising from human activities, because their activities require great demand
for natural resources and production. However, despite progress, these activities still do
not have more appropriate technologies for their implementation (GRAMACHO et al,
2013).
Sobreira (2010) attests that there is growing demand for the measurement means of
building sustainability level through certifications that will assign "value" to these
buildings. These measurement methods are important for the determination of scanning
parameters of compliance with various aspects of sustainability (Grunberg, MEDEIROS,
TAVARES, 2014).
It is known that the emphasis on aspects adopted by each certification system is based on
the priorities of the environmental agenda in each country (SILVA, SILVA and Agopyan,
2003). Internationally certified buildings do not necessarily correspond to the needs and
reality of others (SILVA, 2013). In this regard, it emphasizes the importance of developing
methods for measuring environmental sustainability level facing specific climatic realities.
Given the above, this article aims to apply certification systems in a multi-family
residential building project in order to verify compliance with the criteria set for them and
determine which is best suited to the climate and constructive reality of the city Maceió -
AL.
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reference to the environmental principles and energy use in consolidated standards and
third party agencies recommendations, with recognized credibility.
It was developed by the Green Building Council Brazil with over 200 professionals from
various sectors involved, organized in technical committees distributed in different areas
of sustainability of a building: implementation, rational use of water, energy efficiency,
materials, indoor environmental quality and responsibility social.
After the selection of seals, a residential architectural design for multifamily individualized
application of environmental certification systems was chosen. The choice of the project
took into account typological characteristics that according to IBGE (2010) were the most
common design patterns of local building - apartments with two to three bedrooms.
The selected architectural design has six (6) floors types, more pilotis and basement; It
consists of two (2) independent units that communicate only by common floor areas and
has been developed in practice of conventional construction, not being designed in an
integrated manner. There was the employment of staff to carry out compatibility in the
final project phase.
Selected certification systems have been applied in the residential project. The categories
relating to social practices have not been evaluated. Finally, we performed comparative
analysis in order to verify the adaptation of the same environmental and constructive local
reality.
3. BACKGROUND
Maceio, the capital of Alagoas, with an area of 510.655 km², has hot and humid weather,
with annual average temperature around 25 ° C, average relative humidity of 78%,
southeast of prevailing winds and average annual rainfall of 2167,7mm with rainiest
months from April to July (BRAZIL, 1992). In this study, parameters were considered for
evaluation of projective bioclimatic strategies indicated by Steps (2009) for housing
architecture in Maceió and described in Table 01.
Table 01 - Bioclimatic strategies for Maceió-AL.
Bioclimatic Strategy Architectural Elements Conditions
Natural ventilation daytime Mobile shutters, louvers, window Control openings
frames Pivoting
Night natural ventilation Pergola, ventilated sills
Evaporative cooling Vegetation Do not use hybrid
means/resources
Shadowing Overhangs, louvers, cobogós
Protection against rain Eaves
Source: Adapted from Passos (2009).
As for the infrastructure of the studied reality, Maceió has 203,565 households connected
to the public water supply (74, 3%) but only 30.4% of the units have access to the sewage
disposal system. Disposal of solid waste is accessed by 97.6% of housing units through the
garbage collection offered by the municipality, collected by cleaning or waste bins service
(IBGE, 2010).
The distribution of electricity in Maceió is accessed in 98.5% of housing units that are
connected to the municipality´s power distribution network. Less than 50% of the roads
have culverts, as it demonstrates the fragility of the urban drainage system aggravated by
the constant flooding in the city during the rainy season. In 38.3% there is open sewage. As
for urban mobility, Maceió has as a means of public transport bus and urban train. There is
irregularity of service, high waiting time at bus stops and the lack of maintenance of
vehicles.
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The AQUA certification requirements are divided into 14 categories, grouped into four
themes: Environment; Energy and economies; Comfort; Health and safety. Within each
category there are subcategories, in turn, can have more than one item to be served. We
note greater requirement in order to obtain the seal in that certification system compared
to the others.
Regarding the 14 categories, 9 were not fulfilled in any of the criteria and requirements
(building's relationship with its surroundings; energy management; waste management;
Comfort hygrothermal, acoustic comfort, visual comfort; Comfort Olfactory; health Quality
of Air and water. It is noteworthy, however, a higher level of requirements of the criteria
for its scope in relation to other studied certification systems. For example, one of the
criteria for Category Water management requires the prediction of annual consumption of
drinking water and, therefore, provides the fulfillment of three items: estimate the annual
consumption of drinking water in m3 / year by residents and transmit this information to
future users in the owner's manual and common areas; estimate the annual consumption
of drinking water in m3 / year for the common areas and identify the total consumption of
non-potable water in m3 / year, if any, and their points of consumption in housing units
and common areas.
It was observed that in order to achieve a criterion within each category it necessary to
meet up several requirements, turning that system of certification a bit difficult to be
obtained. An account of the score was not possible; thus, it was not possible to achieve the
minimum qualification to obtain the AQUA certification.
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Table 05 - Relationship between the categories and criteria for certification systems Selo Casa Azul,
Referencial GBC Brasil Casa and AQUA (criteria in bold and same color of cells have similar objectives).
CATEGORIES CRITERIA – SELO AZUL CRITERIA – REFERENCIAL GBC CRITERIA - AQUA
CAIXA BRASIL CASA
Surrounding quality - Control of erosion, Analysis of the development
Infrastructure sedimentation and dust in
construction activity
Surrounding quality - Project orientation - Solar Land organization in order to
Impacts Charter create a pleasant environment
Improvements of Do not use Invasive Plants
Environs
Recovery of Degraded Urban Development Certificate Land organization to promote
Areas the EcoMobility
URBAN Rehabilitation of Homes Land Selection Commitments and objectives
QUALITY/ of the site
IMPLEMEN- Location Preferably Developed Organization of site
TATION/ Basic Water and Sanitation Management of construction
BUILDING Infrastructure waste
RELATIONS Proximity to Community Limitation of nuisances and
HIP WITH Resources and Public pollution at construction site
THE ENVI- Transportation
RONMENT/ Access to Open Space Consideration of social
IN CHARGE aspects in construction site
OF THE SITE Site Administration
landscaping
Heat Island Reduction - Floor
and Coverage Areas
Control and Management of
rainwater - Quantity
Control and Management of
rainwater – Quality
Control of Pest Without Poisons
Compact implementation
Individualized Rational Use of Water - Basic Measurement of water
Measurement - Water consumption
WATER Economizers devices - Single Measurement of Water Reduction of the distributed
MANAGE- Discharge System Consumption water consumption
MENT / Economizers devices - Rational Use of Water - hot water need
RATIONAL Aerators Optimized
USE OF Economizers devices - Submetering Water Management of wastewater
WATER / Registration Flow Consumption
WATER Regulator
MANAGE- Rainwater utilization Efficient Irrigation Systems Rainwater management
MENT Rainwater retention
Infiltration of Rainwater
Permeable areas
ENERGY Low consumption lamps - Performance of envelopment Thermal design
EFFI- Private Areas
CIENCY/ Economizers devices - Efficient Water Heating Sources Reducing energy
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Information about
maintenance
Control of water flow
Maintenance of waste storage
area (if any)
Design to ensure efficient
maintenance of the other
equipments technical
management of building and
home automation systems
landscaping Flue Gas Emission Control Implementation of
DESIGN AND architectural measures to
COMFORT / optimize hygrothermal
INDOOR comfort of summer and
ENVIRON- winter
MENTAL Design Flexibility Located Exhaustion - Basic Comfort in winter period
QUALITY/ Relationship with the Internal Environmental comfort Comfort in summer period
HYGROTHER Neighborhood
MAL Workaround Transport Local Moisture Control Measure the level of humidity
COMFORT / Place for Selective Located Exhaustion - Take account of the acoustics
ACOUSTIC Collection Automated in architectural provisions
COMFORT / Equipment Leisure, Social Contaminants Particles Control sound quality
VISUAL and Sports
COMFORT / Thermal Performance - the Garage Coming Pollutants External visual context
OLFACTORY Prohibitions Protection
COMFORT / Thermal Performance - Radon protection - high risk Natural lighting
QUALITY OF Orientation to the Sun areas
SPACES and Wind
Natural lighting of acoustics Artificial lighting
common areas
Ventilation and lighting Control of sources of
Bathrooms Natural unpleasant odors
Physical adaptation to Ventilation
terrain conditions
INNOVA- Integrated Planning and Design
TION AND Quality Management, aimed at
DESIGN durability
The project schedule User manual
Product Environmental
Declaration
Innovation and Design
Regional Priorities: North
REGIONAL Regional Priorities: Northeast
CREDITS Regional Priorities: South
Regional Priorities: Southeast
Regional Priorities: Midwest
DISCRETION It consists of not
BONUSES contemplated project
items
among the criteria stamp
and contribute to
sustainability
project, if previously
approved by CAIXA.
HEALTH Control external pollution
QUALITY OF sources
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6. CONCLUSIONS
The systems have similarity in their categories and criteria, and we noted criteria with
similar goals in different categories. The Aqua system was more comprehensive compared
to other systems. The Referential GBC Brasil Casa was more complete and detailed than
the Blue House Seal system for the specific application of the case study. However, all fail
to examine important aspects when facing climate and constructive conditions of Maceió-
AL.
It is noted that accessibility is addressed only in the building, forgetting its integration
with the surroundings. The sewage is observed in simplified form in the Aqua Seal and
Casa Azul Systems, which is one of the major national and municipal issues under study,
among others.
The Referential GBC Brasil Casa system, for the context under study, fits more adequately
in the assessment of climatic conditions and environmental comfort, it has a greater focus
on the implementation and impact on the neighborhood, as the thermal performance of
the envelope, among others. The Blue House Seal emphasizes fundamental issues of
municipal infrastructure.
Considering only the environmental characteristics, the reference GBC Brasil Casa fits
better with the climate context of Maceió-AL. However it is necessary to emphasize that
their use does not necessarily imply that the local sustainable construction will be
possible. One should check the requirements of the specific set of implementation of the
project environment, thus enabling a real sustainable project.
The application of seals for the case study showed, finally, that projects developed
especially within the conventional construction practices do not reach the minimum level
for a certification of environmentally sustainable construction, since it does not meet
criteria considered mandatory.
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REFERENCES
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 15.220: Desempenho Térmico de
Edificações. Rio de janeiro, 2005.
_______NBR 15.575: Edificações Habitacionais — Desempenho. Rio de Janeiro, 2013.
_______NBR 9050: Acessibilidade a edificações, mobiliário, espaços e equipamentos urbanos. Rio de
Janeiro, 2015.
BRASIL, Ministério da Agricultura e Reforma Agrária, Dep. Nacional de Meteorologia. Normais
climatológicas 1961-1990. Brasília, DNMET, 1992. 84p.
_______. Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO). Portaria
n°18, de 16 de janeiro de 2012. Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência
Energética de Edificações Residenciais. Rio de Janeiro, 2012.
CAIXA ECONÔMOCA FEDERAL. Selo Casa Azul: Boas práticas para habitação mais sustentável. São
Paulo: Páginas e Letras–Editora e Gráfica, 2010.
CAIXA ECONÔMOCA FEDERAL. 2012. Imprensa, release. Disponível em
<http://www1.caixa.gov.br/imprensa/imprensa_release.asp?codigo=6911973&tipo_
noticia=53>Acesso em 20 de janeiro de 2016.
GRAMACHO, Bruna Bastos;| BARROSO, Felipe Kreuts; MACHADO, Márcio Ferreira; BARRETO, Raul
Antônio Dantas; ARAÚJO, Paulo Jardel Pereira. Construção sustentável: soluções para construir
agredindo menos o ambiente. Cadernos de Graduação - Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Sergipe, v. 1,
n.16, p. 97-110, mar. 2013.
GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL BRASIL - GBC. Referencial GBC Brasil Casa. São Paulo: GBC - Brasil,
2014.
GRÜNBERG, Paula Regina Mendes; MEDEIROS, Marcelo Henrique Farias; TAVARES, Sergio
Fernando. Certificação ambiental de habitações: comparação entre LEED for Homes, processo
AQUA e Selo Casa Azul. Ambiente & Sociedade, São Paulo, v. 17, n. 2, p. 195-214, abr./jun. 2014.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFI A E ESTATÍSTICA – IBGE. Censo Demográfico 2005.
Características da população e dos domicílios. Resultados do universo. Rio de Janeiro, 2006.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFI A E ESTATÍSTICA – IBGE. Censo Demográfico 2010.
Características da população e dos domicílios. Resultados do universo. Rio de Janeiro, 2011.
PASSOS, I. C. da S. Clima e arquitetura habitacional em Alagoas : estratégias bioclimáticas para
Maceió, Palmeira dos Índios e Pão de Açúcar. 2009. 173 p. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de
Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, 2009.
PROCEL. Etiquetagem em Edificações. [2013?]. Disponível em: <
http://www.procelinfo.com.br/main.asp?View={F48ABFE1-2335-4951-9FF9-C5E9B27815AC}>.
Acesso em: 08 abr. 2013.
SILVA, Vanessa Gomes; SILVA, Maristela Gomes; AGOPYAN, Vahan. Avaliação de edifícios no Brasil:
da avaliação ambiental para avaliação de sustentabilidade. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 3,
n. 3, p. 7-18, jul./set. 2003.
SILVA, M. C. C. Instrumento para pré-avaliação da seleção de materiais em projetos que visam
certificação ambiental. 2013. 89 p. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Engenharia da
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 2013.
SOBREIRA, F. Arquitetura e Sustentabilidade: os riscos da onda verde. In: 19° Congresso Brasileiro
de Arquitetos – CBA, 2010. Anais... Recife, CBA, 2010.
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Processo de Etiquetagem de Edificações (PBE Edifica):
Uma revisão.
RESUMO: O setor elétrico tem promovido ações que visam o uso eficiente de energia elétrica,
inclusive na construção civil. Desde a crise do petróleo na década de 1970, a produção de
energia vem sendo questionada e atualmente há várias iniciativas no âmbito internacional
sobre eficiência energética nas edificações, como os programas de etiquetagem e as
certificações ambientais. No Brasil, o Procel Edifica/Eletrobras e o Instituto Nacional de
Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro) atuam em parceria com os Ministérios de
Minas e Energia e das Cidades, além de Universidades, entidades das áreas econômicas,
indústria da construção civil, etc, no sentido de difundir e aprimorar o processo de obtenção
da Etiqueta Nacional de Conservação de Energia (ENCE) para edificações. Com a aplicação
do processo de etiquetagem é possível melhorar a qualidade dos projetos arquitetônicos e
fornecer ao consumidor informações para comparação da eficiência energética de imóveis
disponíveis. No entanto, há dificuldade em se obter informações para alimentação do
método, como dados climáticos e propriedades térmicas de materiais, além da
complexidade dos cálculos e manuseio dos programas, destacando a importância da
academia estar em harmonia com a prática profissional. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste artigo
é apresentar uma revisão com análise de pesquisas que aplicaram a regulamentação
específica do Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem de Edificações (PBE Edifica) em edifícios
residenciais, comerciais, públicos e de serviços. Foram abordados benefícios, limitações e
dificuldades do uso deste método nas edificações avaliadas nessas pesquisas acadêmicas,
assim como apontadas as sugestões dos autores para melhoria do referido processo.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A produção de energia vem sendo questionada desde a década de 1970, com a crise do
petróleo, e o setor elétrico tem promovido ações que visam o uso eficiente de energia
elétrica, inclusive na construção civil. Com esta crise surgiram as primeiras normas visando
a redução do consumo de energia elétrica, incentivadas principalmente pelos países
desenvolvidos. A Norma americana ASHRAE 90.1 influenciou vários países, inclusive o
Brasil (Konigami, 2011). A elaboração das primeiras Leis brasileiras relativas à eficiência
energética em edificações foi impulsionada pelo racionamento de energia elétrica em 2001.
Além de Leis específicas, a Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988 determina a
responsabilidade da União na instituição de diretrizes gerais para o desenvolvimento da
cidade, os seus artigos 182 e 183 dispõem sobre a Política de Desenvolvimento Urbano.
Assim, alguns municípios, através de desconto percentual no valor do Imposto Predial e
Territorial Urbano (IPTU), vêm incentivando a adoção de práticas sustentáveis pela
população, como instalar sistemas de captação de água de chuva na edificação, construir
cobertura vegetal e garantir no terreno áreas permeáveis maiores do que as exigidas pela
legislação local. Somam-se a isso as Normas ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas
Técnicas), consideradas referências idôneas e inclusive apresentam informações
pertinentes em se tratando de eficiência energética de edificações.
O Anuário Estatístico de Energia Elétrica (MME, 2015) informa que os setores de comércio,
serviços e residencial representaram juntos no Brasil, em 2014, cerca de 53% do total do
consumo do País (475,4 TWh em 2014). Sendo o consumo do setor residencial o maior entre
eles, com destaque também ao Programa Luz para Todos, do Governo Federal brasileiro.
Segundo Lamberts, Dutra e Pereira (2014) é nesses três setores em que há maior influência
em se tratar eficiência energética nas edificações com considerações efetivas de
planejamento da construção.
No Brasil, o Procel Edifica e o Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia
(Inmetro) atuam em parceria com Ministério das Cidades e o MME (Ministério de Minas e
Energia), além de Universidades, entidades das áreas econômicas, da indústria da
construção civil, etc, no sentido de desenvolver, difundir e aprimorar o processo de
obtenção da Etiqueta Nacional de Conservação de Energia (ENCE) para edificações
comerciais, de serviços, públicas e residenciais. Ao mesmo tempo, segundo o Portal PBE
Edifica (acesso em out. 2015), há incentivos financeiros do BNDES (Banco Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social) quanto à adesão ao PBE Edifica.
Neste contexto, destaca-se a importância de se pensar na aplicação de instrumentos
norteadores de eficiência energética em edificações e nas atividades que procuram otimizar
o uso de energia para fornecer a mesma quantidade de valor energético. Assim sendo, o
objetivo deste artigo é apresentar revisão com análise de pesquisas recentes que aplicaram
a regulamentação específica do Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem de Edificações (PBE
Edifica), considerando benefícios, limitações e dificuldades no uso deste método, assim
como sugestões dos autores para melhoria do referido processo.
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2. PROCEL EDIFICA
O Conselho Brasileiro de Construção Sustentável, CBCS (2014) explica que para o incentivo
ao consumo com eficiência em edificações, existem duas iniciativas brasileiras: o Procel
Edifica (programa com ações relacionadas às boas práticas e capacitação com foco em
eficiência energética) e o PBE Edifica (faz parte do PBE, Programa Brasileiro de
Etiquetagem, avaliando a eficiência energética de empreendimentos e fornecendo a ENCE.).
O processo de etiquetagem de edificações (Figura 1) tem o objetivo de avaliar níveis de
consumo de energia e eficiência energética com base em indicadores técnicos e
regulamentação específica (RTQ-C, RTQ-R e RAC). Deve fazer parte do processo um
Organismo de Inspeção Acreditado (OIA), cuja competência é reconhecida pelo Inmetro e
trabalha nas auditorias do processo de etiquetagem. De acordo com os manuais RTQ, a
adesão ao programa é de caráter voluntário. Obrigatório somente para projetos e
construções de edificações públicas federais, com área superior a 500m², novas ou que
recebam reforma que altere sistemas de iluminação, condicionamento de ar ou envoltória.
O RTQ é o Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para edificações; possui conceitos, definições
e requisitos para a classificação da eficiência energética. Para edificações comerciais, de
serviços e públicas deve ser consultado o RTQ-C e para edificações residenciais, o RTQ-R.
Além desses, o RAC (Requisitos de avaliação da conformidade para eficiência energética de
edificações) deve ser consultado; possui um conjunto de modelos de formulários, lista de
documentos e diretrizes para a obtenção da ENCE do Inmetro. Estão disponíveis no Portal
do PBE Edifica.
Inspeção Inspeção
Solicitante Documentos ENCE de
de projeto ENCE de da
+ Inmetro necessários Edificação
da Projeto edificação
+ OIA (RTQ + RAC) Construída
edificação construída
Figura 2. As quatro categorias que recebem ENCE específicas. Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores.
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De acordo com Albuquerque et al. (2013) o método de avaliação pode ser prescritivo ou por
simulação computacional. Este último consiste em comparar o desempenho termo-
energético da edificação real com edificações de referência (A, B, C e D). Para tanto é
necessário realizar a simulação dos modelos por meio de programas (tabela 3). No método
prescritivo equações ponderam estes sistemas por meio de pesos estabelecidos nos
requisitos e permite somar à pontuação final bonificações que podem ser adquiridas com
inovações tecnológicas, uso de energias renováveis, cogeração ou/e com a racionalização
no consumo de água. Este último método é mais utilizado pelos pesquisadores e OIAs.
A classificação entre “A” e “E” é feita de acordo com pontuações obtidas pelo processo de
etiquetagem (Tabela 1). Soma-se a isso, para cada tipologia, o atendimento a pré-requisitos
e bonificações específicos. O LabEEE (Laboratório de Eficiência Energética em Edificações)
desenvolveu planilhas para auxílio nos cálculos do processo de etiquetagem, e estão
disponíveis gratuitamente nos Portais do LabEEE e do PBE Edifica. Além da etiqueta, a
edificação pode receber o selo Procel Edifica, que tem o objetivo de identificar edificações
com melhores classificações no consumo eficiente de energia, visando também motivar o
mercado consumidor a utilizar imóveis eficientes. É um prêmio da Eletrobrás às categorias
com elevada eficiência energética.
Tabela 1. Classificação do nível de Eficiência de acordo com a pontuação obtida no Processo de etiquetagem
Pontuação (PT) Nível de Eficiência Cor correspondente na ENCE
PT ≥ 4,5 A Verde
3,5 ≤ PT < 4,5 B Verde Claro
2,5 ≤ PT < 3,5 C Amarelo
1,5 ≤ PT < 2,5 D Laranja
PT < 1,5 E Vermelho
Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores com dados do RTQ-R (Inmetro, 2012) e do RAC (Inmetro, 2013).
3. METODOLOGIA
A busca por pesquisas acadêmicas foi feita no portal CAPES, ScienceDirect, Google
Acadêmico e Ambientes virtuais da UFES e de Universidades integrantes da Rede de
Eficiência Energética em Edificações (R3E), entre 20 de março a 12 de abril de 2016. Foram
utilizadas as palavras, Procel Edifica, PBE Edifica, ASHRAE and Brazil, buildins energy and
labelling, RTQ, eficiência energética, e etiquetagem de edificações; sendo estas três últimas
palavras as que trouxeram maior número de resultados pertinentes a este trabalho. O
recorte foi determinado pelo objetivo deste artigo, que visa analisar pesquisas acadêmicas
que aplicaram o RTQ em edificações, e nos últimos 10 anos.
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Revista
CANEPPELE, L.B. Avaliação de Desempenho Térmico e Eficiência
UFMT Monografias
04 NOGUEIRA, 2014 Energética de Habitação em Condomínio
M.C.J.A.
(MT) Ambientais -
Residencial de Cuiabá/MT.
REMOA
Análise comparativa dos resultados do
Revista
SILVA, A.S desempenho térmico da envoltória de uma
05 2014 UFSC (SC) Ambiente
GHISI, E. edificação residencial pelos métodos de simulação
Construído
do RTQ-R e da NBR 15575-1.
SOUSA, J. S. Metodologias de diagnóstico energético para
SILVA, M. B. UFPI (PI) COBENGE
06 2014 conservação e uso eficiente de energia na UECE (CE)
SANTOS, F. J. 2014
BARBOSA, F. R. Universidade Federal do Piauí.
MATOS, J.M.
PEDRINI, A. Análise tipológica de edifícios residenciais verticais
07 2014 UFRN (RN) XV ENTAC
TINÔCO, M.B.M a luz do RTQ-R.
RUCK, A.
CRUZ, J.
INVIDIATA, A.
FOSSATI, M. Classificação energética dos meios de hospedagem LABEEE/
08 2014 XV ENTAC
NOVAES, A. pelos regulamentos técnicos da qualidade – RTQS. UFSC (SC)
TEXEIRA, C.
LAMBERTS, R.
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Várias são as sugestões nos trabalhos para contribuir com o aprimoramento da aplicação
do RTQ, como: Desenvolvimento de banco de dados de referência para valores de
transmitância e absortância de materiais (Oliveira, 2013, Caldeira, 2011); Criação de
arquivos climáticos (Moreno, 2013, Bernabé, 2012, Tavares, 2011);Promoção do Procel
Edifica (Tavares, 2011, Fossati & Lamberts, 2010, Carvalho, 2010); Revisão sobre proteções
solares, sombreamento (Fernandes, 2012), iluminação zenital (Giaretta at al., 2012), e
edificações hoteleiras (Bottamedi, 2011); Disponibilização dos cálculos dos edifícios
certificados, inclusive com geometria mais complexa (Giaretta at al., 2012, Tavares, 2011).
5. CONCLUSÕES
A aplicação do RTQ tem potencial para promover a qualidade dos projetos arquitetônicos e
permitir ao consumidor a comparação de imóveis disponíveis, contribuindo para a
proposição de soluções efetivas em prol da eficiência energética de edificações. A ENCE, do
PBE Edifica, surge como um complemento às certificações sustentáveis, e não como um
concorrente, sendo o primeiro processo de avaliação de eficiência energética concebido
especificamente para a realidade brasileira e alinhado às tendências mundiais.
Os pesquisadores apresentaram dificuldade em obter informações importantes para
alimentação do processo de etiquetagem, principalmente sobre dados climáticos e
propriedades térmicas de materiais de contrução. Uma limitação abordada com frequência
é a complexidade tanto dos cálculos apresentados no método prescritivo, quanto no
manuseio dos programas para o método de simulação.
Desta forma, destaca-se a importância da academia estar em harmonia com a prática
profissional, inclusive promovendo envolvimento entre os atores da construção civil. Os
centros de pesquisa do país estão desenvolvendo e aprimorando ferramentas que
contribuam no processo de aplicação e monitoramento da edificação pelo RTQ, e podem
contribuir com ensaios para a produção de dados de propriedades térmicas dos materiais.
Assim, havendo empenho dos participantes do PBE Edifica para que o programa tenha
atualização e revisões constantes, o RTQ tende a se propagar no mercado, promovendo
eficiência energética, abrindo um novo mercado de trabalho e campo de pesquisas.
5.AGRADECIMENTOS
Os autores agradecem a FAPES – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do ES.
REFERÊNCIAS
Albuquerque, R.T., Lacerda, M.A. & Krause, C.B. 2013. Avaliação dos níveis de eficiência energética da
escola estadual Erich Walter Heine sob a ótica dos métodos LEED, AQUA e Procel Edifica. Encontro
Latino Americano de Edificações e Comunidades Sustentáveis–V ELECS, Curitiba, 21-24 Out.2013:1-10.
Almeida, L.S.S., Silva, A.S. & Ghisi, E. 2013. Comparação da eficiência energética da envoltória de
Habitações de interesse social pelos métodos prescritivo e simulação do RTQ-R. Encontro Nacional de
Conforto no Ambiente Construído – XII ENCAC & Encontro Latinoamericano de Conforto no Ambiente
Construído – VIII ELACAC, Brasília, 25-27 Set. 2013: 1-10.
Almeida, L.S.S., Silva, A.S., Schneider, K. & Ghisi, E. 2013. Avaliação da envoltória de habitações de
interesse Social de Florianópolis de acordo com o método prescritivo do RTQ-R. Encontro Nacional de
Conforto no Ambiente Construído – XII ENCAC & Encontro Latinoamericano de Conforto no Ambiente
Construído – VIII ELACAC, Brasília, 25-27 Set. 2013: 1-10.
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Andrade, V.S., Araújo, R.S. & Santos, J.E.C. 2014. Simulação de etiquetagem de eficiência energética
para um prédio Público - estudos de caso em Governador Valadares. V Congresso Brasileiro de Gestão
Ambiental Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, 24-27 Nov. 2014: 1-7.
Batista, N.N., La Rovere, E.L. & Aguiar, J.C.R. 2011. Energy efficiency labeling of buildings: An
assessment of the Brazilian case. Energy and buildings (0378-7788) vol:43 (iss:6): 1179-1188.
Bernabé, A.C.A.2012.A Influência da Envoltória no Consumo Energético em Edifícios Comerciais
artificialmente Climatizados na Cidades de Vitória-ES.132f.Dissertação(Mestrado). UFES. Vitória-ES.
Bottamedi, M.G. 2011. Avaliação da eficiência energética de hotéis de Quatro estrelas em
Florianópolis: aplicação do Programa de etiquetagem de edificações. 179 f. Dissertação (Mestrado).
UFSC. Florianópolis - SC.
Caldeira, N.N.B. 2011. A Concepção Arquitetônica para a Eficiência Energética de Edificações – O Caso
da Etiquetagem no Brasil. 234 f. Tese (Doutorado). COPPE/UFRJ. Rio de Janeiro - RJ.
Caneppele, L.B. & Nogueira, M.C.J.A. 2014. Avaliação de Desempenho Térmico e Eficiência Energética
de Habitação em Condomínio Residencial de Cuiabá/MT. Revista Monografias Ambientais – REMOA,
V. 14 (n.3): 3412-3428.
Carlo, J.C.&Lamberts,R.2010. Parâmetros e métodos adotados no regulamento de etiquetagem da
eficiência energética de edifícios–parte1: método prescritivo. Ambiente Construído, Vol:10(n.2): 7-26.
Carvalho, C.R., Fonseca, R.W., Galafassi, M. & Cartana, R.P. 2010. Avaliação de eficiência energética de
um edifício Educacional no município de Palhoça utilizando o Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade
para edifícios Comerciais, de serviço e públicos. XIII Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente
Construído – ENTAC 2010, Canela, 6-8 Out. 2010: 1-10.
Carvalho, C.R., Scalco, V.A., Maia, T.D. & Lamberts, R. 2013. Análise da viabilidade de aplicação do
método prescritivo do RTQ-C para avaliar o nível de eficiência energética da envoltória em edificações
comerciais com área total inferior a 500 m². Encontro Nacional de Conforto no Ambiente Construído –
XII ENCAC & Encontro Latinoamericano de Conforto no Ambiente Construído – VIII ELACAC, Brasília, 25-
27 Set. 2013:1-10.
CBCS.2014.Etiquetagem para a eficiência Energética em edificações públicas Federais já é obrigatória
no Brasil.Boletim Interativo do Conselho Brasileiro de Construção Sustentável.Nº11:12-14.
Cruz, J., Invidiata, A., Fossati, M., Novaes, A., Texeira, C. & Lamberts, R. 2014. Classificação energética
dos meios de hospedagem pelos regulamentos técnicos da qualidade – RTQS. XV Encontro Nacional
de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído - ENTAC, Maceió, 12-14 Nov. 2014: 263-272.
Donadello, A.L.F., Dalvi, M.B., Ferres, S.C., Nico-Rodrigues, E.A. & Alvarez, C.A. 2013. Sustentabilidade
na Eficientização da Estação Científica da Ilha da Trindade. Encontro Latino Americano de Edificações
e Comunidades Sustentáveis–V ELECS, Curitiba, 21-24 Out.2013: 1-9.
Fernandes, L.O. 2012. A influência do sombreamento do entorno na etiqueta de eficiência energética
de edifício comercial. 164 f. Dissertação (Mestrado). UNICAMP. Campinas-SP.
Fonseca, I.C.L., Almeida, C.C.R., Lomardo, L.L.B. & Mello, E.N. 2010. Avaliações de conforto ambiental
e eficiência energética do projeto do prédio do Centro de Informações do Cresesb, no Rio de Janeiro.
Ambiente Construído, V: 10 (n. 2): 41-58.
Fossati, M. & Lamberts, R. 2010. Eficiência energética da envoltória de edifícios de escritórios de
Florianópolis: discussões sobre a aplicação do método prescritivo do RTQ-C. Ambiente Construído, V:
10 (n. 2): 59-69.
Giaretta, R.F., Teixeira, C.A. & Westphal, F.S. 2012. Processo de Etiquetagem Procel: Dificuldades
Encontradas na Aplicação do Método Prescritivo na Fase de Projeto. XIV Encontro Nacional de
Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído - ENTAC, Juiz de Fora, 29-31 Out. 2012: 0198-0204.
Inmetro. 2012. Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade – RTQ para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de
Edificações Residenciais. 138 f. Portaria nº18 de 16 janeiro 2012 e anexos.
Inmetro. 2013. Requisitos de Avaliação da Conformidade para a Eficiência Energética de Edificações
– RAC. 104 f. Portaria nº50 de 01 fevereiro 2013 e anexos.
Konigami, T.R.M.T. 2011. Eficiência Energética em Edificações Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicas. 185
f. Dissertação (Mestrado). UFBA. Salvador - BA.
Kuger,E.L.&Mori,F.2012.Análise da eficiência energética da envoltória de um projeto padrão de uma
agência bancária em diferentes zonas bioclimáticas brasileiras.Ambiente Construído,V:12(n. 3):89-106.
Lamberts, R., Dutra, L. & Pereira, F.O.R. (3 ed.) 2014. Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura. Rio de
Janeiro: ELETROBRAS/PROCEL.
Leite, L. S. & Fernades, J. T. 2013. O desempenho da iluminação natural e artificial de Ministério em
Brasília: diretrizes e recomendações para o conforto visual do usuário e otimização energética.
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Encontro Nacional de Conforto no Ambiente Construído – XII ENCAC & Encontro Latinoamericano de
Conforto no Ambiente Construído – VIII ELACAC, Brasília, 25-27 Set. 2013: 1-10.
Matos,J.M.,Pedrini,A.,Tinôco,M.B.M&Ruck,A.2014. Análise tipológica de edifícios residenciais
verticais a luz do RTQ-R. XV Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído-
ENTAC,Maceió,12-14 Nov. 2014: 648-656.
MME. 2015. Anuário Estatístico de Energia Elétrica: ano base 2014. Rio de Janeiro: EPE.
Monteiro, R.V.A., Carvalho, B.C. & Nogueira, F. 2014. Análise do Desempenho Térmico em Habitações
Populares Através da Simulação das Características dos Materiais Constituintes de sua Envoltória. E&S
– Engineering and Science, V. 2 (Ed. 1): 1-13.
Moreno, A.C.R. 2013. Minha Casa Minha Vida: análise de desempenho térmico pela NBR 15.220-3,
NBR 15.575, Selo Casa Azul e RTQ-R. 204 f. Dissertação (Mestrado). UFMG. Belo Horizonte - MG.
Nakamura, N. K., Maciel, L. F. & Carlo, J. C. 2013. Impactos de medidas de conservação de energia
propostas no PBE Edifica para o nível de eficiência energética de envoltórias de um edifício
naturalmente condicionado. Ambiente Construído, V: 13 (n. 4): 105-119.
Nicoletti, A.M.A. 2009. Eficiência energética em um Ministério da Esplanada em Brasília: propostas
para retrofit de envoltória. 234 f. Dissertação (Mestrado). UnB. Brasília - DF.
Oliveira, B.G.F. 2013. Análise do Desempenho Energético de edificações: Aplicação Analítica do RTQ-
C no Edifício Ceamazon. 166 f. Dissertação (Mestrado). UFP. Belém - PA.
Oliveira, M.C.A., Valadares, N.A. & Amorim, L.K.B. 2014. Aplicação do conceito do selo Procel Edifica
em edificações do campus de Palmas/UFT. DESAFIOS: Revista Interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal
do Tocantins, V. 1 (n. 1): 115-129.
Portal PBE Edifica. Incentivos. Disponível em < http://www.pbeedifica.com.br/incentivos>. Acesso
em outubro 2015.
Ribeiro, N. F. & Carlo, J. C. 2014. Aplicação de Estratégias Bioclimáticas em uma Biblioteca Parque em
Florianópolis – SC. XV Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído - ENTAC, Maceió, 12-
14 Nov. 2014: 984-993.
Rodrigues, M.V.P. 2015. Avaliação da Eficiência Energética de Edificações Residenciais em Fase de
Projeto: Análise de Desempenho Térmico pelo Método Prescritivo e por Simulação Computacional
Aplicados a Estudo de Caso de Projeto-Tipo do Exército Brasileiro. 133 f. Dissertação (Mestrado).
UNICAMP. Campinas - SP.
Silva, A.S & Ghisi, E. 2013. Análise de sensibilidade global dos parâmetros termofísicos de uma
edificação residencial de acordo com o método de simulação do RTQ-R. Ambiente Construído, V. 13
(n. 4): 135-148.
Silva, A.S & Ghisi, E. 2014. Análise comparativa dos resultados do desempenho térmico da envoltória
de uma edificação residencial pelos métodos de simulação do RTQ-R e da NBR 15575-1. Ambiente
Construído, V. 14 (n. 1): 213-230.
Sousa, J. S., Silva, M. B., Santos, F. J. & Barbosa, F. R. 2014. Metodologias de diagnóstico energético para
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USP. São Paulo – SP.
Veloso, A.C.O., Souza, R.V.G. & Koury, N.N. 2013. Comparação entre os métodos prescritivo e de
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no Ambiente Construído – XII ENCAC & Encontro Latinoamericano de Conforto no Ambiente Construído
– VIII ELACAC, Brasília, 25-27 Set. 2013: 1393-1402.
Veloso, A.C.O., Souza, R.V.G. & Koury, N.N. 2015. Evaluation of Electric Power Consumption of Non-
Residential Buildings in the City of Belo Horizonte - Correlation with Design Decisions in A Study Case
of A Hybrid Building. Energy Procedia, 78: 747-752.
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Brazilian building evaluation through reverse analysis
based on environmental rating systems: a case study
ABSTRACT: Brazilian’s architecture offices are initiating their search for methods that
could give some orientation about the design process for sustainable buildings. The North
American method LEED™ and the French initiative HQE® have made their way to Brazil.
The French methodology has been adapted, resulting in the AQUA Brazilian certification.
However, history has revealed many professionals who expressed their concern about the
environment through interesting architecture solutions, years before the launch of the
first environmental rating system. In this sense, the Environmental Protection Center of
the Hydroelectric Plant Balbina should be stressed. Authored by Severiano Mario Porto
architect, the Center integrates nature, environmental comfort and beauty. Recognizing
the importance of this award-winning project and also considering the interest in
discussing about the efficiency of environmental rating system methods for the production
of green buildings, the aim of this research was to test the rating systems adopted in Brazil
through the evaluation of characteristics presented on this building. Results indicate that
even in a state of neglect and already degraded parts, the building presents the potential to
meet satisfactorily most part of environmental performance requirements proposed by
the rating systems studied. The lesson left by the architect highlights the importance of
using the techniques of design and implementation, which, harmonized through the
project, will lead naturally to solutions with high environmental performance. So, it is
necessary to rethink the exaggerated importance that has been given to environmental
rating systems.
Keywords sustainability, environmental rating systems, BIM, green buildings.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Environmental rating systems lead the discussion around the environmental quality of
buildings and sustainability. Cole (2005) affirmed that the need to develop decision
methods that actively involve the stakeholder interests will become increasingly
important to infuse the considerations of sustainability as an integral part to conduct
architects day-by-day activities. Nevertheless, it is important to discuss the whole of
sustainable rating systems as proper tools to validate the environmental quality of
buildings.
Currently, Brazilian’s architecture offices are initiating their search for methods that could
give some orientation about the design process for sustainable construction. LEED™ and
HQE® rating systems have made their way to Brazil, where the French methodology has
been adapted, resulting in AQUA Brazilian certification. It is assumed that Brazilian
architecture offices must organize their management system in order to accomplish the
sustainable requirements along the design management process. (SALGADO, 2011)
However, history has revealed many professionals who expressed their concern about the
environment through interesting architecture solutions, years before the launch of the
first environmental rating system. The legacy of Severiano Mario Porto, an important
Brazilian’s architect which stands for solutions that seek to integrate the building with the
environment, should be highlighted.
Among the projects authored by him, the Environmental Protection Center of the
Hydroelectric Plant Balbina should be stressed. Built by initiative of ELETRONORTE, as
one of the compensatory measures for the environmental impacts caused by the
construction of hydroelectric power, the Center has been design to integrate nature,
environmental comfort and beauty simultaneously. Unfortunately, despite the relevance of
this project, the Center is currently abandoned and deteriorating rapidly.
Hopefully, on 2016 Balbina’s has been incorporated to the list of projects protected by the
Amazon Government. The Law 312 (18th February, 2016) legislate for the preservation of
the architect's works built in the Amazon State, given its architectural, historical and
cultural interest. (DIÁRIO, 2016)
Recognizing the significance of Environmental Protection Center of the Hydroelectric Plant
Balbina, and also considering the interest to discuss the exaggerated importance that has
been given to environmental rating system, this research discusses the validity of those
certifications, confronting the characteristics of the Center with the requisites defined by
the two certifications currently adopted in Brazil.
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It is generally accepted the current era of rating tools commenced in 1990 with the
introduction of the BREEAM (UK) rating tool. This method was followed by the French
system HQE® and by the U.S. LEED™ in 2000. Further analysis confirms that the evolution
of rating systems into different countries is largely based on those initial rating systems
(REED et al, 2009)
Although the great number of environmental rating systems proposed, two methodologies
were the first to be considered by Brazilians’ architects:
- North American LEED™ (The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green
Building RatingSystem);
- French method HQE® (Haute Qualité Environmentale – High Environmental Quality)
adapted in Brazil as AQUA-HQE method.
LEED and AQUA-HQE certifications were adopted by Brazilian entrepreneurs, according to
the type of enterprise and the intended scope for the environment certification.
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The weight of each requisite depends on the scope of certification. For this reason, it is not
possible to compare, for example, the environmental performance of a building certified
LEED-NC level Platinum with a building that has been certified as LEED CS level Platinum.
That why it is imperative to identify the scope of the certification to understand the scope
of the assessment.
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a trip to Manaus on vacation, and decided to move with his family to this region in 1966.
(CAMPOS, 2003) The architect is recognized for its brand in the Amazon architecture.
On February 2015, Severiano has completed 85 years old and his architecture to this day
surprised by daring shapes and solutions, always seeking harmonious relationship with
the environment. However, it is observed, unfortunately, the lack of respect for his work.
Several projects were scrapped or modified, and some projects are condemned to oblivion
by neglect and abandonment of those responsible for its preservation as in the
Environmental Protection Centre Balbina (photos 3/4).
The Environmental Protection Center of the Hydroelectric Plant Balbina received the
award granted by the IAB-RJ in 1987, highlighting the recognition of the architect who also
received the Honorable Mention for the whole of his work. (CAMPOS, 2003).
In order to analyze the environmental performance of the building, the research team has
visited The Environmental Protection Center on August, 20th 2015. Manaus is located at
3°S of the Equator, in the maximum solar radiation zone. There are no fluctuations in the
length of day and night throughout the year and the seasons, except for the presence of a
rainy season ("winter") a dry season ("summer"). The Center is located at Presidente
Figueiredo City, approximately 200km from Manaus.
Aiming to discuss the environmental rating systems, this research involves the evaluation
of the potentialities of Balbina’s Center considering requisites defined by the two main
rating systems adopted in Brazil: AQUA-HQE and LEED
For this analysis it has been considered the principles of reverse analysis, starting from
the identification of the building’s characteristics and then, evaluating the potentialities of
the building to respond to the environment requirements defined by LEED and AQUA-HQE
rating systems.
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As explained before, there are no bad grades in AQUA-HQE method, which defines only
three levels of evaluation considering three phases: program, project and construction.
Considering that the building that has been chosen for this research already exists, it was
necessary to apply the principles of reverse analysis. So, for this analysis it has been
considered as minimum level (Good) the requisites whit potential to accomplish the
requirements, but that cannot be evaluated yet. Environmental categories with great
potential to achieve the environmental targets established by the rating systems has been
considered with intermediate classification (SUPERIOR) The highest rating (EXCELLENT)
was assigned only to the categories that have exceptional potential to be been fully
achieved by the building features.
It is known that the environmental assessment methods require a series of measurements
and informations that are not available and/or were impossible to obtain, considering the
abandon of the building. In this sense, it is important to emphasize that this research has
no intent to validate Balbina’s project through any environmental rating system, but to
intensify the discussion around the exaggerated importance that has been given to those
methods in detriment of discussing architecture solutions with high quality
environmental.
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Photo 5 – Harmonious relationship with the Photo 6 - the roof reaches a height up to 8
environment meters creating an air protection
The analysis of Balbina’s project indicates that in laboratories were identified technical
solutions that could allow the removal of toxic gases, and also ample ventilation.
Furthermore, the air renewal occurs through the various openings along the main roof
(photos 7 and 8)
Wide windows and visual interface with the outside illuminating the set, indicates that,
artificial lighting will be only used in a complementary situation. (Photos 11, 12).
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In this sense, it can be inferred that there would be large reduction in energy
consumption as a result of the magnificent architecture solutions. However, it was
not possible to evaluate the performance of artificial lighting considering that the
building is not being used.
In relation to water management, although it was not possible to find any indication
regarding the optimal use of water or rainwater, channels were detected in the floor that
could function as capture and utilization systems, indicating potential to meet this
requirement satisfactorily.
With regard to acoustic comfort, during the visit it was revealed the concern of the
architect in keeping work areas protected of the main sources of external noise –
particularly vehicles. Measurements, with Portable digital sound level meter, allowed
identify an attenuation of 10dB within the building. It should be noted the distance
between the set and the main route, favouring the acoustic performance of the facility. In
reference of material specification, the use of waterproof and washable liners in the
canopy, restrooms and laboratories, indicates concern about the hygiene on site.
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6. CONCLUSION
This paper has no intention to demonize the environmental certifications, nor to validate
Balbina's Center through any environmental rating system. The main purpose was to
discuss the exaggerated importance given to environmental certifications, through the
reverse analysis of one recognized building, considered an icon of Severiano Porto legacy.
It has been presented that with basic architecture design principles, appropriate choice of
construction systems and technical solutions, the environmental performance of the
building can be enhanced, regardless of exclusive concern with any certification method.
The results obtained with this analysis indicates the urgency to discuss the importance
given to environmental rating systems. It is necessary to encourage professionals to
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search for the best solutions for design concept, and not the persecution of “points for the
assessment" as defined by those certifications.
The case study highlights, therefore, the importance of professional training based on the
domain of the best techniques of design and construction, which - harmonized through the
project - will lead consequently to architectural solutions with high environmental
performance.
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank National Council for Research and Development - CNPq for the financial
support to this research (Productivity Scholarship, Scientific Initiation Scholarship and
Universal Edict 2012)
REFERENCES
Association HQE – Haute Qualité Environnementale, Statuts de l'Association,
<http://assohqe.org/hqe/IMG/pdf/STATUTS.pdf>. Acessed on August 2015.
CASTELLS, A. L’Architecture et la Haute Qualité Environnementale. Centre Interprofessionnel de
Formation Continue de l’Architecture, Module Du 18 juin 2010, Ecole d’Architecture de Toulouse,
Toulouse, 2010
CAMPOS, E. R. de A arquitetura brasileira de Severiano Mario Porto ARQUITEXTOS 043.08 ano 04,
dez. 2003. (http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/arquitextos/04.047/594 [accessed on
August 2015]).
COLE, R. J. (2005) Building Environmental Assessment Methods: redefining intentions. The 2005
World Sustainable Building Conference, Tokyo, 2005 Proceedings…2005 p. 1934 a 1939
DIÁRIO OFICIAL DO LEGISLATIVO. Lei 312 de 18 de fevereiro de 2016.
(http://www.ale.am.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Edicao72602032016-Extra.pdf
[accessed on May 2016))
France-GBC International environmental certifications for the design and construction of non-
residential buildings The positioning of HQE certification relative to BREEAM and LEED
(http://francegbc.fr/images/utilisateurs/79/2015_EN_France_GBC_study_HQE_LEED_BREEAM.pdf
[accessed on October 2015]).
Landwoig M et al. HQE certification applied to the reality of the civil construction industry in Brazil
International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operation Maintenance ICIEOM 2013. In:
Proceedings… Espanha, 2013 (Available in
http://www.abepro.org.br/biblioteca/ICIEOM2013_STO_173_995_21349.pdf)
NEVES, Leticia de Oliveira, Arquitetura Bioclimática e a obra de Severiano Mário Porto: Estratégias
de ventilação natural,2006. Dissertation (Master in Architecture), IAU/Universidade de São Paulo,
São Carlos, 2006.
REED, R., BILOS, A., WILKINSON, S., and Schulte, K. (2009) International Comparison of Sustainable
Rating Tools, JOSRE, vol l . 1, n°. 1(In: http://www.costar.com/josre/JournalPdfs/01-Sustainable-
Rating-Tools.pdf)
Referencial de Certificação AQUA-HQE - Serviços, outubro2007. (available online
http://vanzolini.org.br/conteudo-AQUA-HQE.asp?cod_site=104&id_menu=760 [accessed on
September 2015]).
SALGADO, M. S. Implementation of Quality Management System on architecture offices as a
requirement for sustainable design. In: CIBW096 Architectural Management in the Digital Arena,
2011, Viena. Proceedings of CIB-W096 p. 276-286
(https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC24374.pdf)
SALGADO, M. S. LEMOS, H. M. (2005) Guidelines for the certification of laboratory architectonic
design, considering quality, environment and safety requirements. In: Proceedings of SB05 Japan,
Tokyo.
USGBC – United States Green Building Council. Institutional site. (http://www.usgbc.org [accessed
on September 2015]).
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A região norte brasileira é formada por sete estados, sendo que em 2011 apresentava uma
população estimada em aproximadamente 16 milhões de habitantes. O estado do Pará
contabilizava uma população de 8 milhões de pessoas, concentrados em
aproximadamente1.4 milhões de residentes na capital paraense (IBGE, 2014), considerada
a “metrópole da Amazônia”.
Nos últimos 40 anos a cidade de Belém recebeu um intenso fluxo migratório com
adensamento demográfico nos bairros, infraestrutura comercial, aumento em áreas
asfaltadas de vias de tráfico, ocasionando concentrações no processo de verticalização
habitacional, principalmente nas áreas com maior infraestrutura como nos bairros do
Umarizal, Batista Campos, Nazaré e Marco (RODRIGUES et al., 2015).
Os dados do IBGE (2010) apontavam que cerca de 90% dos domicílios eram classificados
na categoria de aglomerados subnormais, indicando que Belém continha predominância
de construções com baixa elevação. Fatores relacionados à infraestrutura da cidade e
mudanças no tipo de edificações vêm proporcionando diversos problemas à população,
entre eles, sensações de desconforto térmico devido, principalmente, pela redução de
áreas verdes e ausência de soluções arquitetônicas que priorizam o conforto térmico em
função das características climáticas da região amazônica.
Mello (2007) ressaltou que Belém passou por diferentes processos de verticalização. Até
1949 as edificações mais elevadas apresentavam apenas 5 pavimentos e, entre 1954 a
2001 a cidade teve como destaque o edifício Manoel Pinto da Silva com 26 pavimentos. Em
2002, o edifício Pégasus foi construído na capital paraense com 35 andares e, em 2009
duas torres de 40 pavimentos (Village Sun/Moon) consolidam o processo de verticalização
na cidade.
Os bairros Umarizal e Doca de Souza Franco foram apontados por Oliveira et al. (2005)
como as principais zonas com modificações no skyline da cidade, apresentando padrões
construtivos em elevação com níveis significativos, pois as edificações com até 40
pavimentos são permitidas pelo Ministério da Aeronáutica (Ferreira & Nahun, 2008).
Segundo Paranaguá et al. (2003). Em 1986 a área verde de Belém representava 50% do
território (588 km²), sofrendo reduções em 1994 na ordem de 37% (434 km²) e
novamente em 2001 para 33% (388 km²), totalizando perda de 200 km² (17%) de sua
cobertura florestal.
De acordo com o IBGE (2012), as duas capitais da região Amazônica são as menos
arborizadas do país, onde Manaus apresenta 25,1% de percentual arborizado e Belém, a
cidade menos arborizada do Brasil, apresentou percentual de somente 22,4% de árvores
no entorno dos domicílios, em área pública. Vale ressaltar que mesmo sendo Belém
considerada a cidade das mangueiras, sua área vegetada é considerada reduzida aos
padrões de áreas vegetadas em centros urbanos no Brasil.
Aspectos como edifícios sem afastamentos laterais e, consequentes barreiras à ventilação,
sem uso de pilotis para ampliar a permeabilidade à circulação do vento, entre outros,
contribuem para propiciar a formação de ilhas de calor nas cidades. Em anos com
anomalias térmicas esses efeitos podem ser intensificados nessas áreas urbanas
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2. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS
Para a realização do estudo das variáveis térmicas de Belém, foi realizada análise
exploratória dos dados de uma série histórica, homogênea, de 44 anos (1967 a 2010),
disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia – INMET. Foram tratados dados
de temperatura do ar (máximas, mínimas e médias), bem como as anomalias térmicas
(quentes e frias), usando os pressupostos de Ambrizzi (2002). As amplitudes térmicas
foram calculadas e normalizadas, bem como fez-se a normalização dos s dados de número
de pavimentos por edificação. Foram avaliadas se havia correlação em função das
variáveis térmicas analisadas (Figura 1).
Os dados foram organizados em planilhas no software Excel 2007, contendo valores de
temperaturas do ar (mínima, média e máxima) registradas na estação meteorológica do
INMET. Posteriormente, analisou-se todos os meses no decorrer de todos os anos,
comparando-se desta forma o comportamento de cada mês durante 44 anos.
Anomalias térmicas (frias e quentes) foram calculadas, através da análise estatística de
Desvio padrão, e realizou-se a normalização do número de pavimentos para verificação de
correlações. Também avaliou-se a amplitude térmica para avaliar possíveis respostas
associadas às mudanças da temperatura do ar em relação ao aumento de gabarito e
possíveis respostas em termos de conforto térmico em Belém.
Influências de mecanismos de grande escala como o Enos também foram analisados,
observando-se os anos de ocorrência de El Niño e La Niña, fracos, moderados e fortes,
disponibilizado na base de dados do INPE/NOAA. Com esses dados, realizou-se uma
análise em relação à temperatura do ar de Belém e suas possíveis interferências.
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3. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES
Ao avaliar a evolução do skyline da cidade de Belém, observou-se que a verticalização da
cidade se manteve até meados da década de 40 (século XX) com gabaritos pouco
expressivos, representados por edificações de até 5 pavimentos. Na década seguinte foi
construído o prédio mais alto da região Norte até então, nomeado Manoel Pinto da Silva,
com 26 pavimentos (MELLO, 2007) e uma configuração inovadora para a época.
A hegemonia do mesmo (Manoel Pinto) se manteve até o início da década de 80, quando o
segundo edifício com o mesmo número de pavimentos foi construído, em 1981 (Figura 2).
Em 2000 a capital paraense passou a receber edificações superiores a 30 pavimentos com
torres de 40 andares (altura máxima), em 2009 (MELLO, 2007).
Dessa forma, a cidade que possuía uma configuração predominantemente horizontalizada,
passou a verticalizar seu skyline (Figura 3), principalmente em bairros centrais como
Umarizal, Doca de Souza Franco e Batista Campos, retratando também o alto poder
aquisitivo destas zonas bem como um dos metros quadrados mais caros da cidade
(OLIVEIRA et al., 2005).
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vegetal de Belém (OLIVEIRA et al., 2005). De acordo com Paranaguá et al. (2003), a capital
paraense perdeu, entre 1986 e 2001, cerca de 200 Km² de cobertura florestal, restando,
em 2006, pouco mais de 30% de mata original (IMAZON, 2007). Portanto, a dinâmica do
Skyline da cidade alterou não somente o seu desenho, evidenciando a ausência de
planejamento urbano, como também o seu panorama paisagístico com a redução de áreas
verdes, e consequentemente alterando suas condições ambientais (BARBOSA et al.,
2011a).
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Por fim, vale ressaltar que o Plano Diretor Urbanístico de Belém deve considerar aspectos
arquitetônicos e de conforto térmico apropriados para a região, a exemplo das diretrizes
de projeto apontadas pela norma de desempenho térmico (ABNT, 2013), visando uma
consonância com políticas publicas que geram indicadores de cidades sustentáveis.
4. CONCLUSÕES
A partir dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que:
• O acelerado crescimento urbano verticalizado é um forte indicativo da
predominância de anomalias quentes nos últimos anos em Belém;
• 40 anos de intensificação dos espaços verticais construídos apontam efeitos nas
condições térmicas em bairros altamente urbanizados de Belém;
• Em anos de El Niño forte a temperatura do ar (mínimas, médias e máximas)
aponta picos de elevações térmicas;
• As reduções nas amplitudes térmicas são decorrentes do aumento das
temperaturas mínimas na cidade de Belém; e
• Número de pavimentos correlacionados com amplitudes térmicas indicam
elevações de 1°C na temperatura do ar na capital paraense.
REFERÊNCIAS
ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 15.575: Edificações habitacionais —
Desempenho, Parte 1: Requisitos gerais. RJ: ABNT, 2013. 71 p.
AMBRIZZI, A. B. P. e T. Uma associação entre as anomalias da temperatura da superfície do mar dos
oceanos Pacífico e Atlântico e a temperatura, geadas e precipitação na estação meteorológica do
IAG/USP, em São Paulo, durante o período de inverno. Anais. São Paulo: USP. Departamento de
Ciências Atmosféricas. 2002. p.165-179.
BARBOSA, A. de M.; MARTORANO, L. G.; FRANCO, I. M.; MORAES, J. R. da S. C. de; MONTEIRO, D. C.
A.; ALMEIDA, R. F. Volume de água precipitado para subsidiar avaliações da capacidade de suporte
de edificações com tetos verdes mitigadores de ilhas de calor na cidade de Belém, Pará. In: 63ª
Reunião Anual da SBPC, Goiânia, Goiás. Anais da 63ª Reunião Anual da SBPC, 2011a.
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Integrated system for energy optimization and reduction
of building CO² footprint
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Francisco Martin San Cristóbal
U. de Alcala, School of Architecture, Architecture Department, Alcala de Henares (ES), Spain
francisco.martin@larentia.es
ABSTRACT: The main purpose is the design and development of an integral system for the
energy inspection and energy evaluation for buildings with high energy-saving potential,
which will make possible the proposal of effective rehabilitation actions towards the
reduction of the CO² footprint and the conversion of those buildings into zero-consumption
buildings.
First of all, all the typologies of buildings have been studied to choose which one is the ideal
model. A multidisciplinary approach has been applied to deal with this task, including the
design of an indoor unit mounted on a trolley and a UAV drone unit for the complete,
geometric and thermographic, measurement of the building's envelope. All processed data
have been compiled in Building Information Models (BIM) containing also all the
information required for the energy evaluation of the building. These models were made
with all the data georeferenced so they could be automatically incorporated into the energy
analysis software. Several of this energy analysis software were used to evaluate the model
and the results have been compared, focusing on the complexity and the percentage
deviation of results.
A methodology for evaluating the energy generated by buildings has been developed, and it
also includes the creation and evaluation of innovative building solutions that would lead
us to reduce energy consumption. These solutions have been gathered in a manual for use
in several similar buildings.
Keywords Energy efficiency, Integrated Design, BIM, laser scanner, indoor/outdoor mapping
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1. BACKGROUND
Energy consumption in buildings accounts for approximately one third of the EU energy
consumption and CO² emissions, this is more than the consumption of industrial activity or
transportation. Therefore, the rationalization of energy consumption in this sector has
become a priority on the national and European energy policy, manifested by the
appearance of specific regulations. Particularly noteworthy is The Spanish Strategy for
Science and Technology, under the "Horizon 2020" of the EU, that states the challenge of
producing safe, clean and efficient energy. In the case of existing buildings (in Spain there
are 13 million homes most households amenable to be intervened, most of them from the
years 1940-80, with nonexistent rules and scarce resources that difficult their intervention),
energy rehabilitation works can bring savings of up to 75% in energy consumption, and a
reduction in CO2 emissions of most of 34% with respect to 2001 (WWF, 2012).
2. OBJECTIVES
The rehabilitation leads to the recuperation of the interior thermal comfort and the
reduction of maintenance costs, with a return period of investment assumable. Each
building is a unique case, with its particularities in geometry, composition and construction
(Celis et al, 2012), as well as its occupation and use, typology, facilities and management.
The availability of comprehensive, unified and consistent information is a key factor to do a
proper diagnosis and optimal decision making.
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Figure 1.Study case. San Roque Elementary school in Cangas, Pontevedra, Galicia, España.
West facade.
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(© Autodesk, Bentley Systems ©, CYPE ©), but the energy assessment of as-built BIM is still
under investigation.
With the mapping created, it is possible to establish the policy needs on each of the selected
schools (35), with the same characteristics of the study case.
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Figure 2. Map of Galicia with the climatic zones according to CTE 2013 and observatories studied.
With (*) is indicated the village (Cangas, Pontevedra) where is situated the study case.
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enclosures (it is only possible with ECOTECT) because they are much lower than the
software admitted.
There are established three starting points:
Case 0: No timetables or schedules of use are applied. External walls data correspond to
the CTE. It can be applied to all analysis tools used in this research;
Case A: Applying schedules and calendars. Using actual data of transmittance obtained
"in situ" with measurement devices. It is only applicable with ECOTECT;
Case B: Same as Case A, but introducing building materials data from the CTE database.
It is applicable with HULC and ECOTECT.
Figure 3. CASE 0 – Current status. Monthly demand for energy. Passive lost and gains.
(results by ECOTECT)
5. IMPROVEMENT PROPOSALS
The simulations made with the different tools can be seen as requirements are isolation and
uptake of radiation. They are used the same premises to discuss the results with all the tools,
based on constructive solutions verified by the CTE. Three changes have been proposed but
it would be possible to extend the application to many other combinations, using the speed
of the simulation analysis:
Figure 4. OPTION F- Monthly demand for energy. Passive lost and gains (ECOTECT)
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Figure 5. Summary of Case 0, and each study options C, D, E, and F. (graphic elaborated with HULC)
Studying the summary table of results (table 1) can be seen that in general, there are further
reductions in consumption with constructive solutions applied to the roof or windows
(around 20% each), that the reform of the facades (around 7%).
With the study of the necessary costs for each case it can be stablish an investment plan
based in the energy savings, the compatibility of use with the activity and the investment
plan of the building’s owner.
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REFERENCES
Celis, F., Escorcia, O., Diaz, M., Garcia, R., Echeverria, E., 2012, “Incidence of form and envelope in
thermal behaviour of dwellings in the Centre-South of Chile”, Hábitat Sustentable, N.2, vol 2, pag 19-
33, ISSN 0719-0700.
CTE, 2006, “Codigo TEcnico de la Edificacion” Real Decreto nº 314 de 17 abri de 2006. Ministerio de
la Vivienda. España. Last versión 26/07/2016.
Da Casa, F., 2.000, Adecuación boclimática en la subregión de Madrid, para el diseño de los edificios
y sus elementos constructivos Tesis Doctoral, Madrid, ETSAM. UPM.
Fernández-Hernández, J., González-Aguilera, D., Rodríguez-Gonzálvez, P., Juan, M. 2012, A new trend
for reverse engineering: robotized aerial system for spatial information management, Applied
Mechanics and Materials, 152, 1785-1790.
GSA, 2009, GSA BIM Guide For Energy Performance, version 1.0. vol. 5 http://www.gsa.gov/bim: U.S.
General Services Administration (GSA).
Huber D., Akinci B., Adan A., Anil E., Okorn B., Xiong X., 2011, Methods for automatically modeling
and representing as-built Building Information Models, Proceedings of 2011 NSF Engineering
Research and Innovation Conference, Atlanta, Georgia
Lagüela, S., Díaz-Vilariño, L., Martínez, J., Armesto, J., 2013. Automatic thermographic and RGB texture
of as-built BIM for energy rehabilitation purposes, Automation in Construction, 31, 230-240.
Miotto, U.; Garcia, R.; Escorcia, O.; Trebilcock, M.; Celis, F., 2012, Integrated Design for the
development of energy efficient housing in Chile: threading abilities. Habitat Sustentable, Vol 1, N1,
ISSN: 0719-0700. Pags 2-16.
Raheem, A., Issa, R., Olbina, S., 2011, Environmental performance analysis of a single family house
using BIM, in Proceedings in Congress on Computing in Civil Engineering, pp. 842-849.
Vanlande, R., Nicolle, C., Cruz, C. 2008, IFC and building lifecycle management, Automation in
Construction, 18, 70-78.
Wang, C., Peng, Y., Cho, Y., Li, H. 2011, As-built residential building information collection and
modeling methods for energy analysis, 28th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in
Construction, Seoul, Korea, June.
WWF, 2012, Retos y oportunidades de financiación para la rehabilitación energética de viviendas en
España, disponible en: http://www.wwf.es/?20627/WWF-propone-la-rehabilitacin-energtica-de-
ms-de-tres-millones-de-viviendas-para-reducir-las-emisiones-de-CO2.
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A influência da inércia térmica nas paredes externas em
clima quente: uma revisão sistemática
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Considerando os critérios de sustentabilidade e de eficiência energética que vêm sendo
exigidos das edificações pelos órgãos regulamentadores globais, o setor da construção civil
tem sido forçado a repensar sua maneira de projetar e construir os edifícios. Tem se exigido,
cada vez mais dos projetos, menor consumo de energia com a manutenção dos níveis de
conforto témico requeridos, o que pode ser alcançado por meio da adoção de estratégias
passivas. Dentre essas estratégias, a inércia térmica mostra-se relevante, pois pode definir
o comportamento térmico da construção.
Existem duas propriedades dos materiais de construção relacionadas à inércia térmica:
como difundem a energia térmica (difusividade), e quanto a acumulam (efusividade).
Ambas dependem da condutividade térmica (λ), da massa específica (ρ) e do calor especifico
(c) do material (Corbella; Yannas, 2003). Em climas com grande amplitude térmica, a
utilização adequada da inércia térmica na envoltória dos edifícios permite atenuar o
impacto da variabilidade do clima na temperatura operativa interior, contribuindo para a
redução do uso de energia para aquecimento e arrefecimento.
Define-se calor especifico volumétrico (μ) como o calor fornecido a um volume unitário de
material para aumentar sua temperatura de uma unidade, expresso pelo produto do calor
específico pela massa específica (Corbella; Yannas, 2003). Se o quociente λ/μ for elevado, o
material é bom condutor e precisa de pouco calor para variar sua temperatura e, então, a
energia térmica se difunde rapidamente, dizendo-se que possui elevada difusividade.
Conceitualmente, a difusividade é proporcional à velocidade de propagação da onda de
temperatura no interior de uma parede ou teto. A difusividade térmica (a= λ/ ρCp (m²/s))
é a propriedade do material que mostra a sua capacidade de sofrer variações de
temperatura de transferência. Aumenta com a condutividade térmica e diminui com a
capacidade térmica, sendo este efeito de interesse para paredes externas em contato direto
com a condição do tempo exterior, chamada de inércia de transmissão. Painéis com grande
difusividade são mais indicados para climas frios que permitem que a temperatura externa
passe para o ambiente interno mais rapidamente, são painéis leves.
A efusividade térmica (𝑏 = √λ ∗ ρ𝐶𝑝 (𝐽/𝑚²𝐾𝑠) 1/2) é a capacidade de um material para
absorver ou restituir um fluxo de calor ou potência térmica. Painéis com grande efusividade
absorvem muita energia e tem maior tempo de defasagem para restituir esse ganho térmico
para o ambiente interno, assim permitindo menores amplitudes térmicas no interior dos
ambientes (González Cruz, 2003).
Os materiais podem ter a mesma difusividade, como o granito e a lã mineral e, no entanto
efusividades diferentes, ou seja, comportam-se de forma distinta frente às variações de
temperatura por meio da propriedade da inércia térmica.
Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a abordagem dos trabalhos
científicos referentes à influência da inércia térmica na edificação, utilizando-se dos
pressupostos da revisão sistemática. Como objetivos específicos apresentam-se: a)
identificar a relação das tipologias de paredes aos climas dos locais de estudo e b) explorar
como as propriedades térmicas dos materiais podem minimizar os ganhos de calor para as
edificações conforme clima em que estão localizadas.
2. MATERIAL E MÉTODO
Este trabalho emprega o método de revisão sistemática, na qual se aplicam estratégias
científicas que permitem limitar o viés de seleção de artigos, avaliá-los com espírito crítico
e sintetizar todos os estudos relevantes em um tópico específico (Perissé; Gomes; Nogueira,
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2001 apud Botelho, 2011). A abordagem sistemática é diferente das revisões bibliográficas
narrativas, pois essa abordagem possui uma sequência de etapas pré-definidas, em que a
metodologia é especificada com técnicas padronizadas e passíveis de reprodução (Evans;
Pearsons, 2001).
Os bancos de dados escolhidos foram o Portal de Periódicos Capes e Portal Science Direct,
buscando os seguintes descritores e temporalidade: “inércia térmica”, considerando as
publicações de 2010 a 01/11/2015; “influência da inércia térmica”, sem data determinada
e “thermal inertia influence and bioclimatic design”, de 2000 a 01/11/2015. A seleção dos
trabalhos se deu a partir da leitura dos títulos, resumos e inteiro teor, de forma sequencial,
pelo reconhecimento de seu enquadradamento aos temas de interesse. Neste artigo, optou-
se por abordar como resultados as informações contidas nos trabalhos que atenderam a
todos os critérios acima descritos, tratando-se, portanto, de um recorte.
No Portal de Periódicos da Capes foram encontrados trabalhos com os dois primeiros
descritores apenas e no Portal Science Direct, apenas com o último. O Portal de Periódicos
da Capes, com o descritor “inércia térmica”, possui 30 publicações, das quais duas foram
selecionadas e com o descritor “influência da inércia térmica”, foi selecionado um trabalho
dentre 8 publicações existentes. No Portal Science Direct, com o descritor “thermal inertia
influence and bioclimatic design” foram encontrados 125 trabalhos, dos quais seis foram
selecionados.
3. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES
Os trabalhos selecionados retratam a preocupação com a adequação dos materiais da
envoltória ao clima dos locais onde as edificações se inserem e, com a abordagem da inércia
térmica como recurso para obtenção de condições de conforto térmico por meios passivos
no interior das edificações. Dos 163 títulos encontrados nos sistemas de busca, nove foram
selecionados para o estudo e identificados em termos de autor, tipo, país e ano da publicação
e de seu título (Tab. 1).
Granja (2002) descreve o fenômeno da inercia térmica em fechamentos opacos de concreto
em edificações na cidade de Campinas, SP, onde a média anual da temperatura e umidade é
de 20,7°C e 71%, respectivamente, com invernos secos e amenos e verões chuvosos. Discute
que os fechamentos opacos têm sido concebidos com base na transmitância térmica total
sob regime permanente, o que não contempla os aspectos dinâmicos do comportamento da
onda térmica. Portanto, dois fechamentos com mesma transmitância podem ter
desempenhos termoenergéticos diferentes.
Determinou a espessura ideal de isolante térmico para atenuar os picos máximos e mínimos
de carga térmica de paredes de concreto. Para isolamento de painéis simples de concreto,
denominados painéis IC (isolante–concreto), a espessura ideal do isolante situou-se de 50%
a 60% da espessura do painel, limitando-se em 5 cm, pois maiores espessuras não trazem
benefícios térmico e energéticos significativos, além de serem antieconômicas. Para
isolamento de painéis compostos de concreto com câmara de ar, denominados CAC
(concreto – câmara de ar – concreto), a espessura mínima da placa de concreto em contato
com o ar externo deve ser de 10cm (obedecendo exigências estruturais), o que garante
melhor desempenho em termos de eficiência energética devido a maior atenuação das
amplitudes da curva de densidade de fluxo de calor.
Como conclusões Granja (2002) obteve que, (i) a influência da absortância adquire maior
importância em fechamentos opacos com menor inércia térmica, para o modelo de
transmissão de calor em regime periódico; (ii) o efeito da cor da superfície externa do
fechamento na onda térmica é inversamente proporcional à sua resistência e à sua
capacidade volumétrica, (iii) a espessura e a massa específica aparente exercem grandes
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A inércia térmica em paredes de adobe foi estudadada por Heathcote (2011) para o clima
mediterrâneo de Sydney, Austrália, cujas temperaturas variam anualmente de 16 a 26ᵒC,
com umidade média anual de 65%. Quanto mais espessas, menor a amplitude térmica no
interior da edificação, recomendando a espessura mínima de 450mm para maior atenuação
do fluxo de calor de fora para dentro dos ambientes.
Almeida (2012) estudou o comportamento de paredes sem a incidência de luz solar (Parede
1) e com incidência desta (Parede 2) para a Casa Termicamente Otimizada (CTO), na cidade
do Porto, Portugal, cujo clima é úmido durante o ano todo, com temperatura média no
inverno e verão de cerca de 14 e 25°C, respectivamente. Cinco composições diferentes
foram analisadas: granito, tijolo maciço, tijolo maciço duplo com 5cm de câmara de ar e
madeira, com espessuras finais variando de 5 a 40cm, todos testados com e sem
revestimento de ambos os lados.
Para cada material existe uma espessura ótima, para além da qual o calor armazenado
diminui ou se mantém constante. Para a Parede 1, com revestimento de ambos os lados, as
espessuras são granito (20cm), concreto (15cm), tijolo simples (25cm), tijolo duplo (25cm)
e madeira (8cm). Para a Parede 1 sem revestimento, as espessuras ótimas são: granito
(20cm), concreto (20cm), tijolo simples (20cm), tijolo duplo (20cm) e madeira (10cm). Para
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a Parede 2, tem-se que, com revestimento, as espessuras ótimas são: granito (20cm),
concreto (15cm), tijolo simples (20cm), tijolo duplo (20cm) e madeira (8cm). Sem
revestimento são: granito (25cm), concreto (20cm), tijolo simples (20cm), tijolo duplo
(20cm) e madeira (10cm). O autor aponta que a Parede 2 possui maior calor armazenado e,
portanto, quanto maior for o produto de λ.ρ.c (condutividade térmica, densidade e calor
específico) maior é sua capacidade térmica. Os melhores materiais foram o granito, o
concreto e a madeira, com produto λ.ρ.c de 6,86x106, 3,60x106 e 0,31x106, respectivamente.
Duarte (2013) estudou o comportamento térmico da vedação externa de um ambiente,
composta por reboco, concreto (leve, padrão e pesado), poliestireno expandido (EPS) e
gesso acartonado na região do Porto, em Portugal. A radiação solar global, durante a estação
de aquecimento, apresenta valores médios de 100W/m² e máximos de 890W/m². O autor
afirma que, quanto maior a inércia térmica, menor a defasagem temporal verificada entre
as orientações e a orientação Sul é a única que garante uma variação da temperatura
operativa dentro do intervalo de conforto térmico.
Este autor descreve que a variação do material da envoltória mostra que o aumento de
densidade reduz a variação da temperatura operativa interior, para o clima da cidade do
Porto. A utilização de tipos de material com diferentes densidades permitiu definir uma
espessura, para o intervalo de 10-15 cm, para além da qual o efeito da inércia resulta numa
variação pouco significativa da temperatura operativa.
Quando comparado o efeito do aumento da densidade com o aumento de espessura, para a
mesma inércia térmica resultante, comprovou-se que o aumento de densidade garante uma
maior redução da amplitude térmica interior. E ainda se verificou uma redução da
desfasagem dos picos de temperatura com o aumento da inércia. O aumento da área exposta
para as quatro orientações garante a redução da variação da temperatura operativa, pois o
aumento da área das superfícies massivas verifica um aumento significativo na capacidade
de armazenar calor.
Assim, quando comparado o efeito entre o aumento da área ou o aumento da espessura,
para o mesmo valor resultante de inércia térmica, o aumento da área revela uma maior
redução da amplitude térmica, com manutenção de calor armazenado no interior do
edifício. Contudo, a análise para os dias característicos sem radiação mostra que, para um
dia encoberto com uma reduzida amplitude térmica, o aumento da inércia resulta numa
diminuição pouco significativa da amplitude da temperatura operativa e, melhorias pouco
significativas no conforto térmico interior. O comportamento térmico do espaço mostrou-
se também praticamente independente da orientação do espaço para estes dias.
Kontoleon e Bikas (2007) estudou o efeito da absortividade no intervalo de tempo, fator de
amortecimento e variações de temperatura para paredes de tijolo orientadas para o Sul,
durante o período de inverno e em condições ambientais naturais na região do
Mediterraneo, na Grécia. Como resultado foi demonstrado que a absortividade solar tem um
efeito significativo sobre o atraso e amplitude térmica. Tratou de paredes simples de
alvenaria com tijolo cerâmico de 18cm de espessura e paredes duplas com tijolo de 9 cm
com câmara de ar de variando de 4 e 2cm. Este autor aconselha uma cor reflexiva (pintura
branco ou claro) para a parede exterior, considerada como uma estratégia eficiente para
minimizar os ganhos térmicos no interior do ambiente durante o verão. A maior eficiência
no atraso da temperatura externa para a interna é alcançada atraves da colocação de uma
camada de isolamento (câmara de ar) na superficie exterior e outra dentro da alvenaria.
Sambou et al. (2009) definiu a composição ideal da envoltória de um edifício buscando
otimizar simultaneamente o isolamento térmico e a inércia térmica para o clima da França,
utilizando paredes feitas com várias camadas paralelas de material isotrópico homogêneo
com 0,40m de espessura total (L). O autor mostra que as composições ótimas de paredes
são com a disposição da camada maciça na face interior e a camada de isolamento na
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exterior. O resultado obtido em seu estudo é que a espessura ótima da camada maciça
interior é L/4 e chega a quatro composições ótimas de parede, com duas a três camadas
compostas por concreto pesado, material isolante e madeira, com variações nas espessuras
e com a camada maciça sempre na extremidade interna da envoltória.
Um fator importante que influencia o desempenho do isolamento térmico de uma parede é
a amplitude da onda de calor sobre a superfície exterior da parede. Mavromatidis et al.
(2012) mostram que a diminuição da amplitude da onda de calor depende da composição
da parede e a sua espessura. Os autores estudaram o material de Isolamento Térmico
Multicamada (MTI) para uma parede localizada em Atenas, Grécia e em Yerevan, Armênia.
A parede analisada tem a configuração de camadas de fora para dentro do ambiente
composta por concreto (espessura 8cm), lã de vidro (espessura 5cm), câmara de ar
(espessura 3cm), MTI (espessura 2cm), câmara de ar (espessura 3cm) e madeira (espessura
2cm). O estudo mostrou que o comportamento da parede nas orientações Norte, Sul e Leste
tem valores de atraso térmico máximo e mínimo distantes um do outro. De acordo com a
literatura isto acontece porque a temperatura externa do ar não é senosoidal. Para a
orientação Oeste os valores de atraso térmico máximo e mínimo não apresentaram
diferenças significativas.
Giancola et al. (2014) fez o retrofit de dois edifícios localizados em Madri, Espanha,
propondo envelopamentos diferentes para analisar os ganhos térmicos (Fig. 1). As paredes
verticais variaram substancialmente o coeficiente global de transferência de calor com
perdas térmicas significativas. O estudo mostrou a melhoria térmica produzida no interior
dos apartamentos, como resultado da renovação do envelope do edifício devido aos
balanços térmicos entre interior e exterior, durante os meses de verão.
Figura 1. Seção da parede no Retrofti (a) e (b) e : c) e Seção da parede existente. Fonte: Giancola et
al. 2014
Em locais onde o clima apresenta invernos quentes e verões quentes, tal qual o
mediterrânico, as casas com melhor desempenho são casas pesadas (com grande inércia
térmica). Paredes de pedra ou alvenaria com massas térmicas pesadas garantem o conforto
de inverno e absorvem as cargas térmicas no verão (Tonelli; Grimaudo, 2014). Nesse clima,
a contribuição das camadas internas em contato direto com o ar interior representa um
elemento amortecedor importante para as diferenças de temperatura interna, enquanto as
soluções leves ou aquelas sem massa térmica interna podem, em períodos de transição,
requerem mais energia para manter condições de conforto térmico. Assim, Tonelli e
Grimaud (2014) apresentaram um modelo de edifício em madeira pré-fabricada com uma
camada interna de massa de alta inercia térmica como uma solução para que construções
leves pudessem atender as condições de conforto no verão do clima mediterrâneo.
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Continuação Tabela 2
Clima Tipologia e Características Efeitos relacionados à inércia térmica
Granito; tijolo maciço; tijolo maciço duplo Espessuras ótimas das paredes com a
com 5cm de câmara de ar; madeira. incidência de luz solar:
- climas
- Com revestimento: granito (20cm),
úmidos,
concreto (15cm), tijolo simples (20cm),
amplitude
tijolo duplo (20cm) e madeira (8cm).
térmica anual
- Sem revestimento: granito (25cm),
de 14 e 25ᵒC
concreto (20cm), tijolo simples (20cm),
tijolo duplo (20cm) e madeira (10cm).
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Continuação Tabela 2
Espessura de 15
Para minimizar a utilização de
Bloco de concreto cm revestidos
condicionamento artificial combinar
externamente
celular baixa condutibilidade térmica e elevada
- clima do com argamassa
massa térmica.
de cimento e
México, Para facilitar o arrefecimento radioativo
areia e gesso,
quente e seco durante as noites, reduzir as variações
Bloco de terra pintados com
diárias de temperatura e aumentar o
cor clara e sem
estabilizada atraso térmico deve-se evitar as cargas
revestimento
térmicas.
interno
4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Ainda que a partir de diferentes abordagens teórico-metodológicas, nota-se que as
pesquisas apontam para uma espessura mínima ótima das paredes para aproveitar melhor
os benefícios da inercia térmica e, consequente, proporcionar conforto térmico no interior
dos ambientes. Percebe-se que os trabalhos têm como objetivo a reabilitação de edifícios
com propostas de envelopamento e revestimento para menores ganhos térmicos e
eficiência energética das edificações. No entanto, faltam pesquisas que explorem qual o
fechamento mais adequado ao clima determinado, principalmente, para o zoneamento
bioclimático brasileiro.
Para climas quentes, o efeito da massa térmica das paredes externas na diminuição da
amplitude térmica do interior cresce com a amplitude térmica do clima. Soluções
construtivas que utilizam materiais leves, como o gesso cartonado, diminuem de forma
acentuada a capacidade da parede em armazenar calor. Como resultado, a radiação solar
incidente na parede é quase instantaneamente restituída para o ambiente. Para cada
material existe uma espessura ótima, para além da qual o calor armazenado diminui ou se
mantém constante.
Em climas frios, a amplitude da temperatura operativa interior é reduzida de forma mais
significativa através do aumento da área da envoltória do que através do aumento de sua
espessura ou massa volumétrica de seu material. A variação da massa térmica mostra que
a influência da inércia térmica tem maior efeito no comportamento térmico interior para
superfícies que recebem radiação solar direta. Para um maior isolamento térmico do
ambiente a camada do painel maciça e com alta inércia térmica deve localizar-se na
extremidade em contato com o ar externo e a camada de isolamento deve ser posicionada
na face interna do ambiente.
Percebe-se que, dos trabalhos selecionados, apenas um é do Brasil, indicando que muitas
pesquisas ainda podem ser demandadas a respeito da inércia térmica no país, sobretudo no
que se refere à adequada especificação do material considerando conceitos de massa
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REFERENCIAS
Almeida, M.M.G. 2012. Caracterização da Inercia de Paredes Maciças. Dissertação de Mestrado em
Engenharia Térmica, Faculdade de Engenharia do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Botelho, L.L.R. Cunha, C.C.A. Macedo, M. 2011. O Método da Revisão Integrativa nos Estudos
Organizacionais. Revista Eletrônica Gestão e Sociedade 5(11): 121-136.
Corbella, O.; Yannas, S. 2003. Em busca de uma arquitetura sustentável para os trópicos – conforto
ambiental. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Revan. 2003.
Duarte, F.M.S.R.F. 2013. Contributo para o estudo de um patamar mínimo de inércia térmica em
edifícios em reabilitação. Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de
Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
González Cruz, E.M. 2003. Selección de materiales en la concepción arquitectónica bioclimática.
Instituto de investigaciones de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad de Zulia. Maracaibo,
Venezuela.
Evans, D.; Pearson, A. 2001. Systematic reviews: gatekeepers of nursing knowledge. Journal of Clinical
Nursing 10( 5): 593–599.
Giancola, E.; Soutullo, S.; Olmedo, R.; Heras, M.R. 2014. Evaluating rehabilitation of the social housing
envelope: Experimental assessment of thermal indoor improvements during actual operating
conditions in dry hot climate. A case study. Energy and Buildings 75: 264-271.
Granja, A.D. 2002. Transmissão de calor em regime periódico: efeito da inercia térmica em fechamentos
opacos. Tese de Doutorado em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao
Paulo.
Heathcote, K. 2011. The thermal performance of earth buildings. Informes de la Construccion 63(523):
117-126.
Kontoleon, K.J.; Bikas, D.K. 2007. The effect of south wall’s outdoor absorption coefficient on time lag,
decrement factor and temperature variations. Energy and Buildings 39: 1011-1018.
Marincic, I.; Ochoa, J.M.; Alpuche, M.G.; González, I. 2014. Comparative Analysis of the thermal
behavior between cellular concrete blocks and stabilized earth blocks as wall materials. Energy
Procedia 57: 1783-1791.
Mavromatidis, L.E.; Mankibi, M.; Michel, P.; Santamouris, M. Numerical estimation of time lags and
decrement factors for wall complexes including Multilayer Thermal Insulation, in two different
climatic zones. Elsevior -Energy and Buildings Vol. 92, 480-491, 2012.
Sambou, V.; Lartigue, B.; Monchoux, F.; Adj, M. 2009. Thermal optimization of multilayered walls
using genetic algorithms. Energy and Buildings 41: 1031-1036.
Tonelli, C.; Grimaudo, M. 2014. Timber buildings and thermal inertia: Open scientific problems for
summer behavior in Mediterranean climate. Energy and Buildings 83: 89-95.
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Analysis of the acoustic, thermal and luminous
performance at the Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais
(Federal Institute of Minas Gerais) – Santa Luzia
Luana Nolasco Rizzi Leles Ribeiro
Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Santa Luzia (MG), Brasil
lulu_rizzi@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT: The architect João Filgueiras Lima participated in the 1990s, in the project
known as the Centro de Atenção Integral à Criança e ao Adolescente (CIACs) (Integral Care
Center for Children and Adolescents), where he designed buildings taking into account his
concern with environmental comfort. Currently the campus of the Instituto Federal of Minas
Gerais- Santa Luzia (Federal Institute of Minas Gerais- Santa Luzia), occupies some of these
buildings. Despite the architect’s concern with environmental comfort, the campus
employees report dissatisfaction with the thermal, luminous and anthropometric comfort
inside the buildings. Thus, this project aims to study and understand such issues by using
as a method the application of questionnaires and measurements with the decibel meter,
light meter, anemometer equipment and WBGT on the institution’s work environments.
Twenty environments are being analyzed. The analysis of the teacher’s lounge is presented
in this document, where measurements are compared to rates established by the norms
relevant to this work. The lighting of this environment is inadequate and the thermal
comfort exceeds the rates (WBGT) recommended for such an environment. But the level of
noise and the wind speed are in accordance with the norms. Anthropometric measurements
have not yet been done and the results presented are consistent with the measurements
done during the seasons of summer and autumn of 2016.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The buildings, now occupied by the Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, in the city of Santa
Luzia, were designed as part of "Minha Gente"(My People) program created by President
Fernando Collor de Melo, in the 1990s. These buildings should house the CAIC's project
(Centro de Atenção Integral à Criânça e o Adolescente)[Integral Care Center for Children and
Adolescents], inspired by the models of the Centros Integrados de Educação Pública
(Integrated Public Education Centers) (CIEPS), Brizola’s government brand. It aimed to
provide integral care to children and adolescents with day cares, preschools, elementary
schools and high schools, medical and dental care and community sports and coexistence
(Galter, 2014).
The initial goal consisted in constructing 5,000 schools of integral functionality and to meet
such demand, a construction in cramped time and cost was required. The architect João
Filgueiras Lima (Lelé) was invited to the project for his knowledge and experience in
relation to construction rationalization, modular coordination, fast and low-cost
construction and his concern for the environmental comfort, evident in his works for the
use of sheds, promoting natural lighting and ventilation. (Goulart, 2014).
The choice of the construction system of reinforced mortar, originally proposed for CAICs,
occurred because, Lelé believed that the system should be easily learned by the community,
so that the community itself executed the work, employing local people. In a book published
by the MEC / CEDATE (Ministerio de Educação e Cultura; e Centro de Desenvolvimento e Apoio
Técnico à Educação)(Ministry of Education and Culture, and Center of Development and
Technical Support for Education) in 1984, Lelé said that the armed mortar model is
economical, provides better control on the environmental comfort, resistance, durability,
little maintenance cost, and the increase in the use of raw materials and local labor and of
surrounding regions. Also, it doesn’t require skilled labor and its executed in a short period
of time. (Lima, 2004).
The instruction for the schools’ construction was that the main framework would be in the
North-South direction, so that the most long linear facades were facing this direction. The
protection against insolation and rain of the north facade was resolved with large overhangs.
The sheds should allow permanent cross ventilation (Latorraca, 2014). The orientation of
the sheds would be aligned with the main facades, but not always did this orientation
correspond to the direction of prevailing winds, preventing the effectiveness of this solution
for cross ventilation.
Lelé, in an interview, said that the project aimed to achieve an average degree of
environmental comfort and be extremely economical. According to Lelé, the works were not
supervised and there was negligence from the parties involved, which made Lelé resign the
project, and may have contributed to Lelé’s goals not materializing (Goulart, 2014).
Despite the concerns reported by the author João Filgueiras on the project, the complaints
by workers occupying the buildings of the IFMG Campus in Santa Luzia since 2014 are
constant. The complaints relate to the conditions of environmental comfort (acoustic,
luminous, thermal and anthropometric) at their workstations.
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In order to understand the factors that contribute to the situation of discomfort reported by
IFMG’s staff, this work, by AET (Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho)[Ergonomic Analysis of
Work] aims to survey the conditions of thermal, luminous, anthropometric and acoustic
comfort. Also intends, from the data obtained at a later stage, to propose solutions to
improve the ergonomics of the space, from the adequacy of the environment to the needs of
the employees, bringing well-being and consequently better performance in the activities
performed. The campus operation started in 2014 with the undergraduate course of
architecture and the high school integrated with building technician that are held during
the day, and the undergraduations in Engeneering and interior design, and landscape
technician course, held in the evening.
3. DATA SURVEY
The measurements with decibel meter, light meter, anemometer and WBGT were made in
the institution’s operating hours in the morning and afternoon when faced with most
complaints from employees regarding the environmental comfort. The first measurement
started at 7:30 am, a time when students and teachers are already active in the classrooms.
The end of the first measurement took place at the time of 8:50 am. During this interval time,
all indoor work of IFMG officials was subjected to data collection of thermal, luminescent,
sound and ventilation comfort. There was no measurement outside of the campus. Soon
after, measurements were made from 9:30 to 10:10 am, 01:20 to 01:55 pm and 03: 30 to 04:
30 pm. Measurements’ times were determined in accordance with schedule of classes and
breaks. Equipment used for data collection remained about 2 minutes on each space for the
stabilization of values for the measurements. Surveys, still in progress, will be held in all
seasons. Until now measurements were carried out only in two days, one in summer and
one in the fall. For a more accurate diagnosis of thermal discomfort situation, more
measurements will be required to be held in the next months. In the case of measurements
on the acoustic and luminal comfort, because these factors are not so closely tied to weather
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conditions, it is believed that from the measurements already performed it can already have
a preliminary diagnosis of the comfort conditions. The choice of the measurement day was
performed having the criteria of a day with the typical characteristics of the season. The
summer measurement was made on March 17, 2016, and the fall one occurred on June 8,
2016. The survey data followed the same criteria of time, place and waiting time for
equipment stabilization. On the day chosen for measurement in the summer season, the
institution opened at 9 am, therefore, no measurements at the time of 7: 30am.
Questionnaires were administered on the same days of measurements at the time of 03:30
pm to 04: 30 pm, because it is the time that brings most discomfort inside the building, with
regard to heat and noise, as reported by employees. The questions addressed all content
related to the measurements, in other words, thermal, luminescent and noise comfort, as
well as questions relating to clothing, BMI (Body Mass Index) and other issues that may
influence the thermal sensation of each user. In addition, the questionnaire’s format of
closed questions, gave the opportunity for the employees to show their satisfaction with the
thermal sensation and noise at the workplace. The intention is to compare the data obtained
by means of measurements and of the questionnaire to understand if the data obtained by
the measurements is consistent with the employees’ accounts.
Vento
dominante
Figure 1. The building implementation and solar orientation and prevailing wind. Source: Adapted
by the authors from Google Maps
The image above (Figure 1) shows the buildings of the campus IFMG- Santa Luzia. As
illustrated, the main facades of the assessed buildings, blocks 1 and 2, are oriented due
northwest and southeast.
As previously mentioned, Lelé’s original design recommended that in the deployment, the
orientation of the facades facing north and south and the sheds facing south allowing cross
ventilation would be respected. But, it is important to highlight that each site has a different
climate, which may represent different orientations in regard to the solar orientation and
in regard to the wind, to better match the weather.
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The greatest frequency of winds for the city of Santa Luzia, according to the Wind Atlas of
CEMIG (2010), are the winds of northeast, east and southeast origin, with standard speeds
of 1m/s for these directions. The sheds and windows of the main facades have northwest
and southeast orientations. To meet the project’s objectives of guaranteeing natural
ventilation, the project foresaw that the facades with the windows facing the prevailing
wind, the entrance being through the window and the air outlet by the shed, as illustrated
in Figure 2. Already in environments with openings for the facades opposing the prevailing
wind, which do not receive it directly, this should enter the sheds and exit the windows. In
the case of the studied building, this solution was not considered satisfactory, since users
do not have the habit or means to regulate sheds. In most environments, these are closed
because there are few rods that allow users to regulate its opening. Thus, the cross
ventilation is limited, not contributing to the improvement of location’s thermal comfort
board. The fact of the sheds having a very opaque material, greatly reduces the intensity of
natural lighting that falls onto the roof of the environment, making it necessary to use
artificial light even during the day. In addition, artificial lighting circuits do not allow the
integration with the natural lighting coming from the windows, since the same outlet,
activates both the line of light fixtures next to the windows, as well as those on the opposite
side, distant from the same. On the other hand, some control of the intensity of natural
lighting and ventilation through the windows (Figure 3) is allowed, because these are
formed by opaque pivoting panels, of easy manipulation by the users.
Janelas pivotantes
Figure 3. Shed’s orientation and pivoting windows system. Source: authors
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The northwest and southeast facades of the buildings have yellow awnings, thus allowing,
a greater shading in the rooms, avoiding the incidence of direct solar radiation, which could
bring an increase in internal temperature. Regarding the acoustics, it was reported by users
interference noise from neighboring rooms during the classes. It is believed that this fact is
due to the presence of awnings, whose geometry contributes to the reflection of sound from
one room to the other, as well as the construction system, with very slender parts and
crannies at the meeting of building elements such as beams, system coverage, which make
the sound pass on to the neighboring environment, and high windows on the side walls of
the classrooms adjacent to the corridors.
5. OBTAINED RESULTS
To check the existing discomfort in the buildings of the Santa Luzia Campus, quantitative
and qualitative assessments were performed. Questionnaires were used on the days of
measurement to understand the perception of workers and compare them with the data
obtained by the WBGT equipment, light meter, anemometer and decibel meter. The
measurements were divided by seasons. So far, only the summer and fall seasons passed
through measurements, however the collection of quantitative and qualitative data is still
underway. It is also within the proposal to analyze the furniture used by employees to
determine their ergonomic adjustments, stage that has not yet been performed.
All work environments were evaluated, but in this article, the result of the teachers' lounge
was the only one considered, where the largest group of the institution's servers is found.
5.1. Questionnaires
On March 17 (summer) and on June 8, 2016 (autumn), questionnaires of manual filling were
delivered, with multiple-choice questions to teachers present on campus. The
questionnaires were delivered and completed in the time of 04: 30 pm. This schedule was
defined by the fact that in informal talk, this was the most critical time in relation to thermal
discomfort. While the staff filled the questionnaires in their work stations, the research
fellows performed the measurements using the equipment already mentioned. Fifteen
employees responded to the questionnaire, ten on March 14 and five on June 8, totaling
eleven female and four male. The questionnaire’s questions were focused on the
environments’ thermal, anthropometric, luminous and acoustic issues. Among the answers
it is important to note that 53.3% of the interviewed have between 31 and 40 years of age;
33.3% between 20 and 30 years of age; 6.7% between 41 and 50 years age and 6.7% have
over 50 years of age.
The types of jobs held by the teachers interviewed, in accordance with the Annex III of NR15
(2015), are activities that fit into light and moderate work.
Among the responses provided and arranged in table 1 and 2, most teachers say they feel
dissatisfied with the comfort of the working environment, being the major cause of
discomfort the thermal issue.
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Another important factor to point out is that 66.7% of the interviewed feel glare while being
in front of the computer screen and 50% of the interviewed believe that the reason is the
reflection of artificial light (lamp) on the computer screen and the other 50% report not
knowing the reason.
5.2. Measurements
The measurements were performed with the application of the questionnaire to assess real-
time quantitative and qualitative results and compare them. Three measurements were
made throughout the extent of teachers' lounge (Figure 4) and then the average values were
calculated.
Figure 4. Technical Plant Teachers’ Lounge- IFMG Santa Luzia. Source: Prepared by the authors
As the result of the questionnaires, the noise was not pointed out as a problem in the
workplace. According to the measurements made with the decibel meter equipment (sound
pressure level meter), and compared to the ABNT NBR 10152 (1990) that establishes noise
levels for acoustic comfort, the result obtained in this measurement is found to be within
the allowed parameters (Graph 1). It was considered the classification of the teachers’
lounge environment as "computer room" in office typology, according to the Table 1 of the
above standard, which shows that the noise level tolerated for this type of environment, is
in the 45 range 65 DB (A). It is important to highlight that the teacher’s lounge does not have
side windows, just sheds on the roof, which may have contributed to the low ambient noise
level, since the absence of side openings, means that there is less interference from external
noise within the environment.
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Graph 1. Comparison results in decibel measurements of the IFMG’s teachers’ lounge. Source:
Prepared by the authors
In the analysis of the local lighting, the result was based on NR17 (1978) which states that
in all workplaces there must be adequate lighting, appropriate to the nature of the activity
and that lighting should be evenly distributed and diffused, installed so that it avoids glare,
annoying reflections, shadows and excessive contrasts. You can see in Graph 2, that the
lighting in the analyzed environment is poorly distributed, as soon as the results in lux
(Graph 2) have great variations between the measurements at different points in the room.
The three light meter measurements were considered individually, without the mean values
to show the heterogeneous distribution of illumination on site. During all measurements,
the room stood with lights on and sheds closed. Comparing the quantitative data with the
answered questionnaires, such lighting besides not being uniform, it is not diffuse and
therefore, causes glare on employees when they are at their desks and in front of the
computer. It is to be observed through the answers to the questionnaire that some
employees feel that obfuscation and others do not, so that the perception of difference may
be justified by the non-uniformity of illumination intensity throughout the length of the
room.
According to ABNT NBR 5413 (1991), the suitable general lighting for the task area with
normal visual requirements, average working machinery and offices is 500 - 700-1000 lux.
According to the obtained data, the lighting of the teachers’ lounge is below 300 lux in all
the measurements, in other words, it is inadequate to the functions carried out at the site. It
is important to remember that space has sheds on the roof which allow natural light into
the environment, but as can be seen, are insufficient to ensure adequate levels of luminous
comfort.
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Figure 2. Results light meter - variations in lux in the months of March and June
The WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer Index) has the purpose of measuring the thermal
comfort, which was reported by teachers in the questionnaire as a major cause of discomfort.
The measurements taken in the environment with the WBGT were compared to the NR15-
Annex III, which sets the maximum measure of comfort 30 WBGT. The results of the
teachers' lounge had a maximum of 31 WBGT on the summer month (chart 3), and thus the
thermal comfort conditions in the studied environment are inadequate. It is noteworthy
that the teachers’ lounge does not have side windows, once the air circulation takes place
by means of fans. There are sheds on the roof that are opened infrequently.
The anemometer (equipment used to measure wind speed) in all measurements, seasons
and times indicated the wind speed to zero. Only when the fans were connected, the speed
ranged from 0.5 to 1.9 m/s. According to the sub item 17.5.2 NR17, ideal wind speed for
internal space is of a maximum of 0.75 m/s.
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6. CONCLUSIONS
From the analyses, it is concluded that the buildings of the IFMG - Santa Luzia have
inadequate conditions of thermal and luminous comfort for the employees. Yet the acoustics
in the staff room, from the data of measurements performed in March and June, despite the
complaint of the employees is in accordance with the comfort index provided by the
standard adopted as reference in this work.
The lighting of the teachers’ lounge according to the measurements, it is not appropriate to
the nature of the activity, having lux below indicated, in addition to poor distribution
throughout the room. In the same way, thermal comfort, analyzed by WBGT is found to be
above the permitted in the late summer, bringing discomfort to workers. Yet in the fall, the
values indicate that the room is within the allowed parameters.
Qualitative data indicated the dissatisfaction of teachers with most of the analyzed topics
and health ills employees believe are posed by environmental discomfort in the workplace.
It is important to remember that this article only refers to an environment of twenty being
evaluated at the Institution. The studies carried out here have a very promising potential
for the analysis and improvement of environmental comfort in many work environments.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To the IFMG and the Capes for the Scientific Initiation and Doctorate grants, respectively.
REFERENCES
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS – ABNT. NBR 5413 – Iluminação de Interiores.
1991
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS - ABNT - Norma NBR 10152 - Níveis de ruído para
conforto acústico (NB 95) - 1990.
Atlas eólico: Minas Gerais / Odilon A. Camargo do Amarante, Fabiano de Jesus Lima da Silva, Paulo
Emiliano Piá de Andrade. – Belo Horizonte, MG: Cemig, 2010
BRAGATTO, C, N. A Importância da Iluminação nos bares e restaurantes e sua influência no
comportamento dos usuários.IPOG,2013.
BRASIL. Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Norma Regulamentadora n° 15 (NR15): Atividades e
Operações Insalubres: Brasília, 2015.
BRASIL. Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Norma Regulamentadora n° 17 (NR17): Ergonomia.
Brasília, 1978b.
FREITAS, C, R; GALTER, M.I. Reflexões sobre a educação em tempo integral no decorrer do século.
EducereetEducare, v2, n 3, p.123-138,2007.
GOULART, F. Conforto Térmico no Colégio de Aplicação Pedagógica da Universidade Estadual de
Maringá: Proposta para melhoria do desempenho térmico do Antigo CAIC. 2014.144f. Dissertação
(Mestrado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo) - Instituto de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de São
Paulo, São Paulo, 2014.
LATORRACA G. (Org). João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé. São Paulo: Instituto Lina BO e P.M. Bardi, 1999.
LIMA, J. F. O que é ser arquiteto: memórias profissionais de Lelé (João Filgueiras Lima); em depoimento
a Cynara Menezes, Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2004.
MONTERO, I. Ventilação e iluminação naturais na obra de João Filgueiras Lima, Léle: Estudos dos
Hospitais na Rede Sarah Kubitscheck e Rio de Janeiro. 2006. 250 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em
Arquitetura e Urbanismo) - Instituto de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de São Paulo, São
Paulo, 2006
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Ventilação natural em escritório no Rio de Janeiro-RJ:
Análise e propostas para o edifício Barão de Ladário
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Nas grandes cidades, os edifícios de escritórios representam uma grande parcela das
edificações. Em locais como o centro do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, onde os primeiros arranha-céus
datam da primeira metade do século XX, aliada a escassez de terrenos livres, a procura por
esses edifícios nos últimos anos tem motivado a reabilitação dos prédios existentes.
As soluções arquitetônicas adotadas para o retrofit nessas edificações, normalmente não
contemplam estratégias bioclimáticas, como a ventilação natural; destarte, o conforto
higrotérmico é obtido mediante sistemas de condicionadores de ar.
Em local de clima quente úmido como a capital fluminense, a ventilação cruzada é
desejável para remover o calor e a umidade no ambiente interno, e essa estratégia também
pode possibilitar aos usuários condições de conforto higrotérmico (Lacerda, 2014).
As aberturas localizadas na envoltória e os dispositivos internos como o mobiliário e as
divisórias podem influenciar o conforto ambiental em uma edificação e o seu consumo de
energia. A janela pode apresentar desempenho bem distinto em relação à ventilação
natural com mudanças em sua geometria e distribuição. A delimitação de espaços por
divisórias internas ou paredes pode modificar a distribuição e a velocidade do ar. O
mobiliário pode representar obstáculos à passagem do ar (Cunha, 2010).
Em prédios de escritórios, torna-se um desafio conseguir conforto térmico com a
ventilação natural, devido a esse tipo de edificação estar muitas vezes inserido em um
contexto urbano de grande adensamento, onde há muita obstrução aos ventos; outros
motivos estão relacionados aos altos ganhos internos de calor pelos equipamentos, além
da resistência térmica das vestimentas típicas, e da densidade ocupacional.
Como uma decorrência destes desafios apresentados para a ventilação natural, típicos dos
ambientes de escritórios, surge a seguinte questão: Seria possível estabelecer condições de
conforto térmico por meio da ventilação natural nesses ambientes?
Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial da ventilação natural em um edifício de
escritórios localizado no centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro-RJ, com relação ao conforto
térmico para os usuários; e também propor soluções adequadas de dispositivos
arquitetônicos para um melhor aproveitamento da ventilação natural.
2. O AMBIENTE DE ESCRITÓRIO
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EBL
A área de estudo foi o setor de escritórios do 16º andar, o qual o layout é classificado como
misto , com as seguintes características dimensionais: (i) espaço: 12,51m de largura; 38,18
m de comprimento e 2,41m de pé-direito;(ii) janelas projetantes com 1,25m de largura por
1,51 de altura, e peitoril de 0,90m. As paredes têm 0,15m de espessura (Fig. 2).
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4. RESULTADOS E ANÁLISE
Figura 5 – Isóbaras nas fachadas ENE, NNW e WSW, respectivamente. Lacerda, 2014
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Para essa direção do vento, todas as aberturas estão localizadas em zonas de pressões
negativas (figura 7), e a circulação do ar ocorre em razão da diferença de pressão entre
essas zonas. Dessa forma, o fluxo de ar entra pelas aberturas na fachada a NNW, onde a
pressão é ligeiramente maior, e sai através das aberturas localizadas nas fachadas ENE e
WSW, onde a pressão é menor. Pode-se observar que a diferença de pressão entre as
fachadas é pequena, o que explica o motivo dos valores das velocidades serem menores do
que os valores do caso anterior.
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Figura 7 – Isóbaras nas fachadas ENE, NNW e WSW, respectivamente. Lacerda, 2014
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fachadas e da porta possam criar condições de ventilação cruzada. A sala de reuniões foi
alocada na zona com menores velocidades do ar, devido esse espaço ser o de menor
permanência, no entanto, foi criada uma abertura entre esse ambiente e a sala do chefe do
departamento de obras, a fim de criar condições de ventilação cruzada por meio dessa
abertura e a porta.
As estações de trabalho dos projetistas tiveram as suas mesas em formato ‘L’ substituídas
por mesas lineares, esse formato paralelepipédico cria menor perturbação no fluxo de ar
nas proximidades do maior lado, quando o vento incide normal ao lado menor. Da mesma
forma, os usuários do escritório estariam localizados nas regiões de menor obstrução,
enquanto papéis sobre a mesa estariam mais protegidos devido às obstruções causadas
pelas divisórias de 90 cm entre as estações de trabalho.
De forma resumida, as características desse modelo estão descritas na tabela a seguir:
Tabela 4. Síntese das características do Modelo 2
Direção do Velocidade Altura da
Tipologia da Estação de Layout do
Modelo vento do vento divisória
janela trabalho escritório
Grau m/s cm
M2-1 0° 2,12
90/241 Pivotante Celular linear’ Misto
M2-2 160° 5,03
Com a proposta deste novo layout houve um incremento do número de postos de trabalho,
aumentando a capacidade de 77 funcionários para 83. Os valores das velocidades do vento
foram obtidos através de pontos de registro situados nesses postos de trabalho (fig. 8),
numa altura de 1,10 m em relação ao piso elevado.
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O número de pontos de registro, com valores de velocidades do ar entre 0,6 m/s e 2,0 m/s,
correspondeu a 62 pontos do total de 83. Em sete postos de trabalho, a velocidade
superou o limite máximo, enquanto, em 14 postos de trabalho a velocidade foi menor que
o limite mínimo (tabela 5).
Tabela 5. Velocidade do vento nos pontos de registro (m/s) _ modelo M4-1
P01 3,17 P11 1,15 P21 1,02 P31 0,04 P41 0,76 P51 1,12 P61 0,82 P71 0,86 P81 1,02
P02 2,89 P12 1,40 P22 1,03 P32 0,11 P42 0,65 P52 0,69 P62 1,66 P72 0,89 P82 1,24
P03 1,55 P13 1,46 P23 0,53 P33 0,65 P43 0,54 P53 0,50 P63 1,41 P73 3,05 P83 0,96
P04 1,34 P14 1,24 P24 0,76 P34 0,22 P44 0,61 P54 0,53 P64 1,11 P74 2,72
P05 0,79 P15 1,00 P25 0,93 P35 0,33 P45 1,16 P55 0,43 P65 0,86 P75 1,74
P06 3,53 P16 0,88 P26 0,89 P36 0,33 P46 0,76 P56 0,29 P66 0,86 P76 0,67
P07 2,58 P17 0,92 P27 0,83 P37 0,22 P47 0,76 P57 1,00 P67 1,59 P77 0,86
P08 1,89 P18 1,49 P28 0,75 P38 0,16 P48 0,79 P58 0,95 P68 1,20 P78 0,95
P09 1,88 P19 1,16 P29 0,71 P39 0,19 P49 0,79 P59 0,87 P69 0,90 P79 2,14
P10 1,00 P20 1,10 P30 0,21 P40 0,84 P50 0,78 P60 0,84 P70 0,87 P80 1,13
Assim como nos outros modelos, os quais o fluxo de ar penetra pelas aberturas a sota-
vento, foram observadas velocidades do ar abaixo de 0,6 m/s na maioria dos pontos de
registro; em apenas dez postos de trabalho os valores de velocidade estão na faixa ideal.
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5. CONCLUSÕES
Os resultados das simulações indicam o potencial no uso da ventilação natural como
estratégia bioclimática para o Modelo M2 no período das 7 às 13 horas. Após esse horário,
os ventos predominantes passam a incidir na empena do edifício, resultando baixas
velocidades do ar no interior do escritório. Porém, em condições climáticas que favoreçam
o conforto, velocidades de ar baixas podem ser suficientes para dissipar o calor gerado no
interior do ambiente, por equipamentos, usuários e luminárias, e também pode melhorar a
qualidade do ar.
Como sugestão para uma continuidade e avanços da pesquisa consideram-se estudos que
envolvam simulações concomitantes de carga térmica e de ventilação natural.
O presente estudo limitou-se às condições propostas nos modelos, que incluem algumas
simplificações e dados de entrada fixos. Os resultados obtidos nessas condições são
valores médios em termos temporais e podem não coincidir com medidas instantâneas
medidas in loco, no entanto, podem servir de orientação em futuros estudos ou projetos
sobre o comportamento dos fluxos de ar neste ambiente de escritório.
REFERÊNCIAS
ASHRAE 2004. Handbook of Fundamentals. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers.
Cóstola, D. & Alluci, M. P. 2011. Aplicação de CFD para o cálculo de coeficientes de pressão externos
nas aberturas de um edifício. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 11, n. 1, p. 145-158, jan./mar.
2011.
Cunha, L.J. de Freitas 2010. Análise de métodos para aplicação de ventilação natural para projeto de
Edificações em Natal-RN. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de
Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal.
Lacerda, M.A. 2014. Ventilação natural e qualidade do ar em escritório carioca: análise e propostas
para o edifício Barão de Ladário. Dissertação de Mestrado Arquitetura. PROARQ-FAU/UFRJ.
Meel, J. V.; Martens, Y.; Ree, H.J. 2012. Como Planejar os Espaços de Escritórios - Guia prático para
gestores e designers. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.
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Mudanças climáticas e patrimônio arquitetônico:
Sítio histórico de Santa Leopoldina [ES]
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Santa Leopoldina é estruturada em torno do Rio Santa Maria da Vitória, cuja nascente
origina-se na Serra do Garrafão, no município vizinho de Santa Maria de Jetibá, e deságua
na baía de Vitória, tendo 122 km de extensão territorial. O núcleo urbano situa-se
estrategicamente nas proximidades do ponto em que o rio se torna navegável, até a baía de
Vitória, escolhido em vista da relação econômica como entreposto comercial, até a segunda
década do século XX. Este núcleo urbano - centro da cidade - resguarda seus ares de cidade
do início do século XX, com sua configuração urbana constituída, em grande parte, pelos
sobrados e casarões ao longo da área central, chamada de Sede. Nesse contexto, trinta e oito
imóveis estão protegidos na esfera estadual pelo processo de tombamento realizado pelo
Conselho Estadual de Cultura (Figura 1), por meio da Resolução nº 5/193, e conforme
inscrição no Livro do Tombo Histórico nº 32 a 68, folhas 4v a 7v (Silva et al., 2013).
Figura 1 - Imóveis tombados no Sítio Histórico e sua relação com o Rio Santa Maria da Vitória. Fonte: Queiroz,
2013
O conjunto de edificações do Sítio histórico de Santa Leopoldina está exposto a altos índices
pluviométricos em determinadas épocas do ano, o que, associado a outros fatores, ocasiona
o aumento do nível fluvial. As cheias do Rio Santa Maria já culminaram, em Santa Leopoldina,
em diversas enchentes (Figura 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6), catalogadas desde 1949, ano de instalação da
base da Agência Nacional das Águas, nas proximidades do núcleo central de Santa
Leopoldina.
Figura 2 - Enchente de 1960. Fonte: Acervo Laboratório Patrimônio & Desenvolvimento – UFES
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Figura 3 – Imagens da inundação de 2009. Fonte: Disponível em: www.youtube.com.br, acesso 22 mar 2016.
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figura 5 – Inundação ocorrida em 2013 em Santa Leopoldina. Fonte (a): Disponível em:
http://www.folhavitoria.com.br/geral/noticia/2013/12/enchente-deixa-municipio-de-santa-leopoldina-
isolado.html), acesso 23 mar 2016. Fonte (b): Disponível em: http://g1.globo.com, acesso 24 mar 2016.
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(a) (b)
Figura 6 – Imagens da inundação de 2013. Fonte (a): http://www.conquistanews.com.br/sobe-para-21-o-
numero-de-mortos-pelas-chuvas-no-es/, acesso 24 mar 2016. Fonte (b): Disponível em:
http://ocamacanzinhonoticias.blogspot.com.br/2013/12/o-corpo-de-bombeiros-vai-realizar-uma.html,
acesso 24 mar 2016.
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Figura 9 – Umidade relativa – Estação Santa Teresa – Convencional. Fonte: FLORENZANO, 2016
Figura 10 – Umidade relativa – Estação Santa Teresa – Automática. Fonte: FLORENZANO, 2016
A análise das figuras 8 e 9 revela alto índice de umidade relativa, registrando picos elevados
em 1978, 1980 e 1981, com períodos de índices mais baixos entre 1982 e 2004, e subindo a
partir de 2008 até 2015, com pico máximo de 95,69% em outubro de 2012. Sobre as
inundações ocorridas no núcleo urbano de Santa Leopoldina, é possível verificar todos os
níveis máximos mensais atingidos pelo Rio Santa Maria com base nos dados coletados da
ANA, a partir de 1949, data de instalação da estação de Santa Leopoldina (57130000) até
dezembro de 2015 (Figura 11).
Figura 11 – Valores máximos mensais do rio Santa Maria da Vitória. Fonte: FLORENZANO, 2016
A partir de outro gráfico, é possível comparar registros de maior índice pluviométrico com
os valores máximos dos níveis do Rio Santa Maria (Figura 12).
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Figura 12 – Comparação nível rio e volume precipitação máxima mensal. Fonte: FLORENZANO, 2016
Por meio da figura 12 é possível verificar algumas datas de coincidência de altos índices
pluviométricos e cotas elevadas do nível do Rio Santa Maria, como em março de 1960, data
em que o rio atinge 11m de nível e o volume de precipitação 854mm. Entretanto, não é
possível correlacionar, diretamente, as chuvas com a elevação do nível do rio, pois em datas
com registro de inundação do Rio Santa Maria, como novembro de 1992, ano que o rio
registra 12,58m de elevação, não há registro de grandes volumes de precipitação, sendo a
média desse mês de 425,2mm. Esse resultado também pode ser reflexo da dificuldade de
realizar análise dos índices de precipitação com base nos valores das médias mensais.
3. CONCLUSÕES
Com a interpretação analítica dos gráficos, verifica-se que, nos últimos dezesseis anos, o
núcleo urbano da cidade é atingido por três inundações que impactam profundamente para
a deterioração das edificações e do núcleo urbano de forma geral. Ainda, os valores das cotas
de nível do Rio Santa Maria se tornam mais elevados, de forma geral, a partir de 1992,
quando se registra o valor máximo de 12,58m. A partir dessa data, em 2001, registra-se
nível de 7.60m; em 2009, 7.90m; em 2012, 7.60m; ou seja, um aumento considerável,
atingido seu máximo em dezembro de 2013, ao atingir 12m. Portanto, pode-se concluir,
comparadas ao número de ocorrências entre 1949 e 1992, as inundações estão ocorrendo
com uma frequência maior, no núcleo urbano de Santa Leopoldina.
Correlacionando o aumento da frequência das inundações e das precipitações elevadas com
a degradação do material construtivo, convém ressaltar a materialidade das edificações,
erguidas com tijolos cerâmicos maciços oriundos de fabricação artesanal local (Florenzano,
2016). Tendo em vista se tratar de material extremamente poroso, característica, inclusive,
bastante frequente nos materiais históricos 2 , a umidade contribui para a aceleração da
degradação, devido à tensão de cristalização e às eflorescências salinas, e para a diminuição
da resistência mecânica dos tijolos cerâmicos.
2
Sobre a porosidade, Elert et al (2003) destacam que a porosidade dos tijolos em edifícios históricos varia entre
30-38%, o que aumenta a probabilidade de um maior teor de água circulando no material. Martinez et al (2015)
observam que esta porosidade combinada com a baixa resistência mecânica torna o tijolo ainda mais suscetível
às degradações. Sabe-se que a porosidade e a resistência mecânica dos tijolos cerâmicos também derivam do
seu processo de fabricação, sendo os tijolos artesanais, em geral, menos compactados, mais porosos e com
menor resistência à compressão.
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Portanto, deve-se atentar para a condição de alerta quanto à durabilidade das edificações
históricas de Santa Leopoldina. Considerando o cenário descrito, verifica-se, especialmente
quando se analisa os gráficos elaborados, que a taxa de umidade da região é extremamente
alta, com média aproximada de 85 a 87,5%, e que esta vem crescendo ao longo dos últimos
anos, o que também ocasiona fator de risco para as edificações históricas, cujas alvenarias
se encontram com teor elevado de cloretos, tendo, em alguns casos, sulfatos e nitratos;
sendo esses sais solúveis que absorvem a umidade do ar devido à higroscopia (Florenzano,
2016).
Por fim, quando considera-se transmitir o Sítio histórico de Santa Leopoldina em perfeitas
condições para a geração seguinte, deve-se ressaltar a tarefa multidisciplinar para que, de
fato, medidas concretas de salvaguarda sejam efetivadas em conjuntos patrimoniais
localizados em condições climáticas similares. As inundações têm causado grandes
desastres no Brasil, gerando forte impacto negativo sobre os núcleos urbanos e a segurança
da população. De fato, é possível afirmar, o país carece de uma política de monitoramento e
controle dos desastres naturais para, dessa forma, perdas serem amenizadas ou até inibidas.
Com relação ao patrimônio arquitetônico, a falta de conhecimento por parte do governo
municipal dos impactos das mudanças climáticas nas estruturas históricas reduz as
possibilidades de prolongamento da vida útil das edificações.
REFERÊNCIAS
Amaral, R. & Ribeiro, R. 2009. In Desastres naturais: conhecer para prevenir. São Paulo: Instituto
Geológico.
Elert, K., Cultrone, G., Navarro, C. & Pardo, E. 2003. Durability of bricks used in the conservation of
historic buildings – Influence of composition and microstructure. Journal of culture heritage.
ESPÍRITO SANTO (Estado). 2009. Secretaria de Estado da Cultura. Conselho Estadual da Cultura.
Arquitetura / Patrimônio Cultural do Espírito Santo. Vitória: SECULT.
Florenzano, L. 2016. Conservação de tijolo cerâmico em alvenarias históricas: subsídios para
restauração do sítio histórico de Santa Leopoldina-ES. Dissertação (Mestrado). Programa de Pós-
graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
Gurriere, F. & Tampone, G. 2000. Catastrofi naturali e Beni culturali: Strategie di prevenzione e
riabilitazione. Florença: Universitá degli studi de Firenze.
Min, K., Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W. & Hegerl, G. 2011. Human contribution to more-intense precipitation
extremes. In: Nature, v. 470.
Marengo, J. A., Schaeffer, R., Pinto, H.S. & Zee, D.M.W. 2009. Mudanças climáticas, condições
meteorológicas extremas e eventos climáticos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Brasileira para o
Desenvolvimento Sustentável (FBDS).
Martinez, P., Soto, Melissa; Zunino, Franco; Stuckrath, Claudia; Lopez, Mauricio. 2015. Effectiveness
of tetra-ethyl-ortho-silicate (TEOS) consolidation of
fired-clay bricks manufactured with different calcination temperatures. Construction and Building
Materials.
Schwarz, F. 1992. O Município de Santa Leopoldina. Vitória: Traço Certo Editora.
Silva, J. P. da; Mazzini, M., Almeida, R. H. de, & Queiroz, R. Z. 2013. Recurso informacional no
monitoramento da conservação da ambiência de sítios históricos urbanos - Ensaio no Sítio Histórico
de Santa Leopoldina. In ARQUIMEMÓRIA 4, Salvador.
Tampone, G. Damages to monuments by flooding and flows of water: Types of damage to
architectural monuments caused by flooding. In Catastrofi naturali e Beni culturali: Strategie di
prevenzione e riabilitazione (a cura di Francesco Gurrieri e Gennaro Tampone). Florença: Universitá
degli studi de Firenze.
TOMINAGA, L. K. 2009. Desastres naturais: porque ocorrem? In: Desastres naturais: conhecer para
prevenir. São Paulo: Instituto Geológico.
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Climate Change Adaptation Plans in Latin American Cities
ABSTRACT: Climate change will be a reality that cities must face in the coming decades.
The magnitude of the impacts will depend on the capacity of cities to reduce their
vulnerability and expand their capacity to cope with these changes. In this way, Latin
American cities are likely to be seriously affected by climate change because they have a
high rate of urban poverty, lack of appropriate infrastructure, as well as a significant
number of people living in slums located on environmentally fragile sites. This research
aims to analyze qualitatively the current state of the art of adaptation of cities in the Latin
American scenario by identifying the cities that have already designed an Adaptation Plan,
and the level which this document addresses adaptation issues, such as reduction of
vulnerabilities in urban areas and improvement of adaptation capacity. Therefore, this
paper will firstly conduct a literature review related to climate change adaptation,
regarding concepts like vulnerability, risk and adaptive capacity considering the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concepts (IPCC, 2014); and secondly, it will
examine the Adaptation Plans, together with scientific articles related to them. Finally, it
will discuss the level of Climate Adaptation aspects through those selected plans. This
work is part of the research being developed as a Master's thesis.
Keywords Climate Change, Adaptation Plans, Planning for Climate Change, Latin America
adaptation plans.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The warming of global temperatures is already considered an irreversible phenomenon
that humanity must face in the coming decades. Among the expected effects will be an
increase in average temperatures, a rise in average sea levels, changes in precipitation,
and increasing intensity and frequency of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, heat
waves, droughts, forest fires, among others. (IPCC, 2014). These will be hazards for
sustainable urban development of cities, resulting in loss of human lives and ecosystems,
damage to urban infrastructure and buildings, problems for the provision of urban
services, etc. In addition, there is a need for cities to mitigate the factors that induce and
negatively affect climate change, in conjunction with its adaptations to new climate
realities. In this sense the idea of "adaptation" seeks to prevent or reduce future damage
from various sources, as well as explore new opportunities and benefits to reduce poverty,
improve of housing and provide of public services, technological advances and
information, together with the improvement of urban governance. It is what is
conceptually called adaptive capacity, which is the ability of people, institutions and
ecosystems to adapt to these new climate scenarios (IPCC, 2014). Adaptation also
contributes to improving urban resilience – the ability of social, economic and
environmental systems to bounce back from dangerous disturbances, in way to return of
an initial or improved function (IPCC, 2014, UN-HABITAT, 2014, Carter et al., 2015)
Climate change adaptation needs to be integrated holistically in urban planning and
management in collaboration with society and stakeholders. Therefore, it is important to
make citizens aware of risks that climate change can damage in the quality of life and
human health, in natural ecosystems, and in social and economic systems. In addition, the
propensity and magnitude of climate change impacts on natural and urban environmental
will rely on negative characteristics of physical, socio-economic and environmental
systems and receptors (IPCC, 2014, UN-HABITAT, 2014). Those characteristics can be
called of vulnerabilities, and there are strongly influenced by institutional and economic
dynamics (Adger et al., 2012). The adaptation approach seeks to reduce vulnerabilities,
while enhance adaptation capacity (IPCC, 2014, UN-HABITAT, 2014).
Regarding the discussion above, the Latin American cities are in a delicate situation to face
climate change. The region has been highlighted in worldwide context as the most
urbanized region in the world (UN-Habitat, 2012), and, despite the advances of recent
decades, the Latin American cities still have a high rate of urban poverty and bad
education, lack of basic urban infrastructures and services such as water and sanitation,
and housing shortage (Romero Lankao, 2007). In addition, the large amount of poor
population living in slums in environmentally sensitive sites - such as hillsides, riverbanks
and beaches - tend to be the ones most severely affected by climate change impacts, and
the ones least able to cope with (Adger et al., 2012). Furthermore, the region lacks of
prepared governances and long-term planning (Wamsler, et al., 2013, Romero-Lankao, et
al., 2013).
In this sense, this article analyzes qualitatively the current state of Climate Change
Adaptation Plans in Latin America large cities. The methodology used to achieve this aim
consisted firstly in a literature review about the theory related to Climate Change and
Adaptation Plans, followed by the identification of large Latin-American cities that have
already drafted Adaptation Plans. Moreover, the cities Santiago de Chile (CHI) Bogotá
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(COL) and Mexico D.F. (MEX) were selected because they presented the most recent Plans.
Those plans were analyzed by the following adaptation aspects: water management,
protection of ecosystems, eco-urbanism/urban planning and development, green
buildings, energy, urban mobility, waste management, adaptation of infrastructures, risk
reduction, social and institutional capacity. Finally, a qualitatively and comparative
analysis was made in order to understand the Latin-American adaptation scenario
through those selected plans.
There are many definitions and characteristics of adaptation. In this paper, we use the
concept of G.R. Biesbroek et al. (2010, 441p., apud Niang-Diop and Bosch, 2005) which
define an Adaptation Plan as ‘.. .a general plan of action for addressing the impacts of
climate change, including climate variability and extremes. It will include a mix of policies
and measures with the overarching objective of reducing the country’s vulnerability.
Depending on the circumstances, the strategy can be comprehensive at a national level,
addressing adaptation across sectors, regions and vulnerable populations, or it can be
more limited, focusing on just one or two sectors or regions’.
The major scope of an Adaptation Plan contains four main areas: (1) assessment and
management of impacts, risks and vulnerabilities; (2) integration climate change
adaptation (and mitigation) into existing city plans, policies, programmes and planning
process; (3) improvement of the social and institutional adaptation capacity (awareness,
knowledge, skills and resources); (4) enhance cross-cutting relations among
governmental institutions, third sector, academia and stakeholders (UN-HABITAT, 2014,
Ribeiro, et al., 2009). In addition, adaptation frameworks should respect local
characteristics, prioritize the main issues and treats for the city sustainable goals, be
conscious of the life-cycle of planning, building and infrastructure (Carter et al., 2015).
The scope of a Climate Change Adaptation Plan should assess what will be the climatic
differences between future and past scenarios. On the basis of this information, it will be
possible to suggest what types of measures should be addressed in the plan (Fussel,
2007). Moreover, the approach of the Adaptation Plan can vary in robust hazards and
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The direction of the planning depends on the institutional capacity, political will, access of
information and data, awareness and enrollment of stakeholders, as well with the level
and complexity of vulnerability present in the city. The selection of strategies and
adaptation measures should be aligned to the planning objectives, reduction of the urban
risks and vulnerabilities, and the municipal economic funds. In this sense developing
countries usually lack in resources, data and properly governances. Thus, it has been
shown a satisfactory strategy the focus on reducing vulnerabilities measures, especially
pro-poor, and solutions that bring multiple benefits to the city (GIZ, 2014, Adger et al.,
2012).
Moreover, the arrangement of grey, green and blue measures has been presented a good
opportunity to improve quality of life, social cohesion and health to urban environmental
into the cities. Grey measures can be understood as actions in man-made infrastructures,
like improvement or maintenance of dikes, sewerage and drainage systems. In contrast,
Green and Blue infrastructures are measures based on natural process and re-
naturalization of ecosystems, and can be opportunities to mitigate and adapt the
externalities of urbanization in urban environment. The examples can be related to the
flexible uses of water lands that protect from flooding as well as an open space for
recreation and fresh air the cities; the use of green wall and roof to absorb the heat and
improve quality of the city environmental, etc (Wamsler et al., 2013, Carter et al., 2015).
Secondly, the cities are located in different climate zones and tend to face distinct climate
changes impacts. By the same token, IPCC’s prediction models foresee that the major
trends for the region will be an increase in average temperatures of up to 6.7 ° C by the
end of the century, in addition to a variation of average precipitation levels (IPCC, WGII,
Cap 27, 2014). The urban impacts will be most related to changes in precipitations levels,
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Regarding large Latin American cities, only eight big cities have already developed their
Adaptation Plans, such as São Paulo (in 2009), Montevideo (in 2010), Buenos Aires (in
2010), Lima (in 2012), Quito (in 2012), Santiago (in 2012), Bogota (in 2012) and Mexico
City (in 2014). Overall, those plans deal with adaptation and mitigation concerns, presents
greenhouse gases inventory of emissions, as well as with impact or top-down assessments
supported by scientists, and vulnerability assessments (Hardoy & Romero Lankao, 2011).
This research study will analyze and compare qualitatively the three most up to date
adaptation plans elaborated in the cities of Santiago, Bogotá and México D.F.
a. Santiago de Chile
Santiago is the capital of Chile and its metropolitan region represents an agglomeration of
more than six million inhabitants. It is located in a subtropical central zone in between two
Andean mountain ranges. The climate is dry in general, with an annual average
temperature of 14 ° C and precipitation of 312.5 mm (Krellenberg et al, 2014). The major
trends expected as a result of climate change will be an increase in the average
temperature of 2.5°C by to 2065, and 3-4 º C from 2071 to 2100, and a decrease of more
than 40% in rainfall by the same period. Moreover, the number of days with temperatures
above 30°C is expected to increase to up 30% in urban areas. Additionally, the number of
days below zero degrees Celsius is also expected to decrease. The impacts of Climate
Change will prolong dry periods and generate a water demand for human, agricultural,
industrial and energy supply, addition to extreme situations of water shortages, related to
melting snow in the Andes glaciers. (PACCRMS, 2012, Krellenberg et al, 2014).
The city developed its Adaptation Plan for the metropolitan region (PACCRMS) in 2012. It
is a product of a broad research project known as Climate Adaptation Santiago (CAS),
which primarily focuses on adaptation. Moreover, first, it had a top-down approach based
on the interdisciplinary work of fifteen social, natural and engineering scientists from two
Helmholtz Center, in Germany, and from the University of Santiago de Chile. Second, it
engaged stakeholders from both public and private sectors, civil society and academia to
select and design robust adaptation measures for the city (Krellenberg, Katrin, 2014).
b. Bogotá
The Colombian Capital, Bogotá, is a large city with a population of more than 7 million
inhabitants (DANE, 2015). It is geographically located on the equatorial belt, and it has a
climate characterized by an average annual temperature of 13.5°C, and precipitation levels
varying between 600mm and 1,200mm. The city climate is also affected by the
intertropical convergence zone and trade winds, as well as by extreme weather events
such as the El Niño and La Niña phenomena (Krellenberg et al, 2014). Regarding
vulnerability, Bogotá deals with big issues like its spatial and income inequality, and its
expected population growth, especially the Cudinamarca area which is expected to
experience a population growth of 260% by 2050 (PDAMVCC, 2014). The hazards
expected as a result of Climate Change will cause an upward trend in average temperature
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c. Mexico D.F.
The capital of Mexico is a Federal District divided into 16 delegations, which occupying a
land area of 1,495 km². The city is one of the biggest in the world, with a population of
8,851,080 inhabitants (in 2010) and its metropolitan area approximates around 19 million
inhabitants. Its geographic location is inside the Valley of Mexico, situated at an altitude of
2,240 meters above sea level, and built above three river basins: Panuco, Balsas and Lerma
Santiago. In addition, the territory of Mexico D.F. is composed of 41% by urban areas and
59% by conservation land. The city has a predominantly humid temperate climate (87%),
however it has a few regions of semidry climate. The average annual temperature ranges
between 10 ° C to 18 ° C. The annual rainfall can reach up to 1,400 mm in the humid
temperature region, and 600 mm in the semidry region (UNAM, 2013 apud ELACCM,
2014). The climate change scenario predicted will encompass an increase in average
temperatures, which can reach up to 4°C by 2080, as well as an increase in precipitation
level of 20%. Extreme climate events, such as droughts and heat waves, will also be
expected (KRELLENBERG et al, 2014). The major impacts related will be related to
changes in the rainfall seasonality, which results in floodings, landslides, agricultural
problems, development of disease vectors or pests, changes in biomes and biological
biodiversity, shortage of water resources and hydro power for electricity, among others.
The major risk will be related to water supply and contamination of water resources as an
effect of the increase in population (ELACCM, 2014).
Its Adaptation Plan (ELACCM) was developed in 2014 and encompasses both Mexico City
and its metropolitan region. The document has a broad approach to Adaptation, Mitigation
and Resilience, in addition to the improvement of adaptation capacities. The main
objective is to promote quality of life and sustainable development on the basis of low
carbon economic development, as well to engage society and the government in order to
mitigate climate change and prevent risks (ELACCM, 2014). Furthermore, the document
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was designed by the Mario Molina energy and environmental research center and the
Environment Municipal Office.
4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
In this research, the adaptation plans of Santiago de Chile, Bogota and Mexico D.F. were
analyzed for their most important aspects: Water management, Ecosystems Protection,
Eco-urbanism and Urban Planning, Green Buildings, Energy, Urban Mobility, Waste
Management, Adaptation of Infrastructures, Risks reduction, and Social and Institutional
Capacity. These aspects address mitigation and/or adaptation concerns and are related to
measures and strategies in the cities’ being in study. Furthermore, the information
obtained was systematized in Table 1. It should be noted that it is common to find
synergies and co-benefits in these adaptation measures and strategies presented in the
plans, but in order to avoid redundancies, the aspects were selected for their main topics.
However, one aspect was not mentioned directly in the scope of the studied plans, which is
health. Although there is a consensus that all adaptation measures and strategies should
positively affect human and environmental health, the plans failed to address a specific
measure to deal directly with climate change impacts in health, such as the increased
incidence of diseases vectors like Dengue, or respiratory diseases related to climate and
air quality, like asthma and bronchitis.
Regarding the aspects presented before, it was noted that, firstly, Santiago and Bogota
have more addressed water management than Mexico D.F. In both the importance of the
management and restoration of the most important rivers basins of the cities and
wetlands was mentioned. Moreover, is important to highlight the vision presented in
Bogota´s plan: "Bogota around the Water," which denotes the importance of water sensing
planning and design in the scope of the Plan. It should also be noted that one of the major
challenges expected to affect Mexico D.F will be water stress, with concerns ranging from
water supply for the increasing population to contamination of water resources, so the
Mexico D.F. Adaptation Plan failed to mention the adaptation strategies related to water
supply.In addition, ecosystem protection was better incorporated in Bogota´s Adaptation
Plan. One of the strategies proposed was a conservation program for the “Páramos”
corridors, which are important Andean ecosystems and waterlands. Eco-urbanism and
Urban Planning were highlighted by all plans. The City of Santiago presented as an
adaptation measure, the establishment and management of green areas through popular
participation. In Bogotá, the Plan´s strategy was the use of urban policies in favor of Eco-
urbanism design and planning, as well as the reduction of population vulnerability
through territorial planning. In the case of Mexico City, the creation of a territorial
planning program has been proposed, which integrates urban environmental policies and
the sustainable rehabilitation of intra-urban areas.
Furthermore, Green Buildings was also shown in all of the cities’ plans. The cities of
Santiago and Bogota have focused their attention on aspects of mitigation, like regulatory
policies to promote new sustainable buildings and green investments, for example the use
of green roofs and green walls, and measures for the reduction of energy and water
consumption, among others. In contrast, Mexico D.F. strategy of retrofit buildings in urban
areas is worthy of recognition. Energy is an important aspect of planning for climate
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change, especially for the cities being studied, where the danger lowering levels of rainfall
could affect energy security because of their reliance on hydro-energy. The Santiago,
Bogotá and México D.F. strategies and measures are in line with diversification of energy
sources on major focus on sustainable sources, as well as energy saving measures. In
addition, the urban mobility approach was only addressed by Bogota and Mexico D.F.
plans. Bogotá has added its Master Mobility Plan, which focuses on promoting the use of
bicycles and conversions for hybrids and electric cars. In the case of Mexico D.F., the use of
energy efficiency measures in public transport systems was proposed.
Table 1. Comparative Analysis among Santiago, Bogota and Mexico D.F. Adaptation Plans
Waste management is a mitigation approach and it was presented in the Bogota and
Mexico D.F. plans. In addition, the adaptation of infrastructures was presented in both
cities´ plans, and it was observed that the Mexico D.F. plan gave attention to ending leaks
and rehabilitation pipelines program. Risk Reduction was only mentioned directly by the
Mexico City Plan, which presented, as strategies, the mapping of risk areas and a
prevention of rainfall risks program. The social and institutional capacity aspects are
important soft measures that affect directly how far the Adaptation Plan can reach. They
are related to the organization of the society, and institutional bodies, and how they are
prepared to cope with extreme weather events. Regarding the Adaptation Plan in study, it
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could be noticed that all plans focused on development of urban legislations, buildings
codes, generation of data, open access to information for members of society, etc. In this
sense, the creation of Santiago´s WebGis monitoring system and Mexico D.F.´s climate
change fund stand out among the measures. Furthermore, all plans addressed
metropolitan planning integration in their scopes, which demonstrates that it is already a
consensus that climate change do not rely on administrative boundaries, so it is
fundamental a comprehensive territorial planning to achieve the desired adaptation and
mitigation goals. In addition, it is very positive that all cities in study have been developing
indicators to monitor their Plans. Santiago has already drawn up its indicators, and Bogota
and Mexico D.F.´s indicators are in study. Plans´ long-term indicators are important to
evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of policies and actions implemented, hence
allowing evaluating plan´s success levels achieved.
Finally, as an additional information, this research have searched on the official websites
of Cities government departments what actions are being taken or carried out relating to
the Adaptation Plans field. In this regard, Santiago city has been projecting the first park in
its metropolitan area (La Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo); as well as Santiago has started
actions for the reforestation of Cerro Chena Metropolitan Park; has enrolled in natural
disasters resilience issues; has elaborated city school campaigns for use efficient water.
Additionally, Bogota has elaborated regulatory actions in favor of energy saving; has
decided to plant 2,900 trees in the area of the Cerros Orientales; has been designing the
Thomas Van Der Hammen forest reserve forest reserve; has been developing a plan
focused in urban rivers quality improvement; has been organization a Bogota Climate
Commission and Climate Pact . In contrast, it was not possible to find information related
to the Adaptation Plan in Mexico D.F. However, it was found that Santiago and Mexico DF
have approved a Climate Change fund focusing on investment in the use of bicycles due to
climate change mitigation.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Adaptation Plan´s approach is a key element for Cities to face climate change. It is
important that an Adaptation Plan enhances institutional and social adaptation capacities,
impacts/risks and vulnerabilities assessments, promotion of cross-cutting relations
among institutions and stakeholders, integration of the adaptation plan into others plans
in course on city planning, and development of adaptation measures and strategies that
focus on reduction of vulnerabilities and the improvement of adaptation in urban and
natural environmental. In addition, Latin America climate predictions have shown that an
urgent urban sustainable development agenda will be necessary to reinforce the cities´
abilities to cope with the climate hazards and impacts. In this sense, pro-poor strategies
and no-regret measures will be more suitable to the region urban context. Although few
cities have already elaborated the adaptation plans, the climate change concern is
increasing in the region. Santiago, Bogota and Mexico D.F.´s adaptation plans have
satisfactorily addressed adaptation and mitigation concerns on their sustainable
development objectives. On the other hand, adaptation planning needs a long-term
agenda, and this will be challenging for the most of Latin-American municipalities,
especially because they usually lack integrated government arrangements and properly
distribution of data and technical frameworks. Due to that, it is even more important to
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develop mechanisms to monitor the measures and strategies, in order to analyze the
effectiveness and efficiency of those in dealing to climate change disturbances. Finally, it is
also important to emphasize those others institutional agendas must integrate adaptation
urban planning, as well as stakeholders and city community must engage climate change
issue. That is the only way to make adaptation planning reality.
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UN-HABITAT. 2014. Planning for Climate Change: A strategic, value-based approach for urban
planners. Nairobi: United Nations.
Wamsler, C.; Brink, E.; Rivera, C. 2013. Planning for climate change in urban areas: from theory to
practice. Journal of Cleaner Production 50: 68-81.
Welz, J.; Krellenberg, K. (2016). Vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático en la Región
Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile: Posiciones teóricas versus evidencias empíricas. EURE 42
(125): 251-272.
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Casa sustentável: Projeto residencial popular ecoeficiente
Loïc Cochand
Universidade Potiguar, Escola de Engenharia e Ciências Exatas, Natal (RN), Brasil
loic.coc@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The quality of life is increasingly becoming focus on contemporary society. Among
them, the concern with reducing energy consumption is important to due to the high taxes of the
service and problems Brazil faces in the area. Therefore, humans aim to integrate life features to the
local climate, in the built environment. This means consuming the least amount of energy
compatible with environmental comfort to ensure a cleaner world for future generations. The
challenge is to make the architectural project result in creating sustainable buildings through the
justified and appropriate integration of bioclimatic strategies since its preparation. In this context,
the objective of this research is to design a sustainable container house for the low-income
population that brings thermal comfort to the user, in Natal / RN. The environmental variables of
the city and the land were analyzed; recycled materials from the garbage of the city itself, were
selected and applied in the design of the house and it used the container as a structural element. As
a result, it is projected an aesthetically attractive model home, with the use of recycled materials,
low energy consumption and better thermal and lighting performance.
Keywords Sustainable house, low-income, Residential Building.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Hodiernamente, vivencia-se um quadro caótico social e ambiental emergente, levando à
reflexão sobre a qualidade de vida nos centros urbanos, onde concentra-se cerca de 84%
do contingente habitacional (IBGE, 2010). Somando-se a essa situação, dados do
Ministério das Cidades (2010) apontam um déficit habitacional no Brasil na ordem de 8.3
milhões (15.4%) de domicílios do crescimento das cidades, o que resulta em um grande
impacto ambiental, colocando, em tela, a necessidade de construções de casas eficientes,
com uma maior conscientização ambiental no campo das habitações populares, sendo essa
a parcela que mais sofre com essas estatísticas.
Tomando-se como base essas informações, ressalta-se a importância de viabilizar estudos
para habitações populares alternativas que visem de forma contributiva o aumento de
moradias no país, a melhoria da qualidade de vida das populações de baixa renda e o
aproveitamento dos recursos ambientais disponíveis, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de
um ambiente saudável, economicamente viável e ecologicamente correto.
Como alternativa sustentável, destaca-se a utilização de containers na construção civil,
sendo um elemento versátil e de baixo impacto ambiental, devido ao descarte de várias
unidades todos os anos nos portos brasileiros. Segundo Aguirre, Oliveira & Britto Correa
(2008) “a Habitação de Interesse Social projetada a partir do uso de containers reciclados
se mostra adequada para o propósito habitacional com valores sustentáveis”. Os
containers configuram-se como caixas de metal, modulares e em grandes dimensões,
destinados ao acondicionamento e transporte de carga, a longa distância, em navios e
trens. Sua vida útil gira em torno de dez anos e, após este período, surge a necessidade de
oferecer um destino correto, uma vez que são produzidos a partir de materiais metálicos e
não biodegradáveis, tornando-se um problema, por formarem resíduos no contexto
urbano das cidades portuárias.
Para desenvolver o projeto da habitação popular eficiente com container, fez-se necessário,
à priori, um estudo aprofundado sobre as estratégias bioclimáticas que mais adequam-se a
cidade do Natal, uma vez que a utilização desse elemento ainda é cercada por “tabus”,
principalmente pelo clima quente da região Nordeste do país, e do desconhecimento dos
seus benefícios práticos. As diretrizes legais para habitações populares também foram
consideradas por meio da cartilha do Minha Casa Minha Vida (Governo Federal do Brasil &
Caixa, 200?) e do Código de Obras do município (Natal, 2004).
2. METODOLOGIA
A cidade do Natal/RN – latitude 05°55’S, longitude 35°15’W e altitude de 49m – apresenta
clima quente e úmido e com uma pequena variação de temperatura diária e sazonal, com
amplitude térmica anual entre 19 ºC e 32 ºC. Além disto, há alta incidência da radiação
solar e a ventilação é intensa e predominantemente do Sudeste. Dadas estas
características climáticas, deve-se proteger os ganhos térmicos da incidência da radiação
sobre a envoltória e estimular a dissipação do calor gerado internamente (Goulart et al,
1998).
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Apesar da pesquisa ser voltada para habitação popular, a qual deve-se utilizar terrenos
grandes para a construção de várias casas, o terreno utilizado encontra-se perto da
Universidade Potiguar – onde os autores estudam e lecionam – por se tratar de uma
pesquisa acadêmica.
Tendo em vista que o condicionamento pode ser classificado de acordo com o consumo de
energia em: ativo, passivo e híbrido, conforme indicam Bittencourt & Cândido (2005), e
que o projeto pretende aliar a eficiência energética ao conforto térmico dos usuários,
priorizaram-se as estratégias passivas e híbridas no desenvolvimento do projeto da casa
popular ecologicamente eficiente. Logo, as estratégias bioclimáticas passivas mais
adequadas para o clima local e, portanto, elencadas foram: isolamento da coberta,
sombreamento da envoltória, captação da água da chuva, cobertura vegetal, disposição das
aberturas para maximizar o uso da ventilação natural e a utilização de placa fotovoltaica.
Para o desenvolvimento projetual os condicionantes legais presentes no do município
(Natal, 2004) e a cartilha Minha Casa Minha Vida (Governo Federal do Brasil & Caixa,
200?). De acordo com esse último documento, para famílias com a renda máxima de 1.600
reais da Tipologia 1, faz-se necessário os devidos compartimentos: sala, cozinha, banheiro,
circulação, 2 dormitórios e área externa com tanque e máquina. As dimensões desses
ambientes não podem ser inferiores as áreas mínimas determinadas pelo código de obras
da cidade do Natal (Tab. 1).
m² m m
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3. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES
Considerando o consumo sustentável, devemos levar em consideração as formas de
utilização e reuso dos bens e recursos naturais disponíveis. Nesse sentido, a reutilização
da água da chuva é umas das melhores formas de gerar economia e preservar o meio
ambiente. Diante desse momento de escassez e racionamento de água, principalmente na
região Nordeste do Brasil, torna-se fundamental a busca por soluções eficientes.
No projeto da habitação popular eficiente foi previsto este sistema, onde é captado fluídos
pluviais que escorre do telhado para as calhas, depois é filtrada, separando-a dos materiais
sólidos. O próximo passo é regular os índices de acidez, com isso é adicionado cloro, e por
último é feito uma filtragem para partículas menores e assim é escoada para o local de
armazenamento. O sistema todo trabalha por gravidade, evitando ainda o consumo de
energia para o bombeamento da água.
A ecoeficiência está presente na residência por meio da utilização de placas fotovoltaicas,
que apesar de ser um sistema de valor elevado, possui um custo benefício significativo a
longo prazo. Em projetos de grande escala, para adquirir as placas, é feito um investimento
na ordem de 9 a 10 mil reais por casa, podendo-se fazer financiamentos em grandes
parcelas. Além de ser um tipo de energia renovável, ela pode ser transferida em caso de
mudança, ainda é um sistema silencioso, limpo, por não emitir CO², e gerada no local,
evitando-se linha de transmissão. O Nordeste, neste caso, pode ser considerado um dos
lugares com melhor eficiência do sistema fotovoltaico do mundo, devido à alta incidência
solar.
Com relação ao conforto térmico observou-se que a zona bioclimática 8 determinada pela
NBR 15220-3 (ABNT, 2005) (Fig. 1), a qual Natal está inserida, adota ventilação cruzada
como uma diretriz pertinente, uma vez que favorece a renovação do ar no ambiente, como
também, permite a criação de um microclima agradável no espaço construído. Ainda sob
essa análise, o uso da vegetação no entorno da construção permitirá uma alteração
significativa na temperatura interna da residência. Além da beleza estética causada,
quando posicionada de forma correta, a camada vegetal funciona como filtro de calor e
absorvem barulhos e ruídos indesejados.
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modulados com a área da “porta” do container, já que elas foram removidas e rotacionadas
para o plano horizontal passando a constituir o piso (Fig. 2). O mesmo procedimento foi
realizado para o novo espaço criado no eixo da edificação devido ao espaçamento, porem
foi aproveitado a face lateral maior de um dos containers que se encontrava na parte
interna da edificação. Esses artifícios permitiram aumentar a metragem da edificação para
54.98m2 e atender as exigências do Código de Obras de Natal (Fig. 3-7).
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3.2 Cobertura
A face superior de ambos os containers foi removida pois, por alguns centímetros, não
atendiam a altura mínima do pé-direito. Com isso, foi utilizado uma cobertura de apenas
uma água inclinada para a face lateral esquerda da habitação. A sua face interna encontra-
se revestida com madeira, dando uma sensação diferenciada para os ambientes internos.
Ao longo da borda do telhado, existe um perfil metálico servindo de sustentação e
elemento estético contemporâneo.
Com base estudos em carta solar, a cobertura foi projetada atendendo as necessidades de
cada face da casa. As fachadas noroeste, sudeste e sudoeste foi colocado um beiral com 1.4
m para se tornar um padrão, sendo mais que o suficiente, porém a fachada nordeste
requere um beiral com 1.97m (Fig. 9-11).
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4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Em tempo presente faz-se necessário o racionamento dos nossos meios de produção,
através de soluções que beneficiem o desenvolvimento sustentável de nossas ideias e
criações. Sob essa perspectiva, no âmbito da construção civil é indispensável pensar em
novos métodos construtivos capazes de gerar baixo impacto ambiental e racionalizar
recursos sem interferir na qualidade de vida do usuário. Portanto, o trabalho desenvolvido
demonstra veemente a possibilidade de criar uma habitação, através de uma estrutura que
até então é descartada após 8% de sua longevidade.
REFERENCIAS
ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 15220-3: Desempenho térmico de
edificações – Parte 3: Zoneamento bioclimático brasileiro e estratégias de condicionamento térmico
passivo para habitações de interesse social. Rio de Janeiro, 2005.
Aguirre, Lina de Moraes; Oliveira, Juliano; Britto Correa, Celina. Habitando o Container. 7º
Seminário Internacional NUTAU 2008 – Espaço Sustentável – Inovações Em Edifícios E Cidades, São
Paulo: NUTAU-USP, 2008.
Bittencourt, L.;Cândido, C. Introdução à ventilação natural. Maceió: EDUFAL, 2005.p.
Brasil. Caixa Economica. Governo Federal do Brasil. Cartilha minha casa minha vida., 20??.
Censo do IBGE (2010)
Goulart, S. V. G., et al. Dados Climáticos para Projeto e Avaliação Energética de Edificações para 14
Cidades Brasileiras. Florianópolis: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Construção/UFSC, 1998.
Lamberts, R., et al. Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura: São Paulo: ProLivros, 2004.p.
Ministério das Cidades (2010)
Programa Analysis Sol-Ar 6.2, UFSC - ECV – LabEEE.
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Sustentabilidade no planejamento urbano: Ilhas de calor
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O crescimento urbano, e consequentemente a necessidade do aumento da infraestrutura
nos centros urbanos tem provocado mudanças significativas no equilíbrio radiante do
espaço urbano, agravado por práticas que têm sistematicamente suprimido a vegetação
para a instalação da infraestrutura (Gaitani et al. 2011).
As propriedades térmicas de materiais construídos diferem muito dos vegetativos,
superfícies construídas são tipicamente de baixo albedo com um alto capacidade de
armazenamento de energia. Considerando que a vegetação tem um albedo mais elevado,
atenua transmissão da radiação solar, e pode arrefecer de imediato ambiente através da
evapotranspiração (Streutker 2003; Sawka et al. 2013). A principal consequência destes
efeitos é a diferença da temperatura do ar entre as zonas urbanas e rurais. Este fenômeno
chamado de ilha de calor, é responsável por temperaturas do ar 1-6 ° C mais elevadas no
centro da cidade do que as áreas suburbanas e rurais circundantes e é a manifestação mais
óbvia climática da urbanização (Santamouris, 2007).
Então, há um crescente interesse em questões de microclima uma vez que representam
fatores importantes para atingir a sustentabilidade dentro das cidades, onde uma grande
quantidade da população vive. Mitigar o efeito das ilhas de calor é, portanto, um elemento-
chave para alcançar a sustentabilidade em uma cidade e isso pode ser feito através da
melhoria do microclima urbano (Dimoudi et al. 2012).
As infraestruturas verdes composta por vegetação são ferramentas ecológicas que trazem
melhorias para saúde ambiental, social e econômica, que possibilita melhorar
ecossistemas e a sustentabilidade urbana através do controle de temperatura e poluição,
conservação da água, redução da erosão e conforto ambiental (Bento & McMahon, 2006;
MacGregor-Fors et al, 2011).
A qualidade de vida urbana depende de uma mescla correta entre infraestrutura e áreas
verdes, tornando elementos essenciais para o bem-estar da população. O planejamento
urbano tem um imenso impacto no microclima local, que por sua vez afeta a qualidade
conforto e espaço dentro de uma cidade. Assim há a necessidade de planejar, implantar e
conservar de áreas verdes nas cidades. Para o planejamento é indispensável a utilização de
técnicas que permitam o georreferenciamento e ferramentas de análise ao longo de
diferentes fases do trabalho.
Neste sentido, a aplicação de técnicas de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica tornou-se
uma ferramenta poderosa que, quando utilizado juntamente com outros softwares de
mapeamento, permite não só uma maior precisão da avaliação, mas também a facilidade
de manutenção da base de dados atualizada, que conduz a uma maneira mais eficiente
para monitorizar estas áreas (SILVA e ZAIDAN, 2004). Conforme Henke-Oliveira & Santos
(2000) desenvolvimento de técnicas computacionais que contemplem a diferenciação
estrutural e funcional das áreas verdes é de muita importância, o que confere um
dinamismo ao planejamento ambiental, permitindo a avaliação de informações para a
gestão destas áreas, bem como outros elementos associados à qualidade ambiental e de
vida, promovendo desta forma a sustentabilidade infraestrutura urbana
O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear microclimas e ilhas de calor no campus da
Universidade de Passo Fundo, por meio de técnicas de geoprocessamento, utilizando
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dados do ano de 2015 e comprando-os com novos dados de 2016 para descobrir e
compreender sua relação com a sustentabilidade ambiental.
Figura 1. Pontos de analise no Campus da UPF - Passo Fundo - RS. Fonte: Autor, 2015.
Em abril de 2016, foi realizado uma nova amostragem no campus da UPF para reafirmar
os dados do primeiro estudo. Seguindo o mesmo roteiro de analise proposto na Figura 1,
entretanto em uma época do ano diferente, porem com as condições climáticas
semelhantes e analisando os mesmos pontos.
Assim como primeira amostragem foi utilizado um aparelho medidor multi-parâmetros -
ITMP600 e realizada a conferencia das amostras com o aparelho Htm-401, ambos da
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3. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO
Uma vez que o trabalho consistiu na amostragem e analise dos últimos dados levantados
pela pesquisa iniciada por Melo, et. al(2015), trazendo neste artigo os resultados da
amostragem da analise das temperaturas em abril de 2016 no campus central da
Universidade de Passo Fundo, como já descrito na metodologia, foi obtido o seguinte mapa
através das amostragens locais e posterior aplicação das ferramentas de SIG, Figura 2.
Deixando claro que o mapa de temperaturas obtido foi sobreposto ao mapa do campus
para poder melhorar a analise e compreender a corelação entre as edificações do entorno
e as microzonas de calor.
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Figura 2. Analise das temperaturas no campus central da UPF - Passo Fundo, RS. Fonte: Autor, 2016.
Desta forma, ao analisar a Figura 2 é possível verificar que a existência de um lago nas
dependências do campus I da UPF amenizam a temperatura e transmitem esta
característica para algumas das regiões próximas, que possuem grande quantidade de
vegetação em comparação com as construções e as vias existentes em outros pontos do
campus. Entretanto os efeitos gerados pelo lago, não são aplicáveis nos locais que
apresentam grande áreas abertas asfaltadas e ou construídas.
Sendo verificado que nestas áreas onde existem as microzonas de calor os valores da
umidade do ar caem, quando em comparações às regiões próximas do lago. Assim
corroborando com as informações do levantamento realizado em 2015 (Melo, et al. 2015)
que diz "A mudança do uso do solo ocorrida nos últimos anos com o aumento da
impermeabilização nas cidades, geraram alterações no ambiente e formaram nestes locais
um clima típico, caracterizado pelas altas temperaturas e baixa umidade relativa do ar".
Portanto é realizado uma verificação dos dados obtidos em janeiro de 2015 por Melo, et
al(2015) e os novos dados desta pesquisa, assim gerando a Figura 3. Sendo que a figura 03
consiste da composição dos resultados em 2015 e dos resultados em 2016, demonstrando
claramente que os resultados obtidos em ambas analises convergem para uma mesma
justificativa.
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A partir da analise dos dois conjuntos de dados obtidos através das amostragens de 2015 e
2016 no campus central da UPF, fica evidente que existem duas microzonas quentes
distintas e uma segunda microzona decorrente do lago e das grandes quantidades de
arvores que preenche boa parte da área arborizada, ficando a nordeste do centro e
descendo por entre as duas microzonas quentes que são oriundas de duas causas
semelhantes:
Sendo a primeira área localizada a oeste do centro do mapa, onde a microzona de calor
ocorre pela existência de uma grande área construída de edificações e
estacionamentos e concentração de arvores não distribuídas igualmente por toda
região, denominada como Setor A;
Enquanto que na segunda área localizada a Sul para sudeste do centro do mapa, mais
especificamente na entrada da UPF, ocorre a segunda ocorrência da microzona de
calor, está é motivada pela existência da BR-285 que gera trafego elevado de veículos e
o fluxo se estende na entrada da universidade, denominada como Setor B.
Após a caracterização dos setores A e B, identificamos na Figura 4 a distribuição espacial
das três microzonas .
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Figura 4. Demarcação das microzonas no campus central da UPF. Fonte: Autor, 2016.
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4. CONCLUSÃO
Ao existirem microzonas de calor e frescor dentro de uma mesma região, são necessárias
mais investigações e diversos fatores podem corroborar para nossa avaliação final. Desta
forma, ao realizarmos uma duplicata da amostragem de 2015 e obtermos resultados
semelhantes, mas com conclusões similares, obtemos o primeiro ponto.
A existência de microzonas de calor dentro do campus da UPF.
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REFERÊNCIAS
AGSOLVE. Arborização e o clima das grandes cidades. 2013. Disponível em:
<http://www.agsolve.com.br/noticias/arborizacao-e-o-clima-das-grandes-cidades>. Acesso em: 26
maio 2016.
BERNER, Jason T.. Green Roofs: Stormwater Management and Urban Heat Island Mitigation.
Disponível em: <https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-07/documents/green_roofs-
_stormwatermanagement_and_urban_heat_island_mitigation_jasonberner.pdf>. Acesso em: 23 maio
2016.
Dimoudi, A.; Kantzioura, A.; Zoras, S.; Pallas, C.; Kosmopoulos, P. Investigation of urban
microclimate parameters in an urban center. Energy and Buildings, v. 64, p. 1-9, 2013.
DINSDALE, Shaina; PEAREN, Blair; WILSON, Chloe. Feasibility Study for Green Roof Application on
Queen’s University Campus. 2006. Disponível em:
<http://www.queensu.ca/sustainability/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.suswww/files/files/greenro
of.pdf>. Acesso em: 23 maio 2016.
Gaitani, N.; Spanou, A.; Saliari, M.; Synnefa, A.; Vassilakopoulou, K.; Papadopoulou K. Improving the
microclimate in urban areas: a case study in the centre of Athens Building. Services Engineering
Research and Technology, v. 32 p. 53–71, 2011.
GARTLAND, Lisa. Heat islands : understanding and mitigating heat in urban areas. London:
Earthscan, 2008
Grimm, N.B., Faeth, S.H., Golubiewski, N.E., Redman, C.L., Wu, J.G., Bai, X.M., Briggs, J.M. (2008).
Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 319, 756 – 760.
Henke-Oliveira, C., & Santos, J.E. (2000). Áreas verdes e áreas públicas de São Carlos (SP):
diagnóstico e propostas. In: Tundisi, J.C.; YAMAMOTO, Y. & DIAS, J.A.K. São Carlos – 3º milênio,
perspectivas para o século XXI. São Carlos: Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos. p. 199-221.
MacGregor-Fors, I., Ortega-Alvarez, R. (2011). Fading from the forest: bird community shifts related
to urban park site-specific and landscape traits. Urban For Urban Green 10, 239 – 246.
MELO, Evanisa Fatima Reginato Quevedo et al. EVALUATION OF THE ARBOREAL VEGETATION
INFLUENCE AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PASSO FUNDO
CAMPUS, BRAZIL. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING EDUCATION FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 7., 2015, Vancouver: EESD, 2015.
MELO, Ricardo Henryque Reginato Quevedo et al. THE ARBOREAL VEGETATION INFLUENCE AT
THE SUSTAINABILITY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PASSO FUNDO CAMPUS, BRAZIL. 2. ed. Porto Alegre:
UFRGS, 2015.
Rosset, F. (2005). Procedimentos metodológicos para estimativas do índice de áreas verdes
públicas. Estudo de caso: Erechim / RS. São Carlos: Universidade Federal de São Carlos.
Santamouris, M. Heat island research in Europe: the state of the art. Advances Building Energy
Research, v. 1, p. 123–150, 2007.
Sawka M, Millward AA, Mckay J, Sarkovich M (2013) Growing summer energy conservation through
residential tree planting. Landsc Urban Plan 113:1–9
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Silva, J.X., & Zaidan, R.T. (2004). Geoprocessamento e análise ambiental: aplicações. Rio de Janeiro:
Bertrand Brasil, 368p.
Streutker DR (2003) Satellite-measured growth of the urban heat island of Houston, Texas. Remote
Sens Environ 85:282–289
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A seca e a desertificação e as mudanças climáticas em
Cabo Verde
Rafael Souza
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rio de Janeiro
(RJ), Brasil
rafcs@oi.com.br
RESUMO: Este artigo tem como finalidade, explorar o tema desertificação a seca, com
principal foco no arquipélago de Cabo Verde. Relata como as mudanças climáticas
agravaram o problema da seca e como governo e a sociedade encaram os problemas
derivados da seca e da desertificação suas estratégias e planos de ação, as soluções
empregadas no combate e na luta contra a falta de água e a desertificação.
Palavras chave : Seca, desertificação, impacto ambiental, sustentabilidade
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Os desafios referentes ao ambiente no mundo vêm movimentando há algumas décadas, a
comunidade internacional. A iniciativa que moveu essa estratégia internacional em favor
ao ambiente deu inicio em Estocolmo em 1972, e ganhou força na conferência do ambiente
no Rio de Janeiro em 1992, através de discussões, recomendações, e estratégias de ação
em prol do ambiente, uma nova abordagem da problemática do ambiente mundial foi
adotada (Lima et al, 2009).
O conceito da palavra desertificação foi elaborado durante a conferência das nações
unidas sobre meio ambiente e desenvolvimento, realizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no
ano de 1992 (eco’92) onde, definiu-se a desertificação como sendo “a degradação da terra
nas zonas áridas, semiáridas e subsumidas secas, resultante de vários fatores, incluindo as
variações climáticas e as atividades humanas” (Pachêco et al., 2006).
A desertificação e a seca são os maiores riscos para a estabilidade alimentar, social e
econômica no mundo todo. Juntamente com o crescimento da população, o uso
irresponsável dos recursos naturais e o aumento da temperatura do planeta, a tendência é
que eles se agravem (Magalhães, 2013).
Segundo Ki-moon (2009) numa pequena mensagem deixada a desígnio do dia mundial de
luta contra a desertificação, em 15 de junho de 2009, diz:
Vinte e quatro milhões de pessoas migraram devido a problemas relativos ao ambiente e
que esse numero pode aumentar para duzentos milhões até 2050. Alerta que a seca e a
desertificação são itens que afetam a estabilidade nacional e internacional, pois um terço
de solo usado na agricultura vem se tornando improdutivo.
De acordo com Rocha (2006), os desafios do ambiente mobilizam a comunidade
internacional, há varias décadas. Estes desafios foram identificados em relação às
principais ameaças que afligem a terra, que são: o aquecimento climático ligado às
emissões de gases com efeito de estufa, a desertificação e/ou seca persistente, a
degradação das terras, a perda de biodiversidade, a destruição da camada de ozónio da
estratosfera, a poluição das águas nacionais e internacionais, continentais e marinhas, os
poluentes orgânicos persistentes.
Conforme Lima et al. (2009), técnicas de gestão insustentável de solos estão entre os
maiores problemas ambientais do mundo atual, o que representa também um enorme
empecilho para a satisfação das necessidades humanitárias básicas, em especial nas zonas
áridas.
Finalizam afirmando que a gestão sustentável das terras pode reduzir a vulnerabilidade às
mudanças climáticas, aumentar as capacidades das populações na adaptação às mudanças
climáticas, e em muitos casos, pode contribuir para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas
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2.OBJETIVO
O objetivo desta pesquisa é fazer uma abordagem a volta do tema seca e desertificação e
das mudanças climáticas com foco principal no arquipélago de Cabo Verde. Pesquisar e
divulgar a problemática atual da falta de água e suas consequências para o meio ambiente,
para a sociedade, e como ideias sustentáveis podem amenizar o problema.
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3. METODOLOGIA
A pesquisa apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica do tema seca e desertificação global e no
caso específico de Cabo Verde, suas causas e os impactos para a sociedade, no meio
ambiente auxilia-se de manuais, artigos, e discussões que abordam essa temática.
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Fazer parte deste programa deu uma investida à luta contra a seca e a desertificação,
tecendo uma mobilização social sem precedentes engajando todos os extratos sociais de
forma distinta em torno da causa ambiental, com o grande objetivo de contrariar o quadro
climático-ambiental imperante, criando um novo dinamismo e uma adesão massiva da
população de todas as faixas etárias, desde estudantes, trabalhadores, políticos e
intelectuais. (Baptista et al, 2012)
Segundo Pina, (2008), a água potável compõe um recurso natural de grande escassez em
Cabo Verde facto que impõe a necessidade de se valorizar os recursos disponíveis e se
recorrer às tecnologias de dessalinização de água salobra ou salgada do mar (85% do
abastecimento de água potável) como fontes alternativas. A estas fontes de água para o
consumo humano acrescem os vários furos de exploração, as nascentes e poços.
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Para Ferreira, (2014) Cabo Verde aproxima-se do alcance de exploração de água potável
no subsolo, pois as quantidades de água subterrânea estão estimadas em 60 milhões de
m3/ano e a exploração atual ronda os 40 milhões m3. Até 2020, com o ritmo de
desenvolvimento do país, as necessidades ascenderão para 90 milhões de m3/ano sendo
certeiro dizer que se encontra estabelecido que "cada pessoa tem direito a 40 litros de
água diários dos quais 5 litros devem ser de água potável". Para cumprir esta finalidade
Cabo Verde tem desenvolvido ao longo das últimas duas décadas vários projetos para
amainar a exploração dos lençóis freáticos.
5. CONCLUSÃO
A seca e a desertificação têm afetado milhões de pessoas pelo mundo principalmente nos
países subdesenvolvidos nas ultimas décadas. É visível o drástico aumento nos últimos
anos em países desenvolvidos também. As ações do homem e as mudanças climáticas
decorrentes do aquecimento global são uma das muitas causas que têm agravado a
situação, fragilizando o solo e tornando inviável a agricultura aumentando a fome e ao
acesso a água potável para consumo e uso da população.
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Em Cabo Verde onde a seca e a desertificação faziam parte da totalidade do cenário, com
as mudanças climáticas vieram as chuvas esporádicas que acabam causando inundações e
alagamentos pela falta de infra estruturação ligadas a essa nova realidade, problema que
não faz com que regularize a falta de água ou a seca, porque cair num dia o equivalente ao
que poderia chover em meses, mas o resto do ano continua seco. Então é preciso adaptar a
engenharia a nova realidade do país, as necessidades atuais e precaver as lacunas que
surgem em prol deste novo momento delicado.
REFERÊNCIAS
Baptista, I. & . Ferreira, A.J.D & Tavares, J. 2012. A luta contra Desertificação em Cabo Verde.
Borges, A. 2007. O Estado da Arte da EA em Cabo Verde – Galiza.
Carvalho, M. L. S & Brito, A.M. & Monteiro, E.P. 2010. Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico. Cidade
da Praia, Cabo Verde.
Côté, M. & Querido, A. 2012. Integração das Mudanças Climáticas em Cabo Verde Avaliação de
Riscos e Oportunidades Climáticas. Disponível em:
<http://www.preventionweb.net/files/FolhetoPNUD-CV-PT-Web.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2015.
Faria, C. 2015. A desertificação. Disponível em:
http://www.infoescola.com/geografia/desertificacao/. Acesso em: 23 maio 2015.
Ferreira, V. 2014. Conflitos e participação no uso da água da Barragem de Poilão, Ilha de Santiago,
Cabo Verde.
Fragoso, M. 2007. Estudos sectoriais vulnerabilidade e adaptação às mudanças climáticas em Cabo
Verde.
Inocêncio, D. 2012. Construção e Arquitetura Sustentáveis em Cabo Verde: Estudo de Estratégias de
Projecto Sustentável.
Ki - moon, B. 2009. Desertificação afecta 1/3 da superfíce da Terra. Disponível em:
http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=393892. Acesso em: 22 Maio 2015.
Lima, D. & Rocha, C. Y; Santos, M. 2009. Relatório final de consultoria nacional de Cabo Verde”.
Convenção das Nações Unidas de Combate à desertificação
Lima, R.C.C. &Cavalcante, A.M.B, Marin, A. P. M. 2011– INSA Desertificação e Mudanças climáticas no
Semiárido Brasileiro.
Lopes, L. 2001- Manual Básico de Construção - Guia ilustrado para a construção de habitação.
Ministério das Infra-estruturas e Habitação. Mindelo.
MAAP. 2002. Plano de Acção Nacional para o Ambiente (PANA), Praia, Cabo Verde.
MAAP. 2004. Plano Ambiental Intersectorial – Ambiente e Educação, Formação e Sensibilização,
(PAIS – Educação). Praia – Cabo Verde.
Magalhães, A. R. 2013. Da seca ao deserto. Disponível em:
<http://www.cgee.org.br/comunicacao/exibir_clipping.php?chave=604>. Acesso em: 26 maio
2015.
Matallo Jr, M. 2012. Ensaios sobre Desertificação, políticas ambientais, e Desenvolvimento Sustentável.
Pachêco, A. da P. et al. 2006 A transdisciplinaridade da desertificação.
PFIE 2000. Plano de perenização e Generalização da Educação Ambiental. Relatórios e documentos
do projeto. Praia – Cabo Verde.
Pina, C. 2008. Agua e desenvolvimento sustentável – O caso de Cabo Verde.
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Rocha, C.Y. 2006. Relatório do Perfil Temático na área da desertificação/ degradação de terras.
Semedo, J. M. 2012. As Ilhas de Cabo Verde – O território, o Ambiente e a Nação. Praia. Cabo Verde.
Tigrão, L, F. 2010. A Regionalização do Espaço Geográfico Mundial. África.
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Chapter 7
ABSTRACT: The environmental conditions of urban areas are directly affected by the
operation in their road intersections and by the amount of vehicles and its dispersion
throughout the day. To measure these conditions, the present study aims to propose a
Traffic Quality Index (TQI) applicable to urban intersections and for comparing traffic
performance, bringing a comprehensive methodology about the parameters involved in
intersection quality. To prepare the TQI, it was used the Delphi methodology, through
opinion of traffic experts. The results supported the selection of a group containing five
parameters, namely: delay per vehicle; stops per vehicle; average speed; fuel efficiency and
queue size. The formulation of the TQI has been established based on the values of
parameters scored and their respective weights and evaluated for use of sum or product.
Aiming at its validation, the TQI was applied to four intersections (two of them non-
signalized and the other two signalized), simulated by Synchro Studio 9 software, and the
results were compared with those obtained by the HCM (Highway Capacity Manual) and
ICU (Intersection Capacity Utilization). It was found that the TQI product is more sensitive
to roads changes and is a tool to assist the development and evaluation of urban road design
and traffic planning, and that its use is complementary to the HCM and ICU methodologies.
Keywords Traffic Quality Index, traffic simulation, urban road intersections analysis,
microscopic model; Delphi Methodology
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1. INTRODUCTION
The environmental conditions of urban spaces for vehicles are directly affected by the
operation at their intersections, the number of vehicles traveling on the road network and
its dispersion throughout the day. With the growth of cities and the consequent increase in
the amount of circulating vehicles, public agencies responsible for the planning of cities
have required impact studies road of new projects (Brazil, 2001). These studies are aimed,
among other things, assess the current quality of road intersections and estimate the future
quality in a pre-established horizon.
There are several methodologies that can be used in studies of intersections, such as the
Webster Method (Webster & Cobbe, 1966) and Percentile Method (Trafficware LLC, 2014).
The most widespread is the Highway Capacity Manual - HCM (Transportation Research
Board, 2010). The HCM has the criterion for evaluating the identification of delay per vehicle
intersection or approach, measured in seconds per vehicle. Another very common
methodology is Intersection Capacity Utilization - ICU (Husch & Albeck, 2003), which
compares the volume of active traffic at the intersection with a traffic capacity.
However, the available methodologies are not yet able to predict the quality of traffic
through a broader approach that considers a set of more comprehensive variables related
to the quality and fuel efficiency, like delay per vehicle and capacity of the intersection, as
mentioned, and number of stops, vehicle emissions, among others. In this sense, this paper
proposes a Traffic Quality Index - TQI, whose determination was based through transport
specialists opinion and quality indicator variables that could be measured by applying
traffic simulation.
The formulation of TQI was based on procedure adopted by studies using the Delphi
Methodology (Dalkey & Helmer, 1963) to obtain the opinion of experts to identify variables
related to quality indexes (Menezes 2011, Junior 2008, Souza 2008, Lopes & Libânio 2005,
Ferreira & Sanches 2001, Hamekoski 1998). The final selection of the parameters was the
result from consensus opinions obtained in feedback round.
The establishment of a Traffic Quality Index is of great importance for road impact
assessments and can support decisions on physical and operational changes on urban roads.
In this context this study is innovative because it provides a more comprehensive approach
to assessing the quality of traffic that presented by the most known methodologies
available.
2. IQT DEFINITION
The TQI setting method is divided into sequential steps, being necessary, firstly, the
formulation of the index, followed by traffic simulation, sensitivity analysis and validation.
Figure 1 shows the list with steps and activities of the study. It is important to note that in
the simulation stage were modeled intersections in two versions to enable sensitivity
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analysis. The version "A" shows the simulation of the real traffic volumes collected, whereas
version "B" shows the simulation of half traffic volumes.
Figure 1. Steps and activities for elaboration of TQI. Source: Aguiar, 2016
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where 𝑇𝑄𝐼𝑆 = Traffic Quality Index – sum formulation; 𝑇𝑄𝐼𝑃 = Traffic Quality Index –
product formulation; 𝑊 = weight assigned to each variable; 𝑄 = score of the intersection
for each selected variable, according scoring criteria developed; 𝑖 = each variable included
in the calculation; 𝑁 = total number of variables included in the calculation.
The final responses were evaluating for inclusion rate, which was calculated for insertion
into the TQI formulation to include divergent views of the respondents. Its value is
equivalent to the percentage of inclusions to the total of valid responses (Lopes & Libânio,
2005), considering only the results "include" and "not to include". Regarding the weights of
the variables, it took the median of the results in order to avoid the influence of extreme
points. It arbitrated that the sum of all weights should result in one (1), thereby yielding the
final weight used at the general TQI equation. Table 2 shows the results obtained.
Table 2. Inclusion rate, median and final weight of the variables evaluated in the questionnaires
Resposes Incl. rate x Final
Nº Variables
Inclusion rate Weigth Weigth weigth
1 Delay per vehicle 0.9444 7 6.61 0.2778
2 Stop delay per vehicle 0.8333 8
3 Stops per vehicle 0.7647 7 5.35 0.2250
4 Average speed 0.8333 5
5 Fuel efficiency 0.8333 7 5.83 0.2450
6 Vehicles with denied entry to the road network 0.6667 5
7 Maximum queue length 0.8333 8
8 Average queue length 1.0000 6 6.00 0.2522
9 95th percentile queue length 0.5714 5
Sum 23.79 1.0000
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Variables with inclusion rate lesser than 70% were excluded (variables 6 and 9). Variables
2 and 7 were exclude to avoid redundancy since they have lower inclusion rates than the
variables 1 and 8, respectively. Variable 4 was exclude because the delay is dependent on
vehicle average speed, among other factors.
8
Scored value
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 50 100 0 0,5 1 1,5
-2
Measured value Measured value
0
0 5 10 15 20
-2
Measured value
Figure 2. Score criteria to “delay per vehicle”, “stops per vehicle” and “fuel efficiency” variables.
Source: Aguiar, 2016
The development of scoring criteria for the variable "queue" dismissed the outliers. A
correlation was make between the valid responses from the questionnaires and the
standardized scale, as shown in Figure 3. Note that the sensitivity of queue size decreases
as increase its size.
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10
8
y = 0.0003x2 - 0.1108x + 9.5821
R² = 0.8932
Scored value 6
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
-2
Measured value
Thus, the equations that defines the traffic quality variables for TQI are represent by the
following linear regression equations.
𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.001𝑥𝑎2 − 0.2004𝑥𝑎 + 9.9221 (3)
𝑃 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 4.0884𝑥𝑝2 − 14.542𝑥𝑝 + 10.392 (4)
𝐸 = 𝑓(𝑥) = −0.0064𝑥𝑒 2 + 0.8249𝑥𝑒 − 0.5714 (5)
𝐹 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.003𝑥𝑓2 − 0.1108𝑥𝑓 + 9.5821 (6)
where 𝐴 = Scored delay per vehicle (s); 𝑥𝑎 = Measured delay per vehicle (s); 𝑃 = Scored
stops per vehicle (stops/veh); 𝑥𝑝 = Measured stops per vehicle (stops/veh); 𝐸 = Scored
fuel efficiency (km/l); 𝑥𝑒 = Measured fuel efficiency (km/l); 𝐹 = Scored queue length (m);
𝑥𝑓 = Measured queue length (m).
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intersection was simulated an "A" version, with peak hour volumes, and a "B" version, with
the volumes of the first version reduced by half. Figure 4 shows the geometric
representation of the intersections.
INTERSECTION 1A INTERSECTION 1B
INTERSECTION 2A INTERSECTION 2B
INTERSECTION 3A INTERSECTION 3B
INTERSECTION 4A INTERSECTION 4B
Figure 4. Geometric representation of the analyzed intersection. Source: Aguiar, 2016
The traffic simulation was performed with the software standard configurations and the
total simulation time was 10 minutes. The results for delay and ICU are shown in Table 3
with their respective levels of service. The qualitative scale used to quantify "delay" level of
service is the one presented by the (Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity
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Manual, 2010), while to quantify the "ICU" level of service is the one presented by (Husch &
Albeck, 2003).
Table 3. Simulation results – delay and ICU
Delay (s) ICU
Intersection
Measurement Level of service Measurement Level of service
1A 43.4 E 0.99 F
1B 7.5 A 0.55 A
2A 12.3 B 0.68 C
2B 3.5 A 0.41 A
3A 68.5 E 0.77 D
3B 19.1 B 0.44 A
4A 20.6 C 0.84 E
4B 10.8 B 0.47 A
The results measured for input variables from TQI are shown in Table 4 with the respective
scored values resulting from the application of the Equations 3-6.
Table 4. Results for measured and scored variables
A P E F
Intersection
ME SC ME SC ME SC ME SC
1A 7.4 8.49 0.25 7.01 4.6 3.09 27.45 6.77
1B 2.6 9.41 0.27 6.76 8.4 5.91 10.85 8.42
2A 2.8 9.37 0.30 6.40 11.9 8.34 10.98 8.40
2B 1.5 9.62 0.21 7.52 13.2 9.20 5.63 8.97
3A 18.8 6.51 0.48 4.35 4.0 2.63 38.30 5.78
3B 14.3 7.26 0.50 4.14 5.7 3.92 18.96 7.59
4A 17.2 6.77 0.36 5.69 2.0 1.05 39.14 5.70
4B 14.3 7.26 0.50 4.14 5.7 3.92 27.15 6.80
Note: ME = measured value; PN = scored value.
Then the TQI formulations were obtained through application of the final weights of the
variables shown in Table 2 to Equations 1 and 2, resulting in Equations 7-8 listed below.
𝑇𝑄𝐼𝑆 = 0.2778𝐴 + 0.2250𝑃 + 0.2450𝐸 + 0.2522𝐹 (7)
𝑇𝑄𝐼𝑃 = 𝐴0.2778 × 𝑃0.2250 × 𝐸 0.2450 × 𝐹 0.2522 (8)
where 𝑇𝑄𝐼𝑆 = Traffic Quality Index – sum formulation; 𝑇𝑄𝐼𝑃 = Traffic Quality Index –
product formulation; 𝐴 = Scored delay per vehicle (s); 𝑃 = Scored stops per vehicle
(stops/veh); 𝐸 = Scored fuel efficiency (km/l); 𝐹 = Scored queue length (m).
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Observed up through the columns "B-A" that TQI presents best results with volume traffic
reduction, even with sum or product formulation. Furthermore, it notes that the values of
the TQIP column "B-A" are larger than the corresponding IQTS, indicating that the first index
is more sensitive to changes attributed.
Table 6 presents a comparison values obtained for TQI with HCM and ICU, both indexes
commonly used in traffic analysis. It is observed that TQI large variations not necessarily
imply ICU and HCM large variations.
Table 6. Comparison values obtained for TQI with HCM and ICU
Intersetion IQTS IQTP ICU HCM
1A 6.40 6.00 F E
1B 7.71 7.58 A A
2A 8.20 8.13 C B
2B 8.88 8.84 A A
3A 4.89 4.62 D E
3B 5.82 5.56 A B
4A 4.86 3.95 F F
4B 5.62 5.41 A B
The values obtained by TQI did not follow those obtained by the ICU and the HCM. The
simulation results show ICU values with classification F with TQIS ranging between 4.86 and
6.40 and TQIP ranging from 3.95 to 6:00, that represents a very high amplitude. This fact
occurs as two intersections with the same capacity utilization may have different values for
TQI input variables (delay per vehicle, stops per vehicle, fuel efficiency and queue length).
Another example is the existence of intersection with E classification to HCM showing its
TQIS ranging between 4.89 and 6.40 and its TQIP between 4.62 and 6.00. The explanation
for this is due to the fact that the TQI considers a wider range of variables in its composition
to describe the quality of traffic. In addition, "delay per vehicle" values from TQI are
obtained by simulation, while the HCM is calculated by its own methodology
(Transportation Research Board, 2010).
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It is important to state that the index should not be static, because as the computational
simulation tools allow obtaining new variables with reliable results, the formulation of TQI
should be reevaluated.
REFERENCES
Abbasi, T., & Abbasi, S. 2012. Water Quality Indices. Elsevier.
Brasil. 2001. Lei Federal N.º 10.257, de 10 de julho de 2001. Regulamenta os arts. 182 e 183 da
Constituição Federal, estabelece diretrizes gerais da política urbana e dá outras providências.
Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. 1963. An Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts.
Management Science.
Ferreira, M., & Sanches, S. 2001. Índice de Qualidade das Calçadas - IQC. Revista dos Transportes
Públicos - ANTP - Ano 23.
Hamekoski, K. 1998. The use of a simple air quality index in the Helsink Area. Finlândia.
Hsu, C.-C., & Sandford, B. 2007. The Delphi Technique: Making sense of consensus. Practical
Assessment Research & Evaluation(Vol 12 No 10).
Husch, D., & Albeck, J. 2003. Trafficware Intersection Capacity Utilization. Albany, C. A., Estados
Unidos: Trafficware Corporation.
Jones, S., Sullivan, A., Anderson, M., Malave, D., & Naveen, C. 2004. Traffic Simulation Software
Comparsion Study. Alabama.
Junior, C. 2008. Formulação de um indicador de qualidade de acessibilidade das calçadas e travessias.
São Paulo.
Lopes, V., & Libânio, M. 2005. Proposição de um índice de qualidade de estações de tratamento de água
(IQETA).
Ludwing, B. 1997. Predicting the Future: Have You Considered Using the Delphi Methodology?
Journal of Extension, 35. Disponível em: http://www.joe.org/joe/1997october/tt2.html .
Menezes, J. 2011. Índice de qualidade de água: Seleção de parâmetros, normalização de dados,
agregação de parâmetros. Rio de Janeiro.
Santos, R. 2004. Seleção de indicadores da Qualidade do Transporte Público Urbano de Passageiros por
Ônibus. Rio de Janeiro.
Shaaban, K., & Kim, I. 2015. Comparison of SimTraffic and VISSIM Microscopic Traffic Simulation
Tools in Modeling Roundabouts. Procedia Computer Science, 52, pp. 43-50.
Souza, M. 2008. Proposição de um índice de qualidade de água bruta afluente a estações convencionais
de tratamento de água. Belo Horizonte.
Trafficware LLC. 2014. Synchro Studio 9 User Guide.
Transportation Research Board. 2010. Highway Capacity Manual. Washington, D.C., Estados Unidos:
National Research Council.
Webster, F., & Cobbe, B. 1966. Traffic Signals. Road Research Technical Paper nº 56.
1152
Noise impact of urban mobility changes: Charitas tunnel
case study.
ABSTRACT: The City growth demands mobility and new paths to reduce the time
expended in transportation of the urban population. However, in general, the increase of
traffic and/or vehicle speed implies in more noise pollution. Noise pollution is considered
by World Health Organization as cause of several health problems. In a Brazilian city,
named Niteroi, a tunnel is being constructed in order to improve mobility issues,
connecting a residential area to the boat station. However, the environment impact study
performed by the municipalities did not consider properly the effects of larger vehicle
flows and new express bus lanes through the residential area. In this work, the current
acoustic scenario is analyzed and compared with the proposed by the government, using
official projected data. The acoustic model of the area was built by noise measurements,
vehicle flow counting data and land survey. The noise map generated by the acoustic
model was validated by in loco measurements and allowed to evaluate both scenarios. The
critical analysis pointed out to inadequate noise levels, when compared to the land use
standard levels.
Keywords noise pollution, acoustic modeling, urban engineering, acoustic impact.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Niterói is a medium size city in the neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro and an important
mobility project is being executed to connect the oceanic area to its harbour hub at
Charitas District. The proposed mobility system uses exclusive lanes for buses in parallel
to a bike lane. It is intended to allow a faster displacement from oceanic region
neighbourhood to the Charitas District, where an intermodal connection is available. In
order to reduce urban mobility problems at this region, a new tunnel is being constructed
to transpose the Preventório Mountain, located between these two urban areas (Aleixo,
2014).
Although Niterói City has been founded in 1573, the first important housing development
at the oceanic region, Vale Feliz, was only established in 1946, with the subdivision of the
first glebe of Engenho do Mato Farm, one of the biggest sugar producer area. However,
only after the Presidente Costa e Silva Bridge inauguration, in 1974, connecting directly
Niterói and Rio de Janeiro cities, this area was effectively occupied. In the early 80's, the
"Oceanic Region Specials Housing Developments" were created, constituted by high level
houses, in horizontal condominiums and they were the cause of the large population
growth rate at that time. Nowadays, the region is basically a residential area. The local
commerce is intended to support its inhabitants and is established majorly along the main
roads, from where people arrive at the region (NiteróiTV, 2013).
The oceanic region is composed by eleven districts, with nearly 69,000 inhabitants living
in about 22,000 houses (IBGE, 2010). While population growth rate of Niterói City was 6
% between 2000 and 2010, the growth in this area was 23 % during the same period.
Despite this high rate, the region has a high population potential growth, because it is
constituted basically by houses and there is a low rate of inhabitants per km², when
compared to the average city amount (Couto, Audiência pública do corredor viário
transoceânica. , 2014).
The Niterói downtown area concentrates the main commerce, hospitals and the main
ferryboat station, where 100,000 people travel from and to Rio de Janeiro every day. It is
important to notice that a third of Niterói City population works out of the city and Rio de
Janeiro is the main attractive pole (Aleixo, 2014).
Surrounded by mountains, there are few road options to move from the oceanic region to
downtown and to the Rio the Janeiro City - the State capital. It ought to be done by the two
main roads with winding route through the mountain. This new mobility project provides
an alternative way to connect Rio de Janeiro to Niterói downtown and reduces from 14 km
to 1.2 km the path from Cafubá to Charitas District.
The tunnel entrance starts at Cafubá District, near the Piratininga Lagoon, as shown in
Figure 1. The design predicts streets enlargement to allow an exclusive lane for buses and
two lanes for others vehicles, with a traffic estimative of 12,000 vehicles per day. After the
interventions, an exclusive residential area will receive practically all the vehicle flow from
the oceanic region, impacting on the family lives which have chosen this area mainly due
to quiet environment, nature proximity and welfare.
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The case study area is located in Cafubá District, between Piratininga Lagoon and
Preventório Mountain, as can be seen in Figure 1. This residential area is near to the local
beaches and far enough from the main traffic axis: Francisco da Cruz Nunes Road. Only
their main streets are paved, but they are narrow and they do not allow three cars side by
side. The local streets are not yet paved, which contributes to a low noise profile due to the
smooth pavement characteristics and low speed traffic. Added to the prevailing silence,
there is a living fauna along the street trees, including birdsongs and tamarin monkey
presence.
This research goal is to analyze the actual acoustic scenario and compare it to a future one,
described by the mobility project, after the interventions have been concluded.
where p is the sound pressure and p0 is the reference pressure (0.00002 Pa).
The human ear perceives in different ways a stimuli caused from a sound wave, according
to its frequency, even with the same SPL. In order to consider such influence on the
measurements, the Brazilian and the international standards apply specific weighting
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curves to correlate the measured SPL with the hearing excitation, according to the sound
pressure levels (ISO 226, 2003)
There are many health impacts caused by high noise level exposition, such as memory
loss, irritation, cognitive dysfunction, hypertension and temporary or definitive hearing
loss (Fiocruz, 2015). The sound level equivalent to 65 dB(A) is considered by the
preventive medicine as the highest level that people can be exposed, continuously,
without any health damage (Belojevic & Jakovlevic, 1997).
The health costs to mitigate damage caused by high sound pressure exposure are very
large. The Europe Union spent in 2008 between 0.3 % and 0.4 % of its gross national
product (GNP), which means about 12.5 trillion of Euros. Japan spent 0.2 % of its GNP. To
minimize these damages and consequently its repair costs it is necessary an adequate
legislation and an active government policy. Despite the different acoustic criteria to
evaluate the noise impacts, noise level has been reduced in Europe as a consequence of its
committed policy (Arana, 2010) (Schwela, Finegold, & Gjestland, 2014).
The legislation has to be objective and adequate to affectively reduce the noise pollution. It
is an interdisciplinary problem, involving new and quitter technologies on engines
construction, new materials for paving, green absorptive facades, city morphology layout
(height, shape and location of buildings), existence and location of urban voids, as squares
and parks, and location of roads and acoustic barriers. All these factors contribute to
reduce the urban noise, once properly combined (Guedes et al. 2011).
Brazilian legislation about noise in communities has as main reference the 10151 NBR
standard (ABNT, 2000). This norm was adopted as federal legislation by the National
Council of Environment, in 1990, named CONAMA Resolution n. 01 (CONAMA, 1990). This
law defines noise pollution as an environment pollution.
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were blocked by constructions and the traffic flow on these streets may be different than
usual traffic. Nevertheless, it was perceived a high traffic of heavy vehicles involved in the
constructions.
All measurements were carried out on day time. For simulation and map elaboration, the
day period was divide in three: Day (from 10 am to 5 pm), Night (10 pm to 6 am) and Peak
(6 am to 9 am and 5 pm to 8 pm). Vehicle flow per hour was extrapolated to all day period
applying values measured by the author on the curves obtained from Traffic Engineering
Handbook (Brasil, 2006) and adapted according to the area traffic characteristics
observations. It is important to notice that the simulator implements European standards
and considers European vehicles and pavements. Most of streets had land/sand as
pavement, but this option is not available at the European standard, for instance.
Therefore, some differences between measured and simulated values are expected and
can be observed in Table 1, for the locations enumerated in Figure 1.
Table 1. Acoustic model validation: Measured and Simulated Pressure
Levels in dB(A). Source: Author.
Measurement Measured Simulated Absolute
Location Level Level Difference
1 52 49 3
2 70 71 1
3 55 57 2
4 57 61 4
5 66 67 1
6 71 72 1
7 52 55 3
8 46 49 3
9 51 57 6
10 54 54 0
11 68 65 3
The level differences presented in Table 1 are due to several measurements uncertainties,
such as traffic data extrapolation and road characteristics, that could not be precisely
modelled in the simulator. Nevertheless, the levels are quite similar, with average error of
2,5 dB and standard deviation of 1,7 dB. The highest deviation occurred at locations 4 and
9 where the construction noise could not be avoided during the measurements. Therefore,
it is expected that the noise maps generated are representative of the actual scenario.
Based on this scenario, a new model was created to predict the acoustic behavior of the
urban area after the mobility interventions. The new model was developed by changing
some characteristics of actual model, such as vehicle flow, streets geometry and
pavements, according to the mobility plan provided by the municipality.
4. RESULTS
Four noise maps were produced for the actual and future scenarios: Day, Peak, Night and
24 h (all day average) maps. The Peak maps present the worst traffic case, with the highest
noise levels. The 24 h maps show an overview of average level along all day period.
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For the remaining streets, the standard limit is 50 dB(A), due to the residential land use.
At Valdir Costa Street (points 7 and 9) more than 60 dB(A) was obtained. At Raul de
Oliveira Rodrigues Avenue (point 3), despite the fact the limit was exceeded, this street
has been extremely used by construction vehicles, as observed during measurement
procedures.
Figure 3 presents the 24 h noise map, where no significant changes were observed. It
means that the traffic flows at the peak hours do not interfere in the area noise. This is
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because the main flow does not pass through the district along all day period, even during
the peak hours.
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levels recommendation. It can also be observed the noise impact over the forest, which,
probably would affect the fauna.
Noise levels exceeding the law thresholds require state intervention to prevent people
from being exposed to unhealthy situations. The cost of such interventions after the
construction finish is higher than the costs with prevention and intervention during the
constructions.
Several measures might be taken before and during the constructions to avoid, or at least
mitigate, the noise levels increase promoted by new mobility layouts. The pavements
material, vehicle velocities and trees planting along the road are just a few good
alternatives to achieve the intended noise level thresholds.
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5. CONCLUSION
In this work, a comparison between actual and future mobility scenarios was performed. It
has been shown that the mobility plan may affect the area by increasing the noise levels,
especially along the main streets. This causes, besides the health problems, housing
depreciation and important social and economical changes in the area, whose vocation
was to be predominately residential.
It was also observed that the main roads on the study area are already exceeding the
standard limits. The interventions with no acoustic study will increase the noise level on
some streets and will bring it into all a strict residential area.
The use of noise simulation tools, together with an accurate analysis of the traffic flow for
new mobility plans and urban planning directives, allows to analyse the acoustical
behaviour of urban areas and to evaluate their adequacy to the limits imposed by the laws.
Therefore, this and several other works contribute to alert and to demonstrate to the
urban planning authorities the importance of a noise impact study as a tool to help saving
costs and to provide more comfort to the dwellers when a mobility issue is being
addressed.
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REFERENCES
ABNT. (2000). NBR 10.151: Acústica - avaliação do ruído em áreas habitadas, visando o conforto da
comunidade - procedimento.
Aleixo, P. (2014). Estudo de impacto ambiental - eia - corredor viário transoceânico.
Andrade, P. (2014). Estudo de impacto ambiental - eia - corredor viário transoceânica. Niterói.
Arana, M. (2010). Are urban noise pollution levels decreasing? J Acoust Soc Am. 2010 Apr; , 127(4),
2107-2109.
2014Audiência pública do corredor viário transoceânica.Niterói
Belojevic, G., & Jakovlevic, B. (1997). Subjective reactions for traffic noise with regard to some
persinality traits. . Environ Int. , 23, 221-226.
Brasil. (2006). Manual de estudos de tráfego. . Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de
Transportes. Rio de Janeiro. IPR publicação 723.
CONAMA. (1990). Resolution number 1, from 1990 March 08. Diário Oficial da União. n.63
02/04/1990 p.6408.
Couto, M. (2014). Audiência pública do corredor viário transoceânica. . Niterói.
Datakustik. (2016). Datakustik CadnaA. Acesso em 10 de junho de 2016, disponível em
http://www.datakustik.com/en/products/cadnaa
Fiocruz. (October de 2015). F.O.C. Biossegurança- riscos físicos.
Fletcher, H., & Munson, W. (1933). Loudness, its definition, measurement, and calculation. Journal of
the Acoustical Society of America , 5, 82-108.
Guedes, I., Bertoli, S., & Zannin, P. (2011). Influence of urban shapes on environmental noise: a case
study in Aracaju - Brazil. Science of the Total Environmental , 412-413, pp. 56-66.
IBGE. (2010). Censo Demográfico 2010.
ISO 226. (2003). Acoustics -- Normal equal-loudness-level contours. International Organization for
Standardization.
NiteróiTV. (2015). Niterói e suas história. Acesso em October de 2015, disponível em
www.niteroitv.com.br: www.niteroitv.com.br/guia/ niteroi_historia.asp.
NiteróiTV. (2013). www.niteroitv.com.br/guia/niteroi_historia.asp. Acesso em 10 de 2015,
disponível em Niterói e Sua História.
Schwela, D., Finegold, S., & Gjestland, T. (2014). Progress on environmental noise policies from
2008-2013 in Asia and the world. Proceedings of InterNoise 2014. Melbourne.
1162
De basural a parque urbano; propuesta de regeneración
urbana para la mitigación de impactos generados en la
gestión de residuos en la ciudad de Coronel, Chile.
ABSTRACT: Durante el siglo XX, la incorporación del capitalismo en Chile hizo del suelo
una mercancía más, donde el estado y particulares ejercen sus intereses sobre el
desarrollo del territorio. Este escenario se grafica en la distribución de equipamientos
LULU o Locally Unwanted Land Use y la relación de contigüidad que mantienen con
poblaciones de bajos ingresos, demostrando que los impactos negativos quedan
restringidos a algunos residentes, gatillando manifestaciones y conflictos NIMBY o Not In
My Back Yard.
Particularmente el área Metropolitana de Concepción, Chile, se caracteriza por una
concentración de equipamientos LULU, con zonas vulnerables a la acumulación de éstos,
como el caso de la ciudad de Coronel, la cual concentra cuatro centrales termoeléctricas,
una cárcel, una planta de tratamiento de aguas servidas y un vertedero. El último de
estos equipamientos vio finalizada su vida útil en el año 2004, el ex vertedero Playa
Negra se presenta hoy como un pasivo ambiental con 4 hectáreas de suelo contaminado.
El objetivo de la investigación es desarrollar una propuesta de mitigación de
externalidades negativas del ex vertedero Playa Negra, para definir estrategias urbanas
de recuperación de suelo contaminado que puedan ser replicables en casos similares. La
metodología contempla una etapa cuantitativa y cualitativa, identificando los alcances
del impacto generado por LULUs de gestión de residuos en el contexto nacional y local, y
una segunda etapa que desarrolla una propuesta de mitigación que dé cuenta de
estrategias de diseño urbano y modelo de gestión para la recuperación de suelo
contaminado por la acción de residuos.
Keywords LULU, NIMBY, Gestión de residuos, Vertederos, Suelo contaminado,
Regeneración Urbana.
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1. INTRODUCCIÓN
Este trabajo propone estrategias de diseño urbano arquitectónico, basado en criterios de
regeneración urbana aplicado al diseño de parques construidos sobre vertederos o suelos
contaminados, para mitigar los impactos generados por este tipo de equipamiento sobre
el contexto urbano.
La metodología se basa en un análisis cualitativo de parques construidos sobre antiguos
vertederos: Balloon Fiesta Park, Mabel Davis Park, Millennium Park, Spectacle Island,
Harborside Golf Center, Phoenix Golf Links, Regional Sports Parks, Earl M. Johnson
Memorial Park Metropolitan Golf Park, Sutters' Landing Park and Mount Trashmore en
Estados Unidos, Vall d'en Joan park en España, Ireland Giant Park, Normannenstrabe
Park en Alemania, el San Giuliano Park en Italia, y el Parque Nancuiping and Qiaoyuan en
China.
Además de un análisis cuantitativo y descriptivo basado en criterios de sustentabilidad y
sistemas de evaluación y certificación actual, como LEED Neighborhood Development y
BREEAM Communities para los barrios que incorporan criterios de regeneración urbana,
pero llevado al caso específico de la recuperación de suelos contaminados por los
parques urbanos.
En este análisis, se identificaron las fortalezas y debilidades de estos proyectos urbanos y
sistemas de evaluación y certificación, para establecer una propuesta de criterios para el
diseño urbano y arquitectónico de parques. Con esto se concluye en 7 criterios de
intervención, con un total de 24 estrategias de diseño. Estos fueron aplicados a través de
un caso de estudio: el diseño de un parque urbano en el vertedero Playa Negra en Coronel
Chile.
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3. CASO DE ESTUDIO
Con la mirada en Chile, es posible determinar la incidencia del mercado en el desarrollo de
sus ciudades. La implementación de políticas neoliberales ha sido constante y consolidada
sistemáticamente por el metabolismo del país durante los últimos años.
Desde 1979, con el Decreto Supremo 420, la liberalización de los usos de suelo se
materializa, haciendo del territorio una mercancía transable. Esta decisión, con el retorno a
la democracia en 1990, tras la dictadura desde 1973 hasta 1989, no fue revocada, sino todo
lo contrario, ha sido parte fundamental de las políticas estatales para acceder a mejores
estándares de infraestructura funcional para el desarrollo de las ciudades. Con esto, la
liberalización de la ciudad y el surgimiento de grandes agentes y conglomerados
económicos han hecho que el estado se repliegue de su rol como productor de ciudad,
entregando a nuevos actores territoriales este rol. En las ciudades Chilenas esta situación se
evidencia con la constante implementación de equipamientos LULU y sus consecuentes
NIMBY. Un ejemplo icónico de ello es la comuna de Coronel.
Coronel se encuentra ubicada en el litoral costero de la zona centro-sur del país, en la
Región del Biobío, Provincia de Concepción, a 30 kilómetros al sur de la capital regional.
Posee una superficie de 279 km2. Su centro urbano está calificado en la denominación de
“ciudades intermedias”, ya que concentra más de 100.000 habitantes. Asimismo, Coronel no
es una ciudad aislada, forma parte de un sistema de 11 ciudades que conforman el
“Concepción Metropolitano”, la segunda conurbación más importante de Chile.
En la actualidad, la comuna se caracteriza por ser uno de los núcleos de desarrollo
económico-productivo más importantes a nivel nacional, consolidándose como una de las
ciudades emergentes con mayor dinamismo en materia portuaria, industrial, pesquera,
forestal, energética e inmobiliaria, lo que ha generado como consecuencia un explosivo
metabolismo urbano y con ello la acumulación de externalidades negativas propias de la
actividad productiva, reflejándose, por ejemplo en los fenómenos NIMBY contrarios al
desarrollo termoeléctrico dentro de la comuna desde el año 2006 hasta hoy (Azócar 2014).
Razón por la cual Coronel es una de las cuatro comunas Chilenas consideradas “Zona de
Sacrifico", por el PRAS, Programas de Recuperación Ambiental y Social del Ministerio del
Medio Ambiente, y oficialmente se encuentra dentro de las ciudades de la Provincia de
Concepción declaradas desde el año 2006 como “Zona Latente” por niveles de Material
Particulado Respirable MP10, y desde 2015 como “Zona Saturada” por MP2.5, debido a que
las concentraciones para estos contaminantes se encuentran sobre el 80% y sobre el 100%
del límite diario máximo permitido, respectivamente. (Review of argument for declaring
Gran Concepción cose to saturated in PM10, 2007).
Este contexto se desarrolló, debido a que una parte importante de las actuales industrias
instaladas en el territorio comunal lo hicieron cuando el país no contaba con normas
ambientales y de ordenamiento territorial eficientes, situación que paulatinamente tiende a
cambiar desde fines de la década de 1990 con la definición y aplicación de diversos
instrumentos regulatorios, como la Ley N° 19.300 de Bases Generales del Medio Ambiente
(1994), el Reglamento del Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental (1997), SEA, la actualización
del Plan Regulador Metropolitano de Concepción (2003) y el cambio del Plan Regulador de
Coronel (2011). Sin embargo, no existieron medidas ni regulaciones suficientes para
controlar el desempeño de la actividad productiva, y en específico las emisiones
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Frente a este escenario, durante los años 2010 a 2013 la empresa Stec Soluciones
Tecnológicas Ltda. Implementó un proyecto de captura de Biogás (metano), reduciendo
36.000 ton/año de CO2. Esta iniciativa se enmarcó dentro de la compra y venta de bonos de
carbono, que favoreció a la empresa EcoSecurities Ltd. originaria de Estados Unidos (Stec
Soluciones Tecnológicas Ltda, 2013).
Esta acción permitió mitigar las emisiones contaminantes a la atmósfera, resguardando la
calidad del aire de la comuna. Sin embargo, esta estrategia no permite mitigar los impactos
generados en la calidad del suelo y tampoco representa una alternativa que permita la
reinserción urbana del predio, por lo que resulta necesario desarrollar una propuesta de
regeneración urbana que aborde una mayor cantidad de impactos generados por la
disposición final de residuos, mitigando las externalidades negativas y dando nuevo uso a
los vestigios de esta actividad productiva.
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4. HIPÓTESIS
La hipótesis plantea que es posible definir estrategias específicas de diseño urbano
sostenible para una propuesta exitosa de regeneración urbana en terrenos contaminados
como el ex vertedero Playa Negra en Coronel, a partir del análisis y selección de
estrategias puntuales de parques urbanos construidos sobre antiguos vertederos, que
permitieron mitigar y compensar los impactos generados por esta actividad de manera
efectiva en los contextos en el cual se emplazan.
5. METODOLOGÍA
La metodología para esta propuesta surge de un análisis cualitativo a escala mundial de
parques construidos sobre antiguos vertederos, lo cual permitió definir parámetros y
estrategias exitosas que favorecen su regeneración urbana. Los parques analizados
corresponden a experiencias internacionales desarrolladas en Estados Unidos, España,
Irlanda, Alemania, Italia y China. Por otro lado se analizó la literatura nacional e
internacional a fin de obtener un panorama del estado del arte en métodos de
descontaminación de suelo contaminado y medidas de protección para asegurar un
adecuado sellado de vertedero y con ello concluir en estrategias de diseño para parques
urbanos construidos sobre suelos contaminados. Este análisis cualitativo y bibliográfico
dio como resultado un modelo que recoge estrategias tanto urbanas como arquitectónicas
específicas y definidas que responden de manera eficiente y sostenible frente a la
regeneración urbana de suelos contaminados por residuos de origen urbano y
domiciliario. Para este caso, se puntualiza en el caso de estudio correspondiente al terreno
utilizado por el ex vertedero Playa Negra.
6. PROPUESTA DE REGENERACIÓN URBANA
Experiencias internacionales propuestas para mitigar los impactos ambientales y urbanos
provocados por la disposición final de residuos, demuestran que en la mayoría de los
casos estos terrenos son transformados en parques urbanos y en un menor porcentaje
solo se sellan y se protegen a través de una capa vegetal superficial. Algunos casos
relevantes de remediación urbana son; Mabel Davis Park en Texas EE.UU., Mount
Trashmore en Virginia EE.UU, Parque Vall D’En Joan en Barcelona España, Mancuiping
Park en Tianjin China, o Qiaoyuan Park en Tianjin China (Catrón, 2013). En Chile, existen
dos casos de regeneración urbana de este tipo; el Parque André Jarlán en la comuna de
Pedro Aguirre Cerda; y el Parque La Cañamera en la comuna de Puente Alto. Ambos
ubicados en la Región Metropolitana. Si bien estas experiencias evidencian prácticas de
regeneración urbana como medida de mitigación frente a los impactos generados por la
disposición final de residuos, sus estrategias de diseño y construcción no siempre
conducen al desarrollo de un espacio público sostenible y de calidad. Esto, entre otras
cosas, debido a la ausencia de criterios de diseño urbano que permitan potenciar las
cualidades positivas y mitigar las cualidades negativas de este tipo de terreno.
El modelo propuesto en el presente trabajo, está compuesto por siete criterios de
intervención, presentados en la Tabla 1, y ellos se componen por veinticinco estrategias,
tanto técnicas como proyectuales, de origen urbano-arquitectónicas que responden a las
principales necesidades y problemáticas asociadas a la contaminación por acción de
residuos urbanos domiciliarios, las cuales se exponen en la Tabla 2.
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3.3
4.2
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7.1
7. CONCLUSIONES
A partir del estudio bibliográfico y análisis de los parques urbanos construidos en antiguos
vertederos en Estados Unidos, España, Irlanda, Alemania, Italia y China, es posible concluir
que la hipótesis propuesta se comprueba. Esto debido a la identificación y definición de
criterios de intervención específicos, compuestos por estrategias de diseño urbano y
arquitectónico aplicables a procesos de diseño transversales a parques urbanos
construidos sobre antiguos vertederos.
Estas estrategias se aplicaron a la escala del caso del vertedero de Playa Negra en Coronel.
Tras este ejercicio, se marcan dos directrices claras durante el proceso de aplicación de
estos criterios. Por un lado en aspectos de diseño las estrategias se definen o evidencian en
la sección transversal del diseño de los parques, otorgando luces sobre la necesidad de un
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REFERENCIAS
Azócar R. 2014. Desarrollo Urbano y Equidad Espacial. Localización y conflicto en la generación
energética termoeléctrica en Chile, el caso de Bocamina II. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Catrón, C. 2013. Diseño Urbano en la Gestión y Reinserción de Ex- Rellenos Sanitarios. Chile.
Friedman, J. 1988. Life Space and Economic Space, Essays in Third World Planning. UU.EE.
Horah, Jan y Scott, Heather. 1993. NIMBYs and LULUs. UU.EE.
Sabatini, F. 1997. Conflictos ambientales y desarrollo sostenible de las regiones urbanas. El
Salvador.
SINIA. 2007. Review of argument for declaring Gran Concepción close to saturated in PM10. Chile.
Stec Technology Solutions Ltd. 2013. Carbon Credits Landfill Coronel. Coronel: Chile
Vasquez A., Salgado M., 2009. Desigualdades socioeconómicas y distribución inequitativa de los
riesgos ambientales en las comunas de Peñalolen y San Pedro de la Paz. Chile
Winchester, L. 2008. La dimensión económica de la pobreza y precariedad urbana en las
ciudades Latinoamericanas. Implicaciones para las políticas del hábitat. Chile
Winchester, Lucy 2008. Desafíos para el desarrollo sostenible de las ciudades en América Latina y
el Caribe. Revista Eure Vol. XXXII, N°96, pp. 7-25. Chile.
1172
Project guidelines for construction of biodigesters in poor
communities in Brasil
Viviany Nogueira
University of Pernambuco, Department of Civil Engineering, Recife (PE), Brazil
vivianynogueira@gmail.com
Emilia Kohlman-Rabbani
University of Pernambuco, Department of Civil Engineering, Recife (PE), Brazil
emilia.rabbani@upe.br
Sergio Peres
University of Pernambuco, Department of Biofuels and Energy , Recife (PE), Brazil
sergperes@gmail.com
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1. INTRODUCTION
In large Brazilian cities, innumerable informal dwellings, also known as needy
communities, lack basic sanitation, safety, transportation, decent housing, and the means
to enable the development of infrastructure that could improve the quality of life for the
population. According to Fantinatti et al. (2015), informal dwellings arise spontaneously,
as in the cases of invasions or irregular settlement in difficult-to-access areas that are
established because of proximity to work or availability of open land. Faced with this
problem, the need to apply engineering knowledge in support of low-income communities
with projects that bring sanitation, leisure, education, sustainable housing, and generation
of energy to the population becomes evident.
In Brazil, basic sanitation is defined by Law 11.445/2007 as the set of services,
infrastructure, and operational installations for drinking water supply, sewage, street
cleaning, solid waste management, floodwater management, and urban drainage.
According to etymology, sanitation is the act or effect of sanitizing, disinfecting,
deodorizing; it refers to the application of measures to improve hygienic conditions of a
place or region, especially drainage, making it suitable for habitation and bringing
improvements to health. (Weiszflog, 2016).
Therefore, sanitation implies a determining factor and condition for public health, and
must be regarded as of interest to social policy for the protection of the population.
According to Embrapa (2010), 75% of hospital admissions in Brazil are associated with
the lack of basic sanitation, often related to informal housing combined with the absence
of three basic services: running water in at least one room, sewage network or septic tank,
and trash collection. (Observatório das Metrópolis, 2010)
Faced with these sanitation problems, the objective of this article is to bring alternatives
through project guidelines and a proposed layout for biodigesters, considering economic
viability and ease of installation and maintenance, that can be used to channel sewage and
solid waste in needy communities, improving the local basic sanitation and public health,
as well as contributing to the improvement of sewage spilled into bodies of water.
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2. METHODOLOGY
Initially, a literature review was conducted on the political-administrative distribution,
neighborhoods, and ZEIS, as well as the sanitation infrastructure of the city of Recife.
Subsequently, a descriptive Field study was conducted through photographic registry and
informal interviews with community leaders in the ZEIS of Borborema, Vila
Arraes,andCarangueijoTabaireswith the goal of identifying, mapping, and observing the
flow of sewage and the disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), discovering the locations
of open areas for installation of biodigesters, tracing the socio-economic profile of
residents, and estimating the electrical current necessary to supply homes, residents
associations, or community centers open to all local residents.
Using the ESIG program, Geographic Information of Recife (Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife,
2016b), it was possible to visualize the proximity of the communities visited to bodies of
water, and to map rivers, drainage canals, lakes, basins, and the sea, as well as to store
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Figure 1. Location of inadequate waste and sewage treatment in the visited ZEIS. Source: Created by
the author based on ESIG and photographic records.
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According to the informal interviews with local residents during the exploratory visits,
respiratory illnesses, meningitis, leptospirosis, hemorrhagic dengue, chikungunya, zika,
and scorpion bites have been reported and have been the cause of death for many children
in the poorest communities due to the unsanitary conditions to which they are subjected.
Figure 2. Guidelines for Project Preparation. Source: Created by the author based on Fortlev, 2016;
Fantinatti et al., 2015; Creder, 2006.
Table 1 shows the local legislation, resolutions, and technical standards relevant to the
creation of a proposed biodigester layout for needy areas in the city of Recife. Some of the
topics considered in the references, while relevant, did not generate guidelines because
they are practices and values already deeply ingrained in the culture of the technical
manuals of the researched biodigesters.
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Based on the legislation applicable to biodigesters and the exploratory analysis in the field,
the Total Waste (RT) value was calculated in accordance with Equation (1), considering
the value of Organic Waste (RO) produced per person/day added to the waste water (NA)
generated per person/day.
The RO value (0.9924 kg/person/day) was calculated from the Pernambuco Solid Waste
State Plan (SMAS & ITEP, 2012), which considers a percentage of 63% of gravimetric
composition for organic waste produced daily from the total daily amount of waste
produced per resident of the city Recife, estimated as 1.58 kg/person/day. For toilet waste
water (AN), the value of 0.1 kg feces+urine/person/day was considered, according to NBR
7229/1993. The total waste feeding into the biodigester daily can be calculated by the
expression below:
RT Pop. * [(RO (kg/person/day) + AN (kg/person/day))] (1)
The dimensions of the system were calculated according to NBR 7229/1997, providing a
diameter for cylindrical tanks of 2.20 m, minimum internal width of 1.85m, length/width
ratio (min. 2:1, max. 4:1)and using equation (2) below, the usable volume (V) in liters for
the biodigester can be calculated, corresponding to the sum of the volumes destined to
digestion, decantation, and storage of the spume);
V = 1000 + N(C x T + K x Lf) (2)
where V= usable volume, in liters; N = number of people or contribution units (cannot be
less than 5 people); C= sewage contribution, in liters/person. T = Detention time, in days;
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To create the Urban Biodigester prototype (Figure 3),materials available in the market
were considered and a family made up of five (5) residents was contemplated. The
prototype will use a 5000 L fiberglass box (to fit the estimated waste according to
Equation 2); 3.40 m2 of PVC canvas, shown in Figure 3 and indicated by the letter (a); 100
mm PVC pipes shown by the letter (b) to transmit waste water (AN), for the output of
biofertilizer (c), and for receiving organic wastes (d). To operate the biodigester, a slope
of 5% should be used for the waste water pipes. For the biogas output, the installation of a
4” Spin pipe connection is suggested, as well as a gas filter (g) and a meter to measure the
biogas output (h).
A commercially available inspection/interconnection box must be installed and adapted
with an interior grid having a minimum diameter of 30 cm (Tigre, 2016), illustrated by the
letter (f) in Figure 3, before the input pipes to the biodigester in order to hold accidental
discards of non-biodegradable material in the toilet, such as wipes and plastic packaging
that can clog the system (Fortlev, 2016).
Figure 3. Proposal for prototype urban biodigester to be utilized in needy areas of Recife.
For the digester operation phase, operational guidelines should be structured and
presented by various means of communication, helping to educate the target population
on proper use of the system. They should also consider the protection of users during the
manipulation of organic wastes (grass, feces from pets, chickens, pigs, biomass in general)
e during the maintenance of the inspection/interconnection box. As biogas is subject to
high pressure can be extremely inflammable, because of its proximity to residences, it is
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also necessary to prepare an evacuation plan for the area and contingency measures in
situations of hazard and emergency. Also, CONAMA Resolutions no. 375/2006 and
no.430/2011 should be used in order to neutralize the sludge and evaluate the effluent
generated.
This system is expected to generate ½ bottle of LPG/month and 20 L of
biofertilizer/month, considering that the first withdrawal during the production period
should occur after approximately 30 days have passed.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Large Brazilian cities, just like cities in other developing countries, have suffered because
of the close link between lack of efficient public policies, unequal income distribution,
disorderly settlement, and environmental degradation, which threatenthe preservation of
remaining natural areas located in protected areas and compromise the quality of life of
the general population, and especially that of excluded communities.
The guidelines proposed here should be analyzed as a set of ideas that will need to
constantly evolve, in order to overcome problems such as the sanitation crisis that
humanity lives in. The projects must be integrated and multidisciplinary in order to
develop biodigester profiles that are suitable for the urban environment where they will
be located. The most appropriate solution is that with lowest cost that meets the criteria
for safety and efficiency in sewage treatment, taken into account local limitations, the so-
called “social technologies” (low cost products, techniques, and equipment that can be
replicated at any location throughout the country).
The implantation of urban biodigesters is consistent with Law 11.445/2007,contributing
to the management of sewage and solid wastes, by using them as fuel for the biodigester
itself. It is believed that, once implemented and properly maintained, biodigesters can help
improve the quality of water in cities, avoiding contamination of water bodies,
ameliorating the effects of flooding, and reducing the proliferation of the viruses
responsible for zika, chikungunya, and dengue, as well as generate biogas from solid
wastes, which is currently a problem for city managers responsible for basic local
sanitation.
REFERENCES
Balmant W. 2009. Concepção, construção e operação de um Biodigestor e modelagem matemática da
biodigestão anaeróbica. Dissertação de Pós-graduação em Engenharia eCiência dos Materiais – PIPE
da Universidade Federal do Paraná.
Brasil.1993. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. Projeto, construção e operação de sistemas de
tanques sépticos: NBR 7229/93. Rio de Janeiro, September 1993.
Brasil. 2007. Lei 11. 445 de 5 de Janeiro de 2007. Estabelece diretrizes nacionais para o saneamente
básico. Available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2007/lei/l11445.htm.
Accessed on: 14 May 2016.
Creder, H. 2006. Instalações hidráulicas e sanitárias. 6 ed. Rio de Janeiro: LTC – Livros Técnicos e
Científicos Editora.
Fantinatti et al. 2015. Indicadores de sustentabilidade em engenharia:como desenvolver. Rio de
Janeiro: Elsevier, 2015.
Fonseca et al. 2014. Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social e Meio Ambiente: O caso de Brasília
Teimosa. In: V Congresso Brasileiro de Gestão Ambiental. Belo Horizonte, 24-27 novembro 2014.
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“GREEN PORTS” and the port of santos
ABSTRACT: This article aims to analyze environmental aspects of the Port of Santos, the
largest in Brazil, based on the concepts of the "Green Ports" police, the indexes defined in
the "AQUA-Port" certification, developed by the Vanzolini Foundation in partnership with
the Innovation Center for Logistics and Port Infrastructure (CILIP), from the University of
São Paulo, USP; and the Environmental Development Index - IDA, created by the National
Agency of Waterway Transportation - ANTAQ. For this it was made a literature review,
which also included studies made by the Port Authority of Santos - CODESP; international
benchmarking considering best practices in international ports in relation to
environmental management. The research was supplemented by interviews with the
managers of the environmental sector of the Port of Santos. From the study it was possible
to identify current deficiencies in the environmental management of the Port of Santos,
ongoing initiatives and alternatives to the adequacy of this port complex aiming
sustainable development, following international tendencies. This research was made as a
partial requirement for obtaining the title of Civil Engineering at the Faculty of Science and
Technology from the University Santa Cecilia, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
Keywords Green Port, Sustainability, Port of Santos.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Environmental issues have been discussed for a long time, and the environmental crisis,
which was already evident in the 1960s, has worsened over the following decades, due to
a series of disasters and environmental imbalances, going to be a major concern countries
and the international scientific community, leading them to new research and studies in
order to address the issue in world level. Thus, it is understood that environment is the
mainstay of life.
This concept must be present in a variety of practices, including in port activities,
classified as highly polluting and should be accompanied by activities that seek preventive
initiatives to combat emissions of harmful gases generated and other potential
environmental degradations. In Brazil, these aspects are provided for in the licensing
process provided for in the Constitution and in the 6.938 Act of August 31, 1981.
In this context, the criteria established in the guidelines of the "Green Port" initiative will
meet the world yearning, as regards the sustainable development of clean processes, not
harmful to the ecosystem.
In practice, environmental management includes routines and administrative operations,
as well as clearly defined programs aimed at environmental protection, health, safety of
workers and users, and the community in general. According to Porto & Teixeira (2002)
"[…] There is much to be done to incorporate environmental vision in day-to-day port.",
Leading to understand that, even considering the importance and scope of the initiatives
in question, and the realization of such concepts as a competitive differentiator in the
various economic sectors, it is necessary to advance in the field of environmental
management, in relation to the Brazilian port system.
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port area limits, monitor port operations, ensuring that services take place regularly,
efficiency, safety and respect for the environment;
2007 - Law No. 11.518 created the Department of Ports of the Presidency of Republic -
SEP/PR whose powers and competence consists in the formulation of policies and
guidelines for the development of the sector, in addition to implementing measures,
programs and projects supporting the development of port;
2008 - Decree No. 6620 established policies and guidelines that pointed to the
development and promotion of the ports and port terminals sector, regulating the
granting thereof, the lease and authorization of maritime port facilities upon prior
guarantee sustainable means of these facilities; and
2013 - Law No. 12815, known as the New Brazilian Ports Law, regulated by Decree No.
8033/13 provides that the exploitation of organized ports and port facilities may be
made directly or indirectly by the Union, suppressing the deliberative character of the
local Councils.
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Another great legal importance instrument in the evolution of environmental issues in the
world is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA/RIMA), whose goal is to bring
prevention and precaution of environmental damage, administrative transparency about
the environmental effects of public and private enterprises, consultation stakeholders and
management decisions. This instrument has to be used preventatively for approval of
industrial zones and any potentially polluting activity and harmful to the environment.
In the port sector, it was from this idea of prevention and precaution to negative
environmental impacts, on October 31, 1996, the Infrastructure Policy Board, chaired by
the Civil House of the Presidency of the Republic approved the Government Action Plan
Sub Port sector (PAG), prepared by the Executive Group for Modernization of Ports -
GEMPO, basic document of the second phase of the Port Modernization Program (PIMOP).
This action initiated the implementation of the Port Environmental Agenda, bringing "... an
activity of the commitments of phase with the environmental management of seaports and
is composed of a series of actions to modify and implement a profile of activity, adapting it
guidelines for environmental preservation"(Geiport 2001).
In addition to these instruments currently in Brazil, the main obligations to be met by port
managers are obtaining operating licenses; dredging licensing; environmental
management facility; individual emergency plan; plan for solid waste management;
environmental audit; risk management program; emergency management plan and
environmental risk prevention program; and control and environmental monitoring.
ANTAQ, in fulfilling its legal duties in the environmental context, through its
Environmental Management, created the Integrated Environmental Management – SIGA
(ANTAQ 2), for the compliance with the law and the adoption of good practices in ports.
From the reviews of SIGA, the Resolution No. 2.650/2012 created the Environmental
Performance Index – IDA (ANTAQ 3), adopted as a "tool for monitoring and control of
environmental management at port facilities", that allows to quantify and simplify
information to facilitate the understanding of the public and decision makers about the
port environmental issues; and has the following structure, comprised of four categories:
The categories that make up the structure of IDA has 38 (thirty eight) indicators, of which
14 (fourteen) global, using the AHP - Analytic Hierarchy Process.
The Economic-operating category: "[...] deals with the actions of the organization,
structuring and responsiveness, dedicated to environmental management, in accordance
with its port operations. It has a set of 7 global indicators and 24 specific indicators.
The Socio-cultural category evaluates methods and social actions inserted in the
environmental logic, "understood and treated as an integrated process, in which all
aspects of environmental quality are considered," among them: health and sanitation
issues, including environmental education the dissemination of good environmental
practices and health contingencies, such as occupational health, collection and disposal of
waste from vessels, containment of possible pandemics, etc.
The Physical-chemical category consists of indicators related to management actions of
the possible types of pollution resulting from port activities.
Finally, the Bio-ecological category, which considers indicators that evaluate the issues
more directly related to organisms in the port areas.
A report published by ANTAQ from data collected in the second half of 2015 shows, in the
Figure 1, some results on management of Brazilian organized ports, based on IDA.
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The Port of Santos appears in 10th place. However, this index does not consider some
variables that can be influential, such as history of expansion, port-city relationship,
importance in the national economic context, annual handling cargo, type of cargo,
management structure, etc. For example: The Port of Santos, the largest public port of
Brazil handles the sum of the ports that occupy the 2nd to 5th place. Among the 10 best-
ranked, only the ports of Angra dos Reis, Fortaleza and Santos are administered directly by
the Federal Government with centralized decisions in the Secretariat of the Ministry of
Transport Ports. Angra and Fortaleza are small ports. The other ports are delegates to
states and municipalities, with local management, more agile and flexible.
ANTAQ received feedback on the part of environmental managers of the 29 public ports
evaluated in the IDA, by applying a questionnaire, which some relevant answers below:
Question 5: Is the composition of IDA indicators adequate? Answer: 36.4% had doubts and
9.1% disagreed.
Question 6: Is the distribution of weight assigned to each IDA indicator appropriate today?
Answer: 41% disagree.
Question 7: In the case of the existence of indicators score below desired that port
currently, what internal and external factors are preventing the improvement? Answer:
Most frequent Topics:
Lack of investments;
Lack of proper / qualified personnel;
Lack of coordination between actors;
Lack of power of action; and
Lack of environmental awareness.
The centralization of the national port system decisions in Brasilia, on the basis of Law No.
12815/2013 explains, in large part, this perception.
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logistics and industrial parks among other projects received this certification. The AQUA-
Portos Certification is a derivation of certification AQUA, with specific application to the
port activity based on environmental licensing criteria, best practices and best practices.
This certificate aims to reduce the impacts of various activities of the branches of
construction and port operation, following environmental parameters of development of
local communities, health and safety of the operations are intended. The certification
stages include pre-design, design, implementation and operation.
The reference of this AQUA-Portos Certification includes requirements of a Port
Management System (SGP) criteria and indicators of environmental performance and
quality of life for assessing these buildings.
Environmental Quality Performance indicators for Port Facilities (QAIP) consider 15
categories divided into three themes: social and economic life, quality of life and
environment, assessing until 342 items according the specific project, evaluating the
harbor and its surroundings, the property security, construction site, waste, natural
environments and ecosystems.
In these 15 categories are required the demonstration and proof of these items from the
early stages of planning and design, to see what were the environmental measures taken
to ensure there is no impact on the fishing activity, the quality of air and water; and that
environmental impacts are minimized, such as noise and vibration, among other.
As previously mentioned, the ANTAQ index IDA considers only aspects of environmental
licensing. Already Certification AQUA-Portos goes beyond assessing the stage of the
environmental initiatives of the ports qualifying them with good and best practices.
The AQUA-Portos criteria to be met by port project are:
Base (B): - ENVIRONMENTAL LICENCE - Minimum performance acceptable to a High
Environmental Quality company. This should correspond to rules that require enough
performance of a company, or in the absence of that, the current practice.
Good practice (GB): It means that the port will improve its environmental project
obtained the environmental license.
Best practice (BP): Level calibrated in line with the best practices that can be adopted
in the High Environmental Quality projects. Considers the reality of Brazilian ports.
The Table 1 (Pereira 2015) shows an example of evaluation by de AQUA-Portos criteria
(Port of Itaoca, a new port offshore in Espírito Santo State, the first certificated by AQUA-
Portos in Brazil, in 2015).
Table 1. Port of Itaoca – AQUA-Portos evaluation.
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This system allows evaluating the level of effort associated with each category. This shows
that there are categories that are naturally more difficult to control, as well as being
monitored by the port (Pereira 2015):
Great effort for the port to consider aspects of the project: (Air quality, climate change,
energy and health).
Greater effort to consider the port operational aspects: (comfort, health and energy).
The Vanzolini Foundation now seeks to extend this sustainability certification for other
ports and port facilities, thus contributing to the sustainable development of this
important sector in Brazil.
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6. RESULTS
CODESP argued that does not agree with some criteria and indicators adopted in IDA
methodology.
One of the shortcomings with regard to the adoption of good and best practices in the Port
of Santos activities stems from the lack of investment and government initiatives when it
comes to infrastructure necessary for the implementation of sustainable processes and
technologies. The centralization of strategic decisions of the Brazilian port system in
Brasilia is one of the factors that hinder this process.
There are several programs and practices that could be implemented to minimize the
negative impacts of activities. One is the land-based electric power supply for ships,
eliminating the need for engine operation during the mooring period. This procedure
would allow the reduction of emissions, vibration and noise that affect the health of both
people working in port activities, as the residents of urban areas nearly. There are studies
predicting the use of electricity using natural gas, however, nothing effective. The same
goes for the use of alternative or renewable energy.
Another structural deficiency of the Port of Santos is the transport matrix in Brazil, which
just uses railways and waterways for the transportation of their cargo. In 2015, for
example, only 25% of cargo handling at the Port of Santos was taken by railways.
Perhaps the best example of initiative in the sustainability of the Port of Santos has been
the implementation of the Brazil Port Terminal (BTP). The area leased to entrepreneurs
was the old "dump" of CODESP, the largest environmental liabilities of the port, where
over the years have been deposited thousands of tons of various types of chemical
residues. The entrepreneur took the decontamination of soil, which resulted in the
removal and treatment of approximately 730,000 tons of contaminated soil at depths of up
to 15 m. The terminal, one of the most modern in the Port of Santos, was opened in 2013
and today is one of the country's leading container operators, considered world class.
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So, initiatives are being taken, however, still lack a systemic character, awareness and
increased local participation in defining strategies and decision making. Nor can it be
forgotten that the port is a part of the logistics chain. Thus, some solutions rely on other
entities of the process.
7. CONCLUSION
The Port of Santos has the potential to maintain its important role in the economy, and
tends to maintain its status as the main port complex in the country. However, this
requires planning, investment and continuous improvement of processes and systems that
combine productivity, growth and competitiveness, taking into account the three pillars of
sustainability: economic, social and environmental.
According Pereira (2015), the ANTAQ – IDA is a good initiative, but it is restricted to the
formal environmental licensing limits without necessarily foster good and best practice in
the port sector. According the same author, the development of criteria for analyzing the
demands of the port environment is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Criteria for analyzing the demands of the port.
Considering that Brazilian port characteristics are very different compared to European
ports, Pereira (2015) considers that it is possible to introduce new criteria to be assessed
in certified ports in Brazil. Confirming this conclusion Table 3 shows the ten priorities of
European Sea Ports Organization - ESPO (GreenPort 2016).
Table 3. European Sea Ports Organization – Ten priorities.
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Energy consumption linked to the correlation between energy consumption, the carbon
footprint and climate change; noise and relationships with the local community are all
gaining importance in that list. The Port of Santos has shortcomings in addressing these
issues in addition to its significant environmental liabilities. Dust, unpleasant odors and
the presence of animal disease vectors remains a serious problem in solid bulk operations
near urban areas.
However, it is still necessary to improve system management, both locally and nationally.
After all, in a country of continental size like Brazil, it makes no sense to centralize the
management of the Federal Government. The larger and more efficient ports worldwide
show that regionalization is the most appropriate model. And management should be
highly technical, based on results and committed to the economic, environmental and
social sustainability.
In Brazil, especially in a state like São Paulo, the most developed in the country, with
booming agriculture and industry, the participation of states, municipalities and the
private sector is necessary in order to reconcile interests and goals. In this sense, the Law
No. 12815/2013, which removed the deliberative character of the Port Authority Councils,
was a step backwards in relation to the Law No. 8630/1993.
Finally, it is essential that all stakeholders understand that the three pillars of
sustainability: economic, environmental and social have similar importance and cannot be
treated independently or radically, or seen only as a cost, but an investment in the future.
REFERENCES
ANTAQ 1 (Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários). Meio Ambiente – Gestão Ambiental.
http://www.antaq.gov.br/portal/MeioAmbiente_GestaoAmbiental.asp. Brasília: ANTAQ.
ANTAQ 2 (Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários). O Sistema Integrado de Gestão Ambiental
Portuária - SIGA. http://www.antaq.gov.br/portal/MeioAmbiente_SIGA.asp. Brasília: ANTAQ.
ANTAQ 3 (Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários). O Índice de Desempenho Ambiental –
IDA. http://www.antaq.gov.br/portal/MeioAmbiente_IDA.asp. Brasília: ANTAQ.
ANTAQ 4 (Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários). Notas IDA 2º Semestre 2015.
http://www.antaq.gov.br/portal/pdf/IDA/2015/Ranking_IDA_2_2015.pdf. Brasília: ANTAQ.
Asmus, M. L.; Kitzmann, D. I. & Laydner, C. 2005. Gestão costeira no Brasil: estado atual e
perspectivas. In Encuentro regional cooperación en el espacio costero. Montevideo, 2004.
Carrieri, A.P. & al. 2002. Sistema de Gestão Ambiental: construção, fatores e atores. Revista de
Gestão e Planejamento. Ano 3. No. 6: 71-86. Salvador: Unifacs.
CIRM (Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar) 1998. Agenda ambiental portuária.
Brasília: Cirm, Gi-gerco e Subgrupo Agenda Ambiental Portuária.
Cunha, I.A. & al. 2014. Agenda Ambiental Portuária do Porto de Santos. Santos: Leopoldianum.
Geiport 2001. A Reforma Portuária. Brasília: MT.
Green port, 2015. About Us. www.greenport.com/aboutus. Hampshire: Mercator.
Green port, 2016. ESPO priorities for ports. www.greenport.com/news101/europe/top-
environmental-priorities-for-ports. Hampshire: Mercator.
Guo, Z. 2015. Um dos desafios na relação porto-cidade é o desenvolvimento sustentável de ambos. 4
October 2015: C-5. Santos: A Tribuna.
Pereira, N. N. 2015. “Green Ports” (portos verdes): Conceitos e Certificação para Projetos e
Operação no Brasil.
http://www.antaq.gov.br/portal/pdf/Palestras/2015/2015_Ciclo_de_Palestras/Newton_Pereira_U
SP_Green_Ports_Conceitos_Certificacao_para_Projetos_Operacao_Brasil.pdf. Brasília: ANTAQ.
Port of Long Beach, 2016. www.polb.com. Long Beach: Port of Long Beach.
Porto, M.M. & Teixeira, S.G. 2002. Portos e meio ambiente. São Paulo: Aduaneiras.
PORTOGENTE 2016. Porto de Cingapura. http://portogente.com.br/portopedia/73179-porto-de-
cingapura. Santos: Portogente.
PORTOGENTE, Porto de Rotterdam, 2016. https://portogente.com.br/portopedia/73392-porto-de-
rotterdam-informacoes-principais. Santos: Portogente.
1192
Occupancy patterns and building performance.
Developing occupancy patterns for Portuguese
residential buildings
Ricardo Mateus
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
ricardomateus@civil.uminho.pt
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
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1. INTRODUCTION
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important inputs to various types of simulations (Wang et al., 2005) (Widén and
Wäckelgård, 2010) (Azar and Menassa, 2012) (Clevenger et al., 2014) (Aerts et al., 2014)
(López-Rodríguez et al., 2013).
Occupancy patterns are normally displayed in graphs in which the probability of use of the
buildings or compartment (occupancy factor: value between 0 and 1) is presented for the
duration of one day. The meaning of an occupancy factor of 1 in a given time interval is
that the building is always occupied during that interval, while 0 means that the building is
always empty.
In most cases, building occupancy patterns are developed for representative occupancy
days, but occupancy profiles should consider different patterns for weekends, holidays or
empty periods (Motuziene and Vilutiene, 2013). Occupancy patterns can be divided in two
main types regarding the depth of the analysis: one considering the occupation of the
buildings as a whole, and other considering the occupation of single compartments.
Furthermore, regarding the origin of the data, occupancy patterns can be divided between
those using average occupancy data from Time Use Surveys (TUS) and those using real
data obtained by monitoring. So far, little work has been done to evaluate the sensitivity of
these patterns (Davis Iii and Nutter, 2010) but there has been an increase in research in
this area in recent years (Duarte et al., 2013).
One problem related with many works regarding occupancy patterns is that they are
focused in energy consumption (Oldewurtel et al., 2013). As an example, Richardson et al.
developed occupancy patterns for residential buildings in the United Kingdom, using the
TUS approach (Richardson et al., 2008), considering values close to zero during the night
because although the building is occupied occupants do not spend electricity in this
period. In these cases, the occupancy profiles show the overall probability of individuals
being at home and active. This type of occupancy patterns is not useful to quantify
occupancy regarding the buildings use efficiency.
Nevertheless, other types of models consider occupation during the night instead of
activity. For example, Aerts et all (Aerts et al., 2014) developed a probability model based
in Belgian TUS that considers occupancy in three possible states: (1) at home and awake,
(2) sleeping or (3) absent (Figure 1a). Figure 1b shows a more detailed pattern in which
the focus is on the occupants activities (Motuziene and Vilutiene, 2013). This type of
occupancy patterns can be helpful to analyse buildings impact on land use. Nevertheless,
these patterns can only be used to quantify occupancy considering the building as a whole,
since the extrapolation from the activities to the occupancy time of the individual
compartments may be subject to bad assumptions and errors.
In typical occupancy patterns of residential buildings, it is verified that people get up in the
morning, leaving the house shortly afterwards (values close to zero in the morning),
possibly returning for lunch (small peak) and then returning for the evening (values close
to 1 during the end of the day and night) (Richardson et al., 2008). Davis and Nutter (Davis
Iii and Nutter, 2010) developed occupancy profiles by direct observation and using
sensors in North American university buildings (Davis Iii and Nutter, 2010). Analysing the
average occupancy patterns for some types of buildings, it is possible to conclude that
residential buildings are often empty during a great part of the day while office buildings,
schools and others are often occupied during the day and empty during the night. This
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shows the importance of analysing occupancy patterns in order to increase land use
efficiency by correctly planning building occupancy.
a) b)
Figure 1. a) Occupancy model that consider building occupation (Aerts et al., 2014); b) Occupancy
model that consider detailed activities (Motuziene and Vilutiene, 2013)
There are also occupancy patterns analysing the occupation of single compartments.
These are scarcer, typically resulting from monitoring and generally intended for the
determination of illumination alignments and for the calculation of internal thermal loads
in accurate thermo-dynamic simulations. As an example, Figure 2a shows a low resolution
occupancy pattern for compartments of a Spanish house (Motuziene and Vilutiene, 2013)
and Figure 2b shows a high resolution occupancy pattern for a large commercial, multi-
tenant office building in the USA (Duarte et al., 2013).
a) b)
Figure 2. occupancy patterns considering individual compartments for a) a Spanish house
(Motuziene and Vilutiene, 2013) and b) an office building in USA (Duarte et al., 2013).
In the work of Duarte (Duarte et al., 2013), surprisingly there were stable high values for
occupancy probability of common areas such as lobbies, bathrooms, open office areas,
break rooms, hallways, workrooms, and stairwells. This phenomenon was explained in
part by the fact that the sensors detected movement by just one person and these spaces
have considerable frequent activity during the day (Duarte et al., 2013). This also means
that buildings with common areas may have increased efficiency of circulation areas.
Considering this gap in the literature and the absence of detailed occupancy patterns that
analyse the occupation of buildings and individual compartments, the objective of this
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2. METHODOLOGY
In order to develop detailed occupancy patterns for Portuguese residential buildings,
there is the need to gather data. For this, a questionnaire was developed and distributed
among Portuguese inhabitants. One issue of this method is that detailed information is
needed but it must not be hard to understand or fill and it must be fast in order to boost
responses and to provide valuable data. Considering this, a simple questionnaire was
developed with just 5 questions: 1 - Age; 2 - Gender; 3 – Portuguese region; 4 - Occupancy
profile in week days; 5- Occupancy profile in weekends and holidays. The first questions
were very fast and easy to answer, being the last 2 questions more challenging. The
strategy was to use a table that is quickly understandable and easy to fill (Table 1). The
questionnaire is available online at: https://form.jotformeu.com/51594295289369.
Participants were asked to fill the blank cells of each table with a percentage of use of each
compartment in each time interval (line). In order to validate responses, it was necessary
that each line totalizes 100%.
The questionnaire was distributed online by email and using social media. Because of this,
it is impossible to precise the number of persons reached by the questionnaire, but it is
estimated that the questionnaire reached a universe of 100 persons. 31 responses were
gathered, from which 1 was considered invalid. All the participants were from the Minho
and Douro Litoral regions of Portugal. Moreover, 73% of the participants were male and
27 were female; 3% were younger than 20 years old, 77% aged between 21 and 40 and
20% were older than 41 years old.
The data was analysed in order to produce occupancy profiles like the ones presented by
Aerts et al. (Aerts et al., 2014) and Motuziene and Vilutiene (Motuziene and Vilutiene,
2013). For that, an occupancy profile was produced by the average values of each valid
response to the questionnaire.
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100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
01h00 3h00 5h00 7h00 9h00 11h00 13h00 15h00 17h00 19h00 21h00 23h00 01h00
Room Living room Kitchen WC Other Outside home
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
01h00 3h00 5h00 7h00 9h00 11h00 13h00 15h00 17h00 19h00 21h00 23h00 01h00
Room Living room Kitchen WC Other Outside home
The results of this study, as expected, show that Portuguese residential buildings are often
unoccupied during the day, mainly in weekdays and occupied during the night. When
occupied, the compartment with more prevalent use is the room, followed by the living
room and kitchen. Rooms peak occupancy during the night, while living rooms have peak
occupancy during late afternoon and early night and kitchens peak occupancy during
lunch and dinner time. From the analysis of weekdays and weekends it is possible to
conclude that both kitchen and living rooms are more used during weekends and that
while normally occupancy is higher in the weekends, occupancy during the night is higher
when compared to weekdays. It is also possible to conclude that residents wake up later
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during weekends. Bathrooms and other compartments have minor occupation more or
less equally distributed along the day.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, it is argued that building occupancy is an important variable to consider in
the design of residential buildings and in the assessment of building performance. The
basic concept of this work is that increasing the occupancy of existing buildings, the need
for new buildings is reduced, improving the buildings impact on the environment. This
paper presents a methodology to the development of accurate occupancy profiles of
residential buildings detailed to the level of the compartment and based on
questionnaires. This method was tested and the preliminary results proved the method to
be simple and effective in the development of occupancy profiles for Portuguese
residential buildings both for weekdays and weekends. The results correspond to previous
expectations. It is believed that the fact that the questionnaire is easy to fill and takes only
5 minutes in average to answer allowed an increased response rate. Nevertheless, it is
necessary to perform additional studies to reach a higher and more representative
number of answers to the questionnaire.
REFERENCES
Aerts, D., Minnen, J., Glorieux, I., Wouters, I. & Descamps, F. 2014. A method for the identification and
modelling of realistic domestic occupancy sequences for building energy demand simulations and peer
comparison. Building and Environment, 75, 67-78.
Azar, E. & Menassa, C. 2012. Agent-Based Modeling of Occupants and Their Impact on Energy Use in
Commercial Buildings. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 26, 506-518.
Barbosa, J., Braganca, L. & Mateus, R. 2014a. New approach addressing sustainability in urban areas
using sustainable city models. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban
Development, 5, 299-307.
Barbosa, J., Bragança, L. & Mateus, R. 2014b. Assessment of Land Use Efficiency Using BSA Tools:
Development of a New Index. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 0, 04014020.
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Barbosa, J. A., Araújo, C., Mateus, R. & Bragança, L. 2016. Smart interior design of buildings and its
relationship to land use. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12, 97-106.
Clevenger, C., Haymaker, J. & Jalili, M. 2014. Demonstrating the Impact of the Occupant on Building
Performance. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 28, 99-102.
Davis III, J. A. & Nutter, D. W. 2010. Occupancy diversity factors for common university building
types. Energy and Buildings, 42, 1543-1551.
Duarte, C., Van Den Wymelenberg, K. & Rieger, C. 2013. Revealing occupancy patterns in an office
building through the use of occupancy sensor data. Energy and Buildings, 67, 587-595.
Halleux, J.-M., Marcinczak, S. & Van Der Krabben, E. 2012. The adaptive efficiency of land use
planning measured by the control of urban sprawl. The cases of the Netherlands, Belgium and
Poland. Land Use Policy, 29, 887-898.
Kavulya, G. & Becerik-Gerber, B. 2012. Understanding the Influence of Occupant Behavior on
Energy Consumption Patterns in Commercial Buildings. Computing in Civil Engineering (2012).
López-Rodríguez, M. A., Santiago, I., Trillo-Montero, D., Torriti, J. & Moreno-Munoz, A. 2013. Analysis
and modeling of active occupancy of the residential sector in Spain: An indicator of residential
electricity consumption. Energy Policy, 62, 742-751.
Motuziene, V. & Vilutiene, T. 2013. Modelling the Effect of the Domestic Occupancy Profiles on
Predicted Energy Demand of the Energy Efficient House. Procedia Engineering, 57, 798-807.
Oldewurtel, F., Sturzenegger, D. & Morari, M. 2013. Importance of occupancy information for
building climate control. Applied Energy, 101, 521-532.
Richardson, I., Thomson, M. & Infield, D. 2008. A high-resolution domestic building occupancy
model for energy demand simulations. Energy and Buildings, 40, 1560-1566.
Wang, D., Federspiel, C. C. & Rubinstein, F. 2005. Modeling occupancy in single person offices.
Energy and Buildings, 37, 121-126.
Widén, J. & Wäckelgård, E. 2010. A high-resolution stochastic model of domestic activity patterns
and electricity demand. Applied Energy, 87, 1880-1892.
1200
Green Roofs Storage of Rainwater Alternative Systems
ABSTRACT: The building roofs are elements that get the heat from the solar radiation. The
green roof can be an alternative to minimise the heat effect, in addition to providing other
benefits. The vegetation of the roof, as any others, needs care and water to grow. An
alternative solution could be the roof storage and retention of rainwater, with aim to
reduce the cost of irrigation became it sustainable. The objective of this study is evaluating
the green roof storage of rainwater system using reusable materials. The experiment
realised on the building roof at Pelotas University - Capão do Leão – Brazil- in the summer.
The green roofs have in common the layers components: waterproofing, drainage, topsoil
and grass, differing by with and without storage and retention water system. Two covers
were implemented: the first, with four cells, one without storage water system, as a
reference (1), and the others three with storage and retention water system consisting,
respectively, PET bottle (2), eggs plastic packaging (3) and sowing plate, as a material
alternative trade (4). Due to the straightening best presented by the cell (2), in the second
coverage they were only used pet bottle, with different heights. The vegetation of the
covers kept stable, while drying a little bit in dry periods. The green roof monitoring
shows that the system areas with more storage water volume, has better results in
qualitative and visual analysis, indicating that the green roof implementation with
rainwater storage devices could be a sustainable and lasting solution.
Keywords Green cover; garden terrace; ecologic roof; sustainability; rainwater storage
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1. INTRODUCTION
The edification’s roof is responsible for major heat absorption due to solar radiation.
According to Araújo (2007), the rooftop is the main element exposed to thermal exchange
between the building’s interior and exterior, since it suffers constantly with solar radiation
during the day, and loses heat at night and when it rains. Such thermal load is transmitted
to the inner spaces, affecting directly the energy consumption due to the use of artificial
air ventilation and the user’s thermal comfort (Naranjo et al., 2011). A sustainable solution
that can help reduce these effects on roofs is the use of green roofs.
It can be considered as a green roof every roof, plain or inclined, properly isolated and
with a draining system for excess pluvial water, that has on its structure a layer of soil or
substrate and another layer of vegetation. As reported by Morgado (1995), the green roof
is a area of vegetation over a waterproof substrate, at any level, separated from the ground
by an artificial structure.
They are classified, in relation to the adopted size, between extensive or intensive,
differing, mainly, by the used substrate and vegetation thickness (Correa & Gonzalez,
2002). According to Araújo (2007), green roofs can still be classified as accessible or
inaccessible, being the first an area open to people’s use, such as suspended gardens or
terraces, providing social benefits to its users as well as adding commercial value to the
building, while the inaccessible ones do not allow people circulation, which can be plain,
curve os with an inclination.
According to Disdale, Pearen and Wilson (2006), the hanging gardens of Babylon, built
around 600 b.C. , were the oldest and most famous form of green roofs. As reported by
Lopes (2007), although green roofs are an ancient technique, it is only now that they are
becoming more present in Brazil. Studies on the subject are also very new. In the last
decades green roofs started becoming a recurrent subject of studies in countries like
Germany, Australia, Mexico, Singapore and Japan. However, with the new ecological
conscience, concern about the environment well-being as well as the individuals' lifestyle,
a new tendency to encourage and give support to the deployment of new green rooftops
has emerged (Pouey, 1998).
In Brazil, there is no federal law imposing the implantation of green roofs, however,
according to the News Council, the Urban Development Board from the House of
Representatives approved the tax incentive to buildings that implement the new
technology in at least 65% of its roof coverage. The initiative is defined in the Bill 1703/11
(BRAZIL, 2011) and will still be analysed by the Constitution, Justice and Citizenship
Committee. Nonetheless, some Brazilian cities such as Recife has a municipal law
18.112/2015 (RECIFE, 2015), which states on Art. 1 that multi-family dwellings projects
with more than four pavements and not residential ones with more than 400m² of roof
area must contain green roofs. Just as Rio de Janeiro’s Legislative Assembly regulated by
law nº 6349/12, on Art. 1 that Executive Power is authorised to install the so called “green
roofs” on Rio’s public buildings, autarchies and foundations afterward the law enactment
(RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012).
The benefits associated to the use of this kind of technology, as stated by the
Internacional Roof Association - IGRA (IGRA, 2016), can be divided in “public benefits” and
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“private benefits”. The public ones take into consideration the fact that green roofs are the
natural habitat for fauna and flora, that it can retain rain water, decrease urban heat island
effects as well as reduce the suspension of dust and pollution. The private benefits are
associated to thermal and acoustic comfort provided, the contact with nature midst
urbanization and the creation of leisure areas. As reported by Mendonça (2015), the
implementation of green roofs is the solution for creating green spaces, taking into
account that every day cities suffer from green spaces losses, resulting in hot and polluted
urban microclimates.
D’elia (2009) also says that the green structures can help control the greenhouse effects,
improve air quality through photosynthesis, reduce rainwater flow to public streets and
mitigate heat pocket effects on metropolis.
The kind of vegetation on the roof is critical for its efficiency, since it is exposed to wind,
the weather and harmful substances, besides the fact that most of the time it receives no
care and relies only on rain water to develop itself. Therefore, it is worth to select robust
plants and install irrigation. Due to the elevated cost of both implantation and
maintenance of the irrigation system, the green roof becomes unviable. Now it has become
an option to install green roofs with rainwater storage, maintaining soil’s humidity,
important aspect for the vegetation’s development.
This research has the purpose of reporting two experiments using green roofs and
alternative rainwater storage methods. Experiment 1: With three devices made from
different materials. Experiment 2 was developed using the best results from the first
experiment.
2. METHODOLOGY
The green roof experiments were stablished at Campus Capão do Leão at Federal
University of Pelotas above the Engineering Centre’s Soil Mechanics laboratory roof slab.
It was used a visual criteria on both experiments, paying attention to the grass’ behaviour
over time with the different devices: (a) Survives and maintain its aspects; (b) drys; (c)
Recovers itself e becomes green again. This research has the purpose of evaluate the
importance of rainwater storage on green roofs and the differences between each method
used. This behaviour was registered photographically.
The water storage system is found below the geotextile mantle and layers of
substrate and vegetation, with no contact once or ever with the exterior, making it
impossible the proliferation of diseases through mosquitoes larvae.
2.1 Experiment 1
The experiment consisted on the construction of a green roof, with three different storage
devices between its layers and some without. Among the materials used two were
recycled, 2l PET bottles and plastic egg cartons. The third material is an alternative one -
commercial seedcases to grow plants - that even though has a cost, can easily be made
from polystyrene, helping with the thermal insulation.
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Superficially the green covering is the same, but underneath it was subdivided in four
equal areas of 1.2m x 2.0m each, also being separated by bricks, having the total
measurements of 5.8m x 2.4m, as shown on Figure 1.
These areas were called A1; A2; A3 and A4.
A1 - Pattern- with the following layers: Slab, waterproof mantle, geotextile mantle,
vegetable soil and “Catarina” grass (Fig. 2a);
In the following areas, the storage devices were placed between the waterproofed slab and
the geotextile mantle:
A2 – 2l PET bottle’s bottom, clipped together (Fig. 2b);
A3 – Plastic egg cartons, opened and wired together (Fig. 3a); and
A4 – juxtaposed seedcases (Fig. 3b).
The exceeding rainwater is removed from the green roof system and discarded onto
the drainage system.
Figure 1. Experiment 1 - Scheme showing the experimental areas and each different water
retaining mechanism.
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2.2 Experiment 2
This experiment was made taking into consideration the best results from experiment 1
and consisted of two observation areas, so called A5 and A6, identical cells, as shown at
Figure 4. Each cell has 2m², being 1m width, 2m length and 0.4m of depth.
Both had the same covering, consisting of the waterproofing of slab and wall; rainwater
storage device; geotextile; substrate composed of vegetable soil (80%) and organic
compounds (20%) dispersed on a 10cm layer; and “Bermuda Folha Larga” grass.
It was used 2l PET bottle’s bottom to make the water retaining device, with different
heights: 5cm at A5 and 20cm at A6, being this the only difference between the two
coverings. It was also created a drainage system to get rid of the residual rainwater. Figure
5a-c shows pictures of the assembly.
The experiment was made under critical circumstances, therefore, without irrigation,
relying only on rainwater, during the summer (January, February and March), when the
solar radiation is more intense.
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Waterproofing vegetation
geotextile
PET bottle 2l PET bottle 2l
h = 5 cm h = 20 cm substrate
(a) Cell A5 (b) Cell A6 (c) Final layers: substrate and vegetation
Figure 5a-c. Experiment 2 - Assembly stages (a) A5; (b) A6; (c) final layers
3. RESULTS
Following the methodology, the criterion was visual, made by observing the behaviour of
the grass, alongside with the measurement of the amount of water stored.
3.1 Experiment 1
The experiments allowed us to notice the tendency for the vegetation to grow stronger
over the PET bottoms, probably because of the capacity to store more water than the rest
of the devices. In every case the roots got through the geotextile blanket searching for
water and nutrients, as shown at Figure 6a-b, that also shows a view of the green roof
Figure 6c.
(c)
Figure 6a-c. Experiment 1 – Results (a) Area A4; (b) A3; and over view (c).
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3.2 Experiment 2
The Green roof installation was made in November/2014. The experiment was analysed in
summer. Table 1 shows the precipitation levels for the month of January, February and
March of 2015. January and February stood out respectively, of excess (96.5%) and
shortage (40.0%) of precipitation in relation to the normal value.
Figure 7a-b shows both cell A5 and A6 and the retained water on the day that followed an
accumulative precipitation of 24.2mm, indicating the efficiency of the proposal. It is also
clear that once again the roots went through the geotextile searching for water and
nutrients.
Table 1. Rainfall data regarding the studied months.
Maximum
Precipitation Number of days of
Precipitation Precipitation
accumulated precipitation
(24hours)
mm mm mm mm
Month/
Month Normal Month Normal Month Normal Month Normal
2015
(a) (b)
Figure 7a-b. Water retained at A5 (a) and A6 (b)
Figures 8a-b e 10a –b present an visual and qualitative evaluation of the vegetation in
areas A5 e A6, respectively on January and March 2015. Whilst Figures 9 and 11 show
charts indicating precipitation distribution as well as solar radiation at the stated months.
January showed a great amount of rain and higher solar radiation, thus providing a good
environment for the vegetation on both cases. February has a lower level of precipitation,
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while March had good results only at the end of the month, therefore, the grass dried on
both cells although A6 showed a slightly greener grass, as shown at Figure 8.
(a) (b)
Figure 8 a-b. Coverings A5 e A6 evaluation at January/2015 –(a) A5; (b) A6
60 700
Precipitation accumulated (mm)
500
40
400
30
300
20
200
10 100
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Days
The high levels of rainfall in March, helped the vegetation to recover from the wastage
suffered in February, although its appearance is not equal to that submitted in January.
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80 600
Precipitation accumulated(mm)
70
4. CONCLUSIONS
Experiment 2 showed better results for the proposed study, probably because the
researched areas were installed at bigger e more isolated cells. On experiment 1, the
common green area and its smaller dimensions did not show difference between them.
On experiment 2, considering the harshest period of summer, the vegetation continued
present but suffered from the lack of rainfall and showed a change of colour. After
monitoring the experiment it can be stated that the area A6, with storage device made
with PET bottle’s bottoms, presented the best results both on qualitative and visual
analysis.
The studies presented indicate that the green roofs assembled with PET rainwater storage
mechanisms are sustainable and durable. This study should continue on the following
seasons.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To Prof. Dr. Alfredo Luiz M. d’ Ávila, responsible for the Engineering Centre’s Soil
Mechanics Laboratory at UFPel.
REFERENCES
Araújo, S. The functions of Green Roofs in the Urban Environment, the Management and Water
Resources Planning. Dissertation. Forestry Institute. Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Rio
de Janeiro, 2007.
Brasil. Bills and other proposals. PL 1703 / 11. 2011 News camera. Accessed on 20 May 2016.
Online. Available in:
http://www.camara.gov.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=510512
Correa, C.B.; Gonzalez, F.J.N. The use of green roofs in the restoration of flat roofs. In: Research Center
in Architecture and Urbanism technology -NUTAU. São Paulo: University of São Paulo, 2002.
D'Elia, Renata. Green Roofs. Téchne. São Paulo: edition 148, 2009. Accessed on Sep 30, 2013. Online.
Available in: http://techne.pini.com.br/engenharia-civil/148/artigo287671-1.aspx
Disndale, S.; Pearen, B.; Wilson, C. Feasibility study for green roof application on queen’s university
campus. Kingston: Queen’s Physical Plant Services. 2006. p.58.
EMBRAPA. Agrometeorological of Pelotas (Capão do Leão). Agroclimatológico Newsletter. 2015.
Accessed on May 11, 2015. Online. Available in:
http://www.cpact.embrapa.br/agromet/estacao/boletim.php.
INGRA - International Green Roofs Association. Benefits of Green Roofs. Accessed on 16 May, 2016.
Online. Available in: http://www.igra-world.com/benefits/index.php
Krebs, L. F. Extensive living roofs : analysis of the use in projects in the metropolitan area of Porto
Alegre and the Serra Gaucha. 2004. Dissertation (Masters in Civil Engineering) – PPGEC. Federal
University of Rio Grande do Sul. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, 2004.
Lopes, D. A. R. Thermal Performance Evaluation of Green Light Covers (CVLs) Applied to Tropical
Climates. 2007. Dissertation (Master in Environmental Engineering Sciences). University of São
Carlos. São Carlos, SP, 2007.
Mendonça, Tayane Nadja Martins de. Extensive green roof in pre cast concrete EVA ( Ethyl Acetate
Vinyl). 2015. 234 f. Dissertation (Masters in Urban and Environmental Engineering). PPGEUA.
Federal University of Paraíba. João Pessoa, PB, 2015.
Morgado, José Miguel. Green roofs. Waterproof. n. 78, São Paulo, fev. 1995. p. 62-76.
Naranjo, A.; Marinoski, D. L.; Batista, J. O.; Carlo, J. C.; Abreu, A. L. P.; Ghisi, E.; Lamberts, R. Thermal
performance of buildings.. 6. ed. Florianópolis, 2011. 196 p.
Pouey, M.T.F. Experimental study of the thermal performance of flat roofs: vegetation and terrace.
1998. Dissertation (Masters in Civil Engineering) – PPGEC. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.
UFRGS, Porto Alegre, 1998.
Recife. Municipal law of Recife - PE. Ordinary Law 18,112 / 15, 13 January 2015. Accessed on 20
May 2015. Online. Available in: https://leismunicipais.com.br/a1/pe/r/recife/lei-
ordinaria/2015/1812/18112/lei-ordinaria-n-18112-2015-dispoe-sobre-a-melhoria-da-qualidade-
ambiental-das-edificacoes-por-meio-da-obrigatoriedade-de-instalacao-do-telhado-verde-e-
construcao-de-reservatorios-de-acumulo-ou-de-retardo-do-escoamento-das-aguas-pluviais-para-a-
rede-de-drenagem-e-da-outras-providencias.
Rio de Janeiro. Legislation. Law 6349/12, November 30, 2012. Accessed on May 20, 2015. Online.
Available in: http://gov-rj.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/1033548/lei-6349-12.
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The development and performance of plant species in
Brazilian extensive green roofs
Adriane Cordoni Savi
Federal University of Paraná, Post Graduate in Civil Construction Engineering, Curitiba (PR), Brazil
adriane@tellus.arq.br , adriane.savi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The intense development of cities and the consequent reduction of its green
areas results in environment imbalance. While sustainability attribute the green roof is a
viable option, but not yet widespread in Brazil. This experimental research aimed to
evaluate the development of plant species and their influence on the performance of
extensive green roofs in the city of Curitiba - PR on five prototypes. The chosen species
were: Bulbine frutescens, Trandescantia zebrina, Zoysia tenuifolia, Sedum Angelina and
Callisia repens. The methodology consists of observation and photographic monitoring of
the species, as well as analysis of storm water retention in the day after rainfalls with
measurements of the volume of water retained in containers coupled to the output water
drainage of each green roof's module. The analysis of the influence of plant species and
their performance for green roofs, found a variation between species as the water holding
capacity. Regarding the development of the species, Trandescantia zebrina was better
adapted to the imposed conditions, followed by Zoysia tenuifolia. It also concludes that it's
essential in Curitiba's climate the use of species that do not suffer burns, or total loss of
leaves during periods of frost, which was the main problem observed.
Keywords Green roofs, Plant species, Sustainability, Curitiba, Brazil
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1. INTRODUCTION
The urban areas have grown exponentially. Early in the century the urban population
accounted for 15% of world population; currently represents 54%, and in Brazil, the
population in urban areas exceeds 85% (UN, 2015). Thus the residual rain water cause
many disorders on the routine of the big cities in Brazil and worldwide. The problems are
aggravated due to the increasing growth of waterproofed areas in city centers added to
the lack of proper maintenance in the system of storm sewer (Berndtsson, 2010).
If it is difficult to solve this problem at the ground level, the solution may be on the
rooftops. The use of green roofs in urban coverages can significantly reduce the excess of
rainwater over the surface of many cities (Baldessar, 2012). This positive effect is ensured
by green roofs and arises from the phenomenon known as evapotranspiration which
happens due the combination of plants and substrates that compose the green cover. By
virtue of this phenomenon, the water is retained long enough to returning to the
atmosphere by evaporation from the substrate and plant’s transpiration (Nowak, 2004
cited by Shinzato, 2009)
On this scenario the discussion regarding the application of green roofs in urban centers to
mitigate these problems is fundamental. Green roofs can reduce around 70% of the
stormwater runoff (Baldessar, 2012) or up to 14mm of precipitation (Cunha and
Mediondo, 2014) in cities like Curitiba and São Carlos, depending on the dry period that
preceded precipitation. It also can reduce temperatures inside the buildings and through
the absorption of rainwater assist in flood control in urban centers. (Andrade and Roriz,
2013). Properties like height, color, soil closing capacity and water retention capacity in
roots and leaves assist in the performance of the green roof (Niachou et al., 2001).
Due to its geographical conditions; 25 degrees south latitude, 1000m altitude above sea
level, 85 km distance from the sea, the climate of the city of Curitiba has very peculiar and
distinctive features when compared to others regions of Brazil. With a very humid
summer with good intensity of rainfall the city could be more suitable for tropical plants,
although its average temperature in summer does not exceed a lot of 25 degrees. But it is
in winter that are given the conditions most critical for the suitability of plants. Low
temperatures, averaging 11 degrees (IBGE, 2010) in autumn and spring, generate events
of usual frosts in June and July. Associated with long droughts and low rainfall this period
creates a complex setting for the plants which would be used in a green roof.
Before possible natures of green roofs as intensive or extensive, will be more difficult to
define the plants for extensive green roofs, which necessarily have a lower height of
substrate and maintenance limited to the minimum possible. Therefore, it becomes
important the study of species suitable for the composition of green roofs while observing
the weather and construction conditions of the place where will be built, or rebuilt, the
green coverage.
1.1 Goal
This article presents the monitoring of plant species and their conditions of adaptation in
order to be used in extensive green roofs in the city of Curitiba, Paraná state capital in
southern Brazil.
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2. METHOD
While experimental work the species were planted in prototypes of approximately
100x75cm each. They were under visual monitoring for one year, beyond the collection
procedure to the residual rain water measuring in containers individually coupled to each
prototype. The results of the runoff rainwater are objects of another article.
Figure 1- Assembly of the table tests structure Figure 2 - Waterproofing of the modules
The green roof modules are made up of the following layers, as shown in Figure 3:
waterproof/root repellant membrane, drainage layer, filter membrane, growing medium
and vegetation. For waterproof/root repellant membrane was used high density
polyethylene mat with a thickness of 0.5 mm. The drainage was made with expanded clay
(particle size 22 to 32mm) with a depth of 4 cm over this layer was placed a geotextile mat
for retention of the growing medium. Immediately above the filter membrane was
arranged the elements of the growing medium, consisting of: turf, vermiculite, carbonized
rice husk and black soil in the proportion of 35% of land, 20% turf, 40% of carbonized rice
husk and 5% vermiculite and thickness of 10cm, as Muller (2014) study indication on
growing medium for green roofs. This growing medium composition also provided greater
retention of rainwater, an important characteristic to aid the survival of plant species in
the dry season. Farrell et al. (2012) stated that the higher the rain water retention
capacity, higher is the plant survival.
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life cycle is lasting, allowing it to live for more than two years, more than two seasonal
cycles. This feature of the plant is the key to reduce the maintenance of green roofs.
Liu et al. (2012) points out that the plants with green leaves are effective in reducing
upper temperatures when compared to plants of red and purple leaves. In this way, we
opted for three species of green leaves and two of purple leaf to verify this temperature
change between species with different colorings.
The same authors also allege that the plants of CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) type
are the most suitable for green roofs due to its ability to store acids in their leaves or aerial
parts, which aids the plant resistance in dry seasons. According to INMET(2014), Curitiba
is characterized by a rainy and moderately humid climate, especially in summer, with a
rainfall average of 1500 mm per year, from this, it was decided to plant both the CAM type
(Bulbine frutescens and Sedum mexicanum), or succulents, the C3 type (Arachis repens,
Tradescantia zebrina and Callisia repens). The plants of CAM type close their stomata and
reduce sweating during the day to conserve moisture, and open their stomata at night in
order to sequest carbon in form of organic acids for beeing used in photosynthesis during
the day. The C3 type perform photosynthesis in common form (JIM, 2014).
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The fourth selected species is the Sedum mexicanum it’s a specie used very often in green
roofs in Europe, due to its high tolerance to cold, is characterized by a yellowish green
color and, despite being a succulent, is well suited to areas of mild and humid climate,
resistant to sandy soils with low fertility, is indicated for the subtropics (Lorenzi, 2013).
The sedum kind, in general, has as main characteristic high resistance to water stress, an
important feature to reduce the maintenance of green roofs. It was chosen due to its
yellowish green color, its characteristic as a succulent and for provide a dense closing of
the soil, even if slowly.
Finally, the last species chosen was Callisia repens. It is an herbaceous and trailing plant,
small, reaching only 5-25 cm high. It has a dense and ornamental foliage, formed by
branched, filamentous and long stem with numerous, serous, delicate, small purplish and
green-purple leaves. It is often grown as ground cover in shade. When grown in shadow
their leaves are greenish and when grown in the sun have smaller leaves, more dense and
purplish (Lorenzi, 2013).
Between these vegetation’s there are species with suitable features for being planted in
green roofs of the extensive type and at the same time different characteristics such as
color, size, soil closing, structure and growth.
The planting was made on February 10th 2014. The same quantities of seedlings were
placed, in order to have the same closure of the soil, and to verify the growth of plants and
their ability to ground coverings. At the Figure 5 and Figure 6 it’s possible to check the
modules on the planting day.
3. RESULT ANALYSIS
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Bulbine frutescens Tradescantia zebrina Arachis repens Sedum mexicanum Callisia repens
Figure 7 - Vegetation development between the months of February and July 2014
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Bulbine frutescens Tradescantia zebrina Arachis repens Sedum mexicanum Callisia repens
Figure 8 -Vegetation development between the months of July 2014 and February 2015
In the Figure 7 it can be analyzed the development of the plants in the months from
February to July 2014. In the first month all the plants showed a certain degree of growth.
The species Tradescantia zebrina and Callisia repens presented the further development
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and the closing of the soil, which may be associated with its spreading characteristics. In
April, all species had almost complete closure of the soil. The species Sedum mexicanum
showed the slowest growth among the species analyzed, characteristic of the species, with
complete closure of the soil only in June 2014. The plants have developed steadily until
mid-May, and Bulbine frutescens still presented flowering in this period.
Photos taken on 05/26/2014 already show a change in the vegetation, due to the
moderate frost that happened in the early hours of 05/20/2014. The Arachis repens
species suffered the greatest impact, its leaves "burned" due to frost (Figure 7).
Frost is a process of deposition of ice crystals, usually being registered when the soil
temperature is below 0 ° C and the air temperature just above that (3°C or 4°C). What
happens to the plants is that their organs cannot withstand the low temperatures and die,
and this may be noticeable in plants by the black color of its aerial parts, as Figure 7 on the
date of 11.06.2014.
While effects of frost on Bulbine frutescens was observed that their flowers have died, but
their leaves had little change, as well as Sedum mexicanum who suffered only a slight
change in its color. As for, many of the leaves of Tradescantia zebrina and Callisia repens
died but less intensively than in the species Arachis repens, which can be seen through the
dark color of most of the leaves and being able to sprout.
With the burning of its leaves, Arachis repens failed to sprout enough to cover the ground
again, making room for many weeds, as can be seen in the photos of the day 06/23 and
07/15 (Figure 7). As Curitiba has an intense winter and frost is common at this time, it
was decided to replace this plant species, pointing out that it is not suitable for green roofs
in the city of Curitiba, due to winter conditions.
On 07.25.2014 (Figure 8) was made the exchange of plant species, replacing it with a
grassy, considering that this type of vegetation is widely used in green roofs, especially
those who have the terrace function, i.e. possess movement of people.
Grasses are easily available and commonly used in landscaping in Brazil. The species
chosen was the Zoysia tenuifolia, known as Korean or Japanese grass. According to Lorenzi
(2013) it’s a rhizomatous herbaceous estolonífera, native to Japan and Korea, a grass of full
sun that has slow growth, thus reducing its maintenance. The choice of this kind before
others grasses was given by its slow growth and low maintenance.
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without irrigation, any artificial irrigation was not performed, however after the dry
season it returned to present its green color.
The Sedum mexicanum was better adapted to the winter weather, with a more complete
closure of the soil in this period. In the months with higher temperature (November 2014
to February 2015) had lost much of seedlings which made the closing of soil beeing
considered unsatisfactory and made room for the growth of weeds (Figure 18). This
feature may be associated with type (succulent) plant (CAM).
Callisia repens showed a closure of the substrate already in the first month and remained
constant throughout the year. In periods with higher insolation its leaves were
characterized by beeing in smaller number and purplish coloration, during periods of
reduced sunlight the leaves were bigger and more greenish. More adapted to the shade
condition, decreased leaf area when beeing exposed to intense sunlight, however survived
all seasons.
The Arachis repens did not show the characteristic of regrowth after a registered frost
event, it is not a recommended species for the city of Curitiba or regions where frosts are
possible during the winter. Others species showed ability to sprout even after having its
leaves burned by the frost, as the case of Tradescantia zebrina and Callisia repens.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Regarding the development of species can be concluded that are essential for the Curitiba
climate species wich do not suffer burns, or complete loss, of their leaves during periods of
frost, or, even if with damage in the plants aerial parts, have the ability to sprout after this
frost event. In the specific case of Curitiba plants must have resistance to dry periods and
periods of higher rainfall, both conditions, although this research points out more care for
this last condition.
It also concludes that green roofs can retain a significant amount of the rain water in their
system (together: the growing medium and plant) and due to the morphological
characteristics of each species exist variation of retention levels.
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REFERENCES
Andrade Nixon C. de, Roriz, Maurício. Comportamento Térmico de Cobertura Verde Utilizando a
Grama Brachiaria Humidicola na Cidade de São Carlos, SP. Conforto no ambiente e na cidade
(Comfort on the environment and the city). Vol 1, number 4. 2013
Baldessar, Silvia M. N. Telhado verde e sua contribuição na redução da vazão da água pluvial escoada
(Green roof and its contribution to reducing the flow of drained rainwater). Master degree
dissertation, Postgraduate Program in Civil Construction Engineering. Universidade Federal do
Paraná (Federal Unversity of Paraná), Curitiba, 2012.
Berndtsson, J. C. Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and
quality: A review. Ecological Engineering, Volume 36, Issue 4, April 2010, Pages 351–360
Cunha, A. P., E Mendiondo, E. M. Experimento hidrológico para aproveitamento de águas de chuva
usando coberturas verdes leves - CVL) (Hydrological experiment for rainwater utilization using light
green roofs - LGR). Available: Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos - Universidade de São Paulo
(University of São Paulo): http://www1.eesc.usp.br/shs/downloads/technotes/emm/Ara-FAPESP-
2004-Relat-final.pdf. Acess: april 15, 2014.
Farrell, C.; Mitchell, R.E.; Szota, C.; Rayner, J.P; Williams, G. Green roofs for hot and dry climates:
Interacting effects of plant water use, succulence and substrate. Building and Environment. 2012,
49, 270-276.
IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brasilian Institute of Geography and Statistic).
Censo 2010 (Census 2010). Available: <http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/resultados> Acess: april 10,
2012.
INMET - Instituto Nacional De Meteorologia (National Institute of Meteorology). Dados Históricos
(Historic data). Available: <http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=bdmep/bdmep>. Acess:
april 15, 2015.
Jim, C. Y. Passive warming of indoor space induced by tropical green roof in winter. Energy , vol 68,
272-282. 2014.
Liu, T. C.; Shyu, G. S.; Fang, W. T.; Liu, S. Y.; Cheng, B. Y. Drought tolerance and thermal effect
measurements for plants suitable for extensive green roof planting in humid subtropical climates.
Energy and Buildings , Vol. 47, 180-188. 2012.
Lorenzi, H. Plantas para Jardim no Brasil: Herbáceas, arbustivas e trepadeiras (Garden plants in
Brazil: Herbaceous, shrubs and creepers). Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum, 2013.
Niachou, A.; Papakonstantinou, K.; Santamouris, M.; Tsangrassoulis, A.; E Mihalakakou, G. Analysis
of the green roof thermal properties and investigation of its energy performance. Energy and
Buildings , Volume 33, Issue 7, 719 - 729. 2001.
UN, United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Afairs. Population Division. Available:
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/. Acess april 15, 2015.
Shinzato, Paulo. O impacto das vegetações nos microclimas urbanos (The impact of vegetation in
urban microclimates). Master degree dissertation. Universidade de São Paulo - USP (University of
São Paulo). 2009.
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As grandes cidades e os cemitérios urbanos: Análise
comparativa do abandono dos edifícios altos nas cidades
de Detroit, São Paulo e Johanesburgo
RESUMO: Os grandes centros urbanos têm sido alvos de pesquisas ao redor do mundo,
pois são peças-chave para compreendermos os conflitos sociais, o adensamento humano e
organização humana e social. Dentro desta realidade observa-se a valorização da terra e a
consequente expansão da verticalização. Edifícios altos que já alcançam o fim de sua vida
útil estão passando pelo processo de abandono e ocupação irregular. O objetivo deste
trabalho é analisar três grandes centros urbanos que atualmente passam por este
processo de abandono com o intuito de identificar semelhanças e salientar as diferenças,
sendo eles: Detroit (Estados Unidos da América), São Paulo (Brasil) e Johanesburgo (África
do Sul). Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foram averiguadas noticias vinculada na
mídia impressa e digital, revisão de literatura e análise direta. A principal contribuição é
levantar discussões sobre a desfuncionalidade de edifícios altos quando atingem o final de
sua vida útil e maneiras de prevenir o abandono.
Palavras-chave Verticalização, Abandono, Detroit, Johanesburgo, São Paulo.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
De acordo com relatório das Nações Unidas (2014) atualmente 54% da população mundial
vive em áreas urbanas e, as cidades têm sofrido um processo de inchaço, no qual muitas
vezes, a própria política de uso do solo impulsiona a verticalização. São nas cidades que
estão os maiores problemas da sociedade, seja a nível econômico, social ou ambiental.
Muitos estudos estão sendo desenvolvidos no intuito de entender a complexidade das
cidades. Uma das iniciativas está na organização Sustainable Cities International (2012)
que propõe a analise do crescimento e o desempenho ambiental das cidades desenhando
cenários futuros (backcasting); se destaca também a análise de Scussel e Sattler (2010)
sobre o impacto negativo da verticalização na qualidade de vida de bairros residenciais e,
os estudos de Salingaros e Kunstler (2001) defendendo a regeneração das nossas cidades
e a abolição de edifícios em altura.
Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar três grandes centros urbanos que
atualmente passam por este processo de abandono com o intuito de compor paralelos que
salientem semelhanças e diferenças, sendo eles: Detroit (Estados Unidos da América), São
Paulo (Brasil) e Johanesburgo (África do Sul). Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foram
utilizadas diferente fontes, vinculadas na mídia impressa e digital, revisão de literatura e
análise direta.
Será apresentado um breve histórico de cada cidade, seguido de alguns exemplos dos
edifícios abandonados nestes centros. A principal contribuição é levantar discussões sobre
a desfuncionalidade dos edifícios altos quando atingem o final de sua vida útil, indicando
maneiras de prevenir o abandono.
2. A VERTICALIZAÇÃO E O ABANDONO
No início do século XX, com o aumento crescente do valor da terra nos grandes centros
urbanos, iniciou-se um processo de verticalização com a intenção de diminuir o valor da
cota ideal do terreno. Dentro desta perspectiva o processo de industrialização e o êxodo
para estas metrópoles serviram de subsidio para o crescimento da população de forma
desenfreada. Assim, as cidades sentiram-se obrigadas a investirem tanto em infraestrutura
como na oferta de habitação e moradia.
Não obstante toda a problemática gerada pela densificação, as potências econômicas e os
grandes proprietários de terra, amparados pelo poder público, iniciaram uma disputa por
demonstração de poder através da verticalização do ambiente construído. Segundo
Scussel e Sattler (2010, p.139), é evidente que, “para além dos padrões urbanísticos, o
entendimento dos processos de verticalização e densificação das cidades passa por questões
vinculadas às múltiplas dimensões da produção do espaço – econômica, social, política,
cultural”. Surgiram desta forma as grandes metrópoles.
Com o passar dos anos estes grandes edifícios se aproximavam do final de sua vida útil,
que pode ser definida, conforme a NBR 15575 (2013), pelo período de tempo em que o
edifício e seus sistemas se prestam às atividades para as quais foram projetados e
construídos, com atendimento aos níveis de desempenho (comportamento em uso). Sejam
pela falta de manutenção ou pelo desuso de suas atividades, alguns destes prédios
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local. Por apresentar muitas patologias construtivas e transparecer bem uma visão
apocalíptica, o local foi alugado para gravações de vários filmes, como o Transformers
(2006).
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cidade de São Paulo, dos mais de 3 milhões de imóveis existentes, mais de 400.000
domicílios se encontravam vazios, só no centro da cidade constatou-se 40.000 deles
abandonados. Para Bonduki (2005) uma pequena parte dos prédios abandonados no
centro da cidade eram edifícios residências, já que, a grande maioria dos imóveis
subutilizados ou vazios pertencia a prédios nobres da cidade que prestavam seus serviços
como escritórios comerciais.
Bonfim (2004) afirma que a vacância imobiliária no centro de São Paulo supera a vacância
desenhada pelos modelos de equilíbrio, instituídos pela relação entre oferta e demanda.
Outra afirmação é que 65% dos imóveis vazios no centro da cidade se caracterizam por ter
períodos de desocupação superiores há um ano, propriedade não desmembrada, e com um
único proprietário para cada edificação o que facilita o abandono. Como mencionado
anteriormente, a maioria dos imóveis abandonados pertence a famílias abastadas da
sociedade, os quais preferem ter os seus imóveis fechados antes de se desfazer deles por
valores mais baixos de aquisição ou inferiores ao que custariam essas construções em seu
estado atual.
Desde agosto de 2014, quando foi sancionado o Plano Diretor Estratégico (PDE) da cidade
de São Paulo, que determina que imóveis abandonados, ociosos ou subutilizados passem a
pagar imposto progressivo, os proprietários de prédios nesta situação passaram a ser
notificados para apresentarem projetos de reuso, restauro e/ou retrofit. Muito destes
imóveis estão em áreas propensas às Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (Zeis) e alguns
deles já estão em processo de desapropriação pelo governo municipal ou já são de
propriedade deste para serem destinados à habitação popular.
A seguir mostram-se alguns prédios abandonados estudados no trabalho intitulado
“Edifícios Abandonados” da autora Mariana Desidério Barbosa feito no ano 2011.
Mencionará um pouco sobre a história do prédio e da razão do seu abandono.
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Figura 3. Edifício Prestes Maia 911, em São Paulo. Fonte: Desidério Barbosa, 2011
Figura 4. Edifício São João 601, em São Paulo. Fonte: Desidério Barbosa, 2011
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(a) (b)
Figura 6. Edifícios em Hillbrow, em Joanesburgo: (a) Torre Hillbrow. Fonte: Sparragus, 2014; (b)
Ponte City Apartments. Fonte: Brown, 2015a
4. CONCLUSÕES
Após observar as três cidades foi possível constatar que o fim da vida útil (ou de serviço)
das edificações altas está intrinsicamente relacionado com o abandono das mesmas.
Sattler (2014) reforça que o esgotamento da vida útil de edifícios altos aliados à
diminuição da capacidade de investimentos em manutenção e dificuldades inerentes ao
processo de demolição, aumenta o número de edifícios altos disfuncionais abandonados.
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Outro fator determinante para o abandono é as altas dívidas de impostos e taxas, bem
como a desvalorização imobiliária, que acaba por desestimular os proprietários a investir
em reformas e manutenção.
Abaixo destaca-se um quadro comparativo dos principais motivos do abandono e quais
foram até esta data as políticas públicas tomadas por parte do Estado.
Tabela 1. Quadro Comparativo
Detroit (USA) São Paulo (BR) Joanesburgo (África Sul)
- Crise Industrial - Fim da Vida Útil - Fim do Apartheid
MOTIVO DO - Redução Empregos - Dívida de IPTU - Evasão classe média e alta
ABANDONO - Crise Imobiliária - Dívida Municipal
- Evasão populacional - Aumento da criminalidade
- Propostas de - Novo PDE - Programa Bad Buildings
Planejamento Urbano - Aumento progressivo IPTU sem sucesso
SOLUÇÕES EM
- Engajamento da - Desapropriação
DESENVOLVIMENTO
população - Obrigação de projeto de
- Uso do solo misto Reuso
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REFERENCIAS
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2013. NBR 15575: Edifícios habitacionais de até cinco
pavimentos – Desempenho – Parte 1: Requisitos gerais. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
Bomfim, V. C. 2004. Os espaços edificados vazios na área central de São Paulo e a dinâmica urbana.
Dissertação de mestrado. São Paulo: Epusp.
Bonduki, Nabil. 2005. São Paulo na virada do século XXI: a luta contra a exclusão nas áreas centrais.
Brasília: Ministério das Cidades.
Brown, Ryan Lenora. 2015a. South Africa’s Tower of Dreams. New York: Slate. Disponível em:
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/roads/2015/02/ponte_city_in_south_africa_afri
ca_s_tallest_apartment_building_was_built.html. Acesso em: maio, 2015.
Brown, Ryan Lenora. 2015b. How Johannesburg's Most Neglected Buildings Ended Up Splashed
With Pink Paint. Disponível em: http://www.citylab.com/design/2015/01/how-johannesburgs-
most-neglected-buildings-ended-up-splashed-with-pink-paint/384173/. Acesso em: maio, 2015.
Cidade de Johanesburgo. 2015. Disponível em: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanesburgo - Acesso
em: Maio. 2015.
Cidade de São Paulo. 2015. Disponível em:
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(cidade) - Acesso em: Maio. 2015.
Desidério Barbosa, Mariana. 2011. Edifícios Abandonados. São Paulo: USP. Disponível em:
http://www.edificiosabandonados.com.br/ - Acesso em: Abril. 2015.
Fein, Zach. 2012. Abandoned Skyscrapers. Detroit: ZFein. Disponível em:
http://zfein.com/photography/detroit/skyscrapers/ . Acesso em: maio, 2015.
Gallagher, J. 2010. Reimagining Detroit: Opportunities for Redefining an American City. Detroit:
Painted Turtle.
Helene, Diana. 2009. A guerra dos lugares nas ocupações de edifícios abandonados do centro São
Paulo. Dissertação (Mestrado - Área de Concentração: Planejamento Urbano e Regional). São Paulo:
FAU-USP.
Detroit Future City Report. 2014. Disponível em : http://detroitfuturecity.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/02/DFC_2014YearEndReport.pdf. Acesso em: maio, 2015.
IBGE. 2000. Censo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Disponível em:
http://www.ibge.gov.br/censo/ - Acesso em: Maio. 2015.
Ponte City Apartments. 2015. Disponível em: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_City_Apartments
- Acesso em: Abril. 2015.
Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). Relatório do desenvolvimento
humano. 2014. Brasília: Nações Unidas. Disponível em:
http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/RDH2014pt.pdf. Acesso em: Maio. 2004
Projeto Nova Luz. 2015. Disponível em: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeto_Nova_Luz - Acesso
em: Abril. 2015.
Salingaros, N.; Kunstler, J. H. 2001. The end of tall buildings. Disponível em:
<http://www.planetizen.com/node/27>. Acesso em: maio, 2015.
Sattler, Miguel. 2014. Edifícios altos : devemos continuar a explorar este modelo de edificações?. In:
Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído, 15, Anais.... Maceió: Antac, p. 1 - 10.
Scussel, M. C. B.; Sattler, M. A. 2010. Cidades em (trans)formação: impacto da verticalização e
densificação na qualidade do espaço residencial. Porto Alegre: Revista Ambiente Construído, v. 10,
n. 3, p. 137-150.
Smith, David. 2015. Johannesburg's Ponte City: 'the tallest and grandest urban slum in the world' –
a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 33. Londres: The Guardian. Disponível em:
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/may/11/johannesburgs-ponte-city-the-tallest-and-
grandest-urban-slum-in-the-world-a-history-of-cities-in-50-buildings-day-33. Acesso: maio, 2015.
Soweto Census. 2011. Disponível em: http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798026 - Acesso
em: Maio. 2015.
Sparragus, J. 2014. Hillbrow, el barrio mas peligroso de Johannesburgo. Buenos Aires: Por Tierra
Por Tierra. Disponível em: http://portierraporlatierra.blogspot.com.br/2014/10/hillbrow-el-
barrio-mas-peligroso-de.html - Acesso em: Abril. 2015.
Sustainable Cities International. 2012. Infrastructure Costs and Urban Growth Management: A
practical guide to understanding the impact of urban growth patterns on a city’s infrastructure
costs. Vancouver: SCI.
Torre de Hillbrow. 2015. Disponível em: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Hillbrow - Acesso
em: Abril. 2015.
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O impacto do tráfego viário em sítios históricos urbanos:
Avaliação em Santa Leopoldina - ES
ABSTRACT: A destinação de uso das vias de circulação se modifica ao longo do tempo com
a modernização dos sistemas de transporte automotivos, os quais, por sua vez, podem por
em risco a integridade física de edifício localizado junto a via de fluxo viário por meio de
poluição, choques e vibração. Os danos ocasionados por vibração são caracterizados por
fissuração e podem comprometer a estrutura do edifício. O artigo apresenta investigação
relativa ao Sítio Histórico de Santa Leopoldina, localizado em região centro-serrana,
interior do estado do Espírito Santo. Tem por objetivo compreender o tecido urbano de
inserção dos objetos em análise, as possíveis origens dos danos, e os processos de
deterioração por meio de fissuração. Em conjunto, a pesquisa se realiza por meio de
abordagem histórica, conceitual e empírica, de âmbito qualitativo e quantitativo com
objetivo de avaliar o fluxo viário.
Keywords Tráfego viário. Vibração. Sítio Histórico..
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uso de transporte público como uma das soluções. A Carta de Washington aponta solução
mais radical quando comparada às anteriores, por observar o agravamento da degradação
decorrente de fatores externos, como a circulação de veículos, correlacionando-a à
diferentes patologias.
No que concerne à problemática dos danos causados por tráfego viário em edifício
histórico, é possível destacar a vibração mecânica provocada pelos automóveis,
transmitida pelo solo e atuante sobre edifícios localizados nas proximidades de fluxos
viários; expressa em tensões oscilantes que podem ocasionar danos, comprometendo a
integridade física de estruturas (Resende 2011).
Com relação à vibração gerada por automóveis, Henwood (2002) identifica fatores que
contribuem na vibração em edifícios: condição da estrada, velocidade, peso e suspensão do
veículo, condições do solo, característica da construção, estação do ano e distância entre a
estrutura e a via, sendo mais significativas as vibrações geradas por veículos pesados.
Além disso, ressalta irregularidade de vias, buracos, rachaduras e pavimentação irregular,
condições criadas pela interação mecânica entre o veículo e a via, e resultante em ondas de
vibração que percorrem o solo e chegam à edificação. As variações sazonais, o teor de
umidade e o tipo do solo também podem influenciar no nível de vibração (Henwood,
2002).
Resende (2011) destaca a vibração provocada pelo trânsito de veículos, tendo em vista
que as fundações tendem a seguir o movimento do terreno, e que, por força de inércia, o
edifício desloca-se. Dependendo da intensidade da vibração pode haver, como
consequência, o comprometimento da integridade física dos edifícios, que pode ocorrer
por desagregação de materiais e recalque diferencial nas fundações, com formação de
fissuras.
No que se refere aos critérios para análise de vibração, o estudo aponta a inexistência de
norma brasileira dedicada à determinação de limites de tolerância em estruturas. A norma
de referência é a ISO 4866:2010, que estabelece princípios para avaliação dos efeitos da
vibração em estruturas. Essa indica a identificação e descrição da fonte de vibração,
levando em consideração: a duração da exposição, a variação de amplitude e tempo, e os
sinais de vibração. Considera ainda como fatores para análise de vibração o tipo e
condição da estrutura, frequência natural, dimensão da estrutura e condições do solo. Os
danos decorrentes da vibração são agrupados em três categorias: cosmético, para danos
superficiais; menor, para grandes fissurações e desagregação de material; e maior, para
danos em elementos estruturais. E para a fonte de vibração decorrente do tráfego
rodoviário e ferroviário, com fluxo contínuo ou transitório, a norma define valores de
referência para frequência de 1 a 100 Hz, amplitude de 1 a 200 mm, velocidade de
partícula de 0,2 a 50 mm/s e aceleração de partícula de 0,02 a 1 m/s².
2. ÁREA DE ESTUDO
Localizada na região centro serrana, no interior do estado do Espírito Santo, Santa
Leopoldina possui diversidade arquitetônica, destacando-se os casarões e sobrados
constituintes de um belo e importante acervo da arquitetura do estado. O seu núcleo
urbano é um dos primeiros do Espírito Santo a se instalar em terras não costeiras,
desenvolvido às margens do ao rio Santa Maria da Vitória. O escoamento da produção e
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comercialização da região polarizada pelo núcleo urbano se faz, então, por tropas até o
ponto em que o rio deixava de ser encachoeirado iniciando o transporte fluvial por cerca
de 60 km até a capital (Figura 1). No local de reunião entre os modais, forma-se o povoado
que, em 1867, torna-se oficialmente sede da colônia. As tropas chegam ao porto, trazendo
a produção dos municípios próximos e alguns locais de Minais Gerais, e retornam
transportando mercadorias (Queiroz, 2013).
Conforme Espírito Santo (1917), o governo do Presidente do Estado Bernardino Monteiro
(1916-1920) inicia obras de reparo, melhoramento e construção de estradas, ressaltando
a importância do melhoramento do escoamento da produção e atender ao comércio,
usando como estratégia a abertura de estradas Santa Leopoldina e regiões de sua
influência, de onde segue por via fluvial até o porto de Vitória. Tal condição se consolida
com a estrada até Santa Teresa (Figura 2), caracterizada por importante via de
comunicação, resulta no aumento significativo da renda bruta (Espírito Santo, 1919).
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A área de estudo compreende o trecho urbano da Rodovia ES-080 Rodovia José Sette,
dentro da cidade de Santa Leopoldina, onde se localiza o Sítio Histórico e a maior parte dos
edifícios tombados. A rodovia é utilizada como rota para escoamento da produção agrícola
das cidades vizinhas como Santa Maria de Jetibá, de economia ligada à agricultura e maior
abastecedora de produtos da Centrais de Abastecimento do Espírito Santo – CEASA/ES,
localizada em Cariacica, na Região Metropolitana de Vitória. A figura 4 identifica as
principais rodovias estaduais e federais da região, onde é possível observar a Rodovia ES-
080 que liga as cidades de Santa Maria de Jetibá, Santa Leopoldina e Cariacica.
A região central da cidade, onde estão localizadas 38 edificações tombadas (Figura 5) pelo
Conselho Estadual de Cultura pela Resolução CEC nº 05/83; protegidas pela Lei nº 2.947
de 16/12/1974, recebe a proteção de suas características urbanas. O recorte da pesquisa
tem como objeto a Área de Proteção Ambiental e Cultural - APAC, definida pela Resolução
CEC nº003/2010, a qual regulamenta área de preservação urbana e paisagística.
Figura 5 - Localização (azul) dos imóveis tombados na Área de Proteção Ambiental Cultural - APAC no Sítio
Histórico de Santa Leopoldina
Fonte: Adaptado de Queiroz, 2013
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Tabela 1 Levantamento do fluxo viário no Sítio Histórico de Santa Leopoldina, dia 24 de março de
2016, no período entre 16h:30 min e 18h:30min
Fluxo viário no Sítio Histórico de Santa Leopoldina (16h:30 e 18h:30min - 24/03/16)
Tipo de veículo Quantidade
Total 754
Outros dados relevantes para compreensão do impacto do fluxo viário na cidade são
identificados junto ao Departamento Nacional de Trânsito - Denatran e ao Instituto
Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. O primeiro disponibiliza relatórios mensais da
frota por município com identificação da quantidade de veículos por tipo. Comparando os
dados referentes aos meses de fevereiro de 2015 e de 2016 respectivamente 6.034
veículos e 6.361 veículos (Tabela 2), identifica-se um crescimento de aproximadamente
5,42% na frota total de Santa Leopoldina. Já segundo o IBGE, a cidade possui 12.885
habitantes, em 2015, o que corresponde à aproximadamente 02 veículos por habitante.
Tabela 2 Frota de veículos de fevereiro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016 de Santa Leopoldina - ES
Frota de veículos fevereiro/2015 e fevereiro/2016. Santa Leopoldina - ES
Quantidade por ano
Tipo de veículo
02/2015 02/2016
Total 6034 6361
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Figura 6 - Tráfego viário no Sítio Histórico de Figura 7 - Veículo de grande porte no Sítio
Santa Leopoldina Histórico de Santa Leopoldina
Fonte: Acervo das autoras, 22 março 2016 Fonte: Acervo das autoras, 22 março 2016
Para análise dos efeitos e níveis de vibração mecânica, são selecionados, a partir da
observação de Henwood (2002), três edifícios escolhidos a partir do critério de
representatividade de valor histórico e artístico, situados em pontos distintos do Sítio
Histórico (Figura 8) no quesito velocidade dos veículos, com características de construção
originais e diversidade quanto ao número de pavimentos e implantação no terreno, e
manifestações patológicas visíveis (Figura 9), em especial, fissuras, que podem estar
associadas à vibrações mecânicas geradas tráfego viário. Com a intenção de dar
continuidade à pesquisa de Florenzano (2016), dois dos três edifícios analisados, são
abordados na continuação da pesquisa.
22
24
29
Figura 8 - Identificação das edificações a serem analisadas no Sítio Histórico de Santa Leopoldina
Fonte: Adaptado de Queiroz, 2013
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Entretanto, desde já, pode-se afirmar que o volume de danos causados pela utilização de
veículos nos monumentos da cidade tende a crescer na mesma proporção do crescimento
da frota, pois, em geral, situações em que o patrimônio se encontra preservado podem ser
consideradas reflexo da dinâmica social da cidade (Resende, 2011).
4. CONCLUSÃO
Concluindo, aponta-se a importância da diminuição do tráfego viário, como a forma mais
adequada para o enfrentamento da salvaguarda dos edifícios, preservando o sistema
construtivo original, sem a necessidade de reforço estrutural devido às vibrações.
O trabalho sugere continuidade nas pesquisas e avaliação do tráfego, além de
complementação com o uso de acelerômetros para a medição dos níveis de vibração
gerados por veículos nos edifícios do Sítio Histórico de Santa Leopoldina. A avaliação
deverá observar a origem do tráfego, estabelecer os locais mais afetados com a vibração, a
relação entre vibração e fissuração, e estabelecer parâmetros para a redução da circulação
de veículos, principalmente de maior peso. Outra proposta de estudo é a análise do
comportamento do sistema construtivo, a fim de estabelecer índices limites de resistência
para cada sistema encontrado.
REFERÊNCIAS
Arquivo Público do Espírito Santo. Imigrantes Disponível em:
<http://www.ape.es.gov.br/imigrantes/html/caminho_imigrante.html>. Acesso em 21 março 2016.
Attux, Denise. Et al. 2008. Fundinho: um bairro histórico para Uberlândia. Inventário e diretrizes
especiais de uso e ocupação do solo. Forum Patrimônio. Belo Horizonte, v 2, n 1, jan./abr.
Coelho, Leandro Callegari.2010. Tipos de caminhões (tamanhos e capacidades). Disponível:
<http://www.logisticadescomplicada.com/tipos-de-caminhoes-tamanhos-e-capacidades> Acesso
em: 10 de março de 2016.
CURY, Isabelle. 2008. Cartas Patrimoniais. 3ª Edição - revisada e aumentada. Rio de Janeiro: IPHAN.
Departamento Nacional de Trânsito. Estatística. Frota. Disponível em:
<http://www.denatran.gov.br/frota.htm>. Acesso em 16 março 2016.
Espírito Santo (Estado). 1917. Mensagem dirigida pelo Presidente do Estado do Espirito Santo, Dr.
Berna Dino de Souza Monteiro, Ao Congresso Legislativo, em sua 2ª Sessão Ordinaria da 9ª
Legislatura. Vitória – Espírito Santo. Disponível em
<http://www.ape.es.gov.br/pdf/Mensagem/1917_set_13_Bernadino_Souza_Monteiro.pdf >. Acesso
em 21 março 2016.
Espírito Santo (Estado). 1919. Mensagem dirigida pelo Presidente de Estado do Espirito Santo, Dr.
Bernardino de Souza Monteiro, ao Congresso Legislativo, em sua 1ª Sessão Ordinária da 10ª
Legislatura. Vitória – Espírito Santo. Disponível em
<http://www.ape.es.gov.br/pdf/Mensagem/1919_out_12_Bernadino_Souza_Monteiro.pdf>. Acesso
em 21 março 2016.
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Espírito Santo (Estado). 1974. Secretaria do Interior e Assuntos da Justiça. Lei nº 2.947.
Espírito Santo (Estado). 1983. Secretaria de Estado da Cultura. Resolução nº 05/83. 30 de julho de
1983. Conselho Estadual de Cultura. Vitória.
Espírito Santo (Estado). 2010. Secretaria de Estado da Cultura. Resolução nº 003/2010. 26 de
março de 2010. Conselho Estadual de Cultura. Vitória.
Espírito Santo (Estado). 2013. Mapa do Sistema Rodoviário do Espírito Santo. Formato PDF. Mapa
do Sistema Viário do Espírito Santo. Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem, Vitória. Disponível
em:<http://www.der.es.gov.br/download/Mapa_Rodoviario_2013.pdf>. Acesso em: 22 março 2016
Família Vervloet. Disponível em : <http:/www.familiavervloet.com.br>. Acesso 28 de maio de 2016.
Florenzano, Luciana da Silva. 2016. Conservação de tijolo cerâmico em alvenarias históricas:
subsídios para restauração do Sítio histórico de Santa Leopoldina – ES. Dissertação Mestrado.
Programa de Pós Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
Henwood, Justin T. Haramy, Khamis Y. 2002. Vibrations induced by construction traffic: a historic
case study. Geophysics 2002. The 2nd Annual Conference on the Application of Geophysical and
NDT Methodologies to Transportation Facilities and Infrastructure. Los Angeles, California.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Banco de dados. Cidades. Espírito Santo. Santa
Leopoldina. Disponível em: <http://cod.ibge.gov.br/F6E>. Acesso em 16 de março de 2016.
Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves. 2016. Limites e Regionalizações - Divisão Político Administrativa
do Espírito Santo. Disponível em: <http:www.ijsn.es.gov.br/mapas>. Acesso: 05 de agosto de 2016.
International Standard. ISO 4866:2010. Mechanical vibration and shock - Vibration of fixed
structures - Guidelines for the measurement of vibrations and evaluation of their effects on
structures. 2 ed. 2010.
Kühl, Beatriz Mugayar. 2010. Notas sobre a Carta de Veneza. São Paulo. N. Sér. v.18. n.2. p. 287-320.
Olivari, Giorgio. Patologia em Edificações. 2003. Trabalho de conclusão de curso, Curso de
Engenharia Civil com ênfase Ambiental, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi. São Paulo.
Queiroz, Rodrigo Zotelli. 2013. Uso de ferramentas computacionais para análise de modificações na
ambiência urbana de sítio histórico tombado: ensaio em Santa Leopoldina – ES. Dissertação
Mestrado. Programa de Pós-graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Centro de Artes. Universidade
Federal do Espírito Santo. Vitória.
Resende, Luiz Mauro de. 2011. Análise do risco de danos por vibração mecânica nos monumentos
setecentistas do Caminho do Tronco de Ouro Preto. Dissertação Mestrado. Programa de Pós
Graduação em Engenharia de Materiais da Rede Temática em Engenharia de Materiais - REDEMAT.
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.
São Luiz Do Paraitinga (cidade). 2010. Lei complementar nº. 1.347, de 07 de janeiro de 2010. Plano
Diretor Participativo. Prefeitura Municipal da Estância Turística de São Luiz do Paraitinga, SP.
Silva, Jaqueline. Lóra, Renata. 2011. Mobilidade em núcleos urbanos preservados: uma questão de
planejamento. Urbi Centros. II Seminário Internacional – URBICENTROS. Maceió.
Thomaz, Ercio. 1989. Trincas em Edifícios: causas, prevenção e recuperação. São Paulo: Editora
Pini: IPT: EPUSP, 1989. Plano Diretor Participativo.
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Benefícios da captação de água pluvial para a gestão
urbana de recursos hídricos
RESUMO: Este artigo tem como principal proposta abordar a gestão dos recursos hídricos
em diversas cidades brasileiras, apontando críticas positivas e negativas, além de
considerar sua estreita relação com a sustentabilidade ambiental das cidades. Visto isso,
pretende-se apontar como a captação de água pluvial para fins de uso residencial pode
auxiliar nesta gestão urbana. Uma vez que cada moradia recupera parte da água pluvial
depositada em seus telhados ou solo, órgãos públicos economizam tanto no tratamento de
água potável para abastecimento quanto na gestão das galerias de água pluvial, além do
fato de que cheias podem se tornar menos frequentes na cidade, causando menos
transtornos à população. A metodologia utilizada neste artigo foi a revisão bibliográfica de
artigos relacionados ao tema, assim como pesquisas em órgãos públicos que possam
confirmar a hipótese dos benefícios do aproveitamento de água pluvial para a gestão
urbana dos recursos hídricos. Existe a hipótese de que a gestão urbana se torna muito
mais eficiente quando amparada por conceitos da sustentabilidade aplicados à cidade. A
partir da prática de comportamentos que auxiliam a sustentabilidade do planeta, é
possível diminuir drasticamente impactos em áreas urbanas.
Palavras chave Gestão urbana; Água pluvial; Recursos Hídricos.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A sustentabilidade, principalmente ambiental, é um tema recorrente na atualidade e
desperta discussões em diversas áreas. Um dos elementos de significativa contribuição
pela busca da sustentabilidade na construção civil é o aproveitamento de águas pluviais.
Entretanto, visões críticas sobre os benefícios da captação da água pluvial em residências
para o meio urbano ainda são mal desenvolvidas, contando com poucas ações de incentivo
pelos órgãos públicos.
Através de pesquisas e associações de literaturas, procura-se mostrar os incentivos já
estabelecidos para tal prática e estimular órgãos públicos a investir em pequenos sistemas
a fim de diminuir custos diretos e de retrabalho na gestão de recursos hídricos. Segundo
Tundisi (2006), a crise da água, muito além da escassez ou da contaminação, é fruto da má
gestão dos recursos hídricos, que pode ser resolvida integrando conhecimento científico
adquirido e o gerenciamento.
De acordo com Foster (2003), a procura pelas últimas tecnologias do mercado devem
estar aliadas à busca pela inspiração em processos construtivos esquecidos, como o uso da
ventilação e luz naturais em projetos, tal afirmação nos revela que a construção
sustentável não requer tantas tecnologias e o bom gerenciamento dos recursos ofertados é
o essencial tanto nas edificações quanto no conjunto urbano.
Devido o alto número de edificações concentradas nas cidades e o baixa metragem de área
permeável nos centros urbanos, surge cada vez mais problemas com inundações,
delimitando até mesmo áreas de risco. A fim de evitar o possível super dimensionamento
das galerias pluviais, ações mais simples podem ser desenvolvidas, como por exemplo, o
incentivo à captação de água pluvial em residências para seu uso tanto em fins não
potáveis como para fins potáveis após tratamento adequados.
Nos centros urbanos, a demanda de água vem aumentando devido ao crescimento
populacional forte e desordenado, impondo a necessidade de programas a fim de mitigar
este impacto, como conscientizações acerca da conservação, aproveitamento e
reaproveitamento de água (May, 2004). Lima et al. (2011) enquadram o aproveitamento
da água pluvial precipitada nas residências do meio urbano como uma alternativa de
substituição da fonte hídrica de acordo com os programas de conservação da água, sendo
assim um fator importante a ser considerado em premissas de órgãos públicos.
A sustentabilidade como base de incentivos de órgãos públicos para a gestão urbana deve
ser explorada visando a melhor qualidade de vida nas cidades, assim como diversos
autores citados acima desenvolvem o tema.
1.1 Objetivos
O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as possibilidades que o aproveitamento de água
pluvial oferece ao meio urbano. Visto que o volume de água pluvial que é retido pelas
residências deixa de ocupar as galerias pluviais urbanas, os benefícios se multiplicam para
além da sustentabilidade ambiental da edificação.
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Busca-se avaliar o real benefício da utilização da água pluvial para fins de uso potável e
não potável em residências, tanto na esfera da sustentabilidade ambiental como
econômica, visando as políticas públicas e sistemas de gestão urbana.
1.2 Metodologia
A metodologia utilizada se baseia na revisão bibliográfica de literaturas com foco nos
temas de aproveitamento de água pluvial e gestão urbana de recursos hídricos, de forma a
criar uma ligação entre os temas e desenvolver ideias que auxiliam o poder público em
tomadas de decisões.
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Construção simples
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VR
PPWS 100 (1)
PWR
Onde PPWS = potencial de economia de água potável na cidade (%); VR = volume mensal
de chuva que poderia ser coletado na cidade (m³/mês); e PWR = consumo de água potável
mensal na cidade (m³/mês). (GHISI et al., 2006)
É necessário lembrar que não é recomendada a utilização apenas da água pluvial como
fornecimento, pois o risco de falta d’água em períodos secos é grandes. Sendo assim, é
recomendado o uso misto de fornecimento de água em residências, porém prezando
sempre pelos uso dos reservatórios de água pluvial e pelo reaproveitamento de águas ao
invés do uso da água potável.
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sendo que somente após uma hora de chuva a água pode ser levada à rede de galerias
pluviais.
Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, há uma lei similar aplicada desde 2007 e válida para
empreendimentos que comportam mais de 50 famílias ou empreendimentos comerciais
com mais de 50m² de área construída.
Em Curitiba, o decreto municipal 293/06 desde 2006 só fornece o alvará de construção
para edificações que preveem um sistema de aproveitamento de água pluvial.
Segundo Batista (2001) apud Barroso (2010), parte significativa dos recursos hídricos
captados estão associados à ineficiência de uso e a perdas, assim o autor afirma ser um
componente com altos custos para a sociedade e sem benefícios, justificando a
necessidade de aproveitamento de água pluvial. Como a água é um fator determinante no
desenvolvimento socioeconômico de um país, a gestão deste recurso deve ser vista como
estratégia de estruturação urbana, visando garantir a máxima eficiência do uso da água
(Barroso, 2010).
Com a diminuição do volume de água no sistema de drenagem urbana, ocasionando menos
problemas de cheias e inundações, e a queda nos custos das estações de tratamento de
água, devido à menor demanda por água potável nas cidades, a implantação de áreas
pontuais de captação de água pluvial proporciona oportunidades para a administração
pública. A economia gerada nos custos permite investimento da administração pública em
outras áreas, como saúde e educação, além de investimentos maiores na busca pela
sustentabilidade.
Segundo o informe de conjuntura dos recursos hídricos no Brasil em 2015, desenvolvido
pela Agência Nacional das Águas (ANA), a retirada de água para abastecimento humano
urbano corresponde à 22% da vazão total, porém apenas 8% é consumida nesta categoria
(Gráficos 01 e 02). Dessa forma, percebemos que a maior perda está no setor de
abastecimento humano urbano, o que justifica maiores investimentos do setor a fim de
reduzir as perdas.
Vazão retirada total: 2.275,07 m³/s Vazão consumida total: 1.209,64 m³/s
6%
Indústria - 346,28
Indústria - 69,26
6%
Animal - 135,38
15% Animal - 108,30
9%
Abastecimento 8%
humano urbano - 2% Abastecimento
55% humano urbano -
22% 503,27
Abastecimento 100,65
75% Abastecimento
humano rural - 37,61
humano rural -
Irrigação - 1252,73 18,80
2% Irrigação - 912,63
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4. CONCLUSÕES
Conclui-se que mesmo com a existência de programas de incentivo ao uso de sistemas de
aproveitamento de água pluvial, ou até leis que obriguem a população de determinado
local ao uso, tais práticas não devem ser isoladas, prevendo o envolvimento da sociedade
com um todo, a fim de eliminar desperdícios e gerar qualidade de vida.
A principal contribuição deste trabalho visa à justificativa para o investimento de órgãos
públicos no aproveitamento de água pluvial em residências. Além de incentivar a
sustentabilidade na sociedade, tal investimento contribui para a gestão dos recursos
hídricos e demonstra preocupação do governo com a população e as próximas gerações,
criando cidadãos satisfeitos e assim melhorando a qualidade de vida.
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REFERÊNCIAS
Ana, Agência Nacional de Águas (Brasil). 2015. Conjuntura dos recursos hídricos: Informe 2015.
Brasília.
Barroso, L.P.M. 2010. Construção Sustentável – Soluções comparativas para o uso eficiente da água
nos edifícios de habitação. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil, especialidade de
Reabilitação de Edifícios). Lisboa: Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia.
Câmara da Indústria da Construção. 2008. Guia de Sustentabilidade na Construção. Belo Horizonte:
FIEMG.
Foster, N. 2013. Architecture and Sustainability. Foster+Partners. Disponível em:
“http://www.fosterandpartners.com/media/546486/essay13.pdf”. Acesso em 08/11/2015.
Ghisi, E.; Montibeller, A.; Schmidt, R.W. 2006. Potential for potable water savings by using
rainwater: an analysis over 62 cities in southern Brazil: Building and Environment, v. 41, n. 2, p.
204-210.
Lima, J. A. et al. 2011. Potencial da economia de água potável pelo uso de água pluvial: análise de 40
cidades da Amazônia. Eng. Sanit. Ambient. [online]. vol.16, n.3, pp. 291-298. ISSN 1413-4152.
May, S. 2004. Estudo da Viabilidade do Aproveitamento de Água de Chuva para Consumo Não
Potável em Edificações. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia da Construção Civil). São Paulo:
Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. 189p.
Silva, V.N.; Domingos, P. 2007. Captação e manejo de água de chuva. Saúde & Ambiente em Revista, v.
2, n. 1, p. 68-76.
Tundisi, J.G. 2006. Novas perspectivas para a gestão de recursos hídricos. São Paulo: Revista USP.
n.70, p. 24-35.
1248
Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos em Vitória da
Conquista – Bahia –Brasil
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A discussão sobre a gestão dos resíduos sólidos em espaços urbanos se constitui em uma
das principais questões relacionadas aos problemas ambientais. Os procedimentos
relacionados à coleta seletiva dos resíduos sólidos, seu reaproveitamento e reciclagem,
associados às boas práticas de políticas públicas, podem possibilitar a criação de
melhorias nos índices de qualidade na gestão ambiental, implicando, indiretamente, na
geração de trabalho e renda, no uso sustentável dos recursos, na promoção da saúde, por
exemplo.
No Brasil, a geração de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) vem exigindo a formulação, a
implementação e a avaliação de políticas públicas que envolvam o maior número de
pessoas na resolução dos problemas nesse campo de atuação das ciências ambientais.
Deve-se destacar, inicialmente, que a gestão dos RSU deve envolver gestores públicos,
empresários, trabalhadores e outros membros da sociedade civil. Trata-se, portanto, de
um problema amplo e complexo, de natureza sistêmica.
Nessa perspectiva, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar o processo de coleta
seletiva desses resíduos sólidos na cidade de Vitória da Conquista, Estado da Bahia, Brasil.
Buscou-se, ainda, conhecer a percepção dos gestores públicos, dos trabalhadores da
Cooperativa de Catadores Recicla Conquista e outros cidadãos que compõem a sociedade
da mencionada cidade.
Tomou-se como pressuposto preliminar que: a) as políticas públicas municipais inerentes
à área de gestão ambiental seriam realizadas sem observar um padrão metodológico
baseado nas boas práticas recomendadas para gestão de projetos; b) os gestores públicos
estão motivados para por em pratica as ações previstas nos planos elaborados na
Secretaria Municipal do Meio Ambiente; c) os resultados da Cooperativa de Catadores do
Recicla Conquista são muito limitados, pois estão circunscritos apenas a alguns bairros
relacionados no universo amostral pesquisado.
Este presente trabalho possui relevância academia, social e econômica. No âmbito
acadêmico, pôde-se confrontar conhecimentos teóricos com conhecimentos práticos; no
âmbito social, destaca-se a importância de apresentar um estudo de caso relacionado com
a terceira mais importante cidade do Estado da Bahia, e, por fim, no âmbito econômico foi
possível analisar a organização da Cooperativa de Catadores, seus recursos humanos,
materiais e informacionais, enfatizando a geração de trabalho e renda.
Além desta seção introdutória, este artigo contém outras seções, a saber: seção 2 -
metodologia; seção 3 – A questão do recolhimento do lixo urbano no Brasil; seção 4 -
Vitória da Conquista e os Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU); seção 5 – Resultados da
pesquisa; e seção 6 – Conclusão.
2. METODOLOGIA
O trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado por meio método de Estudo de Caso, que teve a
finalidade de aprofundar conhecimentos sobre o problema central de pesquisa. Em uma
primeira etapa da investigação, procedeu-se à uma pesquisa exploratória com consultas
em fontes bibliográficas (artigos científicos, dissertações, teses e livros) e análise de
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Considerou-se, ainda, que os moradores pesquisados deveriam ter idade igual ou superior
a 16 anos. Também foram consideradas as variáveis nível socioeconômico, grau de
instrução e sexo no momento de realizar o cálculo amostral, baseado em amostragem
estratificada de tipo heterogênea
Buscou-se conhecer a opinião dos três grupos pesquisados em relação às políticas públicas
municipais inerentes à área de gestão ambiental, à percepção dos gestores públicos
relativa às ações previstas nos planos elaborados na Secretaria Municipal do Meio
Ambiente e aos resultados da Cooperativa de Catadores do Recicla Conquista.
As etapas exploratória e descritiva exigiram análises qualitativa e quantitativa,
respectivamente. A integração das abordagens citadas possibilita associar subjetividade
com a objetividade que é gerada com as análises dos dados estatísticos.
Estipulou-se um intervalo de confiança de 95% relativo ao percentual de todas as
amostras possíveis que satisfazem a margem de erro de 5%, conforme Tabela 1.
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Qtde de
Bairro Domicílios Frequência Relativa (%) Questionários por Bairro
Centro 3.670 6,07 24
Guarani 2.273 3,76 15
Cruzeiro 2.309 3,82 15
Alto Maron 4.976 8,24 33
Recreio 2.055 3,40 14
Jurema 1.650 2,73 11
Brasil 6.282 10,40 41
Ibirapuera 4.087 6,76 27
Nossa Senhora Aparecida 961 1,59 6
Primavera 566 0,94 4
Candeias 4.400 7,28 29
Boa Vista 2.681 4,44 18
Felícia 860 1,42 6
Patagônia 7.252 12,00 48
Bateiais 2.377 3,93 16
Zabelê 6.201 10,26 41
Universidade 224 0,37 1
Espírito Santo 3.170 5,25 21
Airton Senna 100 0,17 1
Jatobá 1.760 2,91 12
Campinhos 1.227 2,03 8
São Pedro 408 0,68 3
Distrito Industrial 257 0,43 2
Lagoa das Flores 678 1,12 4
398
Total 60.424 100,00
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De acordo com o Cempre Review (2013), no Brasil, 80,3% dos Resíduos Sólidos recolhidos
por caminhões e levados para lixões, aterros ou reciclagem; 9,5% eram queimados em
propriedades pesquisadas; 7,2% depositados em caçamba; 2% jogado em terreno baldio
ou logradouro, 0,6% enterrado na propriedade; 0,2% enviado para outras modalidades de
destinação; 0,l% jogado em rios e lagoas. No ano de 2013, o processamento dos materiais
reciclados gerou um faturamento para as indústrias especializadas em torno de R$ 10
bilhões.
A Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente nº 275, enfatiza que é preciso
implementar ações que objetivem incentivar, facilitar e expandir no país a reciclagem de
resíduos, na perspectiva de diminuir o consumo de matérias-primas, recursos naturais
não renováveis, água e energia (CONAMA, 2005).
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5. RESULTADOS DA PESQUISA
A análise do processo de coleta seletiva dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na cidade de Vitória
da Conquista revelou que os gestores públicos vinculados à Prefeitura Municipal de Vitória
da Conquista, na Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, possuem conhecimento dos principais
problemas que influenciam a geração, o descarte, a coleta e a reciclagem dos Resíduos
Sólidos Urbanos. Contudo, a maior parte desses gestores afirmou que ainda é preciso um
amplo conjunto de ações para implementar um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental capaz de
planejar, organizar, controlar e avaliar o processo de produção local de matérias-primas, o
destino final, os resíduos gerados, segundo preconiza as boas práticas de gestão
sustentável.
Foram constatadas falhas nos processos de comunicação entre as Secretarias Municipais,
bem como entre estas, os cidadãos e os trabalhadores que foram objeto de investigação
neste trabalho. Os resíduos sólidos, na maioria das vezes, são gerados de modo
inadequado, ora acarretando problemas de contaminação do solo e das águas, ora
provocando problemas ambientais, econômicos e sociais (Mazzer e Cavalcanti, 2004).
A despeito das falhas aqui mencionadas, verificou-se que os gestores públicos
demonstraram entusiasmo. Os mesmos afirmaram que estão motivados para dar
continuidade as ações previstas nos documentos que compõem os planejamentos
estratégicos, táticos e operacionais elaborados tanto para a Secretaria do Meio Ambiente
quanto para o Sistema de Gestão Ambiental.
No que diz respeito à percepção dos trabalhadores da Cooperativa de Catadores Recicla
Conquista, foi registrado que, além dos trabalhadores contratados pela prefeitura
municipal, 60 pessoas atuam diretamente nas instalações da cooperativa e,
aproximadamente, outras 100 atuam de modo informal no processo de coleta do lixo.
Na Cooperativa de Catadores Recicla Conquista, diariamente é gerada uma média de 300
toneladas de lixo, sendo que mais de 80% deste total poderia ser reutilizado.
Os catadores entrevistados disseram que precisam de capacitação para desenvolvimento
das atividades de coleta e reciclagem do lixo. Alegaram, ainda, que o número de catadores
é insuficiente para as demandas da cidade. Nessa perspectiva, indicaram que o poder
público em conjunto com a iniciativa privada deveriam criar novas unidades operacionais
da Cooperativa, distribuindo-as por outros bairros da cidade. Na avaliação de Scarlato
(1992), Valle (2001), Conceição (2003) e Reveilleau (2008), a racional gestão resíduos
pode ser uma importante oportunidade de geração de emprego e renda.
A coleta seletiva dos resíduos é realizada em 18 nos bairros, quais sejam: Alto Maron,
Bateias, Boa Vista, Brasil, Candeias, Centro, Cruzeiro, Espírito Santo, Felícia, Guarani,
Ibirapuera, Jatobá, Jurema, Patagônia, Primavera, São Pedro e Zabelê. Todavia, 6 bairros
não realizam coleta coletiva: Airton Senna, Campinhos, Distrito Industrial, Lagoa das
Flores, Nossa Senhora Aparecida e Universidade.
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6. CONCLUSÃO
A gestão de manejo dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos exige mudanças de atitudes. Há
necessidade de o poder público integrar as empresas e a sociedade civil no processo de
gestão do meio ambiente com vistas a promover redução dos impactos ambientais.
Nessa perspectiva, este trabalho buscou resposta para a questão central de pesquisa, qual
seja, a problemática do processo de coleta seletiva desses resíduos sólidos na cidade de
Vitória da Conquista. Constatou-se que o objetivo central de pesquisa foi alcançado, pois as
informações e dados coletados possibilitaram concluir que as políticas públicas municipais
inerentes à área de gestão ambiental não estavam sendo realizadas segundo um padrão
metodológico baseado nas boas práticas recomendadas para gestão de projetos. Também
foi possível constatar que os gestores públicos estavam motivados para implementar as
ações previstas nos planos elaborados na Secretaria Municipal do Meio Ambiente, mas que
os mesmos exerciam suas atividades sem integrá-las com outras secretarias municipais e
com a sociedade civil.
Outra conclusão encontrada evidenciou que os trabalhos da Cooperativa de Catadores do
Recicla Conquista estavam limitados apenas a alguns bairros da cidade, situação que
revela que há necessidade imediata de ampliar o raio de ação do Recicla Conquista. A
ampliação proposta pode implicar em geração de trabalho e renda para inúmeras pessoas
que exercem a função de catadores na cidade. Além disso, um adequado manejo dos
resíduos sólidos pode reduzir a emissão de CO2 na atmosfera.
Considerando-se que este trabalho foi delimitado apenas para análise dos Resíduos
Sólidos Urbanos, recomenda-se que trabalhos futuros sejam realizados para aprofundar
conhecimentos sobre a problemática ora estudada, bem como realizar estudos na zona
rural da cidade. Recomenda-se, ainda, que a metodologia aplicada a este trabalho possa
ser utilizada em outros municípios brasileiros que possuam situação similar.
REFERÊNCIAS
Brasil. Lei n°12.305, 2 de agosto de 2010. Institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e da outras
providencias. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-
2010/2010/lei/l12305.htm>. Acesso em: 6 jul. 2015.
Brasil. Ministério das Cidades. Secretaria Nacional de Saneamento Ambiental. 2009. Diretrizes para
Definição da Política e Elaboração de Planos Municipais e Regionais de Saneamento Básico. Brasília.
Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. 2005. Resolução 275/05. Estabelece a classificação das águas
doces, salobras e salinas do Território Nacional. Brasília: SEMA.
Compromisso Empresarial para Reciclagem. 2013. Cempre Review 2013. Disponível em:
<http://www.cempre.org.br/ser_mercado.ppt>. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2015.
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1. INTRODUCTION
In a city, the avenues represent the arteries that connect the main points to neighborhoods
and other locations. They are used by those who live there to walk or go to work, to
transport the goods and resources produced, distributed and allocated in the city and to
other municipalities. These are vital and strategic streets that interpret the care and the
viewpoint of its people through its public space.
Most Brazilian cities, since the mid-1950s, due to market impositions and national
industrial policy decisions to effectively and definitively establish cars as the main means
of transportation nationwide, began projecting its avenues in order to sustain the volume
of traffic. Urban tree arborization, little known when Brazilian cities were first formed,
was mostly seen in private backyards and later in public spaces such as squares and parks.
The urbanization process evidenced the need to associate the development of these areas
with environmental conservation, contributing toward improving the quality of life of
urban populations (Albertin et al., 2011). However, in the areas bordering the high traffic
volume avenues, tree arborization is usually restricted to narrow sidewalks, or undersized
plant beds along the streets. Generally in second place (although avenues are spaces that
generate much heat and pollution), trees are moderately highlighted, not very
representative and displaying low diversification given the diversity of the nation’s flora
and environmental landscape potential of urban tree arborization. The common citizens
and public authorities were not galvanized with regard to its advantages.
When well planned, these roads can rely on a number of urban facilities, including
afforestation. A well conducted street arborization in urban spaces provides, in addition to
local beautification, humidity and cleaner air (Paiva & Gonçalves, 2002), a more shaded
environment, shelter to birds, pleasant flower scents and mild temperatures.
Economically, the planting and maintenance of large trees that provide shade represents a
better strategy than planting palm trees, which provide little shade and require more
frequent care collecting its leaves. Over their life cycle, the dicotyledonous trees (palm
trees are monocots species) require lower maintenance costs, live longer and provide
many benefits when compared to medium or small trees (Geiger, 2004). However, this
requires planting the individual trees in appropriate locations, with adequate spacing,
lighting and sufficient space for their root and aerial development.
On the other hand, without proper planning to outline these streets, there may only be
streets and sidewalks without any attention given to urban tree arborization, making this
environment less gratifying for those who use it, either by car or on foot. Asphalt
deformation, higher temperatures and less attractive streets are the disadvantages of a
street with few or no trees. Other ecological problems can be mentioned as a result of poor
planning regarding urban tree arborization, such as the loss of biodiversity caused by lack
of shelter and food for the wildlife that remains in urban areas (Brun et al., 2007). An
inadequate selection of tree species can be problematic to pedestrians, because of their
shoots (canopy) often at the height of pedestrians, or a root system that can break
pavements, a potential danger that can injure people walking on these broken pavements.
The purpose of this article is to conduct a critical tree arborization analysis of seven high
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traffic avenues in the urban area of São Carlos, a city located in the State of São Paulo
(Brazil).
São Carlos is known as the Capital of Technology, it has two major public universities and
many companies in the technology sector. According to the Brazilian Institute of
Geography and Statistics, in 2015 its estimated population was of 241,389 inhabitants. Its
total municipal area covers 1136.9 km2, and its urban area is 85 km2, or 7.5% of the
municipal area (IBGE, 2016). According to the government of São Carlos, the current
approximate estimate of light vehicles is of 176,000 units (São Carlos, 2016).
Figure 1. Overview of the location of the case study. Clockwise: political and administrative
boundaries of Brazil, especially the state of São Paulo; location of São Carlos in the State of São
Paulo; and the urban area of São Carlos.
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4
5
3 2
3
6
7 1
Figure 2. Urban area of São Carlos and its road network, especially the streets (avenues) studied:
Getúlio Vargas (1); São Carlos (2); Alfredo Maffei (3); Trabalhador São Carlense (4); Francisco
Pereira Lopes (5); Henrique Gregori (6); Dr. Teixeira Barros (7)
Direct in loco observation was carried out in all the avenues under study, recording their
general characteristics as regards the existence, disposition, state of preservation and
maintenance of tree species, as well as an assessment of the species selection for the
location where they were planted. The Quantum GIS software (version 2.10.1), Geographic
Information System (GIS) tool, was used to further understand and present the situation.
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Figure 4. Two different sections of São Carlos Avenue. The first picture shows the urban trees of a
square. The second photo (at the end of the avenue) shows the trees trimmed because of the
electric wires.
Figure 5. Alfredo Maffei Avenue in the first and second section, respectively.
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Figure 7. Francisco Pereira Lopes Avenue highlighting the bike path and landslip of the slope (photo
on the right)
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Figure 9. Dr. Teixeira de Barros Avenue and its central plant bed (on the left side)
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In general, the public sidewalks of the streets assessed were not designed to receive
medium or large sized trees. Those that have tree arborization show poorly performed
pruning, tabular roots breaking the cement pavements and undersized beds. The Building
Code of São Carlos (São Carlos, 2011) states that the sidewalks should be built in a
continuous plane. This City Law states that the circulation path (sidewalk) is an “area of
the main circulation path which must always guarantee an accessible physical path, a
barrier-free path of travel, e.g., no elevated steps, pot holes [...]”. This document also states
that the free circulation path should have a minimum width of 1.20m. Raised steps and pot
holes were observed in several segments, as well as other types of discontinuities such as
uneven and irregular pavements, posing risks to pedestrians. The width of the free
circulation path, established by law, was also disregarded in several stretches. As they are
narrow and sporadic, these paths are rarely in conditions – with few exceptions – to
receive afforestation without any conflicts with urban constructions, electric wiring and
other equipment that compose the sidewalks. In 2009 the Urban Afforestation Plan of São
Carlos was instituted, which among other technical factors determines excavation
specifications for individual trees along the public paths, determining minimum
dimensions of 0.6m X 0.6m X 0.6m from the curb (São Carlos, 2009). In addition, other
distance restrictions are determined in this decree in order to ensure that trees can fully
develop, free of urban elements (traffic lights, drainage systems, bus stops, lighting poles
and traffic signs, water and sewage networks), and subsequent trimmings resulting from a
poor selection of species or technically flawed tree planting.
As the removal and replacement of trees is a non lucrative activity - except when at risk of
collapse, pests or diseases that condemn the tree – the introduction of a new species
occurs only when the tree has collapsed or expired. Therefore, selecting a greater tree
variety is a strategy that emphasizes concern with the health of the urban forest, which
can prevent verticalization in cases of disease or pest attacks.
There is significant difference between some of streets studied, such as 1 and 7 (Figures 3
and 9, respectively), considering the focus of this discussion addresses the central plant
bed and its afforestation. Street 1, with palm trees planted along its length and a central
plant bed of 1.5 meter wide (and 0.4 meters tall), obstructs pedestrian traffic and includes
mostly monocots species, which despite their beauty, do not provide sufficient shade.
Street 7, which has central plant beds that are 7-meter wide, and which predominantly
includes varied dicotyledonous species, known as good shade providers. There is no
difference in height between the level of the pavement and the trees planted, showing
consideration for pedestrians. The width of the central beds, the mix of adult
dicotyledonous species, the shading, spacing and positioning of trees in Street 7 are
successful examples that could be replicated in new streets.
Table 1 exhibited maintenance deficiency in five streets (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5), and sporadic tree
arborization in three streets. One of the streets (1) showed low species variability. Of the
avenues assessed, five have central plant beds (1, 3, 4, 6 and 7), which showed these
spaces have tree arborization. The average daily traffic flow was presented here to further
the discussion regarding the need for afforestation in very busy streets, considering that
plant species are responsible for partly sequestering the carbon gases emitted by motor
vehicles.
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4. CONCLUSIONS
The afforestation observed in the avenues used as case study does not necessarily obey
the strict criteria for species selection. Consequently, several trees already in advanced
development stages are inadequate for the locations in which they were planted. However,
they comprise the tree population and receive some maintenance, despite the fact these
species are victims of poor tree trimming, undersized beds and are planted in
inappropriate spaces.
In general, the assessed avenues have trees, although there are continuity gaps
(quantitative aspect) and a lack of variety (qualitative aspect). The sidewalks, not designed
to receive trees of any size, demonstrate a range of cases. While an effort in this direction
by the local government can be perceived, street afforestation appears as only minimally
satisfactory when there is afforestation in large squares or along long stretches of central
plant beds.
REFERENCES
Albertin, R. M.; Angelis, R.; Neto, G. A.; Angelis, B. L. D. 2011. Diagnóstico quali-quantitativo da
arborização viária de nova esperança, Paraná, Brasil. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização
Urbana. 6(3): 128-148.
Brun, K. G. F.; Link, D.; Brun, J. E. 2007. O emprego da arborização na manutenção da biodiversidade
de fauna em áreas urbanas. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana. 2(1): 117-127.
Geiger, J. 2004. The large tree argument: the case for large trees VS. Small trees. Western Arborist.
30(1): 14-15.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2016. IBGE Cidades.
Disponível em:
<http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.php?lang=&codmun=354890&search=sao-
paulo|sao-carlos>. Acessado em 10 maio 2016.
Paiva, H. N.; Gonçalves, W. 2002. Floresta Urbana: planejamento para melhoria da qualidade de
vida. Viçosa: Aprenda Fácil.
São Carlos. 2009. Decreto n°216. Plano de Arborização do Município de São Carlos. Disponível em:
<http://www.saocarlos.sp.gov.br/images/stories/legislacao_urbanistica_municipal/Decreto%202
16-09-digital.pdf>. Acessado em 30 maio 2016.
São Carlos. 2011. Lei n° 15.958. Código de Obras e Edificações do município de São Carlos.
São Carlos. 2016. Secretaria de Transporte e Trânsito. Informações sobre a frota municipal e
trânsito local nas principais vias de São Carlos.
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A vegetação urbana como condicionante de mitigação de
ilhas de calor
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A falta de planejamento decorrente da intensa urbanização e de um crescimento urbano
acelerado tem reduzido as áreas de vegetação nos centros urbanos, sendo evidenciado em
pesquisas como fatores de influência do microclima. As alterações climáticas nos centros
urbanos são responsáveis por ocasionarem ampliação no desconforto térmico,
principalmente em áreas de clima tropical úmido, ocasionando nessas áreas uma elevação
na temperatura das superfícies comparada com as verificadas em áreas rurais (Gartland,
2010).
Segundo Dacanal, Labaki e Silva (2010), o interesse a respeito do conforto térmico em
espaços abertos tem aumentado devido aos estudos relacionados às estratégias
bioclimáticas enquanto mecanismo para a melhoria da eficiência energética das edificações
e, também, da qualidade dos espaços livres públicos.
Com a limitação da vegetação nos centros urbanos e ampliação das superfícies retentoras
de radiação das edificações, o desconforto térmico é ampliado, como consequência da
relação da capacidade de absorção de radiação solar das configurações desse meio.
A vegetação propicia resfriamento passivo em uma edificação por meio do sombreamento
e da evapotranspiração. O sombreamento atenua a radiação solar incidente e,
consequentemente, o aquecimento das superfícies, reduzindo a temperatura superficial
destas, portanto, a emissão de radiação de onda longa para o meio. Através da
evapotranspiração, ocorre o resfriamento das folhas e do ar adjacente, devido à retirada de
calor latente (Labaki, et al., 2011).
De acordo com Gonçalves e Santos (2010), o sombreamento produzido pela vegetação atua
impedindo que a radiação solar atinja diretamente a superfície. Segundo o mesmo autor, a
vegetação também absorve parte dessa radiação em seu processo de evapotranspiração, o
que resfria e umidifica o ar do entorno, consequentemente produzindo um ambiente com
microclima mais confortável.
Pesquisas acerca da influência da vegetação para o conforto térmico urbano tem apontado
a vegetação como um importante fator de atenuação dos impactos negativos no microclima,
sendo ainda a responsável pela redução da temperatura e elevação da umidade relativa do
ar (Silva et al., 2015).
Nos centros urbanos observa-se uma expansão da mancha urbana associada com a redução
de áreas verdes, fatores que tem ocasionado mudanças no clima local (Shams et al., 2009).
As alterações microclimáticas nas áreas urbanas têm afetado o conforto térmico dos
transeuntes, sendo um fato de destaque a formação de fenômenos climáticos como os de
“ilha de calor”.
O fenômeno ilhas de calor se relaciona com as ações antrópicas e suas interferências com o
uso e ocupação do solo, e é associado com as características do meio ambiente (Lombardo,
1985).
Conforme Gartland (2010), o fenômeno ilhas de calor é formado em áreas urbanas e
suburbanas porque muitos materiais de construção comuns têm alta capacidade de
absorção e retenção de radiação solar em comparação com os materiais naturais em áreas
rurais menos urbanizadas.
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O objeto de estudo é a cidade de Vitória (LAT 20º 19' 20'' S e LONG 40º 20' 17'' W), localizada
no litoral do Sudeste brasileiro (Figura 1). O município possui cerca de 327.801 habitantes
distribuídos em uma área de 97,400 Km² de acordo com o Censo do Instituto Brasileiro de
Estatística (IBGE, 2010).
Figura 1. Mapa de localização da área de estudo. Fonte: elaborado a partir de Geobases e IJSN (2016)
3. METODOLOGIA
A etapa inicial dos procedimentos metodológicos adotados para a pesquisa consiste em
revisão bibliográfica e na aquisição das imagens gratuitas do satélite Landsat 8. As imagens
disponíveis dessa estação foram de 29/12/2014 e o horário central 12h38, referente a
estação sazonal de verão. As imagens são disponibilizadas pelo site americano USGS (United
States Geological Survey).
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Onde:
𝐾2
𝑇= 𝑘1 (Equação 2)
𝐼𝑛 ( )
𝐿λ +1
Onde
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02
03
04
01
Figura 2. Composição RGB– Falsa cor natural: Fonte: elaborado a partir de Geobases e IJSN (2016)
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Figura 3. Composição RGB– Infravermelho colorida. Fonte: elaborado a partir de Geobases e IJSN
(2016)
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As áreas com intensa urbanização e sem vegetação se tornam ambientes propícios para a
absorção e retenção da radiação solar, consequentemente, a radiação não é totalmente
dissipada no ambiente, sendo a maior parte da energia absorvida entre as configurações
urbanas.
Nas áreas onde existe a presença de vegetação, foi observada a atenuação da temperatura,
corroborando no sentido de que a vegetação se torna um importante condicionante de
mitigação de ilhas de calor, melhorando o conforto térmico urbano.
Na área do Parque Estadual Fonte Grande (Figura 5), que possui vegetação concentrada,
constatam-se temperaturas entre 23,1°C - 27°C, em contrapartida, nas áreas urbanizadas
do município, as temperaturas variam de 29,1°C - 49°C (Figura 6).
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C E
B
A D
REGIÃO CARACTERÍSTICAS
A Região com temperaturas mais baixa representativa do Oceano Atlântico;
B Região com temperaturas baixas representando a área do Parque da Fonte Grande;
C Região com temperaturas elevadas representando a área urbanizada;
D Região com temperaturas baixas representando o Oceano;
E Região com temperaturas baixas representando as áreas verdes da Vale.
Figura 7. Perfil do Campo Térmico. Fonte da imagem: elaborado a partir de Geobases e IJSN (2016)
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5 CONCLUSÃO
6 AGRADECIMENTOS
Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pela FAPES – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do
Espírito Santo, e insere‐se no contexto dos trabalhos da rede URBENERE apoiado pelo
CYTED Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo.
REFERÊNCIAS
Coelho, A. L. N.; Correa, W. de S. C.; Nascimento, F. H. 2013. Uso de produtos de sensoriamento remoto
para a classificação e análise de temperaturas de superfície no município de Vila Velha/Es (Brasil),
GeoFocus (Informes y aplicaciones), nº 13-1, p. 61-76.
Coelho, N.L.A. & Correa, C.S.W. Temperatura de Superfície Celcius do Sensor TIRS/LandSat – 8 In:
Revista Geográfica Acadêmica, online, Boa Vista Vol.7, 2013, ISSN 1678-7226. Disponível em
<http://revista.ufrr.br/index.php/rga/article/view/2996>.
Dacanal, C.; Labaki, L.C.; Silva, T. M. L. 2010. Vamos passear na floresta! O conforto térmico em
fragmentos florestais urbanos. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 10, n. 2, p. 115-132, abr./jun.
Gartland, L. 2010. Ilhas de calor: como mitigar zonas de calor em áreas urbanas. Tradução: Sílvia
Helena Gonçalves. São Paulo: Oficina de Textos. 248 p.
Governo do Estado do Espírito Santo. 2016. Sistema Integrado de Bases Geoespaciais do Estado do
Espírito Santo (GEOBASES). Disponível em <http://www.geobases.es.gov.br/portal/>. Acesso em 20
de maio 2016.
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Gonçalves, T. M.; Santos, R. dos (Org). 2016. Cidade e meio ambiente: estudos interdisciplinares.
Criciúma, SC: Ed. UNESC, 2010.INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA (IBGE).
Censo Demográfico 2010. Disponível em: < http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/ >. Acesso em 20 de maio
de 2016.
Gusso, A.; Fontana, D. C.; Gonçalves, G. A. 2007. Mapeamento da temperatura da superfície terrestre
com uso do sensor AVHRR/NOAA. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. Brasília, v. 42, n. 2, p. 231-237,
fev.
Instituto Brasileiro De Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. 2016. Censo Demográfico 2010. Disponível em:
< http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/ >. Acesso em 20 de maio de 2016.
Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves – IJSN, aquisição de plano de informação limite municipal.
Disponível em: < http://www.ijsn.es.gov.br/>. Acesso em: 20 maio de 2016.
Kottek, M.; Grieser, J.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, F. 2006. World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate
classification updated. Meteorol Zeitschrift 15 (3): 259-26.
Labaki, L.C.; Santos, R. F. dos; Bueno-Bartholomei, C. L.; Abreu, L. V de. 2011. Vegetação e conforto
térmico em espaços urbanos abertos. Fórum Patrimônio: Ambiente Construído e Patrimônio
Sustentável (UFMG. Online), v. 5, p. 2.
Lombardo. M. A. 1985. Ilha de calor nas metrópoles: o exemplo de São Paulo. São Paulo: Huritec.
Romero, M. A. B. 2000. Princípios bioclimáticos para o desenho urbano. São Paulo: Projeto Editores
Associados Ltda.
Silva, B. A.; Xavier, T. C.; Silva, F. T. da; Alvarez, C. E. de. 2015. O impacto da distribuição de vegetação
no microclima de ambientes urbanos. In: Euro-ELECS 2015 -Latin American and European
conference on sustainable buildings and communities, 2015, Guimarães. Euro-ELECS 2015 -Latin
American and European conference on sustainable buildings and communities. Lisbon: Printed by
Multicomp. v. 1. p. 247-256.
Sousa, S. B.; Ferreira Junior, L. G. 2012. Relação Entre Temperatura De Superfície Terrestre, Índices
Espectrais e Classes de Cobertura da Terra no Município de Goiânia (Go). RA'EGA - O Espaço
Geográfico em Análise , v. 26, p. 75-99.
USGS - Geological Survey / Serviço de Levantamento Geológico Americano. Imagens orbitais digitais
gratuitas do satélite Landsat-8. Disponível em: < http://www.usgs.gov/>. Acesso em 20 de maio
2016.
USGS - Geological Survey / Serviço de Levantamento Geológico Americano. Aquisição de imagens
orbitais digitais gratuitas do satélite Landsat-8. Disponível em http://landsat.usgs.gov. Acesso em 20
de maio 2016.
Shams, J. C. A.; Giacomelli, D. C.; Sucomine, N. M. 2009. Emprego Da Arborização Na Melhoria Do
Conforto Térmico Nos Espaços Livres Públicos. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização
Urbana, v. 04, p. 1-16.
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da Praça Marechal Floriano, em Passo Fundo/RS
Janaine Gobb
Universidade de Passo Fundo, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Passo Fundo (RS), Brasil
janainegb@gmail.com
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como ponto nodal e marco urbano além de ser o mais conhecido cartão postal, onde há o
“monumento da cuia”. Através da revitalização, a praça voltou a ser um importante marco
da cidade, no qual a população passou a utilizá-la novamente como um local de lazer e de
passagem. A renovação deste patrimônio proporcionou a manutenção do seu espaço
melhorando a paisagem urbana e preservando a memória histórica local, visando manter a
sustentabilidade urbana e apropriação do espaço pela população.
Palavras chave Arborização, Sustentabilidade, Tipologia das Edificações, Patrimônio
Histórico, Revitalização, Conforto Ambiental
1. INTRODUÇÃO
No Brasil, a maioria da população vive em áreas urbanas, as quais geralmente possuem
poucos espaços livres de edificação que possibilitam a socialização, o lazer e o contato com
a natureza, o que é considerado vital para o equilíbrio psíquico humano (Silva Filho et al.,
2002).
Assim o crescimento acelerado do espaço urbano sem planejamento, implicou em
profundas mudanças no panorama urbano do país, trazendo problemas sociais e
ambientais característicos a quase todas as cidades. A urbanização é uma das maiores
causadoras de alterações permanentes nos ambientes naturais e em geral os municípios
mantêm uma baixa taxa de similaridade com a paisagem original, tornando o ambiente
dificilmente recuperável ao que era antes (Marzluff & Ewing, 2001; Mota, 2002).
Conforme Leite & França (2007), a urbanização acelerada tem resultado em cidades
precárias e caóticas, apontando para uma problemática econômica, ambiental e social. No
Brasil, o diagnóstico geral da urbanização, identificou pontos críticos para o
desenvolvimento urbano sustentável, evidenciando entre eles o agravamento dos
problemas urbanos e ambientais das cidades, decorrentes de adensamentos
desordenados, ausência de planejamento, ausência de serviços e recursos, obsolescência
da infraestrutura e dos espaços construídos, padrões atrasados de gestão e agressões ao
ambiente (Nigro, 2007).
Maricato (2000) afirma que a teoria do planejamento urbano, representado pela
legislação, não condiz com a produção do espaço real, e o planejamento estratégico
considera o eleitor como consumidor e a mercadoria é a imagem da cidade. Corroborando
Jacobs (2011) sugere que o planejamento urbano deveria utilizar as experiências reais das
cidades e, através da análise dos resultados obtidos com certas ações, aprender para poder
formular soluções contemporâneas que sejam efetivas. E assim, utilizar instrumentos de
gestão para efetivar este planejamento.
Os espaços abertos, a rua e a praça, são o local de encontro por excelência, dos quais
depende a manutenção das relações na cidade e da sociedade, sobretudo no momento em
que 80% de população brasileira vive em área urbana (Jacobs, 2011). Por isso deve- se
pensar em soluções que promovam o resgate da qualidade de vida nas cidades e a redução
dos impactos ambientais, tanto no nível da produção de resíduos, como no do consumo de
recursos naturais (energia, água). Assim, o processo de urbanização deve ser
fundamentado no redirecionamento do atual padrão de produção e consumo do espaço
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urbano, a partir da otimização da relação do homem com o meio natural (Barbirato et al.,
2015).
À medida que as praças não exercem a sua função perante a sociedade, ou ainda, que
sejam motivos de preocupação, em virtude da falta de segurança, por exemplo, torna-se
necessário realizar intervenções. Portanto, o processo de revitalização surge como uma
solução ao poder público para reintegração deste local ao ambiente urbano (Monteiro, et
al., 2013). De acordo com Oliveira (2008), revitalizar um local consiste em um conjunto de
medidas que visam criar nova vitalidade, dar novo grau de eficiência, ou seja, reabilitar.
Para a realização deste processo tornam-se necessários inúmeros estudos e
planejamentos, que busquem verificar a melhoria que pode ser feita, de forma a aumentar
a qualidade deste ambiente, em diversos níveis, estéticos, ambientais, sociais, econômicos.
O objetivo do presente artigo foi avaliar a importância que a revitalização da Praça
Marechal Floriano proporcionou na população e ao município de Passo Fundo, levando em
consideração o planejamento urbano, a sustentabilidade, a preservação da memória
histórica e o conforto ambiental que a praça gera para a cidade.
2. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS
Os espaços livres são de grande importância no planejamento urbano, especialmente na
promoção de sua ambiência em derivação do desempenho da vegetação presente. Assim, a
pesquisa foi realizada na cidade de Passo Fundo, localizada na região noroeste do estado
do Rio Grande do Sul, em região de planalto (687 m de altitude), com clima subtropical
úmido, temperatura média de 17,5 ºC e índice pluviométrico de 1787,8 mm/ano. Sua
população é de 196.793 habitantes a densidade demográfica de 235,95 hab/km² e a área
da unidade territorial é 783,421 km² (IBGE, 2015). A Praça Marechal Floriano, objeto do
presente estudo, é considerada a principal área verde da cidade, em virtude da sua
localização na parte central, no “coração da cidade”, e por ser uma das primeiras praças da
cidade, na frente à Catedral Nossa Senhora Aparecida. As ruas que estruturam a praça e
servem como limite da área são: Rua Moron, Rua Bento Gonçalves, Rua Independência e
Avenida General Neto.
O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de uma análise geral da visual da Praça, de forma a
comparar as mudanças realizadas na revitalização. Houve também um levantamento
fotográfico para avaliar a mudança na tipologia das edificações do entorno, com isso,
formou-se um banco de dados. Para avaliar a percepção dos usuários da Praça, realizou-se
um questionário avaliativo da opinião dos mesmos em relação a diversos elementos do
local, tais como monumentos históricos, segurança, iluminação, arborização, visuais do
local, condições de limpeza, entre outros. Os questionários foram aplicados em duas
etapas, antes da revitalização, no ano de 2012 e depois da revitalização, no ano de 2015,
sendo entrevistadas 50 pessoas de diversas idades e sexos em cada uma das épocas, de
forma a verificar o impacto que a revitalização proporcionou aos seus usuários.
A fim de avaliar o conforto ambiental, fez-se o levantamento da vegetação existente, do
nível de ruídos e da temperatura, a qual é uma variável climatológica influenciadora para o
conforto que esta área causa no meio que está inserido. Os níveis de ruído e a temperatura,
foram medidos nas épocas de solstícios de inverno e de verão e nos equinócios de outono
e primavera, nos anos de 2012 e 2015, nos períodos da manhã e da tarde. As medições
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foram realizadas com o auxílio do equipamento termo higrômetro (THDL 400), de acordo
com a NBR 10151. Para assim ser desenvolvido, foram determinados 11 pontos de
medição distribuídos pela praça, em lugares ensolarados e sombreados. Para auxiliar na
avaliação dos dados, foram utilizadas planilhas no Excel, georreferenciamento da área na
plataforma ArcGIS, além do levantamento fotográfico realizado no local.
A partir destas informações, relacionaram-se os elementos analisados com a massa verde
pertencente à área de pesquisa, para que se possa determinar a sua interferência no
desempenho dos espaços urbanos. Estes fatores tornam possível determinar a ambiência
por parte dos usuários, o que influencia no seu conforto e permanência, além da
capacidade de promoção de uma dinamização dos espaços urbanos e da avaliação das
mudanças ocorridas durante os anos de 2012 e 2015.
3. DISCUSSÃO
A análise do entorno da Praça Marechal Floriano considerando o ano de 2012 e 2015
ocorreram algumas mudanças no uso. Houve alteração especialmente em relação a
instituição de ensino que foi substituída por um comércio e quanto ao uso misto
aumentaram três edificações que eram inicialmente classificadas como comércio, em
função da construção de edificações em altura.
No inventário botânico realizado na praça no ano de 2012 foram identificadas 215 árvores
e em 2015 encontra-se 150 árvores, pois houve a autorização para a retirada de alguns
exemplares que apresentavam risco, problemas fitossanitários e outras em função de
queda por evento climático (vento). Dessa forma houve a retirada de 30,5% da vegetação
arbórea o que em alguns quadrantes da praça aumentaram a luminosidade interna e
ampliaram as visuais internas (Fig. 1).
Na vegetação da praça há exemplares de grande valor para o patrimônio histórico e
cultural, com a presença de diversas espécies arbóreas características da flora nativa do
Rio Grande do Sul, como o ingá, canela, branquilho, pitangueira, primavera, erva-mate,
gerivá, araucária, ipês e corticeira do banhado.
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Figura 1- Distribuição espacial das espécies arbóreas anterior a revitalização e posterior a mesma.
Dentro deste contexto e pela importância da espécie Erytrina crista galli (corticeira do
banhado) ameaçada de extinção sugere-se o tombamento como patrimônio vegetal pelo
município de Passo Fundo, visto que há um Decreto Municipal que permite essa ação, onde
há algumas árvores tombadas no município, mas há a necessidade de proteger e garantir o
desenvolvimento dessa espécie que é um marco e pode ser utilizada como exemplo em
atividades de educação ambiental e em programas de sustentabilidade.
Quanto as variáveis climáticas especialmente a temperatura quando comparado os dois
período percebe-se que as maiores variações ocorreram no período da manhã, com
amplitude de variação de 6ºC de 2012 em relação a 2015, para o outono, primavera e
verão, enquanto que no inverno não apresentou diferença. Entretanto no período da tarde
no inverno apresentou uma queda de 6ºC e no verão ocorreu a maior diferença com uma
amplitude de 9ºC, podendo-se deduzir que a retirada da vegetação contribuiu para a
alteração climática da praça, confirmando a influencia na melhoria do conforto térmico.
Segundo Romero (2001), albedo baixo e condutividade alta criam microclima suave e
estável graças a ação da vegetação. Assim as árvores melhoram o microclima e conforto
térmico, pela radiação da incidência direta da radiação solar. Desse modo pode-se dizer
que houve variação com aumento nas condicionantes climáticas (temperatura) no outono,
primavera e verão. Em relação a análise do ruído sonoro também ocorreram alterações em
torno de 4 a 10 decibéis, sendo o período do outono os maiores valores. A análise verificou
ser uma área de grande fluxo de veículos e o entorno se caracteriza predominantemente
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como comércio, além de ter uma parada de ônibus, que ao longo dos anos aumentou a
frota veicular e o número de linhas que utilizam este ponto.
Analisando o traçado da praça observa-se uma alteração nos caminhos em relação a rua
Bento Gonçalves no ponto onde está localizada a parada de ônibus, indicando a
apropriação dos usuários por um caminho alternativo que foi pavimentado por ocasião da
requalificação da praça. Outra necessidade era em relação a questão histórica dos
monumentos. Assim as ações realizadas, com a revitalização no lago e chafariz presentes
na praça, os quais estavam abandonados; o entorno da Cuia e o monumento foi
modernizado, com pintura nova; melhorou a visual de forma agradável destacando os
elementos (Fig. 2).
Figura 2: Revitalização do lago e do espelho d’água da Praça Marechal Floriano e comparação da modernização
do monumento da Cuia, símbolo e cartão postal da cidade.
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limpa, com visual agradável, sendo que a iluminação e os passeios foram classificados
como suficientes e conservados. Além disso, verifica-se que a segurança melhorou após a
revitalização, em virtude, principalmente, da melhoria da iluminação e da presença de
seguranças no local. Verifica-se maior permanência da população, sendo que esta passa a
sentir prazer em frequentar este local tanto para lazer quanto descanso, melhorando
assim, a qualidade de vida da sociedade diminuindo o estresse. Evidenciando que com
planejamento é possível qualificar os espaços públicos solucionando questões de
infraestrutura e respeitando a vegetação.
A iniciativa de revitalização de um local é uma atitude necessária, entretanto, as obras
depois de finalizadas devem receber manutenção periódica, tanto nos elementos de
responsabilidade do poder público, quanto à população, a qual deve adotar práticas de
preservação e manutenção destes locais.
Figura 3: Comparativo entre a opinião dos usuários da Praça antes e depois da sua revitalização.
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10 2012
5
0 2015
4. CONCLUSÕES
A revitalização da Praça Marechal Floriano permitiu o resgate da memória histórica local,
sendo um ponto nodal e marco urbano, conhecido como cartão postal devido ao
monumento da cuia. A população voltou a utilizar a praça como espaço de lazer, descanso
e contemplação, melhorando a qualidade de vida diminuindo o estresse e contribuindo
para a sustentabilidade ambiental, voltando a ser um ponto de encontro da comunidade.
A renovação deste patrimônio proporcionou a manutenção do seu espaço melhorando a
paisagem urbana e preservando a memória histórica local, visando manter a
sustentabilidade urbana e apropriação do espaço pela população, destacando a
importância da preservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção que estão muito próximas
podendo ser reconhecidas e utilizadas pela população.
A praça faz parte da infraestrutura urbana contribuindo para a sustentabilidade da cidade
e minimizando o impacto da ilha de calor com a preservação do patrimônio vegetal
existente.
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REFERÊNCIAS
BARBIRATO, Gianna Melo et al. ESPAÇOS LIVRES E MORFOLOGIA URBANA: DISCUSSÕES SOBRE
INFLUÊNCIAS NA QUALIDADE CLIMÁTICA E SUSTENTABILIDADE URBANA A PARTIR DE ESTUDOS
EM CIDADES NO ESTADO DE ALAGOAS – BRASIL1. Revista Paisagem e Ambiente, São Paulo, v. 36,
p.49-68, jan. 2015. Disponível em:
<http://www.revistas.usp.br/paam/issue/view/7942/showToc>. Acesso em: 18 maio 2016.
BEZERRA, Aline Maria Marques; CHAVES, César Roberto Castro.Revitalização Urbana: Entendendo
o processo de requalificação da paisagem. REVISTA DO CEDS: Periódico do Centro de Estudos em
Desenvolvimento Sustentável da UNDB. São Luís, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-2. 01/08/2014. Disponível em:
http://www.undb.edu.br/publicacoes/arquivos/rev._ceds_n.1_-
_revitaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_urbana_entendendo_o_processo_de_requalifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_
da_paisagem_-_aline_bezerra.pdf.
IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística [Internet]. Passo Fundo; s.d. [atualizado 2015;
18/08/2016]. http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.php?codmun=431410.
JACOBS, Jane. Introdução. In: _________. Morte e vida de grandes cidades. 3ª edição. São Paulo:
Martins Fontes, 2011. p.1-26.
LEITE, Marcos Esdras; FRANÇA, Iara Soares de. Caminhos de Reflexões Sobre a Sustentabilidade
LENGEN, Johan Van. Manual do Arquiteto Descalço. São Paulo: Empório do Livro, 2009, p. 710.
MARICATO, Ermínia. As idéias fora do lugar e o lugar fora das idéias: planejamento urbano no
Brasil. In: ARANTES, Otília; VAINER, Carlos B.;MARICATO,Ermínia. A cidade do pensamento único:
desmanchando consensos. Petrópolis: Vozes,2000.
MONTEIRO, M. M. G.; TETTO, A. F.; BIONDI, D.; SILVA, R. R. S. Percepção dos usuários em relação à
arborização da Avenida Cândido de Abreu –Curitiba –PR. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de
Arborização Urbana, v. 8, n.2, p. 20 -34, 2013.
MOTTA, F.L. Desenho e emancipação. São Paulo: Fauusp, 1970.
NIGRO, Carlos. Planos Diretores. Paraná, 2007.
OLIVEIRA, R. D. Revitalização patrimonial. Revista Patrimônio: Lazer & Turismo. Santos, n. 3,
jul./set. 2008.
PEREIRA, Iacimary Socorro de Oliveira. As políticas públicas de revitalização urbana e a localização
das classes sociais: o caso de Belém - PA. 2009. 284 f. Tese (Doutorado em Arquitetura e
Urbanismo)-Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 2009.
Romero, Marta Adriana Bustos. Arquitetura bioclimática do espaço público. Brasília: UnB, 2001.
SACHS, Ignacy. “Estratégias de transição para o século XXI – desenvolvimento e meio ambiente”. In:
BURSZTYN, M. (org.). Para pensar o desenvolvimento sustentável. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Brasiliense,
1993 in JESUS, Tânia S. de; SOUZA, Rosemeri Melo e. Ambiente Urbano e Qualidade de Vida – Uma
Análise da (In)Sustentabilidade na Cidade de Nossa Senhora da Glória/SE. São Cristóvão - SE, 2007.
SILVA FILHO, D.F. da; PIZZETTA, P.U.C.; ALMEIDA, J.B. S.A. Banco de dados relacional para
cadastro, avaliação e manejo da arborização em vias públicas. Revista Árvore, v.26, n.5,
p.629-642. 2002.
SMOLKA, M. Velhas novidades na agenda do Banco Mundial para a política urbana nos anos 1990.
In: GONÇALVES, M.F. (org) O novo Brasil Urbano. Porto Alegre, Mercado Aberto1995.
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Avaliação e Caracterização dos Espaços Livres no Campus
de Goiabeiras/UFES (Brasil)
RESUMO: Os espaços livres públicos do campus Alaor de Queiroz Araújo (também chamado
campus de Goiabeiras) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, localizado em Vitória-ES,
são considerados elementos qualificadores da sua infraestrutura física e desempenham
papel relevante na configuração da ambiência necessária ao pleno desenvolvimento
acadêmico, uma vez que, em grande parte, são destinados à permanência, fruição e
descanso, bem como a interação e integração dos usuários deste campus, especialmente a
comunidade universitária, mas também o público externo que procura desfrutar das
amenidades ali presentes. Por essa razão, foi desenvolvido um estudo específico sobre essas
áreas, como parte da revisão do Plano Diretor Físico desse campus. O objetivo geral do
trabalho de pesquisa aqui exposto foi o de identificar e avaliar as áreas propícias ao
encontro e/ou permanência dos usuários no campus, classificando-as segundo o seu grau
de importância e apropriação efetiva por parte dos mesmos, a fim de estabelecer diretrizes
para o crescimento e ampliação da infraestrutura física, especialmente a construção de
novas edificações, concernentes com a preservação destes espaços. De acordo com os
procedimentos previamente estabelecidos, foram identificadas as áreas com uso
consolidado – ou com potencial para tanto – caracteristicamente de integração, onde foram
observados diversos aspectos qualificadores do espaço, tais como: arborização, mobiliário,
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A pesquisa reportada nesse artigo foi desenvolvida para auxiliar no planejamento
urbanístico do campus Alaor de Queiroz Araújo da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
(UFES), localizado em Goiabeiras, Vitória – ES, Brasil. O referido trabalho assenta a sua
importância a partir da constatação do processo atual de reconfiguração espacial do campus
de Goiabeiras, com a implantação de novas edificações aproveitando os espaços
remanescentes entre antigas construções, resultando, em alguns casos, na redução
acentuada dos espaços livres pré-existentes que progressivamente vão se tornando cada
vez mais escassos, em prejuízo das áreas livres utilizadas pelos usuários deste campus.
Observa-se que nos últimos anos, o campus vem passando por um crescimento acelerado
da sua infraestrutura física, decorrente dos processos de expansão das universidades, que
tem dado ensejo à localização de um número crescente de novas edificações aproveitando
os espaços livres remanescentes.
O Plano Diretor Físico do Campus Universitário Alaor de Queiroz Araújo da UFES (2008),
visa o ordenamento da expansão das áreas construídas e respectivas atividades, fazendo a
adequação das disposições urbanísticas locais com as exigências e diretrizes gerais do Plano
Diretor Urbano de Vitória, além de que o uso e ocupação do solo serão submetidos à
disponibilidade de espaço e à capacidade do sistema de infraestrutura instalada,
compatibilizado com as condições do meio ambiente local, considerando-se, assim, áreas
onde a ocupação pode ser intensificada e outras, onde deve ser limitada.
Segundo Lamas (2000), o planejamento urbanístico deve controlar e organizar o
desenvolvimento espacial, utilizando-se de soluções para um conjunto de problemas,
fazendo com que os espaços de vivência sejam acrescentados ao território e não diminuídos.
Assim, o planejamento do crescimento dos espaços construídos e das áreas livres é
fundamental para proporcionar qualidade físico-ambiental a um determinado espaço
urbano, especialmente quando se trata de praças ou espaço de permanência das pessoas,
especialmente dentro da universidade (DEL RIO, 1999). Desta forma, a partir da análise da
configuração espacial existente no campus foi realizada a identificação e a classificação dos
espaços livres buscando apontar soluções que garantam a sua permanência ou mínima
interferência, visando a garantia da sua oferta e adequada apropriação pelo público usuário.
Em certa medida, se pode observar que os espaços livres existentes, para além da sua forma
física e de sua localidade, possuem características específicas correspondentes às
especificidades de cada lugar que convidam aos usuários das proximidades e os passantes,
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mesmo que esses não sejam visíveis ou não percebidos externamente, a estabelecer uma
relação maior e mais íntima entre a área e os seus frequentadores. Para Queiroga (2011), a
paisagem ou o espaço não é apenas resultado dos processos sociais, mas eles também se
configuram enquanto elementos fundamentais para a qualificação urbana, devendo se
considerar a importância e a contribuição que podem ser ensejadas a partir de proposições
de qualificação urbana ou mesmo de reestruturação feita em menor escala.
A relação que se estabelece entre o público, tanto interno quanto externo da universidade,
com os espaços existentes, conduz à reflexão sobre o objetivo da forma como esta relação
se dá, no processo de mediação entre os valores humanos e o local, que vão caracterizando
o seu desempenho, normalmente decorrentes do efeito do conjunto de atividades que se
estabelece em cada espaço considerado, a partir das características físicas do local e dos
indivíduos que o ocupam. Pressupondo que o campus pode ser considerado como uma
cidade educadora e formadora de profissionais, a adequada estruturação dos espaços de
vivência é fundamental para o conforto e desenvolvimento psíquico e educacional dos seus
usuários, pois trata-se dos propósitos humanos expressos nestes locais, capazes de
influenciar nas relações futuras que os mesmos irão estabelecer no mercado de trabalho ou
nos assuntos relacionados (LYNCH, 2007).
Dessa forma, de acordo com Heemenn e Santiago (2015), são espaços públicos bem-
sucedidos aqueles que proporcionam pontos de encontro entre pessoas de idades, gêneros
e culturas diferentes, sendo locais onde ocorrem as trocas sociais e se realizam as
celebrações, transformando-se em um palco para a vida pública. Então, é fundamental que
seja acessível a qualquer usuário, ativo, oferecendo diferentes atividades e formas de se usar
o espaço, confortável através da adaptação de mobiliário adequado e valorização das vistas,
e, acima de tudo, um lugar sociável.
Constata-se, enfim, que para uma melhor interação, convívio e bem-estar da comunidade
universitária do campus de Goiabeiras, é necessário que sejam mantidos espaços de vivência
agradáveis e sustentáveis, proporcionando possibilidades de contemplação da paisagem ao
seu redor e melhorando, caso necessário, a sua conexão com outros espaços do entorno e a
acessibilidade dos indivíduos dos centros acadêmicos, garantindo a possibilidade de
interação e o convívio harmônico entre os usuários e o espaço por eles utilizados, nas mais
diversas formas de apropriação.
Por fim, os espaços que foram identificados e classificados no levantamento levado a efeito,
são, na maioria, próximos aos centros acadêmicos ou próximos a locais que possuem
atrativos para o público universitário e para o público externo frequentador da área. A
partir dos levantamentos e das análises realizadas, os espaços livres foram classificados e
ordenados, identificando os locais mais importantes que funcionam como elementos
atrativos de pessoas e promotores dos processos de interação de grupos. Desse modo, é
possível estabelecer diretrizes para a preservação e requalificação desses espaços, de modo
a garantir que o crescimento da infraestrutura física da universidade, a partir da expansão
de novas áreas construídas, possa ocorrer preservando, na medida do possível, essas áreas,
a partir do reconhecimento da importância do seu significado e representatividade tanto
para o convívio, como para a identidade local e o imaginário coletivo dos usuários do
campus, sendo necessário que o crescimento futuro das instalações universitárias ocorra
respeitando a preservação desses espaços e os valores a eles associados.
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2. OBJETIVO
A pesquisa realizada teve como objetivo geral identificar e avaliar as áreas propícias ao
encontro e/ou permanência dos usuários no campus, com o propósito de estabelecer
diretrizes para revisão do Plano Diretor Físico do Campus Alaor de Queiroz Araújo –
Goiabeiras, apontando um conjunto de áreas livres passíveis de serem mantidas e/ou
requalificadas, visando a melhoria e o desenvolvimento das condições físico-ambientais do
campus, garantindo áreas de fruição e permanência dos usuários, de maneira integrada com
o planejamento da expansão da sua área edificada.
3. METODOLOGIA
Para o levantamento proposto foi adotada a metodologia denominada Avaliação Pós-
Ocupação (APO). A adoção da metodologia APO pressupõe um processo interativo,
estruturado e rigoroso de avaliação de desempenho dos espaços físicos, após sua
construção e ocupação. A aplicação desta metodologia se desenvolve através da
consolidação de estudos e pesquisas sobre a relação usuário-ambiente, avaliando, assim, a
influência e as consequências das decisões projetuais no desempenho do ambiente
investigado (RHEINGANTZ et al., 2009). Consoante esta metodologia foram desenvolvidas
três etapas de trabalho ao longo da pesquisa:
1. Levantamento dos espaços livres do Campus de Goiabeiras, da Universidade Federal
do Espírito Santo, com potencial paisagístico e de permanência, por meio de visitas,
fotografias e mapeamento do local.
2. Aplicação de questionários aos usuários desses espaços, na expectativa de aferir a
percepções subjetivas e avaliação valorativa dos espaços por eles frequentados.
3. Análise comparativa entre o que foi observado durante a etapa 1 e as respostas dos
usuários.
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Fonte: Os autores
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centros acadêmicos e dos pontos de maior fluxo de pessoas. Exemplo disso, pode ser
encontrado em frente ao Núcleo de Treinamento de Servidores – NTS, situado na porção
sudoeste do campus.
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Em relação à aplicação dos questionários, nota-se que sua utilização foi de extrema
importância, uma vez que apresentou respostas que complementaram e permitiram um
maior aprofundamento da pesquisa a respeito dos tópicos estudados. Além disso, permitiu
verificar a opinião dos usuários acerca dos atributos levantados, confirmando as variáveis
apontadas a partir das análises técnicas levados a efeito pela equipe envolvida, a partir do
estudo de campo realizado.
Dessa forma, os aspectos naturais como, por exemplo, ventilação, iluminação natural,
temperatura e sombreamento, geralmente associados à arborização, se mostraram como os
principais elementos qualificadores dos espaços de vivência que se mostraram mais
presentes. Já os demais fatores como, pavimentação, iluminação artificial, segurança,
mobiliário urbano e manutenção do espaço, compareceram em menor grau na avaliação
positiva das áreas livres investigadas, contribuído significativamente para uma avaliação
mais depreciativa dessas áreas. Infere-se, desse modo, que a avaliação dos atributos de
importância e atratividade dos espaços livres está relacionado não só às condicionantes de
caráter natural (presença de elementos marcadamente naturais tais como arborização,
ajardinamento e vistas privilegiadas) mas também a outros elementos de natureza artificial
e/ou construída tais como quiosques, bancos jardins, pavimentação, etc. Estima-se que se
todos esses aspectos fossem melhores qualificados, os locais propiciariam um uso mais
intensivo e qualificado pela comunidade universitária e visitantes externos, de modo geral,
que procuram desfrutar dos espaços livres presentes neste campus da UFES.
5. CONCLUSÕES
Os resultados da pesquisa aqui descrita revelaram um conjunto de dados e indicadores
importantes para a apreciação técnica, infra estrutural e qualitativa da situação atual dos
espaços livres no campus de Goiabeiras – UFES.
A partir das informações levantadas, concluiu-se que neste campus existem diversas áreas
livres com grande potencial para um aproveitamento mais adequado, voltados ao descanso,
lazer, fruição, com possibilidades reais de apropriação e uso cotidiano mais frequente pela
comunidade universitária e visitantes externos. Todavia, a maior parte destes espaços ainda
carecem de infraestrutura e mobiliário urbano adequado, capaz de promover de maneira
mais efetiva estas atividades e o inter-relacionamento pessoal dos seus frequentadores. Faz-
se, assim, necessária a requalificação desses locais, a fim de torná-los mais confortáveis e
convidativos para a permanência dos usuários, a partir de um processo de planejamento
integrado da expansão das áreas físicas construídas, especialmente das novas edificações e
percursos de passagem, integrados de maneira harmônica com a ambiência local,
preservando e sobretudo requalificando os espaços livres aqui descritos, fazendo o
adequado aproveitamento de suas potencialidades.
Quanto à metodologia adotada conclui-se que a aplicação de questionários se mostrou
fundamental para a composição desse estudo, visto que a sua aplicação tornou possível
fazer uma análise qualitativa dos espaços.
Vale ressaltar, por fim, que é importante o conhecimento dos anseios dos usuários desses
locais, a fim de se garantir uma melhor resposta com relação aos projetos de preservação e
requalificação destes espaços. Desse modo, os próprios usuários podem contribuir de
maneira ativa para a conformação e o desenho da universidade, dotando o local de
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6. AGRADECIMENTOS
As autoras agradecem ao Laboratório de Planejamento de Projetos da Universidade Federal
do Espírito Santo (UFES) pela viabilização desta pesquisa por intermédio da concessão da
bolsa PAD pela UFES, aos profissionais envolvidos e aos entrevistados que gentilmente nos
cederam parte do seu tempo livre, tornando possível o êxito deste trabalho.
REFERÊNCIAS
Del Rio, Vicente. Introdução ao desenho urbano no processo de planejamento. São Paulo: Pini. 1999.
Heemann, Jenifer; Santiago, Paola C. Guia do espaço público – para inspirar e transformar. Creative
Commons, Mountain View, EUA. 2015.
Lamas, J.M.R.G. Morfologia Urbana e Desenho da Cidade. Lisboa: Calouste Gulbenkian/ Junta Nacional
de Investigação Científica e Tecnológica. Edição 2. 2000.
Lynch, Kevin. A Boa Forma da Cidade. Lisboa. Edições 70. 2007.
Queiroga, Eugênio F., Do Vazio ao Espaço Público: requalificando paisagens, reestruturando territórios.
São Paulo. 2011.
Rheingantz, Paulo Afonso; Azevedo, Giselle Arteiro Nielsen; Brasileiro, Alice; Alcantara, Denise de;
Queiroz, Mônica. Observando a qualidade do lugar: Procedimentos para a avaliação pós-ocupação. Rio
de Janeiro: PROARQ/FAU/UFRJ. 2009.
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Plano Diretor Físico do Campus Alaor de Queiroz Araújo –
Goiabeiras. Vitória. 2008.
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Vila Velha – ES
RESUMO: As áreas verdes possuem importante função no contexto urbano. Além de serem
habitat natural, interferem positivamente em seu entorno, promovendo melhor qualidade
de vida através de suas funções naturais. Essas áreas, além de proporcionarem qualidade
visual, trazem qualidade térmica. A vegetação é responsável por criar um microclima
agradável para a permanência das pessoas num determinado local. Os espaços livres de uso
público são considerados essenciais na cidade e são fundamentais pois favorecem a
integração, o desenvolvimento de atividades sociais e vitalidade urbana. Assim, a pesquisa
visa identificar as áreas verdes e os espaços livres de uso público da cidade de Vila Velha –
ES, tendo como recorte a Regional 01 – Grande Centro, a fim de classificá-las no contexto
urbano. O método de identificação e classificação dessas áreas foi a partir do uso de imagens
satélite e visitas de campo, além de mapeamento através do programa ArcGIS. Como
resultado, foi identificado a falta de praças e parques públicos. As áreas verdes estão
concentradas em áreas de relevo acentuado e de preservação permanente às margens da
Baía de Vitória. Percebeu-se também que essas áreas são distribuídas desigualmente entre
os bairros da Regional 01 – Grande Centro.
Palavras-chave Areas verdes; espaços livres de uso público; planejamento urbano.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A qualidade de vida da população residente nas cidades é uma abordagem que vem
assumindo proporções significativas. As relações entre o ambiente construído e o ambiente
natural, os espaços de circulação, espaços de permanência agradáveis ao ar livre e as áreas
verdes da cidade são fundamentais para alcançar uma boa qualidade de vida.
O processo de urbanização gera pressões no uso e na ocupação do solo das cidades, impondo
a substituição de áreas naturais por centros construídos. As mudanças estruturais, sofridas
pelas cidades devido a uma urbanização desordenada, geram problemas ambientais que
consequentemente afetam a qualidade de vida e a saúde da população.
Neste cenário, com a modificação de ambientes naturais a partir do adensamento dos
edifícios, da concentração de indústrias, da abertura de vias, da impermeabilização do solo,
da redução das áreas verdes, dentre outras ações impactantes do uso do solo urbano; o
conforto ambiental nas cidades é modificado, alterando o microclima local e a qualidade do
ar, gerando poluição sonora, aumento de temperaturas e de consumo energético.
É importante ressaltar que todas as pessoas têm o direito de usufruir dos espaços da cidade
de forma igualitária e saudável, e para que isso aconteça de forma plena é preciso que a
cidade seja viva. A cidade viva, segundo Gehl (2014), é aquela que convida as pessoas a
caminhar, pedalar, ou permanecer nos espaços livres que ela oferece. A presença de pessoas
circulando pela cidade a torna mais agradável e segura. A cidade viva é aquela que dá ênfase
e prioridade ao pedestre com a finalidade de se alcançar um espaço com mais vitalidade.
Os espaços públicos devem permitir a integração social e devem ser convidativos para todo
tipo de necessidade humana. Tais espaços favorecem a integração, o desenvolvimento de
atividades sociais e a vitalidade urbana, além de auxiliarem na oxigenação e renovação do
ar. Quando bem equipados, arborizados, seguros, acessíveis e com boa geometria, são bem
frequentados e contribuem para a qualidade ambiental urbana. A condição microclimática
destes espaços também constitui um elemento determinante para sua qualificação,
podendo interferir na quantidade e na forma de usos.
O geógrafo Milton Santos (1994, p.49) considera espaço como “[...] o conjunto indissociável
de sistemas de objetos naturais ou fabricados e de sistemas de ações, deliberadas ou não.”
O autor entende o espaço como um misto de materialidade e sociedade, uma instância social
e o lugar material dos acontecimentos (SANTOS, 1994).
Segundo Magnoli (1982 apud Queiroga 2014), os espaços livres correspondem a todo
espaço sem a presença de edificação, livre de urbanização, ou seja, espaços descobertos,
urbanos ou não, com ou sem vegetação, públicos ou privados. Gomes (2004) ainda enfatiza
que o espaço público é, antes de tudo, qualquer tipo de espaço onde não haja obstáculos à
possibilidade de acesso e à participação de qualquer tipo de pessoa.
Para Gehl (2014), os espaços livres de uso público, além de servirem como espaços de
atividades recreativas e de lazer, também garantem uma importante arena para grandes
encontros, manifestações e protestos políticos. Geralmente essas áreas estão localizadas em
pontos estratégicos da cidade, em proximidade com centros urbanos, ou perto de
monumentos importantes, facilitando, assim, a agregação de pessoas.
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Deste modo, considerando as noções acima, os espaços livres abrangem os espaços públicos
como praças, parques, ruas, praias urbanas além de terrenos privativos sem construções e
vazios com ou sem potencial para áreas sociais. Dentre esses espaços, destacam-se como
elementos de fundamental importância para a qualidade de vida da população, as praças e
os parques urbanos.
Praças são consideradas espaços livres públicos inseridos na malha urbana com a função de
incentivar a vida comunitária e também servem como elemento organizador da rede viária.
Possuem área equivalente à da quadra e geralmente possuem vegetação, canteiros, bancos
e outros mobiliários urbanos (CARNEIRO E MESQUITA, 2000).
Parques urbanos, segundo Carneiro e Mesquita (2000, p. 28) “são espaços livres públicos
com função predominante de recreação, ocupando na malha urbana uma área em grau de
equivalência superior à da quadra típica urbana”. Ainda segundo o autor, os parques
possuem elementos da paisagem natural tais como vegetação, água e topografia, além de
construções destinadas às atividades recreativas, esportivas, culturais e administrativas.
A vegetação é, sem dúvida, um componente necessário ao espaço urbano. Além da função
paisagística, diversas são as atribuições da vegetação urbana nos aspetos ambientais,
econômicos e sociais, indispensáveis ao equilíbrio ecológico e à qualidade de vida da
população (LAMAS, 1993).
Givoni (1998) destaca que as áreas verdes possuem características que as diferenciam das
áreas construídas, tais como: alta taxa de evaporação, baixa capacidade e condutividade
térmica e baixo albedo, pois a reflexão da radiação solar é pequena. Deste modo, as áreas
verdes podem exercer diversas funções, desde valores sobre as condições ambientais até
potenciais recreativos e de elementos de destaque na paisagem urbana.
Vale destacar ainda que a quantidade de vegetação urbana tem sido mensurada através de
indicadores que expressam a superfície da área verde por habitantes (IAV = Índices de Áreas
Verdes) ou proporção do solo ocupado pela arborização (PAV = Percentual de Áreas Verdes).
A Organização das Nações Unidas (OMS) recomenda um mínimo de 12 m² de área verde por
habitante. Estocolmo, por exemplo, é uma das cidades com o maior índice de áreas verdes
do mundo, com cerca 86 m² de área verde para cada habitante, além disso, 90% da
população desta cidade tem acesso a áreas verdes num raio de 300 metros em relação a
suas residências (PROGRAMA CIDADES SUSTENTÁVEIS, 2012).
Na cidade de Vila Velha, Estado do Espirito Santo (município utilizado como estudo deste
trabalho), verifica-se carência de espaços livres de uso público que interagem com a
população. A falta de planejamento urbano, o adensamento populacional e o processo de
urbanização da cidade resultaram na substituição de ambientes naturais por espaços
construídos. Esta nova configuração da cidade traz hoje um cenário preocupante, não só
pelos seus efeitos psicológicos e sociais, mas, sobretudo, por afetar a integridade física,
principalmente de crianças e adolescentes que necessitam de espaço para brincarem e
socializarem.
Neste sentido, é que se pretende, através deste artigo, apresentar um levantamento das
áreas de uso público e das áreas verdes existentes no município de Vila Velha - ES, em
especial na Regional 01- Grande Centro, a fim de identificá-las e classificá-las dentro do
cenário urbano.
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2. MATERIAL E MÉTODO
Para a realização deste trabalho, foram realizadas leituras de bibliografias referentes a
espaços livres públicos e áreas verdes, a fim de contextualizar e conceituar as áreas
estudadas. Alguns conceitos como os de paisagem urbana, áreas públicas, áreas verdes,
praças e parques foram importantes para a análise dos espaços, dando base para a
identificação e classificação destes.
A identificação das áreas foi realizada utilizando imagens de satélite e dados geográficos
disponibilizados pelo programa Google Earth, confrontando as informações presentes na
Lei nº 4.575/2007, Plano Diretor Municipal da cidade de Vila Velha.
Após a identificação das áreas, foi desenvolvida uma base cartográfica digital, no programa
ArcGIS, de geoprocessamento via satélite, para criação de base de dados, com legendas de
identificação das áreas de convívio público e as áreas verdes.
As áreas mapeadas foram identificadas segundo Mendonça (2015, apud Mendonça et All
2012) que classifica os espaços livres de usos público em três grupos: espaços livres
públicos de equilíbrio ambiental; espaços livres públicos de práticas sociais e espaços livres
potenciais. Com as áreas identificadas e mapeadas foi possível realizar análises e
comparações gerais entre as informações coletadas, através de indicadores. Ressalta-se
neste trabalho, a análise dos dois grupos consolidados: espaços livres públicos de equilíbrio
ambiental e de espaços práticas sociais.
Figura 1. Localização do Município de Vila Velha e suas regiões administrativas - ES. Fonte: Acervo
da Pesquisa, 2016.
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De acordo com a Lei Municipal nº 4707/2008, a Região 01 – Grande Centro (Em azul na
figura 1) abrange 18 (dezoito) bairros da cidade de Vila Velha-ES (Fig. 2). Foi escolhida como
recorte desta pesquisa por ter grande importância no eixo cultural, econômico e político do
município. É também uma regional densamente povoada e que atrai grande quantidade de
pessoas todos os dias, devido à concentração do comércio.
Figura 2. Identificação dos bairros da Regional 01. Fonte: Acervo da Pesquisa, 2016.
De acordo com o Plano Diretor Municipal de Vila Velha, a Regional 01 é constituída por
Zonas de Ocupação Prioritárias (ZOP), Zonas de Proteção Ambiental e Cultural (ZEPAC) e
Zonas de Especial Interesse Ambiental (ZEIA), além de possuir uma rede hidrográfica de
potencial e importantes monumentos naturais e culturais de interesse de preservação, com
destaque para o Convento da Penha, Sitio Histórico da Prainha, Morro do Moreno e as Orlas
das praias (Fig. 3 e 4).
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praças. Percebe-se, desta forma, uma má distribuição dos espaços livres para práticas
sociais entre os bairros da Regional. Enquanto alguns deles possuem 4 praças, outros não
possui nenhuma, refletindo a desigualdade de investimentos.
Figura 5. Mapeamento das áreas livres de uso público destinada a práticas sociais da Regional 01.
Fonte: Acervo da Pesquisa, 2016.
Seis bairros da Regional 01 (Vista da Penha, Soteco, Residencial Coqueiral, Olaria, Cristóvão
Colombo e Boa Vista I) não possuem espaços livres de práticas sociais (Fig. 5).
Destaca-se com maior quantidade de espaços livres de uso público destinado a práticas
sociais, o bairro Centro, com 6,14m²/hab, reunindo assim quatro praças e uma ampla área
livre denominada “Parque da Prainha”, que apesar de receber nomenclatura de parque, é,
na verdade, um grande espaço aberto, descoberto e árido, com falta de equipamento,
infraestrutura e mobiliário.
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Figura 6. Mapeamento das áreas livres de uso público de equilíbrio ambiental da Regional 01.
Fonte: Acervo da Pesquisa, 2016.
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Gráfico 3. Índice de áreas verdes dos bairros da Regional 01. Fonte: Acervo da Pesquisa, 2016.
Nos demais bairros, mais afastados às áreas de equilíbrio ambiental, além da carência de
áreas verdes, verificou-se também a ausência de espaços públicos para práticas sociais,
como é o caso dos bairros “Divino Espirito Santo” e “Soteco”, que possuem,
aproximadamente, 8 mil habitantes cada um deles, e ambos não possuem nenhum tipo de
espaço livre de uso público.
Esses indicadores são importantes para mostrar o investimento regressivo do poder
público, uma vez que cria melhor infraestrutura e melhores espaços de convivência em
bairros já consolidados, deixando os mais precários sem o direito de usufruir de bons
espaços.
6. CONCLUSÃO
O Município de Vila Velha tem crescido muito rapidamente nesses últimos anos. Juntamente
com o desenvolvimento observa-se um aumento populacional, aumento do fluxo de veículos
automotores, redução das áreas verdes, expansão periférica de novos bairros e
verticalização dos bairros próximos à orla, desconsiderando as áreas livres de uso público
da cidade e provocando significativas alterações microclimáticas, num local que já
apresenta características de temperaturas elevadas. Esse crescimento urbano desordenado,
sem planejamento adequado, tem afetado também o acesso, o usufruto, a manutenção, a
visibilidade e a qualidade dos elementos da paisagem urbana da cidade, das áreas verdes e
dos espaços públicos.
A má distribuição das praças ocorre entre os bairros da Regional, enquanto alguns deles
possuem até 4 praças, outros não possui nenhuma, refletindo a desigualdade de
investimentos.
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REFERÊNCIAS
CARNEIRO, A. R. S.; MESQUITA, L. B. Espaços livres do Recife. Recife: Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife/
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2000.
GEHL, Jan. Cidade para Pessoas. São Paulo: Perspectiva. 2014.
GIVONI, B. Climate considerations in building and urban design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
1998.
GOMES, P. A condição urbana: ensaios de geopolítica da cidade. Rio de Janeiro. 2004.
HARDER, I. C. F., RIBEIRO R.C. S., TAVARES A. R. Índices de área verde e cobertura vegetal para as
praças do município de Vinhedo, SP. Sociedade de Investigações Florestais. R. Árvore, Viçosa-MG, v.30,
n.2, p.277-282, 2006.
IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. CENSO DEMOGRÁFICO 2010. Características da
população e dos domicílios: resultados do universo. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2011.
LAMAS, J. M. R. G. Morfologia urbana e desenho da cidade. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1993.
Lei nº 4.575/2007. Plano Diretor Municipal de Vila Velha, ES. 2007
MENDONÇA, E. M. S. A importância metropolitana do sistema de espaços livres da região de Vitória –
ES – Brasil. In EURO ELECS 2015, Guimarães, Portugal. In Anais EURO ELECS 2015, Guimarães,
Portugal, Vol. III, 2015. ISBN 978-989-96543-8-9.
PROGRAMA CIDADES SUSTENTÁVEIS. Metas de Sustentabilidade para os Municípios Brasileiros
(Indicadores e Referências). Rede Nossa São Paulo. Rede Social Brasileira por Cidades Justas e
Sustentáveis. Instituto Ethos de Empresas e Responsabilidade Social. Agosto 2012.
PROGRAMA SOLUÇÕES PARA CIDADES. Espaços Públicos. Diagnóstico e metodologia de projeto.
Coordenação do Programa Soluções para Cidades, Simone Gatti – São Paulo, ABCP, 2013.
QUEIROGA, Eugenio. Da relevância pública dos espaços livres: um estudo sobre metrópoles e capitais
brasileiras. Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros, Brasil, n. 58, p. 105-132, jun. 2014.
SANTOS, Milton. Técnica, espaço, tempo: globalização e meio técnico-científico informacional. São
Paulo: HUCITEC, 1994.
SILVA, Juliano Motta. Vila Velha deu as costas para o Convento da Penha. Minha Cidade, São Paulo,
11.122, Vitruvius, sep 2010 <http://vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/minhacidade/11.122/3578>
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The Sound of the Landscape - Prainha, Vila Velha, ES.
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the activities of a workshop with a group of students,
taught at the event "Coletânea Arq-Urb 2015", at University of Vila Velha. The workshop
aimed to present the theme of Soundscapes and identify Sound Events of open spaces with
public use at Prainha, a neighborhood in the city of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo. The historic
and foundational character of this area to the state of Espírito Santo justified its spatial
delimitation. Measurements were taken on a collective Soundwalk with drifting paths on
October 28th 2015, during 10 minutes. The collected data were systemized on a map and
the sound files were shared in an online platform. This paper describes the content
presented, activities practiced and considerations on the analysis done in group. The
results indicate the acoustic perception of the students and also contribute with data for
the development of a methodology for collective sound mapping activities.
Keywords Architectural Acoustics, Music - Acoustics and Physics, Sound, Landscapes, Maps.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The European colonization of the state of Espírito Santo began on May 23rd 1535, with the
arrival of Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, on the portuguese caravel ship Gloria. The first
contact occurred with indigenous inhabitants of the area near to the Moreno Hill (Oliveira,
2008). Later the portuguese colonizers erected defense, housing and prayer facilities as
initial buildings. Following the portuguese tradition of urban planning, opposite to the
central square it was raised a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary while on its
surroundings it was settled local streets and other buildings.
By the year of 1550, the village was considered the headquarters of the captaincy, later
transferred to the Saint Antonio Island, formerly called Vila Nova and today, the city of
Vitoria (Mendonça, 2006). This region had a better strategic location, protected by the
Fonte Grande Hill, inside the bay and with difficult access. The city of Vitoria was founded
on September 8th 1551 and the development of Vila Velha proceeded then slowly.
Currently, Prainha, this foundational site for the state of Espírito Santo, located in the city
of Vila Velha, preserves its historic character with buildings and two main squares: the
Bandeira Plaza and the Prainha Park, the last one developed on a landfill site. In the
surroundings area are observed the main heritage buildings listed by the National
Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute and the Municipal Council of Culture: the Church
of Our Lady of the Rosary, Homero Massena Museum and the House of Memory of Vila
Velha.
The sound and acoustic context of the site evidences the existing sounds of the past,
through reports, photographs, transportation systems and observation of the natural
landscape. During a soundwalk in the area, the sounds of today can be better identified.
Soundscape is the sound ambience or any portion of the sonic environment when viewed
as a field of study (Schafer, 1997). It also relates to the way individuals and the culture
perceives and responds to the environmental sound (Truax, 2001). In these studies, data
collection can be done statically, when the equipment and the researcher remain in the
same place, or recordings can be made during dynamic routes. Soundwalk is one of the
methods of apprehending soundscapes widely investigated by the Canadian researcher
Hildegard Westerkamp since the 1970s.
Westerkamp (1974) states that soundwalks can be run individually or in a group, in a
large or small geographical area, with or without recording. While leading collective
soundwalks, Adams (2008) recommends that its participants shall remain silent,
concentrated in the sounds, in order to identify the emission sources. After the recordings,
participants discuss the results and respond to a questionnaire. McCartney (2013) also
recommends discussions to be done in groups, after the soundwalks. In this way, data can
be provided to feedback the methodology, integrating the considerations of the
participants.
On excursions to listen to the environment, McCartney (2013) explains that they can also
be made listening a narrative or using audio guides. Some guide tours incorporates
soundscape recordings of the place where the course is being held in order to create an
imaginary soundscape of the past.
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Prainha
Park
Bandeira
Plaza
Figure 1 - Location of Prainha Park and Bandeira Plaza. Source: Prepared by the author from Google
Earth, 2016.
A blogger page was created, "The Sound of Landscape" to present the initial instructions to
the participants on the website <http://osomdapaisagem.blogspot.com.br>. The student´s
material was a small map of the area, to be printed, and it was required for them to bring a
portable clipboard. It was recommended the use of mobile phones, with an audio
recording application, an accessible technology for all. Participants were invited to join the
group "The Sound of Landscape", created on the Soundcloud audio platform. Comfortable
shoes and clothes were recommended, observing the capacity of minimum production of
noise through steps and movements.
In the beginning of the workshop, in the classroom, it was presented a few concepts
related to sounds and soundscapes, the methodology and also applied a few practical
exercises to raise noise awareness and listening skills. Then followed a short walk to the
parking lot, starting the process of attention and sonic perception. The transportation to
the site was made on a minibus. Two walks were started: the first, guided and with the
group and the second, individual and with drifting paths.
The first soundwalk was done in a group, in a historical circuit accompanied by
explanations of educators and monitors of the project "Visiting Prainha". Initially in the
Prainha Park, by the sea it was presented the history of colonization of the Espírito Santo
(Figure 2), followed by visitations of the Bandeira Plaza and the historical buildings.
During the second soundwalk, the data was collected. Individually, students walked in a
drifting path, according to the concepts of Guy Debord cited by Jacques (2003), recording
the sound events. Students used the voice recorder application on their cell phones,
generating files in MP3 format. The routes were started simultaneously at the same place
and time, and the soundwalks lasted for 10 minutes. At the final meeting point, after
gathering all participants, we returned to the classroom using the minibus.
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At the classroom, a big printed map with the limits of the area was prepared for the
students to identify collectively their routes, events and sound emission sources
perceived. After identifying the sound events, followed a qualitative analysis. Sound events
were categorized according to the classification suggested by Zaganelli research (2014),
based on the concepts of Schafer (1997) and Krause (2008), using the main groups of
Antropophony, Biophony, Geophony, Quiet and Silence.
With the soundmap done, a discussion followed with the observation of the identified
categories, concluding with the subsequent sharing of the audio files. Individual audio files
were uploaded on the online platform Soundcloud (2014), at the address
<https://soundcloud.com/groups/o-som-da-paisagem>. To gather the individual
recordings, it was created a playlist "Prainha Vila Velha" and used the hashtag
#OSomdaPaisagem.
In the research conducted by Zaganelli (2014), the data collected from the soundscape
were analyzed using the technique of content analysis, defined by Bardin (2009). The
sound events were identified by the researcher, counting the frequency of occurrence and
using the software Sonic Visualizer (2013). In this workshop, the data were identified by
the students at the classroom and the paths were drawn on a printed map.
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Antropophony, Biophony and Geophony. The sound categories identified are presented in
Table 1.
Table 1 - Sound categories presented in the Prainha Park.
Human Sounds Sounds of the voice Speaking
Town Soundscapes
Soundscapes of places
Sounds and Society Maritime Soundscapes
Anthropophony
Music Music
Transportation Machines Internal Combustion Engines
Mechanical Sounds
Factory equipment Machines
Biophony Birds
Air Wind
Geophony
Water Oceans, seas and lakes
The Bandeira Plaza has contemplation functions, with seating benches, monuments and
light fixtures. The landscape is inserted into demarcated gardens, with trees, palm trees,
grasses and herbs. The flooring uses interlocked concrete blocks. Its environment is
surrounded by local streets and by buildings with 1 to 3 floors height .
The soundscape of this square can be identified as urban. Its location, inserted in the
urban environment, presents Antropophony and Biophony, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Sound categories presented in the Bandeira Plaza.
Human Sounds Sounds of the voice Speaking
Anthropophony Sounds and Society Soundscapes of places Town Soundscapes
Mechanical Sounds Transportation Machines Internal Combustion Engines
Biophony Birds
Among the results, it is observed that due to the geographic location and urban context,
the sounds that prevail in the soundscape of the squares are distinct (Figures 3-4). In the
Prainha Park prevails the sound of Biophony and Geophony, with the predominant
presence of the sounds of nature. Rather, in the Bandeira Plaza, was noticed a
predominance of sounds from the category of Antropophony, the human sounds and its
machines.
Figure 3 - Soundmap with paths, sound events and sound sources, prepared by the students.
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Subsequent to the period of the workshop, the generated recordings were sent to the
group "The Sound of the Landscape", in the Soundcloud platform, and shared on the
website <https://soundcloud.com/groups/o-som-da-paisagem> (Figure 5). The results of
the workshop were also presented in a final meeting of the event, on October 29th 2015.
Figure 5 - Audio files organized in the group "The Sound of the Landscape" in the Soundcloud page.
4. CONCLUSION
The results indicate the sound perception of students and they contribute with data to
develop a methodology for collective soundscape activities. The methodology of group
soundwalk was beneficial for the simultaneous characterization of the environments.
Observing the path and the identification of sounds captured, it could be registered
simultaneously a broader range of sounds in relation to a individually made record.
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The inclusion of two soundwalks enriched the sound experience. Students from other
states of the country had the opportunity to understand the local history, as well as visit
this historical site. The touristic and historical guide reports contemplated the memory of
some sounds of the past and their impacts at the time and today.
The four-hour workshop duration was sufficient for the total experience, from the initial
exercises of noise awareness to the discussion of the collected data. As a suggestion for
future soundwalks, there is the possibility to better detail of the sound cartography, with
individual hearing of the recordings. The hearing and subsequent analysis of the records
in a laboratory environment will contribute to a more attentive perception of sounds
recorded in the field and also quantify its representativity.
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Coordination of Architecture and Urban Planning Department at the University Vila Velha
(UVV), the transportation team of the University, educators and project monitors of the
project "Visiting Prainha", the Homero Massena Museum, the House of Memory of Vila
Velha, the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, IPHAN Espírito Santo.
REFERENCES
Adams, M. et al. 2008. Soundwalking as methodology for understanding soundscapes. In Spring
Conference of the Institute of Acoustics 2008: Widening Horizons in Acoustics, Proc. intern symp.,
Reading, 10-11 April 2008. Reading: Institute of Acoustics
ABNT - Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2000. NBR 10151: Avaliação do ruído em áreas
habitadas visando o conforto da comunidade. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
Debord, Guy. 1997. A sociedade do espetáculo: comentários sobre a cidade do espetáculo. Rio de
Janeiro: Contraponto.
Google Earth. 2013. Versão 7.1.2.2041. California: Google Inc.
Jacques, Paola (Org.). 2003. Apologia da deriva, escritos situacionistas sobre a cidade. Rio de Janeiro:
Casa da Palavra.
Krause, Bernie. 2008. Anatomy of the soundscape: Evolving perspectives. Journal of the Audio
Engineering Society 56.
Mccartney, Andra. 2013. Soundwalking: creating moving environmental sound narratives. In
Gopinath, S.; Stanyek, J. (Org.). The Oxford Handbook of Mobile Music Studies. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Mendonça, Eneida. 2006. Mudança na paisagem de Vitória (ES) pelo projeto de Saturnino de Brito -
Argumentos metodológicos para análise e construção da paisagem. In IX Seminário de História da
Cidade e do Urbanismo; Proc. intern symp., São Paulo, 2006. São Paulo: SHCU.
Parlamento Europeu e Conselho da União Européia. 2002. Directiva 2002/49/EC L189, de 25 de
junho de 2002. Relativa à avaliação e gestão do ruído ambiente. Jornal Oficial da União Européia,
União Européia.
Oliveira, José Teixeira de. 2008. História do Estado do Espírito Santo. Vitória: Arquivo Público do
Estado do Espírito Santo - Secretaria de Estado da Cultura.
Schafer, Murray R. 1997. A afinação do mundo. São Paulo: Unesp.
Sonic Visualiser. 2013. Verson 2.3. London: Centre for Digital Music Queen Mary University of
London.
Soundcloud. Platform for creating and sharing sounds.
Truax, Barry. 2001. Acoustic Communication. Westport: Ablex Publishing.
Westerkamp, Hildegard. 1974. Soundwalking. Sound Heritage 3.
Zaganelli, Deborah Martins. 2014. O Som da Paisagem: pelas praças do centro da cidade de Vitória,
ES. Dissertation (Masters Degree in Architecture and Urban Planning) - PPGAU, UFES, Vitória.
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Avaliação da contribuição da vegetação para a
amenização de ruídos urbanos em praças
Vivian Albani
Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Colatina (ES), Brazil
vivianalbani@gmail.com
RESUMO: As praças são equipamentos urbanos que possuem potencial para mitigar
determinados efeitos negativos da urbanização. A poluição sonora é um desses problemas
urbanos que causam desconforto, perda de produtividade e que podem afetar a saúde humana.
O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar se a vegetação das praças contribui para amenização de ruídos
urbanos, oferecendo, assim, melhoria da qualidade de vida urbana. Assim, foram analisados os
índices de ruídos de seis praças de distintos bairros da cidade de Colatina, Espírito Santo, de
acordo com o método de aferição de ruído da NBR 10151/2000. As aferições foram realizadas
com decibelímetro digital, a 1,20 m do nível do piso em pontos no interior e nas bordas das
praças. De acordo com os dados obtidos, a maioria dos pontos apresentou valores superiores
ao recomendado pelas normas consultadas. A presença de vegetação influenciou pouco como
barreira acústica nas praças analisadas, já que não é densa. É necessário, que outros estudos
sejam realizados a fim de comparar estes resultados em outras praças, com diferentes tipos de
vegetação. A avaliação da qualidade ambiental das praças, quanto à poluição sonora, é
extremamente importante, já que pode causar desconforto ao corpo humano, oriundo da
permanência em espaços com índices de ruído inadequados, ainda, é capaz de ocasionar o
esvaziamento destes locais e, com isso, tornar o espaço urbano ocioso e inseguro.
Palavras-chave Praças; ruído urbano; poluição sonora; vegetação urbana.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O ruído das cidades pode ser considerado fruto da urbanização mundial em grande escala
onde veículos automotores dominam a paisagem urbana. Segundo Silva (2009) e Mascaró
(2010) os sons produzidos pelo uso excessivo de transportes rodoviários provocam a
diminuição da qualidade ambiental da cidade. Além da frequente degradação ambiental
provocada, o ruído produz um ambiente hostil e pode ser prejudicial ao indivíduo urbano,
quando exposto por longos períodos.
Os efeitos negativos dos ruídos urbanos para a população já foi comprovado pela
comunidade científica em diversos artigos. A exposição contínua a níveis de ruídos
elevados pode causar distúrbios psico-fisiológicos, tais como alterações no sono,
diminuição do desempenho laboral, hipertensão e agravamento de doenças
cardiovasculares (PAZ et al, 2005).
Os espaços livres de uso público das cidades, em especial praças, parques e jardins, além
de serem locais de contemplação da paisagem, lazer e socialização, entre outros, possuem
vegetação e áreas livres de construções e automóveis, que podem colaborar com a redução
dos ruídos excessivos das cidades.
O município de Colatina, Espírito Santo, conta, hoje, com 111.788 habitantes e uma
população urbana de 88,0%. Assim como inúmeras cidades médias brasileiras, possui um
cenário urbano dominado pelo uso do automóvel, pela escassez de praças e pela
desigualdade na distribuição destes locais entre os bairros (ALBANI et al, 2015).
As praças têm papel fundamental à manutenção equilibrada do cenário socioambiental
urbano, e, portanto, torna-se relevante a análise quantitativa e qualitativa destes locais da
cidade, já que estas se relacionam intimamente à qualidade de vida dos usuários da cidade.
2. OBJETIVO
O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar a contribuição da vegetação para a qualidade ambiental
urbana de praças na cidade de Colatina – ES, tendo como especificidades a verificação dos
índices de ruídos urbanos destes espaços e a influência destas estruturas existentes para o
abrandamento dos níveis de ruído.
3. METODOLOGIA
Foram selecionadas seis praças inseridas no perímetro urbano de Colatina-ES (Figura 1) e
analisados os índices de ruídos de acordo com o método de mapeamento sonoro segundo
a NBR 10151 (Avaliação do ruído em áreas habitadas, visando o conforto da comunidade),
utilizando o instrumento decibelímetro digital – Larson Davis.
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O processo de aferições visou à avaliação dos níveis sonoros equivalentes (Leq), que
permitem depreender as condições relativas aos ruídos urbanos no local analisado. As
aferições foram feitas durante intervalos de 5 minutos, no período da manhã, ora em
pontos próximos as vias públicas, ora em trechos internos das praças.
Com o auxílio de ferramentas computacionais, foram produzidos mapas e gráficos, que
demonstram os variados comportamentos dos índices de ruído das praças de Colatina.
4. PRINCIPAIS RESULTADOS
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5. CONCLUSÃO
Após observar os dados obtidos, foi verificado que os índices de ruído nas praças da
cidade de Colatina-ES estão, em muitos casos, acima do recomendado pela NBR 10151. Os
pontos com valores mais elevados foram verificados nas bordas das praças, onde a
proximidade com o tráfego de veículos automotores é maior.
Sabe-se que as praças localizadas nos bairros Centro e São Silvano, caracterizadas como
áreas de uso misto, com vocação comercial e administrativa, deveriam apresentar como
níveis de ruído, no período diurno, até 60 dB. Observa-se, entretanto, que estes valores
são, por muitas vezes, ultrapassados. Relaciona-se o ruído exacerbado ao uso do local, que
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REFERÊNCIAS
A.B.N.T.– Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas.NBR 10.151: Avaliação do nível do ruído em
áreas habitadas visando o conforto da comunidade. Rio de Janeiro, 2000.
Albani, V.; Assis, L. C.; Perim, B. B.; Martins, B. G. D.; Malta, N. S.Avaliação dos espaços livres de uso
público da cidade de Colatina, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Anais do Euro Elecs, 21-23 julho 2015.
Guimarães.
Mascaró, J. L. 2014. Infraestrutura urbana. Porto Alegre:Masquatroeditor.
PAZ, Elaine Carvalho da; FERREIRA, Andressa Maria Coelho; ZANNIN, Paulo Henrique Trombetta.
Estudo comparativo da percepção do ruído urbano. Revista Saúde Pública. São Paulo, 2005. P. 467-
72.
Silva, A. S. M. 2009. Acústica Ambiental: Análise de Ruído Urbano. Faculdade de Engenharia,
Universidade do Porto.
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DESENHANDO COM A ÁGUA NO MEIO URBANO
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A questão da escassez de água potável é um dos maiores problemas que a humanidade vai
enfrentar neste século, como pode ser observado nas discussões do evento paralelo que
ocorreu na COP 21 em 2015, o “Pacto de Paris sobre Água e Adaptação às Mudanças
Climáticas” (Paris Pact on Water and Climate Change Adaptation, 2015 -
http://newsroom.unfccc.int/lpaa/resilience/press-release-lpaa-resilience-1-paris-pact-
on-water-and-climate-change-adaptation-announced/). As mudanças climáticas e o uso
insustentável da água causam impactos generalizados sobre sociedades e economias,
criando secas, inundações e aquecimento, afetando tanto a quantidade como a qualidade
de água doce disponível.
O urbanismo baseado nos fluxos de água e a ocupação urbana ecologicamente sustentável
têm se tornado uma temática capaz de promover um grande avanço para o planejamento
consciente das cidades. A concentração de pessoas em áreas urbanas com modificações
antrópicas que ocorrem na paisagem afeta diretamente os caminhos por onde a água
circula, desde os processos de infiltração, escoamento e precipitação, avançando até a
recarga de aquíferos.
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moradia em 73%. Construindo o mesmo número de casas em densidade mais alta reduz
superfícies impermeáveis em 60%.
A EPA acredita que os princípios do Crescimento Inteligente são uma possibilidade de
ocupar uma menor área virgem da bacia hidrográfica e de reduzir as distâncias
percorridas por automóvel, diminuindo assim a necessidade de infraestrutura
impermeável e a produção de gases poluentes. Considerando as estratégias de melhores
práticas de gestão de recursos hídricos e aplicando-as aos cenários de áreas de densidades
mais altas, áreas urbanizáveis e subúrbios, áreas de conservação e áreas rurais, é possível
a identificação de padrões espaciais focados no ciclo da água urbano, para assegurar a
proteção e uso de bacias hidrográficas.
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EPA)
4. CONCLUSÕES
Cidades compactas, densas e verdes fortalecem as vizinhanças sempre que permitem a
mobilidade (especialmente a de pedestres) e oferecem estruturas de permanência -
lugares que podem ser facilmente apreendidos e ocupados pelas pessoas são tidos como
acolhedores e fortalecem a sensação de segurança.
Quando associados aos padrões espaciais e técnicas de infraestrutura ecológica
apresentadas, esses espaços compactos e verdes evitam a extensão de áreas impermeáveis
e a ocupação de áreas inexploradas da bacia, favorecem a infiltração da água no solo e a
reposição dos lençóis freáticos. Dessa forma, o investimento em infraestrutura ecológica é
uma maneira de conciliar a demanda por qualidade de vida nas cidades atuais com a
necessidade de preservação dos recursos e adequação ao ciclo natural da água.
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O urbanismo baseado nos fluxos hídricos, com o desenho de cidades em torno da dinâmica
da água, tem se tornado uma ferramenta poderosa para a realidade atual. O Programa
WSUD, trabalha nessa direção e visa integrar o planejamento urbano com a gestão,
proteção e conservação do ciclo urbano hidrológico. O desenho urbano voltado aos fluxos
de água inclui vários aspectos da cidade como vias, qualidade de vida dos cidadãos,
arquitetura, tráfegos e microclimas; elementos que unidos às águas sensíveis geram uma
ocupação urbana ecologicamente sustentável.
Esta pesquisa se insere no contexto do grupo de pesquisa Água & Ambiente Construído da
FAU/UnB na linha de pesquisa Ciclo da Água & Padrões Espaciais Urbanos que busca
compreender os fluxos de água nas diversas escalas e seus padrões espaciais, com estudos
sobre infraestrutura ecológica e diagnósticos de desempenho ambiental de diferentes
sistemas hídricos envolvidos. Neste momento está sendo desenvolvido um Manual
“Desenhando com a água no meio urbano: padrões espaciais e infraestrutura ecológica”
que auxilie os estudantes, os técnicos de governo e a sociedade na promoção de cidades
sensíveis à água. Espera-se que esse trabalho se torne útil para o Comitê de Bacia do
Paranoá e possa futuramente ser usado na forma de cartilha.
REFERÊNCIAS
ALEXANDER, C.; ISHIKAWA S.; Murray, S.; JACOBSON, M.; FIKSDAHL-KING, I.; ANGEL, S..1977 A
Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press.
ANDRADE, L.M.S. de.2014. Conexão dos padrões espaciais dos ecossistemas urbanos: a construção de
um método transdisciplinar para o processo de desenho urbano sensível à água no nível da
comunidade e no nível da paisagem.6 de junho de 2014.544 fls. Tese (Doutorado em Arquitetura e
Urbanismo). Brasília: Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de Brasília.
AURBACH, Laurence. 2010. Dense and Beautiful Stormwater management. Ped Shed Blog. Acesso
em agosto de 2013. Disponível em http://pedshed.net/?p=270.
FARR, Douglas. 2013.Urbanismo sustentável. São Paulo: Bookman Editora.
HERZOG, C.P. 2015. Infra-estrutura verde para cidades mais sustentáveis. Produtos e sistemas
relativos a infra-estrutura. In. Cadernos Virtuais de Construção Sustentável. Secretaria do Ambiente
(SEA) do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010b. Disponível em: < http://inverde.wordpress.com/artigos-
e-teses/>. Acesso em 10 de julho de 2015.
PSAT & WSU. 2005. Puget Sound Action Team & Washington State University Pierce County
Extension. Low Impact Development: Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound. Washington.
246p.
SPIRN, A. 2012. Ecological urbanism: A framework for the design of resilient cities. Massachusetts,
EUA.
US-EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency. Using smart growth techniques as
stormawater best management practices. 2005. Washington, DC. 2005. Disponível em
<www.epa.gov/smartgrowth>.
US-EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Development, Community, and
Environment Division. Protecting water resources with higher- density development. Washington,
DC, 2006. Disponível em <www.epa.gov/smartgrowth>.
WSUD. 2008. City of Melbourne WSUD Guidelines. Applying the Model WSUD Guidelines. An
Initiative of the Inner Melbourne Action Plan. Melbourne.
Wong T.H.F., Allen R., Brown R.R., Deletić A., Gangadharan L., Gernjak W., Jakob C., Johnstone P.,
Reeder M., Tapper N., Vietz, G. and Walsh C.J. 2013. Blueprint2013 –
Stormwater Management in a Water Sensitive City. Melbourne: Cooperative Research Centre for
Water Sensitive Cities.
WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme). 2015. The United Nations World
Water Development Report 2015: Water for a sustainable world. Paris: UNESCO.
1334
Paisagismo e Arquitetura através de Burle Marx
ABSTRACT: A relação entre paisagem e arquitetura não é um tema novo e tampouco pouco
estudado. O papel do entorno sobre o qual se assenta a arquitetura moderna, por sua vez,
se apresenta ainda como um campo a ser bastante revelado, e a obra de Burle Marx, neste
caso, nos permite compreender melhor o lugar do jardim e da natureza na arquitetura da
modernidade. Ao longo de diversos projetos selecionados para análise poderemos
acompanhar o desenvolvimento desta paisagem criada por Burle Marx em meio à evolução
e consolidação da arquitetura moderna no Brasil, com a criação do paisagismo moderno
brasileiro, desde seu primeiro trabalho nos anos 1930 até os anos 1950. Somente através
do estudo de seus projetos e da relação deles com suas demais produções artísticas
podemos perceber a totalidade de seu processo criativo. Ao analisar suas plantas e desenhos
originais, podemos entender melhor os caminhos que o autor seguiu, seus acertos e seus
erros. Relacionando com a arquitetura que acompanhavam, podemos compreender melhor
sua composição, sua forma de criar. Finalmente, redesenhando seus projetos podemos
compreender suas intenções e destacar os elementos norteadores que queremos estudar.
Analisamos, assim, sua obra e identificamos transformações em seu desenho e em seus
projetos, em diferentes camadas, o que nos permite reconhecer o uso de linhas e formas
caracteristicamente suas. Identificamos também diversos princípios desenvolvidos por
Burle Marx que nortearam a organização de seus projetos ao longo de sua carreira,
principalmente a relação de seu paisagismo com a arquitetura, objeto de estudo deste
trabalho.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O trabalho aqui apresentado, ao caracterizar-se como uma pesquisa de arquitetura, tem
como principal objeto de estudo as obras e projetos paisagísticos de Burle Marx. Para tanto,
estudaremos alguns de seus projetos e sua possível relação com a arquitetura sob qual se
assenta a fim de compreender a totalidade existente em seu processo criativo. Ao longo de
diversos projetos selecionados para análise poderemos acompanhar o desenvolvimento
desta paisagem criada por Burle Marx em meio à evolução e consolidação da arquitetura
moderna no Brasil, com a criação do paisagismo moderno brasileiro, desde seu primeiro
trabalho nos anos 1930 até os anos 1950. Nos primeiros projetos do paisagista, quando
havia uma edificação da qual faziam parte, os jardins traçavam uma relação ainda de
bastante dependência com aquela arquitetura, se julgando a seu serviço. As formas curvas
ganham já no final dos anos 1930 cada vez mais destaque, ao mesmo tempo que articulam
relações internas antes inexistentes nos espaços projetados. A relação com a arquitetura
começa a mudar, e o paisagismo manifesta claro interesse em desvincular-se, não se
conformando mais como pátio de entrada. Burle Marx vê nos diversos jardins residenciais
que concebe a partir dos anos 1940 a oportunidade de projetar com mais autonomia, em
conjunto com a arquitetura, antecipando soluções semelhantes que seriam utilizadas nos
projetos para Brasília, nos anos 1960, que apresentariam, por sua vez, uma fusão entre a
arquitetura e o paisagismo, sendo difícil entender e identificar onde um começa e o outro
termina. O paisagismo de Burle Marx se firma então como arte necessária, relacionando-se
intimamente com a arquitetura moderna que se desenvolvia.
Podemos ao final utilizar todo o aprendido com esta experiência de imersão no ato de
projetar de Roberto Burle Marx para o desenvolvimento de um trabalho teórico que não só
nos sirva de base para o estudo, mas também como complemento para a compreensão da
totalidade do autor.
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Figura 3. Fotografia de época da Residência Schwartz. Fonte: Acervo Burle Marx & Cia
Figura 4. Entorno imediato da Praça de Casa Figura 5. Eixos de simetria da Praça de Casa
Forte. Fonte: Desenho da Autora Forte. Fonte: Desenho da Autora
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dos vazios criados no distanciamento entre o volume prismático do MES com os edifícios
adjacentes [...]” (Segawa, 1999).
Se o projeto final dos arquitetos brasileiros criava grandes áreas no térreo, configurando
uma verdadeira praça cívica (e não uma praça ajardinada, como era costume na época) é
também verdade que muitas dessas ideias estavam presentes em um estudo que Le
Corbusier desenvolveu em sua visita ao Brasil (Fig. 9). Burle Marx, por sua vez, a partir do
momento que integrou o grupo, assumiu algumas propostas dos arquitetos – sobretudo o
acesso principal pela parte sul – e alterou outras – sendo o descarte da aleia de palmeiras a
decisão mais radical –, mantendo assim os princípios de permeabilidade visual e espacial já
previamente esboçados.
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Os dois terraços-jardim propostos por Burle Marx não fugiam muito do que Le Corbusier e
a equipe de arquitetos haviam pensado. Os terraços-jardim não assumiam a característica
de voltar-se para dentro, como na Residência Schwartz, mas sugeriam o passeio e a
circulação para a então visualização da paisagem ao redor, como uma forma de ressaltar a
integração com a cidade – já comentada anteriormente – e destacar o diálogo entre a
arquitetura moderna construída e a paisagem circundante.
Na segunda e definitiva proposta de 1944 para o Ministério da Educação e Saúde, conhecida
e divulgada por todo o mundo, O desenho do térreo mantém a mesma espacialidade criada
na primeira versão, com uma extensa área aberta. Burle Marx localizou os canteiros
principalmente nas extremidades do terreno, fazendo uma transição entre espaço interno e
espaço externo, em uma relação de permeabilidade através da qual o visitante pode
adentrar o recinto (Fig. 11). Na face sul, a escultura permanece marcando a entrada,
abrigada entre dois canteiros que a abraçam e recebem os visitantes.
Na realidade esta versão ganha uma organização mais equilibrada, na qual os canteiros
tentam rebater o volume do edifício localizado a leste – podemos também entender não
como um rebatimento, mas como uma articulação com as formas do terraço-jardim sobre o
bloco de exposições. O espaço central permanece livre para a convivência, reforçando a
ideia já trazida na primeira versão do projeto da linha axial atravessando o conjunto no
sentido norte-sul.
Uma outra proposta, pensada pelo paisagista para o terreno adjacente a sul da área original,
serviria de pátio de entrada ao conjunto do Ministério (Fig. 12). Apesar de nunca ter sido
executada, a composição merece atenção e análise adequada quanto à sua relação com o
conjunto planejado pelo paisagista para o Ministério da Educação e Saúde, principalmente
por resgatar a configuração presente nos projetos da Praça de Casa Forte e da Praça Senador
Salgado Filho. O jardim frontal desenvolve-se independente da arquitetura, permanecendo
em um espaço muito bem delimitado em relação ao espaço da edificação. A relação com essa
arquitetura se dá pelo alinhamento que configura um eixo ordenador que une o jardim ao
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edifício de forma frontal e central. O exagero das curvas, explicado pela busca de um novo
modelo que o paisagista testava nos projetos deste período, cria relações e tensões espaciais
em um movimento das superfícies que avançam e recuam incessantemente, ao mesmo
tempo que articulam relações internas antes inexistentes nos espaços projetados. O
paisagismo se afirma então em meio à modernidade que se instalava, tendo importância e
valor visual equiparado à produção arquitetônica moderna brasileira da época, sendo a
figura de Burle Marx sua maior referência.
4. CONSOLIDAÇÃO DO MODELO
A década de 1950 caracteriza-se por um período de transição na obra de Roberto Burle
Marx. O pós-guerra foi marcado por um grande crescimento da população das cidades que,
necessitando de grandes intervenções, abriram as portas para a consolidação do
movimento moderno em inúmeras obras públicas. Neste mesmo momento, as famílias mais
endinheiradas começaram também a encomendar obras a Burle Marx, pois todos queriam
a nova tendência moderna em suas casas. Por este motivo, as residências privadas se
destacam dentre as obras desenvolvidas pelo paisagista neste período.
Neste momento podemos reconhecer uma crescente afirmação de seu desenho, ao
verificarmos uma maior liberdade em trabalhar o espaço do jardim, que não se limita mais
a ocupar somente a parte frontal da composição. Nos projetos anteriormente apresentados
é muito direta a relação existente entre o paisagismo projetado e a arquitetura da qual faz
parte, normalmente definida por um eixo que alinha jardim e edificação, chegando a ser
defendida por Geraldo Ferraz (apud Júnior, 1994) como um complemento necessário da
arquitetura. A partir dos jardins residenciais idealizados neste período, Burle Marx
encontra um caminho e uma oportunidade de projetar com maior liberdade, resultando em
verdadeiros parques privados: “Logo, porém, surgiram oportunidades excepcionais de
projetar com toda a liberdade (e muita sensibilidade) verdadeiros parques privados nas
montanhas em torno do Rio de Janeiro e em outros locais. [...] permite que seu trabalho não
seja apenas a moldura adequada para o edifício. Muitas vezes o paisagismo é chamado a
complementá-lo, se não a corrigi-lo” (Júnior, 1994).
O jardim para Odette Monteiro rompe com o modelo clássico de centralidade desenvolvido
por Burle Marx no início de sua carreira, e consolida uma maneira de projetar
exclusivamente sua. Se o paisagismo antes criado mantinha um caráter direto e elementar
com a arquitetura existente – até mesmo em razão da presença do eixo ordenador –, como
comentado nos projetos da Praça de Casa Forte, da Praça Senador Salgado Filho e também
nos jardins do projeto definitivo do Ministério da Educação e Saúde, aqui na Residência
Odette Monteiro passa a assumir um papel protagonista na composição. O paisagismo não
se apresenta mais a serviço da arquitetura, mas trabalha com ela pelo resultado final
aspirado.
A região, conhecida como Serra dos Órgãos, na parte serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro,
serviu de cenário para a composição do paisagista, que parece ter se inspirado nas formas
das montanhas para desenhar as curvas do jardim . O vale onde a residência está inserida
também não impôs limites, permitindo que Burle Marx apresentasse todas as suas intenções
para uma intervenção deste porte. Diferente dos anteriores projetos que o paisagista
desenvolveu, normalmente inseridos em uma malha urbana (praças e terraços-jardim),
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aqui ele pôde interferir com autonomia, inclusive com mudanças na topografia, para que o
terreno se adaptasse melhor à sua proposta paisagística e gerasse visuais mais favoráveis,
principalmente desde a residência e em direção ao entorno imediato.
A dimensão que o paisagismo ganhou neste projeto foi tão importante que coube a Burle
Marx – a pedido da proprietária – a definição do lugar da casa, para que esta melhor se
implantasse perante o jardim (Fig. 13). Indo além do comumente repetido pelos arquitetos
modernos, que o jardim pode ser considerado como o prolongamento da habitação, o jardim
neste caso passa a ser pensado não mais em razão da arquitetura e sim a desenvolver-se em
conjunto com ela – não sendo um impedimento a valorização da arquitetura através do
paisagismo. Sobre isso, Bruno Zevi disse (1979, apud Júnior, 1994): “As imagens
paisagísticas mais felizes são independentes do colóquio com a arquitetura. No Parque
Odete Monteiro, no Rio, a fantasia de Burle Marx se exprime sem polêmica, reelaborando
livremente motivos do jardim japonês e do jardim inglês, utilizando material inédito da flora
brasileira: aqui a paisagem não se concebe mais em função da arquitetura nacionalista, mas
segue uma lei própria e marca, no filão tradicional da paisagística, uma página francamente
personalizada”.
Figura 13. Posição da casa em relação ao jardim, gerando visuais que se integram ao entorno.
Fonte: Siqueira, 2001
Adams (1991) é mais incisivo e diz que “[…] the Monteiro Garden turns its back on the
indifferent architecture and unites with the surrounding natural landscape and dark,
granite mountains beyond”.
Desenvolvido praticamente ao mesmo tempo do que o jardim da Residência Odette
Monteiro, o jardim da Residência Burton Tremaine, de 1948, à primeira vista pode remeter
fortemente às formas consolidadas naquele, porém já podemos observar alguns esboços de
uma maior angulação que seria utilizada por Burle Marx em seus projetos tardios.
Permeando os espaços abertos da residência, o jardim engloba a arquitetura em uma
relação similar à apresentada na Residência Odette Monteiro. Aqui o paisagismo proposto
retoma a ideia de relacionar-se com a edificação e vai além, configurando-se como
prolongamento da residência. Suas formas chegam a se confundir, não permitindo
encontrar o limite entre o início de um e o término do outro (Fig. 14), em um trabalho que
possivelmente resultou da colaboração entre arquiteto e paisagista.
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Macedo (1999) define bem essa relação característica dos jardins modernos no Brasil a
partir dos anos 1950: “Nas novas concepções projetuais, tanto arquitetônicas como
paisagísticas, deve haver uma continuidade espacial entre os espaços internos da
residência, ou edifício, e o espaço externo. A fluidez é garantida por amplas janelas e portas
envidraçadas, pisos contínuos e generosas varandas, que a exemplo de suas congêneres do
passado, são amplamente utilizadas pelas famílias como espaços de estar e socialização,
cumprindo o papel de elementos de transição entre a residência e o jardim”.
Localizada na Califórnia, em uma alta plataforma na beira do Oceano Pacífico, a intenção do
projeto era liberar as visuais permitindo a interpenetração exterior-interior através do uso
de pilotis, marquises e terraços (Heck, 2003), valorizando a paisagem marítima do limite
aos fundos da propriedade. A área da piscina é a que mais mostra esta intenção, pois, ao ser
uma área aberta, aceita uma interseção das linhas projetuais, permitindo a penetração do
jardim na parte privada da residência. Esta ideia da fusão entre a proposta arquitetônica e
paisagística seguiria sendo utilizada pelo paisagista, em larga escala também nos projetos
para os ministérios de Brasília, inclusive com a apropriação direta desta estratégia de
inserir o jardim na parte privada da edificação – iniciada aqui na Residência Burton
Tremaine – com a conformação do jardim interno do Ministério das Relações Exteriores.
5. CONCLUSÃO
Nos primeiros projetos do paisagista, quando havia uma edificação da qual faziam parte, os
jardins traçavam uma relação ainda de bastante dependência com aquela arquitetura, se
julgando a seu serviço – como o espaço de recepção oferecido pela Praça de Casa Forte, em
Recife, para a igreja e mesmo nome.
Se o projeto da Praça Senador Salgado Filho nos apresenta uma proposta formal
extremamente peculiar, com a evolução do projeto dos jardins para o Ministério da
Educação e Saúde podemos ver a ruptura formal por que passou a obra de Burle Marx e,
consequentemente, o projeto das praças brasileiras. A partir desses dois projetos
vislumbramos espaços que, apesar de desenvolvidos ainda muito independentes da
arquitetura que acompanham – espaço do jardim bem delimitado em relação ao espaço da
edificação –, mantêm relação com essa arquitetura, tanto pelo alinhamento que configura
um eixo ordenador unindo o jardim centralizado à fachada do edifício, como pela função de
porta de entrada, de espaço de transição entre a rua e este edifício. Conforme escreveu Lucio
Costa, em um texto de 1951, em uma de suas raras referências escritas a Burle Marx: “[...] a
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REFERÊNCIAS
ADAMS, William Howard. Roberto Burle Marx: the unnatural art of the garden. New York: The
Museum of Modern Art, 1991. ISBN 0870701975.
CAVALCANTI, Lauro Paiva; El-Dahdah, Farès (Org.). Roberto Burle Marx: a permanência do instável,
100 anos. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 2009. ISBN 9788532524294. Catálogo da exposição comemorativa
do centenário de nascimento do artista realizada no Museu do Paço Imperial de 12 de dezembro de
2009 a 19 de abril de 2009.
HECK, Márcia. As casas cariocas e a arquitetura moderna. Panorama da arquitetura de residências
unifamiliares no Rio de Janeiro: 1945-1975. In: SEMINÁRIO DOCOMOMO BRASIL, 5., 2003, São
Carlos. Anais eletrônicos... Disponível em: <http://www.docomomo.org.br/seminarios.htm>. Acesso
em: 04 mar. 2011.
JÚNIOR, Euler Sandeville. Paisagem completa: breve viagem pela obra de Burle Marx. Projeto, n. 179,
p. 89-90, 1994. ISSN 01011766.
MACEDO, Silvio Soares. Quadro do paisagismo no Brasil. São Paulo: FAUUSP/QUAPÁ, 1999. ISBN
8590116921.
SÁ CARNEIRO, Ana Rita; PESSOA, Ana Cláudia. Burle Marx nas praças do Recife. Portal Vitruvius,
Arquitextos 042.03, 2003. Disponível em:
<http://www.vitruvius.com.br/arquitextos/arq042/arq042_03.asp>. Acesso em: 18 jul. 2005. ISSN
18096298.
SEGAWA, Hugo. Arquiteturas no Brasil, 1900-1990. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999. ISBN 8531404452.
SIQUEIRA, Vera Beatriz. Burle Marx. São Paulo: Cosac & Naify, 2001. ISBN 8575030892.
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AVALIAÇÃO PÓS- OCUPAÇÃO (APO) E CONFORTO
TÉRMICO EM ESPAÇOS PÚBLICOS ABERTOS NA
PERIFERIA DA CIDADE DE SALVADOR -BA
RESUMO: Este artigo analisa as formas de apropriação de espaços públicos abertos em uma
área central de Salvador-Bahia, denominada Miolo da cidade, levando em conta o
comportamento dos usuários e o conforto térmico local. Foi realizado um diagnóstico da
qualidade ambiental urbana da Praça Nova República (PNR), no bairro de Tancredo
Neves/Beiru, através de Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO) e da avaliação das condições
microclimáticas. Também foi levantada a opinião dos usuários da praça e moradores do
bairro, identificando os aspectos positivos e negativos que possam vir a minimizar e/ou
corrigir os problemas detectados no projeto ou no próprio espaço. Este trabalho destacou a
importância de espaços abertos para lazer e para a paisagem urbana, e como estes refletem
o acesso e o direito à cidade. Foram realizadas entrevistas, questionários e observação
direta com os usuários do espaço e moradores do entorno entre os meses de maio a outubro
de 2014, e os resultados mostraram insatisfação com as condições de manutenção,
segurança, mobiliário e microclima e desconforto térmico (estresse térmico positivo),
fatores que influenciam diretamente os usos e apropriações desse espaço.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Os processos de uso e ocupação do solo desordenados e o crescimento das cidades
brasileiras, têm resultado no predomínio da ocupação informal, comprometimento dos
recursos naturais e carência de espaços de lazer e recreação, especialmente nas áreas
periféricas da cidade.
Os espaços livres públicos são primordiais para a qualidade ambiental urbana e exercem
importantes funções urbanas, no contexto social, cultural e ambiental. As praças, parques,
largos e as ruas muitas vezes são o coração de alguma área, localidade ou região. Esses
espaços têm a capacidade de conectar as diversas atividades urbanas, como também podem
ser considerados como espaços de ligação, passagem ou convivência, além de estimularem
a vida pública e o sentido de pertencimento à cidade.
Avaliar o desempenho dos espaços livres públicos da periferia é primordial para
diagnosticar a qualidade ambiental urbana. Cunha (2002) afirma que os métodos e técnicas
de APO provam ser muito eficientes na análise dos espaços abertos, pois possibilitam
identificar os fatores que contribuem com a qualidade satisfatória do ambiente, em especial
porque levam em conta o comportamento dos usuários e a verificação da forma de
apropriação do espaço por eles. A APO considera a opinião dos usuários, além de identificar
os aspectos positivos e negativos que tanto possam minimizar e/ou corrigir os problemas
detectados no projeto ou no próprio espaço.
Este trabalho foi estruturado a partir da metodologia de APO descrita por Ornstein (1992)
e fundamentado na pesquisa Avaliação Pós-Ocupação e o Conforto Térmico nos espaços
livres no Miolo da cidade de Salvador-BA (Branco, 2014). A área de estudo foi a Praça Nova
República (PNR), localizada no bairro de Tancredo Neves, região do Miolo da cidade de
Salvador- BA- Brasil. A PNR além de ser a única praça do bairro, possui no seu entorno, um
forte caráter central e social, devido a diversidade de atividades e usos observados.
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2. METODOLOGIA
A metodologia de Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO) foi fundamentada em Ornstein (1992),
com objetivo de diagnosticar aspectos positivos e negativos do ambiente em uso, a partir
das avaliações dos fatores técnicos, funcionais e comportamentais. Essa avaliação
possibilita definir recomendações que minimizem ou corrijam problemas detectados no
ambiente. No trabalho de campo foram realizados: observação direta, levantamento físico,
questionários de percepção térmica e entrevistas. Os questioáiros foram aplicados com a
população adulta, na faixa etária de 20 a 59 anos e as entrevistas com os usuários do espaço
e pessoas chave (líderes da Associação de moradores, funcionários do Centro de Saúde e
comerciantes formais e informais do entorno). A observação direta fez a avaliação visual e
do funcionamendo do espaço, para identificar os tipos de atividades realizadas, o local e a
frequência de usos, como também a existência de oportunidades ou restrições de uso da
praça. O levantamento físico considerou a infraestrutura do espaço, em relação ao tipo,
quantidade e qualidade dos equipamentos e do mobiliário, e quanto ao conforto térmico foi
analisado a vegetação, sombreamento e ventilação. As entrevistas identificaram o perfil dos
usuários (gênero, idade, local de residência e atividade ocupacional), hábitos de lazer e
opiniões em relação à PNR, como atividades de lazer exercidas no dia de folga, motivações
de ir a praça, a quantidade de brinquedos e espaços para as práticas esportivas; o que
gostam, não gosta ou o que pode ser melhorado; a vegetação, o mobiliário e a segurança. Os
questionários de percepção térmica foram adaptados de Matzarakis e Mayer (2000), em que
cada valor se refere a uma sensação térmica percebida, sendo 9 escalas de classificação: 1-
Extremos frio, 2- Muito forte frio, 3-Muito frio, 4-Frio, 5- Pouco de frio, 6- Nem calor, nem
frio (confortável), 7- Pouco calor, 8- Calor, 9-Muito calor. Os dados foram analisados
estatisticamento e classificados segundo a escala de percepção térmica, com base no índice
PET (°C). Paralelamente, foram coletadas as variáveis ambientais de temperatura do ar (°C),
Umidade relative do ar (%), temperature do globo cinza (°C), velocidade (m/s) e direção do
vento (ISO/DIS 7726/98); pela estação meteorológica móvel Vantage Pro 2Wireless, marca
Davis, instalada à sombra no pátio da 11ª Delegacia, por questão de segurança; a 1,5m da
superfície, no ponto de latitude 12°56’40” S, longitude 38°26’46” W e altitude de 70m.
O estudo foi organizado em dois dias úteis da semana por mês, durante maio a outubro de
2014, entre 7h às 20h, em função do grande fluxo de pessoas que transitam, comercializam
e/ou consomem produtos e serviços no entorno da PNR.
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Figura 3. Mapa Comportamental da Praça Nova República por periodo. Source: Branco, 2014.
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período matutino como vespertino, até mesmo nos horários de maior incidência solar e com
a sensação térmica de calor, entre os horários de 10h às 13h.
Figura 4. Mapa de Traços Físicos, manutenção e conservação da Praça. Source: Branco, 2014.
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não é utilizado pela manhã, pois não há cobertura no espaço para proteção da incidência
solar; e eventualmente após as 15h alguns moradores jogam e bebem no espaço. As crianças
estão sempre acompanhadas dos pais.
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4. CONCLUSÃO
A pesquisa na Praça Nova República constatou que apesar de ser a única praça pública do
bairro, não é reconhecida como espaço de convivência, lazer e recreação pelos entrevistados
e/ou moradores do bairro. Apesar do grande fluxo de pessoas na Rua Pernambuco, no
Centro de Saúde e na Associação de Moradores, observou-se que não houve apropriação
representativa do espaço, durante o período em que a pesquisa foi realizada. Outro
agravante, é a ausência de elemento naturais favoráveis ao conforto térmico no espaço,
como arborização de médio e grande porte, sombreamento e piso grama, que são elementos
naturais necessários para mitigar as elevadas temperaturas do ar registradas, de Tar média
de 28,6°C, Tar máxima de 32,1° C e Tar mínima de 23,1° C; apesar de manutenção da
umidade média elevada de 80% em relação aos dados do INMET o tecido urbano
densamente ocupado compromete a ventilação natural da praça, sendo registrado pela
estação meteorológica momentos de calmaria, com a sensação de desconforto por calor,
pela convecção do ar insuficiente para o equilíbrio térmico dos usuários. Quanto a estrutura
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5. REFERÊNCIAS
Branco, Neila Lima. 2014. Avaliação Pós-Ocupação e o Conforto Térmico nos espaços livres no Miolo
da cidade de Salvador-BA. Dissertação de Mestrado do Programa de pós-graduação em Engenharia
Ambiental Urbana. Escola Politécnica UFBA, Salvador.
Correia, Rosângela A. L. C. 2010. Awon Omodé: as linguagens africano-brasileiras no currículo da
educação infantil. Revista África e Africanidades. Ano 3. n.9. [ISSN 1983-2354].
Cunha, Rita Dione Araújo. 2002. Os usos, funções e tratamentos das áreas de lazer da área central de
Florianópolis. 353p. Tese Doutorado em Engenharia de Produção - Programa de Pós Graduação em
Engenharia de Produção da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis.
Fernandes, Rosali Braga. 2003. Las políticas de La vivenda em La ciudad de Salvador e los processos
de urbanización popular em El caso del Cabula. Feira de Santana: Universidade Estadual de Feira de
Santana.
Fernandes, Rosali Braga. 2004. Processos recentes de urbanização em Salvador: O Miolo, região
popular e estratégia das cidades. Biblio 3W, Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales,
Universidad de Barcelona, Vol. IX, nº 523 [ISSN 1138-9796].
Gouveia, Anneza Tourinho de A. 2010. . Dissertação de Mestrado em Geografia. Instituto de
Geociências/ Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador.
International Organization for Standardization. 1998. Ergonomics of the Thermal Environmet –
Instruments for Measuring Physical Quantities. 2ª edition. Norma ISO/DIS 7726. Genebra.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. Censo Demográfico. 2000-2010. Disponível em:
˂http://www.ibge.gov.br˃. Acesso em 20/09/2014.
Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia- INMET. 2016. Disponível em:˂http://www.inmet.gov.br˃.
Acesso em 20/09/2014.
MATZARAKIS, A., MAYER, H. 2000. Atmospheric conditions and human thermal comfort in urban
areas. In: 11th Seminar on Environmental Protection "Environment and Health" Thessaloniki,
Greece, 155-166.
Orstein, Sheila Walbe; Romeró, Marcelo de Andrade (colab.). 1992. Avaliação Pós Ocupação do
Ambiente Construído. São Paulo, EDUSP/Studio Nobel.
Salvador. 2009. Cadernos da Cidade. Ocupação do Solo. Secretaria Municipal de Desenvolvimento
Urbano, Habitação e Meio Ambiente- SEDHAM. Coordenadoria Central de Produção de Indicadores
Urbano-Ambientais- COPI, Salvador, Bahia. Ano I, n 1.
Salvador. Lei n. 6.586/2004. Lei n.7400/2008. Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano.
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Urban water environment intervention: Analyses of the
urban-environmental interaction
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1. INTRODUCTION
Watercourses are elements directly related to the natural cycles. Nonetheless, despite
their environmental and landscaping importance, an inadequate treatment in relation to
the watercourses is common, adopting the rectification, canalization and road
construction along their banks as a solution to the problems of sanitation.
The technical-scientific areas have a vast theoretical and practical production directly or
indirectly related to the environmental question of the water environments. The theoretic,
methodic and technologic base offer conditions to rethink the technical-scientific model.
Even with the difficulty to overcome the dominant culture, there are experiments of water
environment intervention projects that establish a more harmonic relation to urban
questions as to environmental, respecting the environment dynamics and incorporating
the water environment to the morphology and urban landscape.
The objectives of this work are research contemporary experiences of intervention in
water environments from the area of urban landscape architecture, urban design and
urban planning, check the typologies and theoretic trends of these productions and
analyze the solutions in relation to the environmental, urban and human dimensions.
There were included in the analysis intervention projects on seafront, giving priority to
discussion of interventions in the river system of freshwater.
This research is part of an ongoing doctorate, to be finished by the end of 2016, that has as
objective to elaborate guidelines of projects that contribute to improve the urban and
environmental quality of urban water environments, taking into consideration the
transformations of contemporary cities and tendencies of urbanism with a focus on
ecologic-environment.
The main questions related to urban water environments, methodology used to analyze
intervention projects in river environments, the results and the conclusions shall be
presented next.
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by saying that the introduction of roads and the pollution of the water also leads to the
devaluation of the watercourses for leisure and bathing, diminishing its functions.
Kaushal & Belt (2012) point out that there is a critic to this model of sanitarian city, which
was dominant before the 21 century, being substituted by a concept that considers the
biogeochemical cycles and the peculiarities of the urban ecosystem, producing
interventions with multiple functions and an urban design of quality.
The challenge, therefore, is to develop concepts where the city is not only seen as a
counterpoint to natural space, by establishing a harmonic relationship with the natural.
Odum (2001) claims that a man must comprehend that he does not create new systems,
but modifies the natural ecosystems, being impracticable the complete dominion of nature
due to the ecological dependence of the human being.
According to Spirn (2001) urban space has its own rationality. Steinberger (2012) stresses
that the environment built settles and transforms the natural environment, leaving the
urban environment to reflect a specific look that considers the physical dimensions
(natural and built), urban life (ambience, living together and conflicts) and the urban
quality (life conditions).
Mello (2014) points out that rivers are spaces with multiple functions, which can be used
to qualify the urban landscape of the cities, taking advantage of degraded areas to value
local identity. The change goes through the valorisation of bordering spaces, the
promotion of social living, the introduction of sustainable activities, ludic and recreative,
which considers the geography, the landscape, the quality of life and the symbolic
dimension.
There are experiments of contemporary urbanism with ecological-environmental
concerns which seek the rescue of the living life with the clean water, the social living and
the dissemination of a new environmental awareness. There are several interventions,
with different objectives, scales and forms of actions, such as: Water Sensitive Urban
Design, greenways, brownfields, renaturalization, waterfront, daylight, among others.
Spirn (2014) presents a classification of this theoretical and practical production, which
even being considered by the author as limited, contributes by demonstrating the trends
of contemporary production related to the urban design and urban landscape.
These trends cited by Spirn (2014) were grouped in this study in four great lines of action,
established according to their concepts and their production in relation to the
interventions in water environments, being: Environmental Art; Landscape Planning,
Landscape Ecology e Green infrastructure; Green Architecture, Green Urbanism e
Industrial Ecology e finally Ecological Design, Sustainable Design and Planning e
Landscape Urbanism
The several lines of action bring important contributions and advances to rethink the
interventions in urban rivers and produce actions which qualify the water environment.
The ecological Urbanism professionals have an important theoretical and practical
production that sets a concern to respect the environmental dynamics and hydric and
value the rivers with activities that promote social living and the rapprochement to water.
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The analyses of the projects were developed in 3 steps, being: a poll of projects of
intervention in urban water environment, selection of paradigmatic experiments and
detailed analyses of selected experiments.
As a first step a poll of intervention projects was thoroughly done. The research was done
on search sites and electronic reviews, initially looking for projects developed by
professionals cited in the study of Spirn (2014) and in sequence extended to collaborators
to these professionals and in a search using terms such as: riverfront, daylight, brownfield,
greenway river rehabilitation, urban stream and urban watershed. The researched
projects were found on Google Earth Pro and exported in files KML to the Quantum
program Gis version 2.6.1, where it was possible to make a world map with the
distribution of the projects.
From these 3 projects were selected for a more detailed analyses, from the following
criteria: implemented project or in implementation, localized in consolidated urban areas,
which valorises water as aesthetic element, integrates the water environment to the
morphology and urban landscape and presents conditions that favours environmental
dynamics and biodiversity.
The third and last step analysed the projects in detail, where first of all the contextualized
object was analysed from the research of the conditions of the place. Based on this
information a hypothesis was made as to the assumptions and concepts of the idea of the
proposal, which offer a strong picture to the elaboration of all the project elements and of
the scale relationship and dimensional.
The next step was of the experimentation, adopting the diagrammatical thought to analyze
the relations between the water and the urban environment, the watercourses banks and
the city, of the stretches along the hydrographic basin, with the water environment with
its edified surroundings and the relationship between the project elements in themselves.
Diagrams, draft charts, layer separation to identify unique categories and their scale
relationships (sectorial, urban, territorial) and dimensional (environmental, urban,
human). In this phase there are experiments, re-examinations through new readings,
going back to the previous results and re-elaboration of the process itself, this enables
finding new discoveries in the assessment, as well as in the methodology.
4. RESULTS
The production of contemporary urbanism with ecologic-environmental concern has
different lines of action. Spirn (2014) classifies the main trends, citing their respective
professionals, who since the end of the XX century have contributed with its production
for the theoretic and practical development for the development of this subject.
The Environmental Art trend is characterized by artistic interventions that makes legible
local structures and processes, instigating the perception of reality and behavioral
changes. The professionals of Landscape Planning and Landscape Ecology possess a vast
production focusing landscape planning in regional scale. The Green Infrastructure trend
shares the same theoretical referential, being different because it presents besides the
proposal in the macro scale, urban interventions and solutions of sustainable
infrastructure. Willian Wenk stands out in this trend, with several projects that take
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advantage of the water aesthetic potential to create vibrant public spaces. The Green
Architecture, Green Urbanism and Industrial Ecology act in different scales, nonetheless
have in common the use of technology to promote the reconciliation of man with nature.
Finally, Ecological Design, Sustainable Design and Planning and Landscape Urbanism are
trends which present a relevant production of projects from the areas of Architecture,
Urbanism and Landscape Architecture.
Besides the research of production of professionals cited by Spirn (2014), an extensive
research on the internet was done, gathering projects that valorize water as an aesthetic
element, incorporating the water environment to the morphology and urban landscape. A
total of 136 projects of urban water environment intervention were polled (see fig.1). The
North American production of 81 projects stands out, having 17 projects in the Denver
region. Europe counts with 23 projects, Asia 14, South America 12, Central America 4,
Africa and Oceania 1 project. China’s case is peculiar, investing in buildings of great size,
producing extreme forms of human scale grandiosity.
The typologies of projects with a greater recurrence are greenway, water front, daylight,
brownfield, urban park and linear park. In relation to the trends there is a greater number
of cases related to Green Infrastructure, Sustainable Design and Planning, Ecological
Design, Landscape Urbanism and Green Architecture.
Of the polled projects, the selected ones for detailed analyses, according to the criteria
described in the methodology, were the projects developed by Velenje, Denver and Belo
Horizonte, evaluating their quality in relation to environmental, urban and human
dimension.
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This Project does not have an ecological bias. The dialect between the natural and urban
environment comes through an aesthetic conception, where water and the vegetation
come as elements which compose the urban scene, valorizing and being valorized by the
built elements (ways, bridge, amphitheater, urban furniture and illumination).
The Project establishes a sequence of happenings that develop along the promenade,
having as highlight the ensemble bridge and amphitheater at the center (see fig. 2 e 3). The
river becomes the main happening, a node of activity and contemplation at the center of
the great square (see fig.4). The parking lot without a covering, located at the north limit,
was transformed in a volume with commerce on the ground floor and a stage on the
superior level, which establish limits and sense of interiority to the space.
The conceptual image is strong, having as a conducting line the sinuosity and the
complexity, which can be verified on the way, on the amphitheater and on the benches
along the square of events. The design promotes the integration of the river with the
Center of Velenje, instigating the flow of the senses and the fascination for the space.
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several public spaces, stretching out over 45 km in direction to its headwater, where there
are actions of preservation, conservation and environmental recovery. (see fig.7)
The project presents a simple solution, having as identity the linearity of the way and its
landscape composition. The sinuosity of the river, its ascents and slopes, small rapids with
stones, bridges for pedestrians and cyclists offer different scenery which contribute to
sharpen visual perception of the environmental dynamics (see fig.6).
Figure 5 and 6. (Left) Greenway access point with belvedere and the rapids. Source Wenk, 2016
Figure 7. (Right) Downtwon Creekfront. Source: Cardoso, 2016
The dislocation of the watercourse with the surrounding urban space, imposed by the
conception that privileges the urban drainage and road systems, it is a recurring condition
in several cities. The project takes advantage of this limitation, conforming a protected
way from the movement of the surrounding streets, in a cozy ambience that provides the
possibility of visual and physical contact with the water.
4.3 Nossa Senhora da Piedade Park in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Belo Horizonte is a city which was projected in the end of the XIX century to be the capital
of the state of Minas Gerais. Its conception presents a geometrical rigor that did not take
into account the natural drainage lines and the watercourses, being later channeled and
closed to solve the problems of sanitation and drainage.
The north region, where the Nossa Senhora da Piedade Park is found, is an occupation out
of the limits of the projected city, growing in a spontaneous and disorganized way.
Nonetheless, it follows the logic of inadequate treatment of water environments, which is
made worse by irregular occupations and by the lack of equipments and urban
infrastructure.
As a solution to the drainage problems, the Program of Environmental Recuperation of
Valley Ends and Streams in Natural waterbeds of Belo Horizonte was created. DRENURBS,
foresees among its objective the revalorization and landscape incorporation of the
watercourses, as an element of urban mesh.
The Nossa Senhora da Piedade stream was one of the selected areas, receiving where
there were irregular occupations before an urban park designed by the office B&L
Architecture. At the headspring a detention pond was built to diminish the flood peak,
having a spillway made of water mirrors that can be gazed at from within and from
outside the park (see fig.09 and 10).
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The park is fenced for security reasons, having the crossing of the watercourse by earth
substituted by a bridge that separates the internal from the external circulation, keeping
the flow and the continuity at the park level and the visual contact at city level. (see fig.8)
Figure 8 and 9. (Left) Spillway, detention basin and way within the park. Source: Bueno, 2016
Figure 10. (Right) Diagram with main axis and functional sectors. Source: Cardoso, 2016
The intervention has a transforming effect from a dense urban context and without
arquitectural reference. With a relatively low cost, the project reconciles solutions that
value the landscape, offers amenities to the population and contribute to the urban
drainage problem.
5. CONCLUSION
Contemporary urbanism has several trends that seek to establish a new technical-
scientific model based on ecological-environmental questions. The research on urban
water environment intervention projects show a dissemination of new paradigms. There
is a diversity of examples of projects which take in to consideration the relationship
between environmental and urban dynamics, integrating water into the morphology and
in the urban landscape.
The analyses of the projects should consider the context and the systemic relations
between the environmental, urban and human dimension. It is necessary to comprehend
the limitations imposed by the physical-environmental and socio-economic conditions and
how the project relates the built environment to flow and natural cycles.
The analysed projects presented different answers to this question. Velenje is a local
intervention, with a sinuous design that leads attention to the ensemble of the
bridge/amphitheater and instigates the perception of the river. Denver implements a
greenway at a lower level of the city, separated from the hectic city life which offers the
cyclists and pedestrians a contact with the water and the vegetation. In Belo Horizonte the
degraded spring is revitalized, receiving a retention pond and landscape elements which
lead to the qualification of the landscape of a neighborhood needy of architectonic and
urbanistic references. (see table 1)
The experiences show that the difficulties and the inherited problems can be overcome,
even in Brazil, where the conditions are worsened by social inequality, the precariousness
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of the sewer and drainage systems, the lack of equipment of the state and of economic
resources. The Belo Horizonte experience shows that it is possible to change the reality of
degradation and of inadequate treatment of water environments in Brazil, which in this
case was the outcome of a long process initiated in the 1990’s with the creation of the
Manuelzão Project. This Project was created by the UFMG Medical School with the
objective to improve the environmental conditions and the lives of the inhabitants of Rio
das Velhas, becoming nowadays a structuring project of the State of Minas Gerais.
Table 1. Analyzed projects, in relation to environmental, urban and human dimensions.
Project Dimension
(date of Project) Environmental Urban Human
Ponctual intervention with Multiple uses, integrating the Strong image that instigates the
Velenje aesthetic, urbanistic concept, river into the morphology and perception of the river and
(2012) without ecological focus. urban landscape social living
Landscape recomposition and
Formation of a Greenway along Sense of protection sharpening
Denver bed of headspring of Cherry
the river, separated by different the contact with the dynamics
(not informed) Creek respecting natural
levels of its surroundings of the water
dynamics
Belo Environmental recovery and Landscape solution that
Urban park with Access control,
Horizonte the introduction of a qualifies and valorizes urban
offering leisure and recreation
(2001) retention basin landscape
The technical and aesthetic solutions may be of the most varied forms, avoiding pre-
conceived models. The elaboration of the projects should come from the comprehension of
the environmental and urban dynamics, establishing principles and coherent criteria with
this reality and present multiple objectives, which take into consideration the multiple
scales.
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Environmental Justice and Landscape: Urban Rivers in
Question
ABSTRACT: The overall objective that guides this paper is clarifying the strategic
relevance of landscape integration for environmental management that takes into
consideration the territorial justice as its ethical-political horizon. In this sense, we
address the tension between limits and potentialities of renaturalisation of rivers in the
urban context. To do so, we specify the environmental justice as the clipping theoretical
and methodological framework guide of our approach. It is proposed the urgency of
impact studies and landscape integration in its condition as a strategic resource for the
management of the landscape. From this standpoint, the river basin shall constitute visual
basins, as set of points each other visible, having in perspective the premise that the
observer is part of the system of observation. Through the landscape integration strategy,
tactically specified as (re)naturalization of rivers, we can identify focal points of
observation - called doors - which work as landscaped connectors essential to public
ownership of the river/visual basin. The empirical case analyzed is the Jacaré river basin,
connected to the lagoon system of Piratininga, located in the city of Niterói, state of Rio de
Janeiro. It is a basin extremely varied from the point of view of both the impact on the
landscape, historically accumulated, how much of the impasses in the territorial
justice/environmental. We are dealing with a critical urban neighborhood, using the
criterion of impacts and the environment it presents. Thus, restore values of the culture of
the landscape leading to complement the overall goal pointed out, from the analysis of the
testimonies of local residents, based on river etnogeomorphology.
Keywords Landscape management, environmental justice, renaturalisation of urban rivers,
river etnogeomorphology
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PRESENTATION
"The landscape matrix has a decisive weight in the ecological functioning of the
territory and the quality of the same. By definition, the matrix usually represents the
largest part of the territory"
RODÁ, Ferran (2003:51)
In this paper, the overall objective is to discuss the environmental justice from the
perspective of the urban landscape management. For this, we appeal to the landscape
integration strategy as a theoretical and methodological mediator that allows us to
evaluate the relevance of the tactic of renaturalisation of urban rivers. We consider this
strategy as a resource key for systemic treatment of both the environmental justice and
landscape management. In other words, we want to be kept in perspective of the
operational strategy of renaturalisation of rivers, by re-enrolling for the marks of a
complex thought which seeks to distinguish relevant aspects of reality without isolating
each other. Thus, we refer us for a thought that light the following links of these aspects,
making therefore the notion of system as main fulcrum.
The structure of this paper follows the sequence that triggered by this presentation,
includes a first section which clarifies the relevant theoretical and conceptual dialogue
between environmental justice and territorial justice. In the second section, we discuss the
landscape management linking it to specification of social right that this type of
management must promote and effect. In the third section, we discuss the renaturalisation
of rivers as legitimate intervention in urban space, as well as the landscape integration
strategy. Finally, the fourth section presents an analysis of vernacular geographies that
follows the use of etnogeomorphological perception of residents and entered in an
emancipative political matrix.
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For Ribeiro (2012: 95), the etnogeomorphology is "a way of understanding guided by the
etnocientifical matrix, which argues that the constituted knowledge, academic and official
by recognized institutions in scientific and technological development cannot be
considered as the only way of understanding reality". This is where knowing vernacular of
ordinary people who experience a given space comes into play as co-protagonist. For this
reason, the perception of Jacaré neighborhood residents becomes imperative in this
research.
Depending Busquets & Cortina (2009: 693), the right to social landscape can be properly
defined as:
Subjective right to enjoy the scenery right that public authorities should ensure
citizens within a democratic and participatory framework for action in the
framework of a legal concept that recognizes the landscape as a key factor in
quality of life and well-being of all individuals and social groups, as an essential
ingredient of their identity and their cultural, socio-economic and spiritual
development.
This right is linked to the ethical attitude towards landscape. For Gómez Alzate & Londoño
López (2011: 47), with which we agree entirely:
In addition to a simple aesthetic appreciation of a landscape, their sensory
experience and their objective knowledge or simply utility, there is a sustained
ethical reason in human interest, because the landscape doesn’t exist without a
human perspective; for that reason to have a sustainable vision of landscape, it is
necessary to abide an ethical attitude to it and not just consider the human being
as a mere spectator or passive beholder.
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continuity between two large ecosystem complexes. In turn, the landscape connector is
defined as:
Transition framework between two scenic structures to ensure its territorial
continuity. Unlike the ecological connector, it has a more perceptive functional
character, although it may contain associated complex territorial functions to
reduce the gap between the connected structures (Folch, 2003: 277).
The landscape cohesion visual basin depends, then, measures aimed at connectance. In
this endeavor, the landscaped connectors require better definition now more operational
nature, bringing out the door notion - defined as a strategic point of accessibility to the
landscape, or as focal points of observation/public contemplation of the landscape. We
oppose private ownership matrix by another public appropriation, restoring the intangible
value of landscape.
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the shops belonging to commercial complexes. In the sector that is located in the
intermediation of the two mentioned and the area of the nascent, is the greatest diversity
of social uses, connoting private property distributed among social groups belonging from
upper middle class to the most precarious.
Rounding sectors of the Jacaré basin, is the rearmost section upstream, corner of spring. It
is an area of rural traits. The valley is strikingly marked by the omnipresent canopy of the
rainforest hillside, with its primary traits - and others featuring an agroforestry. Even in
this sector, worth highlighting the presence of two properties in particular: the old
Equestrian and former Camping.
Figure 1. The cut of the basin and its significant social uses: housing, commerce, farming.
Source: Lima et al. (2016)
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IQ: Some besiegers diverted the course, the Ubá condominium also, and buildings near the
lagoon.
LB: Many places were covered so we did not see the dirt.
Which stretches of Jacaré river call your attention? Why?
IH: The river is in front of my house, is polluted with sewage that the community plays.
ZG: The sewage coming out of Ubá Condominium.
Do you often visit / walk / go to Jacaré river stretches beyond that where you live?
LH: No, lack of time and interest.
WR: I used to, but now has almost no attractive, you go fishing and come back stinking
mud and sewage. I see the lagoon every day, as I told you, I live in front of it and
sometimes we leave by boat to "tarrafear", but gives no more than four or five kilos. Siri
disappeared, shrimp disappeared.
What makes it difficult / easy access of people to the river?
WR: No more attractive, you go fishing and back reeking of dirty mud.
VC: There is no access.
What solutions would be possible to recover this natural and social environment?
LH: First solution would be to stop the dumping of sewage and garbage into the river.
Occurring so, clean and recover margins.
IQ: A radical action: demolition of buildings that interfere with access and replanting of the
river bed from the source.
Based on these interviews, we identified doors / windows, or focal points of public
accessibility, the fundamental pragmatic conception of the Jacaré basin as a visual basin
(Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Doors and windows of the visual basin: the landscaped connectors
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city is held by the people who inhabit the city, not by those who own it” (Anguelovski,
2014:177), the right to the landscape follows this same stream.
The repair of dignity against the vulnerability and social and environmental
discrimination, as well as the political position against environmental gentrification
imposing, leads us inescapably to the proposition of the following strategic agenda points
of urban rivers renaturalisation, like the case of Jacaré: a) recover the hydrological
functioning of the river area - expression of the systemic link between fluvial
dynamics/territorial matrix; b) enhance public diversity of habitats - expression of the
systemic link between ecological connector/landscaped connector; c) integrate
environmental recovery cultural heritage - an expression of the link between natural
system/cultural system; d) order, systematize and regulate urban uses - expression of the
systemic link between social practice/space practice; and e) promote accessibility and
sociocultural frequence to the river - expression of public/private systemic link. Finally,
we should always struggle for inclusive renaturalisation of urban river involving ethical
principles.
In accordance to Michel Serres (2011:93), “who knows, realize the beauty of the world is,
quite simply, to take in front the appropriation waste?” In this direction, we conclude,
categorically: the renaturalisation of urban rivers corresponds to humanized
desartificialization of themselves.
REFERENCES
Acserald, H. et al. (Orgs.). 2004. Justiça ambiental e cidadania. Rio de Janeiro: Relume-Dumará.
Acserald, H.; Mello, C.; Bezerra, G. 2009. O que é justiça ambiental. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond.
Anguelovski, I. 2014. Neighborhood as refuge. Community reconstruction, place remaking, and
environmental justice in the city. Massachusetts: MIT.
Busquets, J. 2009. Los estudios de impacto e integración paisajística. In Busquets, J.; Cortina, A.
(Comp.). Gestión del paisaje. Manual de protección, gestión y ordenación del paisaje.Barcelona: Ariel.
Costa, L.; Monteiro, P. 2002. Rios urbanos e valores ambientais. In Del Rio, V. et al. (Org.). Projeto de
lugar. Colaboração entre psicologia, arquitetura e urbanismo. Rio de Janeiro: PROARQ/Contracapa.
Folch, R. (Coord.). 2003. El territorio como sistema. Barcelona: CUIMPB.
García, M.; Borobio, M. 2013. Cartografies de l’intangible: fer visible l’invisible. In Reptes en la
cartografia del paisatge. Dinàmiques territorials i valors intangibles. Girona: Observatori del
Paisatge.
Gleeson, B.; Low, N. Environmental justice. 2003. In Agnew, J. et al. (Ed.) A companion to political
geography. Malden: Blackwell.
Gómez Alzate, A.; Londoño López, F. 2011. Paisajes y nuevos territorios (en red). Cartografías e
interacciones en entornos visuales y virtuales. Barcelona: Anthropos.
Lévy, J. Justice spatiale In Lévy, J. ; Lussault, M. (dir.) 2003. Dictionnaire de la Géographie et de
l’espace des sociétés. Paris: Belin.
Lima, I.; Castro, D. 2013. Justiça territorial e gestão ambiental complexa: a bacia hidrográfica em
foco. In: 9º Congresso Brasileiro de Sistemas, Palmas: Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Anais (...).
Lima, I.; Barbosa, J.; Barcellos, D. A integralização da paisagem como estratégia de renaturalização
da bacia do rio Jacaré. In I Seminário sobre Práticas de Renaturalização Fluvial – estratégias e ações.
Niterói: Universidade Federal Fluminense/Vice-Prefeitura Municipal de Niterói, 07 –11 março de
2016. No prelo.
Ribeiro, S. 2012. Etnogeomorfologia sertaneja: proposta metodológica para a classificação das
paisagens da sub-bacia do rio Salgado/CE. Tese de Doutoramento. Rio de Janeiro:
PPGG/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
Serres, M. 2011. O mal limpo. Poluir para se apropriar? Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil.
Rodá, F. 2003. La matriz del paisaje. In Folch, R. (Coord.). El territorio como sistema. Barcelona:
CUIMP.
Zahed Filho, K. et al. 2009. Água em ambientes urbanos – renaturalização de rios em ambientes
urbanos. São Paulo: Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo.
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Conforto ambiental: Praça Tamandaré na cidade de Passo
Fundo – RS
Janaine Gobb
Universidade de Passo Fundo, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Passo Fundo (RS), Brasil
janainegb@gmail.com
Shauane Manfro
Universidade de Passo Fundo, Engenharia de Produção , Passo Fundo (RS), Brasil
shauanemanfro@hotmail.com
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e potencializar seus usos. Esta área verde na cidade de Passo Fundo, tem servido como um
importante espaço de recreação e um agente minimizador dos impactos ambientais da
urbanização, gerando um descanso visual pela inserção da paisagem na massa construída.
Assim sendo, são de grande importância o planejamento e a conservação do espaço físico e
das espécies arbóreas das praças, sendo estas responsáveis pelo conforto ambiental.
Palavras chave Vegetação, praça, planejamento urbano, tipologia, requalificação,
sustentabilidade
1 INTRODUÇÃO
O rápido crescimento urbano verificado no Brasil a partir da metade do século XX fez com
que a ocupação das cidades ocorresse de acordo com interesses pessoais ou de grupos sem
o devido planejamento para adequar-se à nova condição. Este crescimento demográfico,
como resultado do aumento sem medida da malha urbana, da verticalização, do uso
intensivo do solo nas áreas centrais, da excessiva impermeabilização, da substituição de
áreas verdes por áreas construídas, ocorrido especialmente nas cidades de médio e grande
porte, desencadeou uma série de problemas ao ambiente urbano (Rosseti, 2009).
Uma cidade, em sua morfologia, é constituída por espaços livres, sendo estes, por sua vez,
divididos por Lamas (1990) em duas categorias: “ruas e avenidas” - destinadas à circulação
- e “praças e parques” - projetados para a permanência. Ele define praça como o “lugar
intencional do encontro, da permanência, dos acontecimentos, de práticas sociais, de
manifestações de vida urbana e comunitária e de prestígio, e, consequentemente, de funções
estruturantes”. O autor observa, ainda, que a definição de praça implica a “estreita relação
do vazio (espaços de permanência) com os edifícios, os seus planos marginais e as fachadas”,
que definem os limites das praças e qualificam seu entorno imediato.
Segundo Barbirato et al., (2014) isso se reflete na densidade da ocupação do solo, o que
exerce importante relação com a qualidade ambiental dos espaços. Uma mesma densidade
urbana pode gerar diferentes tipologias espaciais na estrutura urbana, causando
consequências microclimáticas diversas.
Diante disso, a obtenção de uma ambiência urbana agradável está diretamente ligada ao uso
da vegetação, identificando recintos e criando identidade visual local. Neste caso, a
distribuição das praças na área urbana apresenta uma situação privilegiada, onde a
arborização determina um aspecto paisagístico mais interessante e agradável, promovendo
bem-estar psicológico ao homem, contribuindo com benefícios ambientais como
sombreamento para pedestres e veículos, amenização da temperatura, melhorias na
qualidade do ar, proteção e direcionamento do vento e redução da poluição sonora (Silva
Filho et al., 2002).
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2 MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS
A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na cidade de Passo Fundo (Figura 1), localizado no Norte do
estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na latitude de 28º 15' 46" S e longitude de 52º 24' 24" W.
Considerada uma cidade média, com área de 783,421 km², e uma das mais densas do estado,
por possuir um grande número de edifícios, concentra uma população de 196.739
habitantes e uma densidade demográfica de 235,92 hab/km², de acordo com estimativas do
IBGE.
O município localiza-se a uma altitude de 687 m, fazendo limite com Pontão e Coxilha a
norte, Mato Castelhano a leste, Marau a sul, Ernestina e Santo Antônio do Planalto a sudoeste
e, Carazinho a oeste. Apresentando temperatura média anual de 17,5 °C e verões que podem
ultrapassar 30 °C, possui um clima do tipo subtropical úmido, segundo a classificação
climática de Köppen. A cidade, ainda, é conhecida como "Capital do Planalto Médio" e
"Capital Nacional da Literatura".
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Figura 1. Localização da área de estudo, em destaque o município de Passo Fundo – RS. Fonte:
Prefeitura Municipal de Passo Fundo, 2016.
O objeto de estudo nesta cidade é a Praça Tamandaré (Fig. 2), a qual se localiza na
centralidade urbana, próximo a equipamentos de grande importância para o município. É
um espaço caracterizado por ser um ambiente de contemplação e convivência, com
diferentes superfícies de uso do solo no seu entorno imediato, sendo esses institucionais, de
serviço, religiosos, residencial e comercial.
Figura 2. Praça Tamandaré no ano de 2016 e sua relação com o entorno. Fonte: Google Earth,
elaborado por autor, 2016.
Para o levantamento dos fatores de análise quali-quantitativa dos elementos que compõem
a praça, foram realizadas diversas visitas à mesma, onde se identificou as suas espécies
arbóreas, comparando-se as vegetações já existentes com as novas inseridas. O método
empregado na determinação das espécies foi o levantamento botânico, anotando seu nome
vulgar e científico e a quantidade de cada espécie. A partir dessas especificações,
desenvolveu-se um inventário com o mapeamento da localização das espécies arbóreas
antigas e novas em forma de desenhos e tabelas.
Além disso, avaliou-se os mobiliários presentes no espaço quanto a sua qualidade de uso e
quantidade, identificando os novos objetos arquitetônicos inseridos; a tipologia da praça,
comparando-se o seu desenho inicial com as atuais mudanças. Todas as avaliações aliaram-
se a registros fotográficos. Realizou-se, por fim, um levantamento da evolução histórico-
cultural da cidade através de referenciais teóricos obtidos em acervo bibliotecário.
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3 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO
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permitindo a integração do homem ao meio natural urbano de forma a ter melhor qualidade
de vida.
Figura 3. Localização das vegetações presentes da Praça Tamandaré. Fonte: Autor, 2016.
3.3.1 Tipologia
De acordo com Neto & Angelis (2000), o estudo da tipologia dos espaços públicos pressupõe
o conhecimento de sua identidade, estrutura, significado e imagem. Tendo como base os
estudos acima, a Praça Tamandaré enquadra-se em quatro grupos: praça de igreja, de
descanso e/ou recreação, de circulação e de significação visual. Essa tipologia levou em
consideração seu uso mais comum, sua localização, sua estrutura e seu caráter funcional
(Fig. 4).
Os elementos que a caracterizam como espaço de descanso e/ou recreação é a presença de
playground, equipamentos para prática de exercícios físicos, e outros que permitem o lazer.
Classificam-se também com função de circulação por estar inserida em uma região da
cidade com intenso fluxo de veículos e pedestres. A significação visual apresenta-se por
conter em sua área edificações que se destacam por sua arquitetura, ou por edifícios
públicos que servem como referencial para serem lembradas, como por exemplo a Igreja
Matriz Nossa Senhora da Conceição e o Hospital São Vicente de Paulo.
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Figura 4. Espaços da Praça Tamandaré e Matriz Nossa Senhora da Conceição em uma de suas faces.
Fonte: Autor, 2016.
Figura 5. Classificação e desenho da Praça Tamandaré, Passo Fundo/RS. Fonte: Autor, 2016.
3.3.3 Mobiliário
A NBR 9283 (ABNT) define mobiliário urbano como “todos os objetos, elementos e
pequenas construções integrantes da paisagem urbana, de natureza utilitária ou não,
implantados mediante autorização do poder público, em espaços públicos e privados. ”
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Segundo Neto & Angelis (2000), ele deve estar inserido em um contexto mais amplo, que é
o da cidade como um todo, e não ser apenas um elemento de decoração.
Dentre os mobiliários que compõe a Praça Tamandaré, na cidade de Passo Fundo/RS,
encontram-se os bancos, luminárias, pisos, bicicletários, monumento de criação (busto),
lixeiras, playground, equipamentos de academia ao ar livre, cabine telefônica, coletores de
dejetos de animais por sacolas, parquímetro, placas sinalizadoras, placas comemorativas,
chafariz, trailers de vendas, canteiros e sua arborização e, sanitários públicos.
Atualmente, a Praça Tamandaré passou por algumas modificações em sua tipologia, porém
de forma a causar o menor impacto possível. As mesmas foram realizadas seguindo a
percepção e opinião dos usuários do local, os quais decidiram por não modificar os
desenhos dos canteiros já existentes, apenas requalificá-los e torná-los mais adequados a
utilização da população. Dessa maneira, o novo projeto contou com o aperfeiçoamento das
calçadas que circundam a praça com a inserção de sinalização de pisos podotáteis,
destinado a deficientes visuais; novas luminárias em substituição às antigas; equipamentos
para coleta de dejetos de animais; retirada de algumas vegetações e plantio de novas
espécies; locação de um estacionamento para bicicletas, novos brinquedos para o parque
infantil e, requalificação dos bancos já existentes (Fig 7-8).
Figura 6. Novos mobiliários da praça: piso podotátil, luminárias, coletores de dejetos e lixeiras.
Fonte: Autor, 2016.
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4 CONCLUSÕES
Dentro do contexto da pesquisa realizada, a partir da análise tipo-morfológica da Praça
Tamandaré, no tocante à sua inserção na trama urbana e seu mobiliário, pode-se afirmar
que, devido à falta de tratamento adequado, os materiais e o desenho dos seus
equipamentos, sujeitados à ação das intempéries, adquirem uma menor vida útil, o que,
associado à falta de manutenção, torna o ambiente ainda menos prazeroso de se estar.
Quanto à sua tipologia, destaca-se que é a população, de acordo com o uso que faz desse
espaço, quem determina as características que as classificam em diferentes categorias. Além
disso, a localização da praça na trama urbana também interfere em sua tipologia, pois, por
estar localizada na área central da cidade, cumpre a simples função de atravessamento ou
de passagem.
No decorrer do trabalho foi possível constatar a importância da conservação, manutenção
e qualificação dos espaços e elementos que compõem a praça para a promoção de uma
melhor qualidade de vida, levando em conta a história de sua população e do meio ambiente
que ali existia e ainda existe. Através dela desenvolve-se meios econômicos, sociais e
humanos, ou seja, a sua existência faz existir novas ocupações do solo para serviços,
comércios, instituições e, forma uma paisagem urbana que estimula a sustentabilidade,
agrega áreas verdes à cidade e traz a ela uma maior valorização, favorecendo todos as
pessoas. Cabe ressaltar que locais como este são criados com a finalidade de servir à
população, proporcionando atividades de lazer, contemplação e convivência. Inserir novos
equipamentos, restaurar mobiliários existentes e recompor a massa vegetativa fez com que
os indivíduos que frequentam a Praça Tamandaré sintam-se satisfeitos e seguros em sua
ocupação.
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Rosso, M. M., Siqueira, R. S. Formação educacional e cultural em Passo Fundo. In: DIEHL, A. A. (Org.).
Passo Fundo: uma história, várias questões. Passo Fundo: EDIUPF, 1998, p. 99.
Santos, E. C.; Santos, C. Z. A.; Gomes, L. J. Função socioambiental de praças públicas de Aracaju-SE.
Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana, Piracicaba-SP, v. 9, n. 2, p. 34‐54, 2014.
Silva Filho, D.F. da; Pizzetta, P.U.C.; Almeida, J.B. S.A. Banco de dados relacional para cadastro,
avaliação e manejo da arborização em vias públicas. Revista Árvore, v.26, n.5, p.629-642. 2002.
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Author Index
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Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Author Index
Abrahão, Ricardo 1759 Barreto, Douglas 723
Abrão, Pedro 877 Barros, Bárbara 1103
Aguiar, Fabianne 1143 Barros, Raquel 333, 1629
Aguiar, Karolyna 1649 Bassetto, Luci 1987
Aguiar, Rafaela 621 Bastos, Celso 1003
Akutsu, Maria 973 Bastos, Leopoldo 1083
Albani, Vivian 1315 Bastos, Pedro 887
Albuquerque, Leonardo 401 Bello, Leonardo 449
Almeida, Manuela 99, 441, 955, Bernabé, Ana Carolina 199
1819, 1869 Bernabé, Ana Clara 199
Almeida, Renata 1093, 1231 Berni, Mauro 411
Altoé, Emanuella 1897 Bertolde, Adelmo 1143
Alvarado, Rodrigo 13, 179 Biasutti, Saulo 963, 1879
Alvarez, Analía 469 Bissoli-Dalvi, Márcia 753, 789, 809,
Alvarez, Cristina 33, 159, 199, 265, 1947
285, 529, 713, Bittencourt, Leonardo 569
753, 789, 809, Bolssoni, Gabriela 1287
837, 1269, 1531, Bonatto, Daniella 1777
1767, 1829, 1947 Borges, Marcos 591, 1241
Alves, Alessandro 1501, 1697 Botelho-Francisco, 621
Amador, Carolina 245 Rodrigo
Amorim, Alexandre 459 Braga, Leander 955
Andrade, Amanda 1221, 1967 Braga, Maria 255
Andrade, Liza 611, 1325, 1435 Bragança, Luís 43, 69, 99, 169,
Andrade, Telma 1345 275, 343, 429,
Aquilino, Andrea 1599 641, 867, 927,
Araujo, Aline 519 983, 1193, 1589,
Araújo, Catarina 275, 1869 1869
Araujo, Luis 449 Branco, Neila 1345
Araújo, Taluanne 701 Brandão, Alexandre 1733
Araújo, Yngrid 1113 Brandão, Nathalia 189
Arnold, Daiana 149 Brandli, Luciana 1725
Arruda, Beatriz 1927 Brauhardt, Bárbara 69
Arthur, Lara 459 Bremenkamp, Álvaro 361, 1957
Assis, Leandro 1315 Brigagão, Lívia 1715
Azevedo, Abílio 419, 937 Brito, Adriana 973
Baggiotto, Angelica 1501 Brito, Jordano 1767
Ballesteros, Juan 1053 Brito, Miriam 1907
Barbieri, Indiara 285 Brocco, Lívia 1839
Barbirato, Gianna 1013 Brum, Eduardo 1123
Barbosa, Andrezza 1045 Bueno, Cristiane 549
Barbosa, Gisele 511, 1707 Bueno, Laura 761
Barbosa, José 983, 1193 Bueno, Maruska 245, 255
Barbosa, Maria 295, 955 Cabrera-Jara, Natasha 771
SBE16 Brazil & Portugal
Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Volume III
Organized by
Partners Sponsors
Financing
SBE16 BRAZIL & PORTUGAL
Editors
Cristina Engel de Alvarez
Luís Bragança
Edna Aparecida Nico-Rodrigues
Ricardo Mateus
© 2016 The authors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any mean, without prior written permission from the
Editors.
ISBN 978-85-92631-00-0
250 copies
LEGAL NOTICE
The Editors are not responsible for the use which might be made of the following
information.
Foreword
The organizers of SBE 16 Brazil & Portugal were challenged to promote discussions and
the development of solutions for an important and, at the same time, very ambitious topic
– Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment. This
is the main focus of the international conference SBE16 Brazil & Portugal; the only event
of the SBE16/17 conference series being held in Latin America, more precisely, in Vitória
(Espírito Santo), Brazil, from the 7th until the 9th of September 2016. The conference
offered a unique opportunity to bring together researchers from all over the world to
share evidence-based knowledge in the field and succeeded to achieve its goals since many
contributions from various parts of the planet were received, addressing a tiny part of the
problem or trying to perform the difficult task of making the sum of the parts a coherent
whole.
The SBE conference series is the pre-eminent international conference series on
sustainable building, construction, urban sustainability issues and supporting
infrastructure. The series is held on a three-year cycle with planning and preparation in
year 1, regional conferences held in year 2 and a single global event to be held in year 3.
The series is owned and supported by high prestige partners, such as the International
Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), the International
Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC). The
first conference was launched in 2000 and, since then, the series continues to evolve. Up to
2014, the series was named the “SB” or “Sustainable Building” conference series, but the
series coordinators have now changed the series name to “SBE”, standing for “Sustainable
Built Environment” series, to more clearly indicate the inclusion of issues related to local
urban areas and supporting infrastructure.
The Federal University of Espírito Santo (Brazil), the University of Minho (Portugal) and
iiSBE Portugal, with the support of the Brazilian National Association for the Built
Environment Technologies (ANTAC) and the Network on Energy Efficient Urban
Communities (URBENERE) of CYTED “Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnologia
para el Desarrollo”, organized SBE16 Brazil & Portugal. The event succeeded to get the
crucial financial and institutional support of the Coordination for the Improvement of
Brazilian Higher Education Staff (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Ensino
Superior - CAPES) and the Foundation for Research and Innovation of the State of Espírito
Santo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo - FAPES), among
other sponsors.
The aim of SBE16 Brazil & Portugal is to promote the discussion and development of
knowledge on the theme “Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact
Built Environment”.
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Like every international event, for SBE16 Brazil & Portugal it is also expected, as outcome,
a broad exchange of information between the delegates, resulting from the strategies that
allow meetings and the establishment of knowledge networks. In this sense, conferences,
short courses, technical visits, communications, poster sessions and even the organization
of living spaces highlight and promote the interconnection of this topic and reflect the
need that sustainability must be seen and discussed under several points of view.
It is expected that people with diverse backgrounds, different levels and also coming from
diverse contexts meet in Victoria, allowing that each participant can understand and learn
from other people's reality. The organizers believe that only respecting the differences, the
global sustainability may, one day, be achieved.
Finally, the organizers want to address a special thanks to all Authors and Scientific
Committee Members for their support and contribution to the successful development of
the scientific basis to the knowledge on the theme “Sustainable Urban Communities
towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment”.
BRAZIL PORTUGAL
Prof. Cristina Engel de Alvarez Prof. Luís Bragança
cristina.engel@ufes.br braganca@civil.uminho.pt
Prof. Edna Aparecida Nico-Rodrigues Prof. Ricardo Mateus
edna.rodrigues@ufes.br ricardomateus@civil.uminho.pt
Federal University of Espírito Santo University of Minho
Web: http://lpp.ufes.br Web: http://civil.uminho.pt
Tel.: + 55 27 4009 2581 Tel.: + 351 253 510 499
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Scientific Committee
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Contents
VOLUME I
The contribution of green roofs to mitigate urban heat island effect in Rio de 51
Janeiro
Sarka Konasova
Wood Frame Housing System: Case Study and Application Potential for Low-Cost 69
Housing in Foz do Iguaçu
Bárbara Brauhardt, Helenice Maria Sacht, Luís Bragança and Cesar
Rodrigo Faraone Wing Chong
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Industrial waste: Study for adding or partial replacement in Portland cement 109
Larissa Helena Carnielli Howat Rodrigues and Geilma Lima Vieira
Innovative skins and domotic systems: the technological design for residential 129
buildings’ energetic efficiency
Lucia Melchiorre and Antonella Della Cioppa
LCA of waste PET particles as a partial replacement for sand in self-compacting 139
concrete
Robson Zulcão Mello, Felipe Zanellato Coelho and João Luiz Calmon
Heliodon's Use for the Development of Bioclimatic Architecture Projects in for the 169
city of Araras, São Paulo - Brazil
Juliana M. A. do Nascimento, Helenice M. Sacht and Luís Bragança
Viability for the use of foundry sand to reduce use of cement in cement concrete 207
Pedro Goecks, Cristina Eliza Pozzobon, Eduardo Rizzatti and Diorges Carlos
Lopes
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Envelope assessment of university building on South Brazil reaching the eco- 217
efficiency
Bianca Gasparetto Rebelatto, Marcos Antonio Leite Frandoloso and Rodrigo
Carlos Fritsch
Estudo de caso: Comparativo entre os orçamentos de uma escola urbana ou rural 255
executada utilizando-se materiais convencionais e materiais não convencionais
Gabriel Vieira Lopes, Maria Luiza Oliveira Braga and Maruska Tatiana
Nascimento da Silva Bueno
Analysis of the Bernardo Mascarenhas Cultural Complex based on the criteria of 295
sustainable development
Maria Teresa Barbosa, Claudia dos Reis Paiva and Daniel de Almeida
Moratori
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Normative references and instruments for flexible housing design in Brazil 333
Raquel Regina Paula Barros and Vanessa Ingrid Leo
Life cycle energy (LCEA) and carbon dioxide emissions (LCCO2A) assessment of 351
roofing systems: conventional system and green roof
Julia Santiago de Matos Monteiro Lira and Rosa Maria Sposto
Contribution to Perturb and Observe Algorithm to Maximum Power Point Tracker 401
for Photovoltaic Systems
José Alberto Nicolau de Oliveira and Leonardo Duarte de Albuquerque
The importance of vernacular strategies for a climate responsive building design 429
Jorge Emanuel Pereira Fernandes, Ricardo Mateus, Helena Gervásio, Sandra
Monteiro Silva and Luís Bragança
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A Portuguese study on building renovation towards a nearly zero energy building 441
(nZEB)
Ana Mestre, Manuela Almeida and Muriel Iten
Bioclimatic architecture and energy savings of the urban housing in arid 469
environments
Alejandra Kurbán, Mario Cúnsulo, Analía Alvarez, Eduardo Montilla and
Andrés Ortega
Daylight in the Museum: Luminance distribution study using HRD photographs 479
Maria Beatriz Piderit-Moreno, Camila Cáceres Lepin and Carolina Espinoza
Sanhueza
Sistema de cogeração de energia: O caso de uma indústria cerâmica 489
Viviani do Nascimento Souza Melotti, Gabriel Rigotti Alves de Deus, Aline Silva
Sauer and Fabrícia Delfino Rembiski
Inovação e integração de sistemas bioclimáticos em arquitetura para clima 499
temperado: Perspectivas futuras
Fabrizio Tucci and Ingrid Fonseca
The project performance simulation for more sustainable built environments and 511
the Integrated Modification Methodology
Pedro Henrique Alves Negreiros and Gisele Silva Barbosa
Building life cycle energy assessment on pre operation phase using BIM 519
Aline Medeiros Ferreira de Araujo and Sergio Fernando Tavares
Interoperabilidade. Comparação entre os sistemas BIM e CAD 529
Argeu Leônidas Maioli Pretti, João Luiz Calmon and Cristina Engel de Alvarez
Abordagem do BIM na produção científica brasileira: uma pesquisa bibliométrica 539
João Luiz Calmon, Marianne Cortes Cavalcante and Alberto Frederico Salume
Life Cycle Assessment and Building Sustainability Certification Systems: Could 549
Building Information Modelling tools ease this integration?
Cristiane Bueno and Marcio Minto Fabrício
The use of BIM for the sustainable design 559
Bárbara Holzmann Mass, Sergio Scheer and Sergio Fernando Tavares
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Avaliação da iluminação natural da casa popular eficiente da UFSM por simulações 631
computacionais
Matheus Cargnelutti de Souza, Giane de Campos Grigoletti and Marcos
Alberto Oss Vaghetti
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VOLUME II
Decision making process assisted by Life Cycle Assessment: Greenhouse gas 723
emission
Ludimilla de Oliveira Zeule, Laís David Vinhal, Sheyla Mara Baptista Serra
and Douglas Barreto
Estrategias de diseño pasivo con luz día en cuartos de hospitalización doble 743
Lina J. Zapata-González and Maria Beatriz Piderit-Moreno
New tools for sustainable urban land regularization in permanent preservation 761
areas: The 11.977/09 Brazilian Law Implementation
Bruna Pimentel Cilento, Julia Lopes da Silva, Laura Machado de Melo Bueno
and Patricia Rodrigues Samora
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Construction of indicators systems tool for making decision to related stormwater 799
management problems
Sidnei Pereira da Silva and Bernardo Arantes do Nascimento Teixeira
The ASUS tool as a conceptual basis for proposing the inclusion of the sustainability 837
concept in the formation of the Architect and Urbanist
Pâmela Pegoretti, Kamila Zamborlini Waldetario and Cristina Engel de
Alvarez
Influência das fontes de dados nas emissões de CO2 e no indicador de mudanças 877
climáticas da indústria cimenteira brasileira
Pedro Cesar M. A. Abrão, Daniel Costa Reis and Vanderley M. John
Tools for assessing sustainability in urban settlements: Case study of the 917
Metropolitan Center neighborhood, Rio de Janeiro, applying the LEED ND
environmental certification
Bianca Marinho Quintella Borges Soares
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Water loss indicators used in public water supply services in Brazil: Literature 963
research and review
Edumar Ramos Cabral Coelho and Saulo Biasutti
Eficiência de proteções solares horizontais externas para a latitude da cidade de São 973
Paulo
Matheus Tonelli Santos, Maria Akutsu and Adriana Camargo de Brito
The latest ISO 14001:2015 and its contribution to Sustainable Construction 993
Maria Lívia Costa, Asher Kiperstok and Sandro Fábio Cesar
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Integrated system for energy optimization and reduction of building CO2 1053
footprint
Ernesto Echeverría Valiente, Flavio Celis D'Amico, Fernando da Casa Martín,
Manuel de Miguel Sánchez, Patricia Domínguez Gómez, Ignacio Delgado
Conde, Alvaro Mozas Santander, Kevin Moreno Gata and Juan Manuel Vega
Ballesteros
A influência da inércia térmica nas paredes externas em clima quente: uma revisão 1063
sistemática
Auriele Mazer Marques Silva, Ivan Julio Apolonio Callejas and Luciane
Cleonice Durante
Analysis of the acoustic, thermal and luminous performance at the Instituto Federal 1073
de Minas Gerais (Federal Institute of Minas Gerais) – Santa Luzia
Luana Nolasco Rizzi Leles Ribeiro, Fernanda Fonseca de Melo Coelho and
Wemerton Evangelísta
Noise impact of urban mobility changes: Charitas tunnel case study 1153
Sergio Portela Prange and Julio Cesar Boscher Torres
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Occupancy patterns and building performance. Developing occupancy patterns for 1193
Portuguese residential buildings
José Amarilio Barbosa, Ricardo Mateus and Luís Bragança
The development and performance of plant species in Brazilian extensive green 1211
roofs
Adriane Cordoni Savi, Maria Isabel Seibel Reis and Sergio Fernando Tavares
Benefícios da captação de água pluvial para a gestão urbana de recursos hídricos 1241
Livia Tavares Cosentino and Marcos Martins Borges
Qualitative Analysis of Urban Tree Arborization in the Streets of São Carlos (São 1259
Paulo/Brazil)
Gustavo D’Almeida Scarpinella, Simone Cristina de Oliveira and Ricardo Siloto
da Silva
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Estudo das áreas verdes e espaços de uso público em Vila Velha – ES 1297
Suzany Rangel Ramos, Larissa Leticia Andara Ramos and Luciana Aparecida
Netto de Jesus
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VOLUME III
Historic relationship between urban dwellers and the Tomebamba River 1385
Pablo Osorio, Mateo Neira and M. Augusta Hermida
Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Considering Locally Generated and Stored 1405
Energy
Luiza Diniz de Oliveira Câmara, Tina Dettmer, Patricia Edge and Celso
Romanel
Urban metabolism and food flows: The municipality of Feliz, State of Rio Grande do 1425
Sul, Brazil
Eugenia Aumond Kuhn, Miguel Aloysio Sattler and Lucas Dorneles Magnus
Fischer River catchment urban flooding - mitigation and participatory management 1453
Teresa Lindoso and Luciene Pimentel da Silva
New urban and neighborhoods: From theory of practice in Brazilian reality 1463
Vanderlei Fabiano G. do Monte, Cristiano Capellani Quaresma and Rafael
Barreto Castelo Cruz
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Analysis of sustainability in the Brazilian housing production: The case of AP4 - Rio 1511
de Janeiro
Andrea Borges de Souza Cruz, Mauro César de Oliveira Santos, Adriana
Fiorotti Campos and Daniella Amorim Gomes
Outdoor ventilation and urban planning: comparative study between climatic 1531
measurements and CFD simulation
Fabiana Trindade Da Silva, Elisa Velentim Goulart, Cristina Engel de
Alvarez and Neyval Costa Reis Jr.
Rafael Barreto Castelo da Cruz, Karin Regina de Casas Castro Marins, Fabiano
Monte and Cristiano Capellani Quaresma
Patchwork of industrial neighborhoods around São Paulo core area: Case study 1579
Adilson Costa Macedo, Gastão Sales and Maria Isabel Imbronito
The Sound of the Landscape: through downtown plazas of the city of Vitória, ES 1609
Deborah Martins Zaganelli and Clara Luiza Miranda
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Transportation Systems and Land Use Planning: The Case of the Metropolitan 1687
Region of Rio de Janeiro
Bernardo Serra and Ângela Maria Gabriella Rossi
Proposal of a Social Index for Sidewalk Quality in Large Brazilian Cities 1715
Livia Brigagão, Jean Marcel Faria Novo and Celso Romanel
A Sustainable Mobility Index to Assess the Public Transport Quality in the City of 1733
Rio de Janeiro
Alexandre de Oliveira Brandão, Jean Marcel de Faria Novo and Celso
Romanel
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What is the most efficient type of transport for your city – Study case of Rio de 1753
Janeiro city
Frederico Delphino Fenerich
LEED Certification and the new Standard of Sustainable Construction in Colombia 1789
Andrés Peláez Ospina, Alexander González Castano and Laura Marín Restrepo
Socioeconomic study of domestic water consumption in the Federal District, Brazil 1799
Daniel Sant'Ana
Assessment criteria for the level of integration of urban water and land use 1809
management
Ana Paula Justi and William Bonino Rauen
The influence of glazed balconies in the thermal comfort in an urban tropical region 1829
Érica Coelho Pagel, Cristina Engel de Alvarez and Neyval Costa Reis Júnior
Application of the "ladder of citizen participation" to the analysis of the São Paulo 1859
Master Plan revision process
Rafael Barreto Castelo da Cruz, Flavia Mendes de Almeida Collaço and Karin
Regina de Casas Marins
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Chapter 9
Pablo Osorio
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Cuenca, Ecuador.
pablosorio@gmail.com
Mateo Neira
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Cuenca, Ecuador.
mateo0719@gmail.com
M. Augusta Hermida
Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Espacio y Población, LlactaLAB – Ciudades Sustentables,
Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Cuenca, Ecuador
augusta.hermida@ucuenca.edu.ec
ABSTRACT: Accessibility to water sources has played a decisive role in the location and
growth of human settlements, fulfilling a key role in the historical development of cities, as
in the case of Cuenca, where the Tomebamba River defined its foundation place. Recent
urban development has weakened the relation between cities and their rivers, and it is
urgent to rediscover the potential of rivers and their banks in the urban fabric, not only as
generators of urban biodiversity, but as a public space that contributes to social resilience
and builds urban identities. This paper studies the historic relationship between urban
dwellers and the river, in 1.5km of the Tomebamba River that runs in front of the
Historical Centre of Cuenca, through uses and perceptions of its users. A series of semi-
structured interviews were explored using discourse analysis, word frequency, and spatial
visualization, to reveal perceptions associated with places and space morphologies, and
how they have changed through time. The results shows that historical use of this city
place was related to production and leisure, having a strong relation to the river as a water
source, whereas now production is no longer related to the river; instead, newcomers
have occupied the space, promoting new uses in the river margins, having little to no
relation with the water, modifying landscape perceptions and building new urban
identities.
Keywords riverbanks; waterfronts; landscape perceptions; social resilience.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The construction of identity related to resilience can be understood through human-
environment relationships. By studying and exploring human behaviors, perceptions and
spatial configurations, one can suggest socio-environmental improvements and better
urban regeneration strategies (Cheshmehzangi & Heat, 2012). In this context, the study of
the relationship of the city with its rivers is important because accessibility to water
resources has played a key role in the location and growth of human settlements, being
significant to the historical development of cities and the definition of the urban
landscape.
Despite its importance, in many cities around the world the relationship between rivers
and their cities has weakened (Novotny, 2009) so it is urgent to rediscover the potential of
rivers and streams in the urban fabric (Beja da Costa, 2009) and its role as a public space
capable of strengthening social resilience, understood as the ability of a group or
community to recover or respond positively to a crisis (Maguire & Hagan, 2007).
In the case of Cuenca, rivers have played a key role in its development. This paper studies
the historic relationship between urban dwellers and the river, in 1.5km of the
Tomebamba River that runs in front of the Historical Centre of Cuenca, through uses and
perceptions of its users. A series of semi-structured interviews were explored using
discourse analysis, word frequency, and spatial visualization, to reveal perceptions
associated with places and space morphologies, and how they have changed through time.
The end goal of this work is to define the interrelation between morphology and
perception, and the way it generates urban identities.
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In 1982, through the Urban Development Plan of the city, local government showed
interest in riverbanks (Jaramillo, 1982) situation that resulted, years later, in the
generation and improvement of linear parks adjacent to the rivers. However, these spaces
have not been resolved as part of a comprehensive network of urban green.
2. METHODOLOGY
Historical maps, which identified changes in patterns of use and connectivity, were
consulted to analyze the spatial morphology in relation to the Tomebamba River over time.
References and historical texts, poems, and songs about the Tomebamba River, that
provided important information regarding uses through history, were also reviewed.
Semi-structure interviews were employed to obtain information about the historical and
current perceptions of the Tomebamba River. The historical perception had two types of
informants: town historians and elders (70-85 years old) who lived their childhood,
adolescence and youth by river Tomebamba. The current perception was also obtained
with two types of informants: residents and users of the Tomebamba River, which are not
necessarily the same people. The interviews were digitized, enabling their explorations
through discourse analysis, word frequency and spatial visualization with Atlas.ti by QGis.
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The information obtained from interviews and its relation to the analysis of changes in the
spatial morphology of the city over time, allowed looking at the historical and spatial
context of the city in connection with activities linked to the Tomebamba River, providing
knowledge to understand the relationship between uses and the configuration of the city
over time.
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Since 1950, the southern area of the Tomebamba River began to urbanize consolidating
and increasing the connecting of the middle terrace to the lower one. Along the northern
bank, streets emerge to join the east-west ends of the city (Carpio, 1976). A great river
flooding, precisely on 1950, caused the destruction of three of the five bridges that crossed
the Tomebamba. According to Carpio the local traffic was affected for several years.
Together with bridges, the slaughterhouse was destroyed and later relocated downstream.
Despite this event, the educational facilities, parks and public squares, and hospital were
maintained and augmented in the southern area of Tomebamba River (Albornoz, 2008).
By the year 1970 (Figure 2) the green areas along the riverbanks became public spaces
(Albornoz, 2008). Traditional building systems were replaced and consequently the
materiality of the buildings in the area changed, allowing taller buildings of three or more
floors (Carpio, 1976).
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Figure 3: Keyword cloud. Comparison between mid-twentieth century and early twenty-first
century.
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Figure 4: Tomebamba River use. Comparison of relative frequency of words between mid-twentieth
century and early twenty-first century.
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Figure 6: Perceptions on the natural environment linked to the Tomebamba River. Comparison
between mid-twentieth century and early twenty-first century: relative word frequency.
Figure 7: Perceptions on the built environment near the Tomebamba River. Comparison between
mid-twentieth century and early twenty-first century: relative word frequency.
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REFERENCES
Albornoz, V. B. (2008). Planos e Imágenes de Cuenca. Cuenca: Municipalidad de Cuenca.
Ariza-Villaverde, A. B., Jiménez-Hornero, F. J., & Ravé, E. G. De. (2013). Multifractal analysis of axial
maps applied to the study of urban morphology. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 38(1),
1–10.
Batty, M. (2008). The size, scale, and shape of cities. Science (New York, N.Y.), 319(5864), 769–771.
Beja da Costa, A. (2009). Design strategies for urban water systems: A case study of Sao Cristóvao in
Rio de Janeiro. Water and Urban Development Paradigms, 197-205.
Bernardo, F., & Palma-Oliveira, J.-M. (2016). Urban neighbourhoods and intergroup relations: The
importance of place identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 239–251.
Buytaert, W., Célleri, R., De Bievre, B., Cisneros, F., Wyseure, G., Deckers, J., & Hofstede, R. (2006).
Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean páramos. Earth-Science Reviews, 79(1-2), 53–72.
Carpio, V.J. 1976. Las Etapas de Crecimiento de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador. Revista Geográfica
(84): 77 – 101
Cheshmehzangi, A., & Heat, T. (2012). Urban Identities: Influences on Socio-Environmental Values
and Spatial Inter-Relations. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36(June 2011), 253–264.
García, G. y González, M. (2016). Fotografía histórica y contemporánea, Herramientas para la
valoración del Patrimonio, El caso el Barranco (Cuenca). Trabajo de grado, Arquitectura,
Universidad Estatal de Cuenca.
Hermida, A., et al., (2015), La densidad urbana como variable de análisis de la ciudad. El caso de
Cuenca-Ecuador, Revista Eure, Vol. 41, N. 124.
Hillier, B. (1996). Space Is the Machine. London: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
Jamieson. R. (2003). De Tomebamba a Cuenca, Arquitectura y arqueología colonial. Ecuador:
Universidad Estatal de Cuenca
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Jaramillo, C. (1982). Evolución histórica de la ciudad de Cuenca. Revista del Instituto Geográfico
Militar (26), 117-137.
Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. The M.I.T Press, 1–103.
Maguire, B., & Hagan, P. (2007). Disasters and communities: Understanding social resilience. The
Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 22(2), 16–20.
Morales, P. E. (2011). Dinámica cultural del barrio de todos santos desde 1950 hasta nuestros días.
Trabajo de grado, Licenciatura en la Especialidad de historia y geografía, Cuenca.
Murzyn-Kupisz, M., & Gwosdz, K. (2011). The changing identity of the Central European city: The
case of Katowice. Journal of Historical Geography, 37(1), 113–126.
Novillo, V. M. (2010). Estudio histórico y cultural de cuenca en el siglo xx (1920- 1980), a partir de
la producción literaria de g. h. mata. Trabajo de grado, Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Educación en la
especialidad de historia y geografía, Cuenca.
Novotny, V. (2009). Sustainable urban water management. Water and Urban Development
Paradigms, (May), 19–31.
Serra-Llobet, A., & Hermida, A., (2015). Green Infrastructure in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of
Developing Countries: a Case Study in Cuenca, Ecuador. Landscape and Urban Planning. In review.
Vega. M. (1997). El Río Tomebamba en la Historia de Cuenca. Cuenca: CIDAP
Yaldız, E., Aydın, D., & Sıramkaya, S. B. (2014). Loss of City Identities in the Process of Change: The
City of Konya-Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, 221–233.
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Diagnosis of occupation at itapemirim river marginal
areas
ABSTRACT: Historically the Brazilian cities developed following waterways, however such
rivers suffered a process of intense urbanization along the margins and without an truly
effective planning, often serving as a place for waste disposal and foreign to the city life.
From this relationship between man and nature which will define the transformations in
the urban environment, where the city outline may generate harmonic or conflicting
situations with the physical site, especially with the water in the territory. This article aims
to analyse the ways of occupation in the bottom of Itapemirim river's valley in the urban
area of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim and characterizes it for its affinities with the city and
population. Therefore, will be described in general the area of Itapemirim river basin, also
identifying its potentials and obstacles. The main change felt is the continuous loss of
integration between the water resources and the urban area, emphasized by the
environmental degradation in which it was subject and the privatization of the river
margins, hindering the sighting and use as an admirable element.
Keywords Urban rivers; Cachoeiro de Itapemirim; urban occupation; environmental impacts.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The municipality of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim is the main economic hub in the South of the
State of Espírito Santo, it has an estimated population of 189.889 inhabitants according to
the 2010 census. Its territory is totally within the Itapemirim river basin. The town
developed along the river’s banks in its last navigable point, from the river's mouth.
Changes in the natural environment are intrinsic to urbanization but the intensive and
irregular occupation in the areas at the valley bottom caused several impacts on the water
resource and also in man and nature relationship. The removal of the ciliary forest, the
water contamination, the soil sealing besides the rivers bed change are facts that can
generate changes in the water dynamics. So, through field research this paper tries to
analyze the forms that the occupation of the valley bottom of Itapemirim river in
Cachoeiro de Itapemirim’s urban area.
The bibliography investigation tries a further theoretical-conceptual in relation to the
object studied, analyzing authors that debate the main thoughts on the subject. Maps,
figures, satellite images, old photos, found in government agencies files were examined
besides existing reports and analyses.
Amorim & Cordeiro’s (2004) methodology was used on the chosen object of study, which
serves as a parameter to identify the relationship of the environment and the urban
environment. Through this diagnosis, grants will be provided to find solutions to minimize
the environmental impacts of urbanization and to sustainable development in valley
bottom areas.
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However, with the start of environmental discussions and the limits of exploitation of
nature new issues and alternatives were proposed. The Brazilian Forest Code in Article 2,
requires the allocation of the banks of water bodies with non-built lanes; they are called
Permanent Preservation Areas (APP). This is a legal mechanism for protection of
vulnerable environmental areas, such as rivers, springs, hill tops, steep slopes, marshes,
plateaus and other. For the rivers, the APP’s lanes are established by the width of the
river’s bed. Since their creation in 1965 the APP”s had their limits increased on two
occasions, in 1986 and in 1989 that are in force to today. These limits range from 30 to
500 meters from the river bed biggest part and around the springs a radius of 50 meters
should be considered.
This impediment of any form of use and occupation of riverbank areas establishes a
paradigm of confrontation, between the urban parameters and environmental parameters,
as pointed by Mello (2008).
Thus, the first paradox underlying the theme is set: on the one hand, the
multiple urban functions and the attraction that water bodies have on
people; on the other hand, he legal device that prevents the formal
occupation of the banks of water bodies in Brazil, aiming the
preservation of its environmental functions (Mello, 2008, p. 39).
However, the legal provision that prevents the formal occupation on the banks of water
bodies has also proven inefficient, for the management of water resources in cities
transcends static view of preservation, as states Mello (2008).
Costa (2006) added that one of the major conservation factors is visibility, the more the
water is hidden, the easiest to pollute and embank. The collective and equal ownership of
these spaces is needed, so a feeling of belonging and social life is generated.
Addressing these paradigms, due to their complex character, assumes an urban
sustainable development, as stated by Tucci (2008) aims to enhance the population’s
quality of life and environmental conservation.
It is also essential to integrate as quality of life is only possible in a
conserved environment that caters to the population’s necessity,
guarantying harmony between man and nature (TUCCI, 2008, p. 97).
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The 21 City’s Agenda (2005) describes its economic development. During the sugar cane
period Cachoeiro do Itapemirim did not develop a lot, remaining the same XVII Century
settlement, when some pioneers tried to settle in the region aiming exploration of gold
that supposedly existed in Castelo.
Only after 1850 with sugar decline, by its price national discrediting, Cachoeiro began to
prosper due the agricultural expansion process, led by coffee that generated the wealth of
that time.
Due to the great demand of coffee transport, Itapemirim river became
insufficient, and to meet this need, Caravelas (1887), Leopoldina Railway
(1903) e Estrada de Ferro Itapemirim (1926) were built, not only
contributing but also transforming the natural landscape of the city.
(CAETANO; DIAS, 2013, p.6)
Because of the facility of rail transport Cachoeiro absorbed Itapemirim River’s economy
becoming an urban center of high importance. According to historians, in 1902 the city
was the third in the country and first in the state to have electricity by installing a power
plant on the Island of Light.
During that period of agricultural expansion, the dynamics in rural
properties always followed the same logic based in three stages: 1)
deforestation with the sale of the noblest wood and cutting down of the
remain wood (that was burned); 2) coffee planting taking advantage of
the natural fertility of the soil, and 3) replacement of coffee plantation by
pastures when the coffee crop was shown unproductive (AGENDA 21,
2005).
From the eighties to the present, the most resourceful branch of the city’s economy is that
of mineral extraction, classifying the municipality as The Capital of Marble and Granite.
The consolidation of this segment, combined with the centrality gained between the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries, reflecting on trade and service center, besides an
expressive local industry, keeps Cachoeiro’s economic momentum (AGENDA 21, 2005).
However, these same activities that boosted the city's economy are responsible for the
environment degradation. According to agenda 21 Local (2005), these activities caused:
removal of native vegetation, including the river sources and banks, soil degradation due
to inadequate model farming, siltation and pollution of streams and Itapemirim River with
pesticides, and especially domestic and industrial sewage. The disordered urbanization of
the municipality and road construction is also another component in this disqualification
process. Intense deforestation with the removal of riparian vegetation, the vegetation that
there is on the river banks, and the irregular occupation of the slopes, together with land
slope enhanced the process of erosion of the water body. Before navigable, the Itapemirim
river today has an average depth of 1 meter and a half.
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Type 1A – Sections 1 e 2
Type 1B – Sections 3 e 4
Figure 2. Type 1A and 1B. Source: Amorim (2004), modified by the author.
Figure 3. Section 3 overview, road along the river bank. Source: Author, 2015.
.
There has been intense soil sealing, with 60% of the entire area getting above 50%
waterproofed. As to the presence of riparian vegetation, half of the sections show less than
25%. Sections 6, 7 and 8 show worrisome levels, with the absence of riparian vegetation
and connected sections. In relation to the water course modifications two main occurrence
were classified: without modification and modified by rectification. It is important to note
that any element related to urbanization of the banks modifies the river path. But this
study only considered as change in the watercourse, the extreme situation, the landfill of a
stretch of the Rio Itapemirim, for the construction of Av. Beira Rio.
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Figure 4. Type 1D – Sections 7 and 8. Beira-Rio Av. on the left bank. Source: Amorim (2004),
modified by the author.
Figure 5. Beira Rio Av. sidewalk, in the back Aquidaban neighborhood. Source: Author, 2015.
Even though great part of Itapemirim river still maintains its curvy characteristics, all
urban area examined is occupied at least in one bank either by the road system or by
constructions. It is also observed that 5 of the sections located in the center of the urban
area, have both banks occupied mainly by unifamiliar housing with the back of the plots to
the river banks.
As an example, 1C type, in sections 5 and 6, refers to the one that makes the river more
distant from the population. The buildings turn their backs to the river, and difficult to see
it, only possible by slots between the lateral spacings – rare- and on the crossing points
from one bank to the other
Figure 6. 1C Type – Sections 5 and 6. Source: Amorim (2004), modified by the author.
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Considering the banks occupations, none of the sections meets the incident legislation, in
this case the Forest Code, as the 100 meter preservation area is not respected.
For the last examined parameter, landscape and aesthetics quality, although subjective,
the criteria used was related to the extent of vegetated areas, observing that the larger
their number the greater the aesthetics and landscaping quality. In this case it was also
considered the existence of sidewalks areas where a greater relationship with Itapemirim
river is possible as in sections 7, 8 and 9.
From filling in the evaluation forms a final grade was given to each section, following
variation from 7 to 35 points, from the worst to the best condition, respectively. As
Amorim says (2014, p.203), “the result of the grades given to several parameters allows to
compare the environmental situation of several sections”. Thus, figure 8 shows a graph of
the total score.
Section 10
Section 9
Section 8
Section 7
Section 6
Section 5
Section 4
Section 3
Section 2
Section 1
Punctuation
The final average for the sections is 19,5 points, lower than the average evaluation
condition that was 21 points, what shows a really bad environmental condition. The
biggest negative impacts were observed in sections 7 and 8, that only got 11 points. The
best scores are in the initial and final sector from the course demonstrating that the closer
to downtown the worst the score is and consequently the environmental conditions. This
finding becomes important for the possibility of planning the proper ways to occupy these
expansion areas that minimize the environmental degradation and enhance the potential
of the region.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Through the time the uses and appropriations of Itapemirim river in the town of
Cachoeiro do Itapemirim were modified according to the needs of each period. Early
marked by the stage of navigability, mainstay of the region and mainly incorporated to the
town’s daily life, nowadays the water body is seen as an element that tends to be forgotten,
behind the buildings due to the gradual privatization of its banks
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This article tried to demonstrate that the articulation between the environmental and
urbanistic parameters is essential for the discussion about the forms for occupying the
river banks. It is believed that from a study that addresses the particularity of each region
a valorization and incorporation of the rivers in the cities will be reached as well as an
sustainable urban development.
REFERENCES
Agência de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Sul do Espírito Santo. Cachoeiro 21: plano estratégico
de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim 2004-2020: Agenda 21 Local. Cachoeiro de Itapemirim: ADESE, 2005.
p.115.
AMORIM, L.M. Ocupação de fundos de vale em áreas urbanas: estudo de caso Córrego do Mineirinho,
São Carlos-SP. 2004. Total p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Urbana) – Centro de Ciências
Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 2004.
CAETANO, Joana D’arck. 2014. Projeto político do Partido dos Trabalhadores em Cachoeiro de
Itapemirim – ES e a gestão (2009 – 2012) no âmbito dos pilares do “modo petista de governar”.
Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, UFES. Vitória.
CAETANO, Joana D’Arck, DIAS, Sílvia de Souza. Cachoeiro de Itapemirim – ES: para além do bairrismo.
In: CAMPOS, A. P.; VIANNA, K. S. S; MOTTA, K. S. da; LAGO, R. D. (Org.). Memórias, traumas e
rupturas. Vitória: LHPL/UFES, 2013, p. 1-13.
COSTA, Lucia Maria Sá Costa (org.). Rios e Paisagens urbanas em cidade brasileira. Rio de Janeiro:
Viana et Mosleu: ed. PROURB, 2006.
GORSKI, Maria Cecília Barbieri. Rios e cidades: ruptura e reconciliação. Dissertação de Mestrado,
FAU-Mackenzie,2008.
JUNQUEIRA, Cássia de Ávila Ribeiro. 2008. Avaliação ambiental aplicável a bacias hidrográficas no
meio urbano: análise dos métodos Amorim&Cordeiro, Pesmu e Swat. Dissertação (Mestrado em
Engenharia Urbana) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Urbana, UFSCar. São Carlos.
MELLO, Sandra Soares. Na beira do rio tem uma cidade: urbanidade e valorização dos corpos d'água.
Tese (Doutorado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e
Urbanismo, UnB. Brasília.
MOREIRA, Evandro. Cachoeiro um história de lutas (resenha histórica do início de Cachoeiro).
Cachoeiro de Itapemirim: Gracal, 2004.
TUCCI, Carlos E. M. Águas urbanas. Estudos Avançados. 2008; v. 22, n.63, p.91-102.
1404
Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Considering
Locally Generated and Stored Energy
Tina Dettmer
Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
Patricia Edge
Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
Celso Romanel
Department of Civil Engineering, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
ABSTRACT: The potential of electric vehicles for reducing the harmful environmental
impacts of road transport in everyday conditions has to be analyzed and evaluated. If
electric vehicles shall realize their potential to reduce emissions and minimize the
consumption of resources, then locally generated and stored energy could increase the use
of renewable energy sources. A quantitative method is necessary to determine if local
energy is environmentally advantageous and, for that purpose, the life cycle assessment is
a suitable method which quantifies potential environmental impacts. BS Energy is a
German energy and drinking water distributor that has been expanding its business
investing on new clean technologies, such as electric cars, and plans the installation of a
stationary energy storage. This work carries out a detailed life cycle assessment for the
local energy storage system testing several energy scenarios and taking into account the
following environmental impacts: global warming, ozone depletion, photochemical smog,
acidification and eutrophication. The decision of whether to prioritize one impact category
over another is not always simple, as discussed in this paper.
Keywords Electric Vehicles; Renewable Energy; Batteries; Life Cycle Assessment;
Photovoltaic System
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC,
2013) considers new evidences on climate change based on scientific analyses from
observations of climate systems, theoretical studies and simulations using climate models.
The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have
increased to unprecedented levels; carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by 40%
since pre-industrial times, primarily from fossil fuel emissions and secondarily from net
land use change emissions. The ocean has absorbed about 30% of the emitted
anthropogenic carbon dioxide, causing ocean acidification.
Human influence has been detected in warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, in
changes in the global water cycle, in reductions in snow and ice, in global mean sea level
rise, and in changes in some climate extremes. The global mean surface temperature
change for the period 2016–2035 relative to 1986–2005 will likely be in the range of 0.3°C
to 0.7°C (IPCC, 2013) and it is virtually certain that there will be more frequent hot and
fewer cold temperature extremes over most land areas on daily and seasonal timescales as
global mean temperatures increase.
Continued emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) will cause further warming and changes in
all components of the climate system. Limiting climate change will require substantial and
sustained reductions of GHG emissions.
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2016) 26% of 2014
greenhouse gas emissions in the United States come from burning fossil fuel by cars,
trucks, ships, trains and planes (Figure 1). Over 90% of the fuel used for transportation is
petroleum based, which includes gasoline and diesel. The transportation sector is the
second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in U.S. after electricity generation.
Figure 1 – U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks by Economic Sector, 1990 – 2014
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2016)
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Worldwide, the transport sector accounts for about a quarter (23%) of global energy-
related GHG emissions (IEA, 2015).
The Paris Agreement, announced in December 2015, clearly set the objective to limit the
global average temperature increase below 2°C (UNFCCC, 2015). The ambitious GHG
emissions reduction required to limit global warming to less than 2°C is unlikely to be
achievable without a major contribution from the transport sector. The International
Energy Agency (IEA, 2016a) indicates that the global transport sector must contribute
about one-fifth of the total reduction of GHG emissions from energy use in 2050.
Electric vehicles (battery electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) are seen as a major
contributor to the GHG emissions reduction goal in transport, as they increase energy
efficiency and reduce carbon intensity of transport energy carriers, while taking advantage
of the reduction of GHG emissions in power generation and supporting the integration of
variable renewable energy in the power generation mix. In a context of ever-growing
urban populations, electric vehicles are also well equipped to reduce emissions of local
pollutants in high-exposure areas and reduce noise levels.
Today, electric vehicles account for just a tiny fraction of the global vehicle stock (0.1% for
cars). This is still not significant enough to impact the actual fuel consumption and GHG
emissions from the transport sector as a whole. However, important signs of change
emerged in the recent past since the year 2015 saw the global threshold of 1 million
electric cars on the road exceeded (IEA, 2016b). In 2014, only about half of today’s electric
car stock existed and in 2005 they were still measured in hundreds.
Industry, governments and early adopters have succeeded in demonstrating that electric
cars can deliver the practicality, sustainability, safety and affordability characteristics
expected from them, but the electric vehicle market still requires policy support to achieve
widespread adoption and deployment. Battery costs have been cut by a factor four since
2008 (IEA, 2016b) and are set to decrease further. It is important to remark that metals
required for battery production is a non-renewable resource and the extraction and
production are very intense energy processes.
Concerns about electric vehicle efficiency and the increase of electricity demand, still hang
over industry and governments. Although advances in technology should reduce fuel
usage and emissions, these improvements may be offset in the near-term by increased
ownership and use.
In this respect, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies contribute for the understanding on
the real impacts of electric vehicles, considering the effects on the energy necessary for
their charge and the storage system.
The present paper is a LCA study developed to support the Braunschweiger Versorgungs-
AG & Co. KG (BS Energy, Germany) on the decision of whether to buy a stationary battery
to store its photovoltaic energy generation, used for charging five electric vehicles. The
main goal was to determine whether is environmentally worthy to invest in the stationary
battery, considering that the vehicles could be charged straight from the photovoltaic
system or from the German electricity net.
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One of the main concerns is the increase of energy demand. Considering that the
renewable energy market is still not big enough to meet a growth in demand, the
greenhouse gas emissions may remain very high. Another important concern is related to
vehicles batteries: the metals required for their production are non-renewable resources,
and their extraction and production is very energy intensive.
The five impact categories aforementioned are analyzed for each one of the 6 scenarios
studied on this work, namely:
i) BS Energy cars being charged directly from solar energy locally generated;
ii ) Cars being charged by the stationary battery, which stores energy from the solar panels;
iii) Cars being charged directly with energy from the German electricity grid.
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3.2 Scenarios 2 and 3 - BS solar energy generation and electricity from the grid
Scenarios 2 and 3 admitted that the energy from the photovoltaic system was able to
charge 3 and 2 vehicles, respectively. In both cases, the remaining cars were fed directly
by the electricity grid. Each vehicle, traveling 50km a day, would consume about 2880
kWh a year and the total energy for the 5- vehicle fleet would reach 14,400 kWh.
Data about the solar energy production by a 10,56kWh photovoltaic system is shown in
Table 1, available from 2011 to 2014. Since the time period considered in this study is just
one year, the annual average production determined was 9.48MWh.
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distance; each car travels around 50km per day; the internal efficiency of the battery was
assumed equal to 90%.
Although the expected lifetime of a LTO battery ranges between 10 and 15 years, 3
different scenarios were herein investigated, considering 5, 10 and 15-year lifetimes, in
order to better understand the influence of the battery lifetime on the LCA results.
4. LCA RESULTS
In this study the environmental impacts were investigated using the software Umberto Nxt
LCA, a German tool for performing life cycle assessment with graphical modeling. Besides
all the data provided by BS Energy and other open sources, the Ecoinvent database v.3 was
also used, given its status as a world leader life cycle inventory data source. All the LCA
results for the different scenarios, and for each impact category separately, are
presented in terms of graphics (Figures 2 to 4) to facilitate the interpretation.
Figure 2 shows that the energy from the German electricity grid has a great impact in all
scenarios. The GWP has its lowest value when 3 vehicles are charged by the photovoltaic
system and the other 2 vehicles charged directly by the grid. The second best option is a
15-year lifetime battery combined with the photovoltaic energy and the grid. However, to
be conservative, it was considered that the battery would not reach its maximum lifetime,
admitting a 10-year lifetime period closer to reality. The impact between the 10-year
lifetime and the 15-year lifetime batteries is not significantly different for comparison
purposes. Thus, knowing that without storage, the most likely scenario for the
photovoltaic system would be 2 vehicles charged by the solar energy and 3 by the grid, it is
preferable to have the stationary battery system, ensuring the maximum use of solar
energy.
In Figure 2 the impact of ozone depletion potential for each scenario can be also observed.
The use of electricity from the grid has also a very high impact, making it necessary to
ensure the maximum use of the solar energy. The photovoltaic system could be optimized
by using it for charging vehicles during certain hours of the day and, if necessary,
complemented by the energy stored in the battery system. Even though the battery
emissions increase, it is lower when the electricity grid is used for charging a vehicle.
The photochemical smog potential, as shown in Figure 3, is also very sensitive to the use of
net energy. However, in this case the battery has a greater impact than the energy
provided by the grid, which means that even for the worse photovoltaic scenario it would
be better to count on the photovoltaic system and the grid, without storage. However,
since for charging 2 vehicles a day, the necessary average solar energy generation during
one month corresponds to 480 kWh, the photovoltaic system would be able to charge 2
vehicles only between the months of March and September, when the solar generation is
higher. During the other five months the photovoltaic system produces energy for
charging only one vehicle and it would not be worth storing the excess energy in the
battery system. If, in a future scenario, the photovoltaic system is expanded, the battery
could be considered as an alternative for optimizing the use of solar energy.
The same situation can be seen for the acidification potential in Figure 3. In this case, the
impact caused by the battery is even higher than that observed on the photochemical
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Figure 2 – GWP in kg CO2-eq (left); ozone depletion potential (x10-5kg CFC-11eq) (right)
Figure 3 – Photochemical smog potential in kg NMVOC (left) and acidification potential in kg SO2-
eq (right)
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5. CONCLUSION
Considering the current German electricity mix, the energy provided by the electricity grid
has shown a greater impact than both the photovoltaic and the battery systems, with
respect to the global warming and ozone depletion potentials. However, for all the
scenarios examined in this work, the energy furnished by the grid is necessary to
complement the energy generated by the solar panel, since the photovoltaic system
provides an average of 9480 kWh per year, enough for charging only 3 out of 5 vehicles.
In some cases this combination of energy from the photovoltaic system and the electricity
grid is more attractive than using energy from the battery system. This situation was
observed for the following impact categories: photochemical smog potential, acidification
potential and eutrophication potential (both marine and freshwater). When compared to
the energy provided by the electricity grid, considering the charge of one vehicle, the 10-
year lifetime battery has shown for the photochemical smog potential an impact 35%
higher, for the acidification potential an impact 97% higher and for the marine and
freshwater potentials the impact of the battery was 53% and 75% higher, respectively,
than the environmental impact from the German electricity grid. If the battery were a Li-
ion battery with a graphite anode the impact would be even greater.
Differently from the situation observed for the photochemical smog, acidification and
eutrophication potentials, the energy from the grid has shown an impact 2.8 times higher
than the impact of the battery on the global warming potential. When it comes to ozone
depletion potential the grid also represents a much greater impact when compared to the
battery, equivalent to 2.3 times higher.
The decision of whether to prioritize one impact category over another is not always
simple. Even though three of the impact categories (photochemical smog, acidification
potential and eutrophication potential) have shown an unfavorable scenario for the
stationary battery, the priorities in relation to mitigation of environmental impacts should
be considered. The global warming potential and ozone depletion potential may have
greater influence on the decision making than other impact categories.
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The battery is therefore an option that should be considered to optimize the use of solar
energy associated with a time schedule to charge vehicles using the photovoltaic system
during periods of intense solar power generation. The photovoltaic system has shown the
best environmental performance when compared to the use of the German electricity net.
The possibility of expanding the local energy generation should also be considered in
order to guarantee a low end of chain emissions of the vehicle fleet.
Other results would be probably obtained in countries with very high solar irradiation and
the electricity net based on renewable energy such as Brazil. A similar study could
stimulate the investment on local renewable energy production and on the development
of electric vehicle market in the country. According to recent a document (Brazil, 2016)
Brazil has a 75.5% proportion of renewable energy, compared with an average of 23,1%
for the developed countries.
Germany has the target of 45% of renewable energy production by 2025. If this target is
achieved the end of chain emissions would drop 15.30% which, in this study, would mean
a GWP for charging one vehicle during one year decreasing to 1.670 kg CO2-eq instead of
the current 1.970 kg CO2-eq. This still represents a higher impact than both the
photovoltaic and the storage systems. The end of chain emissions would have to drop 51%
in order to use only the grid energy as the better environmental option.
REFERENCES
Brazil - Ministry of Mines and Energy. 2016. Brazilian Energetic Review (Resenha Energética
Brasileira). May 2016 Edition.
http://www.mme.gov.br/documents/10584/3580498/02+-
+Resenha+Energ%C3%A9tica+Brasileira+2016+-+Ano+Base+2015+(PDF)
EPA UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. 2106. Climate Change Indicators in
the United States, 2016 edition. www3.epa.gov/climatechange/
IEA International Energy Agency. 2015. World energy balances. World Energy Statistics and
Balances 2015. www.iea.org/statistics.
IEA International Energy Agency. 2016a. Energy Technology Perspectives. www.iea.org/etp.
IEA International Energy Agency. 2016b. Global EV Outlook 2016.
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Global_EV_Outlook_2016.pdf
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis, www.climatechange2013.org/report/
ISO 14044. 2006. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework.
Organization for Standardization.
Sunny Places. 2015. www.sunnyplaces.com
TIAN, B.; XIANG, H.; ZHANG, L., LI, Z. and WANG, H. 2010. Niobium Doped Lithium Titanate as a
High Rate Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries, Electrochimica Acta 55, n.19, pp. 5453-5458.
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2015. Adoption of the Paris
Agreement. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf.
WORLD BANK. 2014. Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Losses.
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS
1414
Residências sem afastamentos laterais e luz natural: Um
estudo de caso
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
A preocupaçao no aproveitamento da luz natural como forma de economia de energia e
bem-estar do usuario sempre foi alvo de pesquisas em ambientes comerciais, institucionais
e de serviços (Moro et al. 2014), entretanto, tem crescido o numero de estudos que avaliam
o desempenho e o aproveitamento desse recurso em ambientes residenciais (Albuquerque
& Amorim, 2012; Castro et al. 2015).
Ao falar sobre a iluminação natural desde os primórdios, Mascaró (2012) afirma que a luz
diurna foi usada de diversas maneiras no tempo e no espaço, de acordo com a finalidade a
que se destinava o edifício e as características do meio ambiente em que estava inserido,
tanto na arquitetura doméstica como na simbólica. Segundo a autora, na arquitetura
residencial do Egito e Oriente, o uso das janelas dependia da situação social do morador.
Nos modelos achados em escavações arqueológicas, as casas mais simples eram iluminadas
por pequenas aberturas nas paredes, e as mais luxuosas possuíam aberturas do tipo grelha,
como eram nos grandes templos. Já o conhecimento de técnicas e a atenção ao projeto
arquitetônico voltados à utilização da luz natural nas edificações foram empregados na
época romana. De acordo com Souza (2008) os romanos elaboraram a primeira norma para
proteger o direito à luz natural em propriedades existentes, sendo também reconhecidos
pelos pátios no interior de suas residências que tinham o objetivo de captar a luz solar e
iluminar os ambientes.
A luz atua diretamente sobre a visao humana contribuindo para a vivencia e qualidade
ambiental de um espaço, o que proporciona melhores condiçoes de saude, pois exerce
importante influencia no ciclo biologico das pessoas (Vianna & Gonçalves, 2001).
Adicionalmente, Holick (2011) afirma que espaços com déficit de iluminaçao podem se
tornar insalubres, uma vez que sao mais vulneraveis a presença de mofos, umidade e
proliferaçao de bacterias.
Entretanto, apesar de haver um entendimento geral da importancia a saude da luz natural
nos ambientes, alem da preferencia pela maior parte das pessoas da luz natural a artificial
(Andrade, 2004) atualmente existem situaçoes adversas que geram um caminho contrario
a esses princípios, sendo uma dessas vertentes o crescimento desordenado de construçoes
em areas sem planejamento urbano previo. A falta de orientaçao e atendimento as leis locais
na formaçao dessas edificaçoes, resulta, na maioria, em moradias desprovidas de soluçoes
que favoreçam o conforto dos usuarios, tais como, ausencia de afastamentos da edificaçao
no terreno e areas de iluminaçao insuficientes em seus espaços internos (Faustino et al.
2007; Silva, 2007).
No Brasil a última norma aprovada, ISO 8995-1:2013 (ABNT, 2013a), não retrata a
iluminação natural em ambientes internos residenciais, levando a tomar como base a norma
de desempenho NBR-15575:2013 (ABNT, 2013b), que teve sua última atualização no ano
de 2013. Outra importante legislação local a ser considerada no aproveitamento da luz
natural nos espaços construídos é o Código de Obras dos munícipios. Uma pesquisa
realizada por Fernandes (2009) verificou que as exigências para iluminação natural nesses
códigos se restringem a relação entre as áreas de aberturas mínimas em função da área de
piso de cada ambiente, não se importando com outros aspectos tal como a qualidade dessa
luz nesse espaço.
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A cidade de Vitoria, Espírito Santo, assim como outras cidades brasileiras, apresenta tanto,
areas de aglomeraçao urbana oriundas de invasao, quanto oriundas de areas muito antigas,
uma vez que a cidade, e datada da epoca do descobrimento do Brasil. Pode-se dizer que no
final do seculo XIX, Vitoria era uma cidade de uso comercial, e para atender a comerciantes
e trabalhadores do ramo de embarcaçoes, as residencias e hoteis ficavam perto do local de
trabalho. A respeito dessas edificaçoes, nao se tinha no passado uma lei que estabelecia
níveis mínimos para o conforto ambiental, tao pouco havia fiscalizaçoes de novas edificaçoes
atraves de orgaos publicos. Assim uma característica peculiar das construçoes descrita
dessa epoca por Ventorini (2010) e o conceito da tipologia ecletica do conjunto
arquitetonico abrigando edificaçoes que nao possuíam afastamentos laterais e de frente no
lote. Ao longo dos anos essa tipologia arquitetonica continuou a ser encontrada em areas
capixabas, principalmente nas principais vias arteriais que ligavam o centro da cidade,
porem sob uma nova roupagem nao criteriosa quanto a estetica da arquitetura mais antiga,
mas permanecendo no quesito de edificaçoes contíguas umas as outras. Juntamente com o
crescimento da cidade e a falta de inserçao adequada no tecido urbano, essa tipologia sem
afastamentos perpetuou ate os dias atuais e ainda e dominante na configuraçao de alguns
bairros da cidade (Ventorini, 2010).
Desta forma esse trabalho utilizou o bairro Vila Rubim, localizado na cidade de Vitória – ES,
como objeto de estudo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar a tipologia dominante
residencial existente no bairro, medir os níveis de iluminância em seus espaços internos e
propor melhorias em relação ao atendimento a NBR-15575:2013. Pretende-se com esse
trabalho fomentar a discussão acerca da importância da luz natural nos ambientes
residenciais associada principalmente ao fato da importância do auxílio do arquiteto na
concepção desses espaços.
2. METODOLOGIA
O método desta pesquisa foi dividido em três etapas:
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Pode se observar que o bairro é uma região predominantemente comercial onde as vias
principais passam, abrigando o principal mercado local – o Mercado da Vila Rubim. Nas vias
coletoras, o uso das edificações é misto, normalmente abrigando um comércio no primeiro
pavimento e nos subsequentes, residencial. Nas vias locais, que passam pelo interior do
bairro, é predominantemente residencial, com exceção de alguns bares e pequenas vendas.
Identificou-se que a maior parte das habitações pode ser agrupadas em quatro tipologias
básicas: a) residência de até 3 pavimentos, sem a presença de terraço e sem afastamentos
laterais; b) residência de 3 pavimentos sendo o último terraço e sem afastamentos laterais;
c) residências de quatro pavimentos sem terraço e sem afastamentos laterais; d) residências
de quatro pavimentos sendo o último terraço e sem afastamentos laterais. Existem em uma
quantidade menor residências de pavimento térreo e de dois andares que foram agrupadas
com outras tipologias não – residenciais por não serem o foco do trabalho (Figura 1).
Figura 1. Tipologias arquitetônicas residenciais no Bairro Vila Rubim, Vitória, ES. Em destaque a
edificação selecionada para estudo. Fonte: Adaptado de http://geoweb.vitoria.es.gov.br/
Figura 2. Tipologias marcantes no bairro com destaque para a habitação selecionada para estudo.
Fonte: os autores.
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As simulações foram feitas através do software Dialux 4.4, específico para simulações de
iluminação, uma vez que calcula as iluminâncias de acordo com um modelo em 3D que é
desenhado. A escolha do software se deu pela facilidade de uso, de aquisição gratuita e já
utilizado em outros estudos de iluminação no Brasil (Pagel et al., 2008). Foram
considerados modelos para céu claro, céu parcialmente encoberto e céu encoberto,
avaliando três horários do dia, às 9h, 12h e 15h, nos solstícios e equinócios, afim de avaliar
as variáveis que podem existir com os diferentes horários e tipos de céu.
3. RESULTADOS
A habitação selecionada possui duas unidades autônomas residenciais de 115 m2. A fachada
frontal é orientação sudoeste voltada para a Avenida Santo Antônio, uma importante via do
bairro. As unidades habitacionais são compostas por três quartos, sala de jantar/estar,
cozinha, área de serviço e dois banheiros, interligadas por essa circulação vertical de
escadas. Foi observado também durante o levantamento realizado que é comum
configuração, principalmente quanto ao conjunto de ambientes, na composição das
edificações residenciais do bairro.
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Figura 3. Planta baixa do terceiro pavimento da habitação de estudo. Em destaque imagens da sala
de estar e de um dos quartos localizados ao centro sem janelas. Fonte: os autores.
Nota-se que os quartos localizados na fachada frontal sudoeste (1697, 1932, 1850 lux
respectivamente para as medições das 09h, 12h e 15h no quarto 01 e 1453, 1785, 1621 lux
respectivamente para os mesmos horários na suíte) apresentam valores muito acima do
recomendado o que podem trazer problemas de desconforto visual e ofuscamento. Embora
esse não seja o foco do trabalho, esses resultados mostram que não só a presença de
aberturas e o atendimento aos níveis mínimos de iluminação impostos pela legislação são
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necessários, mas a preocupação com a qualidade com que esta luz chega aos espaços é de
fundamental importância.
Quadro 1. Índices de iluminância médio (em lux) encontrados e os índices mínimos pela NBR
15575. Fonte: os autores.
Horários das Medições NBR 15575
Ambientes
09h 12h 15h M*
Sala de Estar/Jantar 20 45 40 ≥100
Quarto 1 1697 1932 1850 ≥100
Quarto 2 (central) 5 2 1 ≥100
Quarto Suíte 1453 1785 1621 ≥100
Banheiro suíte 1 0 0 ≥100
Banheiro social 2 1 1 ≥100
Cozinha 1105 1178 1180 ≥200
3.2 Simulações
Considerando que as observações in loco e os resultados das medições apontaram uma
compartimentação inadequada dos espaços o que consequentemente promove níveis de
iluminação bem abaixo da norma para determinados ambientes, foram feitas duas
propostas de intervenção visando uma melhoria da luz natural: 1) Proposta de um novo
layout interno com adição de uma varanda na sala de estar; 2) proposta de uma segunda
opção de layout interno com a adição de varanda, um poço de iluminação e uma da parede
de vazada na circulação da sala de estar (Figura 4).
(a) (b)
1.1.1 Proposta 1
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frontal permitindo a entrada de luz e ventilação. Foi proposto uma varanda próxima à
escada externa facilitando a aberturas para a nova localização da sala de estar e da suíte.
Nos resultados das simulações observa-se que há uma variação dos níveis de iluminância
conforme os tipos de céu (Figura 5). Foram obtidos níveis mais baixos com o céu encoberto,
de 40 a 106 lux nos quartos 1 e 2, e valores de 20 a 55 lux na sala de estar/jantar e na suíte.
Já com o céu claro, os níveis variam de 150 a 1100 lux nos quartos 1 e 2, e de 30 a 208 lux
na sala de estar/jantar e suíte respectivamente.
a) b) c)
Figura 5. Proposta 1 às 12h com (a) céu parcialmente encoberto, (b) céu claro e (c) encoberto
respectivamente no equinócio de outono. Fonte: os autores.
Comparando a simulação realizada em horários diferentes: 09h, 12h e as 15h, se pode notar
uma elevação dos níveis de iluminancia para todos os tipos de céu nos períodos das 09h na
cozinha (nordeste) e as 15h nos quartos da fachada frontal a sudoeste (Figura 6).
a) b) c)
Figura 6. Proposta 1 com céu médio às (a) 9h, (b) 12h e (c) 15h respectivamente no solstício de verão. Fonte:
os autores.
Considerando a situação do solstício de verão e céu claro, verifica-se que a parte nordeste
chega a ter de 1102 lux a 3000 lux na cozinha. Tal comportamento também foi observado
nas medições in loco realizadas nesse ambiente devido ao menor ângulo de incidência solar
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nestes horários. Reitera-se que tal fato provavelmente pode ocasionar ofuscamento e
desconforto térmico e lumínico no local, sendo necessário de algum tipo de controle da
entrada dessa luz.
1.1.2 Proposta 2
a) b) c)
Figura 7. Proposta 2 com céu claro às (a) 9h, (b) 12h e (c) 15h no equinócio de outono. Fonte: os autores.
No verão há uma incidência maior de luz solar na fachada frontal, assim a sala de
estar/jantar e a varanda chegam a receber luz direta, obtendo valores de 3000 a 15000 lux.
O quarto 1 recebe mais luz natural chegando a valores em torno de 570 lux em alguns
momentos do dia. De antemão a sala de estar às 9h tem o seu valor médio de iluminância de
570 lux, diminuindo um pouco às 12h atingindo o nível de 405 lux, e às 15h um nível médio
entre 290 e 405 lux. Na parte da tarde os ambientes localizados na fachada frontal recebem
luz direta variando de 1100 a 15000 lux a partir das 15h (Figura 8).
a) b) c)
Figura 8. Ás (a) 9h, (b) 12h e (c) 15h com céu parcialmente encoberto no solstício de verão. Fonte: os autores
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4. CONCLUSÕES
Este trabalho investigou o uso da luz natural através de um estudo de caso em uma
residência sem afastamentos laterais no bairro Vila Rubim, Vitória ES. Constatou-se que tais
tipologias são representativas de outros contextos brasileiros e merecem atenção pois a
falta de orientação profissional associada a dificuldade de aberturas externas nas faces do
lote resultam em espaços internos desprovidos ou com baixos índices de iluminância. As
medições evidenciam espaços de grande permanência com índices de iluminância bem
abaixo do recomendado pela NBR 15575-1:2013. As simulações da proposta 1 e 2
permitiram a entrada de luz em todos os ambientes da casa, melhorando os níveis de
iluminação nos espaços internos. Entretanto é importante enfatizar, que a qualidade da luz
ainda precisaria ser melhorada em alguns ambientes como os quartos na fachada sudoeste,
através da inserção de elementos que filtrassem mais a intensidade da luz, como brises ou
prateleiras de luz, evitando ofuscamentos e ganhos térmicos excessivos nesses espaços.
REFERÊNCIAS
ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, 2013a. NBR-8995 Iluminação de ambiente de
trabalho. Rio de Janeiro.
ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, 2013b. NBR-15575 edificações habitacionais –
Desempenho. Rio de Janeiro.
ALBUQUERQUE, M. S. C. De & AMORIM, C. N. D. 2012. Iluminação natural: indicações de
profundidade-limite de ambientes para iluminação natural no Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade do
Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edifícios Residenciais – RTQ-R. Revista Ambiente Construído, v. 12,
n.2, p. 37-57.
ANDRADE, M.S. 2004. Referência avaliação dos métodos de cálculos de iluminação natural através de
aberturas zenitais. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.
CASTRO, G.N. de; LEDER, S.M.; SILVA, L.B da; SOUZA, E. L. 2015. Componentes de condução da luz
natural em edifícios multifamiliares: análise de um código de obras. Revista Ambiente Construído, v.
15, n.2, p. 25-45.
ESPÍRITO SANTO. 1998. Lei nº 4821, de 30 de dezembro de 1998: Código de Edificações do Município
de Vitória. Secretaria Municipal de Desenvolvimento Urbano - SEDUR. Vitória.
FAUSTINO, F.G.; SILVA, G.C; ALMEIDA, I.E.A.; NASCIMENTO JÚNIOR, J.B. 2007. Design de interiores
em habitações populares: estudo de caso em habitações do Conjunto Mangabeira. VII. Tecnologia &
Desenvolvimento Sustentável, v. 3, p. 133-147.
FERNANDES, J. T. 2009. Código de Obras e Edificações do DF: inserção de conceitos bioclimáticos,
conforto térmico e eficiência energética. 249 f. Brasília, DF, 2009. Dissertação (Mestrado em
Arquitetura e Urbanismo) - Universidade de Brasília, Brasília.
HOLICK, M.F. 2011. The Vitamin D Solution: A 3-Step Strategy to Cure Our Most Common Health
Problems. Editora Plume. New England.
MASCARÓ, L.R. 2012. Arquitetura e Luz. Vitruvius [On-line]. Disponível em:
<http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/arquitextos/06.063/438> Acesso em 19/03/2015.
MORO, J.; KRÜGER, E.; CLARO, A. 2014. Design de interiores em habitações populares: estudo de caso
em habitações do Conjunto Mangabeira. XV Encontro Nacional de Tecnologia no Ambiente
Construído, Proc. Intern. Maceió, 13-14 novembro 2014.
PAGEL, E.; ULLRICH, F.; MOTTA, L.; MEMELLI, L.; RANGEL, P.; MAIOLI, R. 2008. Análise luminotécnica
de edifício comercial em Vitória, Brasil. In: Luxamerica - IX Congresso Panamericano de Iluminação.
2008. Rosário, Argentina.
SILVA, V.G. 2007. Indicadores de sustentabilidade de edifícios: estado da arte e desafios para
desenvolvimento no Brasil. Revista Ambiente Construído, v. 07, n.1, p. 47-66.
SOUZA, R.V.G. 2008. Iluminação Natural. Revista Lume Arquitetura, n.31, p.72-77.
VENTORIM, Luciano [On-line]. Disponível em:
<http://www.es.gov.br/EspiritoSanto/Paginas/colonizacao.aspx> Acesso em 25/03/2015.
VIANNA, N.S & GONÇALVES, J.C.S. 2001. Iluminação e Arquitetura. UniABC Virtus. São Paulo.
1424
Urban metabolism and food flows: The municipality of
Feliz, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
ABSTRACT: Current food production, distribution and consumption patterns have been a
central theme to the international debate on sustainable development. This theme is
intrinsically linked to researches in the fields of urban agriculture and sustainable
territorial planning. Examining this issue in the Brazilian context, it is crucial to
understand the above-mentioned patterns when taking place in small municipalities that
play a central role in the Brazilian system of food supply, at the same time that suffer the
environmental impacts generated by such production. These relationships, if better
understood, may help to guide these municipalities towards a more sustainable territorial
planning. With basis on such understanding, this paper objective is to analyze the food
flows in the municipality of Feliz, in the State of RS, adopted as a research case study, and
their environmental implications. Studies aimed at understanding the relationship
between resource flows and environment impacts are usually conducted with the aid of
the concept of urban metabolism and use the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) method, which
was adopted in the research. Data gathering and processing required the development of
specific procedures, suitable for the data format available in the Brazilian context, which
were obtained from statistical and local sources and locally available electronically issued
invoices. Some main results can be highlighted: (a) the quantification of one-year food
flows in the municipality; (b) the identification of food production and consumption
patterns and (c) the analysis of the related environmental impacts associated to
contamination and waste generation.
Keywords Urban metabolism, food production, Material Flow Analysis (MFA).
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1. INTRODUCTION
The history of cities is deeply related to history of food production, as the surplus
production of the fields was a requirement for the city’s emergence (Agudelo-Vera et al.
2011). It also can be said that the relationship between food production and cities have
been in a continuous change along the centuries and that both developments determine
significant pressure on the environment. With the growth of urban population, its demand
also grew, in such a way that the different societies started to create complex social and
infrastructure systems to provide resources and services for these high density populated
areas (Lee, 2006 apud Agudelo-Vera et al. 2011). Initially, a significant proportion of the
demanded resources was extracted from the cities’ surroundings, that became dependent
of food supply from the surrounding rural areas, as well as from other resources, such as
fibers, oil and construction materials (Billen et al. 2008).
Changes that occurred in the last century, like the population growth in large cities, the
relatively low cost of transport, the global economy marked and the food preservation
techniques promoted a previously unseen expansion in the agricultural market, together
with a considerable spread of the cultivation areas (Billen et al. 2008). Between 1950 and
1985, the world population doubled and the global production of food grew almost three
times (Agudelo-Vera et al. 2011). As a result, the supply network and consumption became
much more complex. But, certainly, cities, and particularly the large ones, did not reduce
their dependency from the agricultural areas, wherever where they located.
The high pressure made by the urban markets, thus required new production solutions
and significant changes in the rural areas. The environmental impacts of such increase in
the production scale were, at least, of the same order. According to Wirsenius (2003), the
food and agriculture system is among the largest anthropogenic activities in terms of
appropriation of land and biological primary production, as well as alteration of the grand
biogeochemical cycles of carbon, water, and nitrogen. Moreover, the connections between
the origin of the demands and the final environmental impacts became much more
difficult to be identified.
These profound transformations have had a major influence on the urban metabolism, as
pointed by Barles (2007). The term urban metabolism emerged a few decades ago, from
the recognition that, in analogy to natural systems, the urban systems can also be
understood as having a metabolism. Such concept was first used by Wolman (1965), who
analyzed and quantified the overall flows of energy, water, materials, and wastes into and
out of a hypothetical American city. Since then more than 20 studies have been conducted
applying the metabolic approach to real cities, municipalities and metropolitan areas.
The most recent studies on urban metabolism adopted the Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
method, which accounts for flows of materials and energy, usually in units of mass,
entering and leaving a society or economy.
It should be stressed that most of the previous studies focused on the totality of flows (not
only on food flows) occurring in a city, municipality or metropolitan region. In addition,
given the profile of the already investigated localities, such as metropolis or cities with
regional centrality, the food flows are almost exclusively imports for citizens’
consumption, as the local production is nearly null. In other words, when one tries to
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understand the role of the different profiles of cities and municipalities, in face of a food
and agriculture system, the results of such studies only allow to visualize the
“consumption tip” of the whole chain of supply and consumption. On example of such a
study is the one conducted by Barles (2009), for Paris.
Only a reduced number of studies have been focused on the investigation of agriculture
specific flows. According to Wirnesius (2003), in general terms, there has not been an
emphasis on explicit descriptions of the physical flows associated to a food system. In
particular, physical descriptions, with basis on mass and energy units, are very rare. The
majority of studies do not cover the main flows in the food system. In spite of the
production, distribution and consumption patterns constitute a central topic in the
international debate on sustainable development, physically coherent descriptions and
analysis of the food and agriculture systems, in relation to the flows, resources use and
process efficiency (such as those related to livestock food production) are relatively scarce
(Wirsenius, 2003).
Identified the knowledge gap, the objective of this paper is to present an analysis of the
food system and flows and their environmental implications, in the municipality of Feliz,
in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, that was adopted as a research case study. The
study included: (a) a quantification of the municipality’s food flows over a one year period;
(b) the identification of food production and consumption patterns; (c) the analysis of
environmental impacts related to land contamination and residues generation.
The choice of the case study resulted from the analysis of the Brazilian context, where the
small municipalities, that perform a central issue in the food supply system, are the ones
that have to withstand the environmental impacts derived from its production. As
practical contributions of this study, it is believed that a deeper comprehension of the food
and agriculture system flows and their relation with potential environmental impacts can
help to generate guidelines toward a more sustainable territorial planning for these
municipalities.
2. METHOD
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commodity highest level of trading by the country. Between 1997 and 2005 the exports of
chicken meat grew five times, from 673 thousand tons to 2.9 million ton.
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the annual Municipal Agriculture Studies (PAM – IBGE), do not include the totality of
cultivated cultures.
Human consumption was estimated, by product, in accordance with EUROSTAT (2001),
where:
CONSUMPTION = EXTRACTION + IMPORTATION - EXPORTATION
Table 1. Estimated flow categories, adopted procedures and source of data
Categories and Data sources and references for making estimates
subcategories of flows
Domestic extraction Data was obtained from Brazilian statistics (IBGE, 2007, IBGE, 2012) .
Harvesting of fruits
and vegetables; pastures
National imports and They are material flows between Feliz and other Brazilian municipalities. Data
exports was obtained from records in electronic invoices supplied by State agency SEFAZ
(Finance Secretariat of Rio Grande do Sul). It includes all food products and
Subcategories agricultural inputs traded between commercial establishments of Feliz and other
corresponding to the Brazilian municipalities. Original data, dismembered at the product level, were
Sections I to V of the grouped according to their position in NCM system. Products that are not
NCM system. registered in any mass unit were converted using an average mass related to each
MCN code. The mass averages were extracted from another database, conceived
and created in this study and based on data supplied by a government agency
responsible for the fiscal control of imports (Federal Revenue of Brazil). Due to
the number of products to be converted, conversions were automated with the
aid of software developed in this research.
International imports They are material flows between Feliz and other countries. Only seedlings are
and exports imported. There are no direct international exports of food products. Data was
obtained from Foreign trade records (Brasil. Ministério do Desenvolvimento,
Indústria e Comércio Exterior, 2012).
Emissions and waste
Dissipated flows Includes fertilizers, pesticides and seeds. They were considered equivalent to the
inputs in 2011.
Wastewater Annual individual production estimated, on a dry basis, according to Ercole
(2003). It was multiplied by the number of inhabitants. The input of liquids
drunk by the population (drinks and beverages) was computed in outputs as the
liquid fraction of wastewater. As the fraction of water used in toilet flushing,
showers and sinks were not considered in inputs, it is also not computed in the
outputs.
Animal wastes Daily individual animal production estimated, on a dry basis, according to Hahn
(2004). It was multiplied by the number of registered animals, considering the
time that each animal species, associated to local livestock, remained in Feliz.
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origin and destination, they were also divided in three groups: (a) in black, in the top, are
the livestock flows, where consumption and production flows are characterized, (b) in
dark gray, the horticulture flows, with corresponding consumption and production; (c) in
light gray, at the bottom of the figure, are the commerce and food related industrial sectors
flows. In the last group, the imports are either resold for local consumption or used as
input by small scale food industries. The developed method did not allow for the
separation of these last flows.
The total food flows show a total input of 114,096.90 t of materials. From this, 97,182.03 t
are related to food imports and inputs into agriculture and 16,914.87 t are linked to
extraction (including pastures for the livestock sector and other products harvested in the
rural area of the municipality). The total output is 87,080.7 t, where 66,843.51 t are
associated to exports and 20,237.19 t are residues released to nature.
Figure 1: Total flows related to food and agriculture system of Feliz, in 2011, in tones .
The flows identified inside the Food and Agriculture System of Feliz (inside the dashed
line) correspond to animal stock and human consumption, totaling, respectively, 1,240.31
t e 10,873.10 t. The animal stock identifies the livestock both born or being raised in the
municipality, either for local consumption of for future exportation.
The above referred total food flows can be compared to the total material flows, occurring
in 2011, as found by Kuhn (2014), in her PhD thesis. According to Kuhn, the total
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materials input into the municipality in 2011 resulted in 347,453.32 t. Thus, the total food
input, of 114,096.90 t, represent 32.8% of the total materials input. Almost exactly
proportion (33%) was represented by the fraction of food output (87,080.7 t) when
compared to total materials output (263,855.5 t).
Looking at the production patterns, it can be noticed that livestock flows are higher than
those associated to the other agricultural sectors and even to the flows associated to
commerce and food industries, representing 74% (84,383.0 t) of total inputs and 74.9%
(65,221.6 t) of total outputs. The group of materials with higher contribution in this sector
is that related to raw materials for livestock feeding, representing, on its own, 49.7% of
total inputs. This group of materials, composed by corn, soya bean, residues of poultry
industry, grain bran and husk, limestone, salt and bicalcium phosphate, gets into the
livestock productive system as components of rations and partly is used to feed directly
the animals. Also significant is the input of manufactured rations that, together with
pastures, are directed to livestock feeding.
The output of livestock products is identified as rations or rations constituents, live
animals and animal derived products. The most significant materials group is that of ready
rations, representing 41.7% (36,292.89 t) of total output. A more detailed analysis of the
results showed that the municipality of Feliz has poultry establishment where rations are
prepared to further distribution among producers in the neighbor municipalities. The
second major contribution to exports is associated to live animals (mostly chicken) that
are sold to slaughterhouses in other municipalities.
Figure 1 also shows a subcategory named animal metabolism, identified by a value that
corresponds to the difference between the food consumed by the animals and the sum of
live animals total exports in addition to the total of animal excrements locally produced.
This large difference between inputs and outputs in animal sector is made clear when
looking at the food conversion values. For bovines, for example, an average conversion
value of 7.5 kg of dry mass/kg of weight increase was adopted (Rodrigues & Cruz, 2003).
Horticulture is the second major determinant of material flows. It requires the import of
raw materials and supplies (7143.56 t), that contributes to the production of fruits and
vegetables (9488.43 t). From the total horticulture production 84.2% (7991.67 t) is
exported and the rest is consumed locally. A fraction of the imported raw materials and
supplies for horticulture is sold to other municipalities.
The flows associated to commerce and food industries include, mostly, processed food for
human consumption in the municipality of Feliz. The small outputs (2920.50 t) of this
sector are connected to the production of small local food industries.
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inhabitants of Feliz. These are followed by vegetables (111.37 Kg/cap), milk and its
derivatives (86.23 Kg/cap) and fruits (84.71 Kg/cap).
Figure 2: Categories of food consumption, in kg per capita, by the population of Feliz, in 2011.
Both the agriculture and human residues are similar in terms of quantity, although with a
very different composition. The agriculture residues include fertilizers, soil acidity
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correctors, herbicides and fungicides that are dissipated into nature, contaminating soils,
atmosphere and waters.
The municipality of Feliz, in its Environmental Plan 2007, recognized this contamination
and stressed the bad management of used agriculture toxic product’s packaging as one
problem to be faced (PMF, 2007). Domestic effluents also are constituted, predominantly,
by organic matter. As such, the risk of environmental contamination, in this case, is related
to the bad management of such effluents. According to IBGE (2010), from the 4182
permanent households, 32% were served by a rudimental soakaway; 53% had a septic
tank and 14% were served by domestic sewers, piped directly into the local Caí River.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented a quantification of food flows and an analysis of the food system of
the municipality of Feliz, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as an analysis of the
environmental implications related to local wastes generation. The authors are unaware of
any previous study in the same direction, in Brazil. As a contribution to knowledge, the
paper also presents a method for performing such estimates, with basis on methods that
consider the urban metabolism, as a whole. The method allows assessing the participation
of the food system in comparison to the other systems present in the municipality.
It was concluded that the flows in the food system are relevant, when compared to the
overall flows occurring in the municipality, being responsible for about one third of the
total mass of the input and output flows. As far as the production patterns are concerned,
the livestock flows represent about 75% of the inputs and 80% of the outputs of the food
system.
In relation to consumption, it was observed that the population of the municipality
requires, in absolute values (in terms of mass) similar quantities to those of several
Brazilian capital cities. When compared the consumption and production of food for
humans, it was noticed an excess quantity of production of 83% (8290.6 t), when the
fraction of food resulting from animal production is considered. It was also noticed that,
occupying only 22% of the total area of the municipality, the horticultural production
reached a total mass that is 3.9 times higher than that consumed by local population. This
does not imply that the municipality is self sufficient in terms of food, as it produces a
limited number of products, most of them being not locally industrially processed, and it
imports the majority of products having its origin in the food industry.
With regard to residues, it can be said the total mass with origin in the agriculture and
livestock systems are significant, when compared to those food system sectors that do the
conversion of raw products into industrially processed ones. Although being more
significant, the livestock residues are much more easily managed than those from
agriculture that usually are dissipated into the environment and can be toxic.
A general analysis of the food system of a municipality, as the one performed in the
present study, allow planers and managers to identify and propose strategies connecting
flows from different sectors, in such a way to migrate from a model of linear metabolism to
one almost circular. For example residues from one sector, such as manure, can used as
resources, as a fertilizer, into agriculture, thus replacing chemicals and saving money.
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Studies like this allow the evaluation the food (in)dependency of a municipality and the
establishment of guidelines to increase its resilience. Furthermore, they can create
opportunities to develop regional or national policies that contribute to the evaluation of
the environmental management strategies in use in municipalities with different profiles
and can help to the creation of specific policies. Such actions enabling practical application
of studies like the present one, are considered of fundamental importance to achieve more
sustainable cities and municipalities.
REFERENCES
Agudelo-Vera, C. M.; Mels, A. R.; Keesman, K. J.; Rijnaarts, H.M. 2011. Resource management as a key
factor for sustainable urban planning. Journal of Environmental Management. n. 92, p. 2295-2303.
Bai, X. 2007. Industrial Ecology and the Global Impacts of cities. [Editorial]. Journal of Industrial
Ecology, v. 11, n. 2, p. 1-6.
Barles, S. 2007. Feeding the city: Food consumption and flow of nitrogen, Paris, 1801–1914. Science
of the Total Environment. V. 375. p. 48–58
Barles, S. 2009. Urban Metabolism of Paris and Its Region. Journal of Industrial Ecology, v. 13, n. 6, p.
898–913.
Billen, G.; Barles, S.; Garnier J.; Rouillard J.; Benoit, P. 2008. The food-print of Paris: long-term
reconstruction of the nitrogen flows imported into the city from its rural hinterland. Regional
Environmental Change, v. 9, n. 1, p. 13–24.
Brasil. Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior. 2012. Nomenclatura Comum
do MERCOSUL – NCM. Brasília.
Ercole, L. A. dos S. 2003. Sistema modular de gestão de águas residuárias domiciliares: uma opção
mais sustentável para a gestão de resíduos líquidos (Modular System of Conduct of Domestic Sewage.
One More Sustainable Option for Conduct of Liquid Sewage). (Master's thesis, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil).
Eurostat. 2001. Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators. A methodological
guide. Luxembourg: Statistical Office of the European Union.
Hahn, L. 2004. Processamento da cama de aviário e suas implicações nos agroecossistemas (Process
of poultry litter and their implications in the agroecosystems). (Master's thesis, Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil).
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. 2007. Censo agropecuário 2006 (Agricultural
Census 2006). Rio de Janeiro. IBGE.
IBGE. 2010. Censo Demográfico 2010 (Demographic Census. 2010). Rio de Janeiro: IBGE.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. 2012. Produção Agrícola Municipal - PAM,
Feliz - RS (Municipal Agricultural Production - PAM, Feliz - RS) [data file]. Retrieved from
http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/ (in Portuguese).
IBGE. 2012b. Produção pecuária municipal - PPM, Feliz. Banco de dados da FEE.
Kuhn, E. A. 2014. Metabolismo de um município brasileiro de pequeno porte: o caso de Feliz, RS
(Metabolism of a small brazilian municipality: Feliz, RS, case study). (Doctoral thesis, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil).
Prefeitura Municipal de Feliz – PMF. 2007. Plano Ambiental. Feliz: Prefeitura Municipal de Feliz.
PMF. 2013. Prefeitura Municipal de Feliz. Retrieved from:
<http://www.feliz.rs.gov.br/municipio/economia/>. Acesso em: 5 mar. 2013.
Rodrigues, A. A. & Cruz, G. M. 2003. Comportamento Social dos Bovinos e o uso do espaço. Embrapa
Pecuária Sudeste. Sistemas de Produção, 2. ISSN 1679-1495 [Online version].
Tanimoto, A. H. (2010). A economia medida pela Análise de Fluxos de Massa (AFM): A
desmaterialização da economia nos países desenvolvidos sustentada pelos recursos naturais dos
países emergentes, a exemplo do Brasil (The economy as measured by the Material Flow Analysis
(MFA): The dematerialization of the economy in developed countries sustained by natural
resources from emerging countries such as Brazil). (Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Brasília,
Brasília, Brazil). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10482/6946. (in Portuguese).
Wirsenius, S. 2003. The Biomass Metabolism of the Food System. A Model-Based Survey of the Global
and Regional Turnover of Food Biomass. Journal of Industrial Ecology. v. 7, n. 1, p. 47-80.
Wolman, A. 1965. The metabolism of cities. Scientific American, v. 213, p. 179–190, 1965.
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Avaliação do PMCMV pela metodologia “Sustentabilidade
e Qualidade da Forma Urbana”
RESUMO: O Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) do governo federal brasileiro
promoveu a construção de habitação social em todo o país. Há muitos ajustes a serem feitos,
entretanto, não há entre os gestores uma cultura de avaliação para a melhoria. Em relação
à escala urbana, os bairros construídos mantem soluções inadequadas que comprometem
os recursos ambientais e também os aspectos econômicos, sociais e culturais. A metodologia
avaliativa “Sustentabilidade e Qualidade da Forma Urbana”, faz parte do trabalho do grupo
de pesquisadores da FAU/UnB, no âmbito da Chamada Pública MCTI/CNPq/MCIDADES N°
11/2012, para monitoramento, avaliação, e aprimoramento do PMCMV. Inicialmente,
aplicou-se a metodologia nos estudos de caso os empreendimentos Jardins Mangueiral no
Distrito Federal e Residencial Bethel na RIDE, em Goiás. Ambos provaram insustentáveis e
falta de qualidade do desenho urbano. Este artigo apresenta a avaliação de mais um
empreendimento do PMCMV, o Parque do Riacho (DF). A análise da qualidade de projeto
urbanístico foi feita em quatro esferas: ambiental, econômica, social e quanto à
macrodimensão cultural e emocional. Verificou-se desempenho positivo somente para a
sustentabilidade econômica. Assim, confirma-se o resultado geral de insustentabilidade
obtido nas análises precedentes. Em relação à qualidade urbana e arquitetônica, fica claro
na literatura, e é confirmado pelos resultados deste estudo, como o PMCMV é visto como
uma moradia intermediária entre a situação precária, ou necessidade de reassentamento, e
a habitação definitiva.
Keywords Avaliação, qualidade da forma urbana, sustentabilidade
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1 INTRODUÇÃO
O Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV), foi concebido com duplo papel: dinamizar a
economia ao mesmo tempo em que reduz o déficit habitacional, baseando-se
exclusivamente na produção de propriedades privadas individuais. A produção dessas
habitações de interesse social trouxe diferentes resultados em cada localidade, tendo em
vista a influência dos gestores locais, das características legais e espaciais dos terrenos onde
os empreendimentos foram realizados, da forma de seleção dos beneficiários, entre outros
fatores. Mesmo acarretando em benefícios aos moradores, trouxe impactos aos aspectos
socioculturais das comunidades e ao meio ambiente.
A determinação de êxitos e dificuldades do PMCMV pressupõe a definição de parâmetros
capazes de avaliá-las como parte desse todo que é a política habitacional de interesse social
em âmbito nacional, ao mesmo tempo em que considere suas particularidades locais. As
avaliações possibilitam a melhoria da política em si, mas também fornecem informações
importantes em âmbito local, para que os empreendimentos efetivamente atinjam seus
objetivos.
A definição de uma metodologia de análise auxilia a administração pública na melhoria da
qualidade dos empreendimentos. Buscou-se uma metodologia que permita uma análise
aprofundada ao mesmo tempo em que possa ser aplicada em diversas localidades,
possibilitando a comparação de experiências e resultados. Assim, é apresentada e descrita
a metodologia de avaliação “Sustentabilidade e Qualidade da Forma Urbana”, elaborada por
pesquisadoras da FAU/UnB, a qual integra aspectos de sustentabilidade, urbanidade e
habitabilidade. Assim, os parâmetros abordam as questões urbanísticas, e não contemplam
somente a questão ambiental (ANDRADE, 2015).
Essa nova metodologia incorpora uma visão ampliada das dimensões da sustentabilidade
urbana, sob os aspectos ambientais, sociais, econômicos, culturais e afetivos. Foi concebida
para ser replicada em contextos diferenciados, constituindo-se em um documento de
referência para a avaliação de empreendimentos. A metodologia foi inicialmente aplicada
em dois casos: Jardins Mangueiral/DF e Residencial Bethel/GO, visando a testá-la.
(BLUMENCHEIN et al (org.), 2015) Os resultados obtidos em ambos os casos evidenciaram
total insustentabilidade dos empreendimentos. (ANDRADE et al, 2015).
Nesse artigo apresentaremos os resultados de mais uma verificação da sustentabilidade e
qualidade da forma urbana, feita no empreendimento do PMCMV Parque do Riacho/DF. A
referida metodologia propõe a análise de verificadores que compõem indicadores
relacionados a critérios, o quais são organizados por princípios de sustentabilidade. Os
resultados obtidos para o Parque do Riacho, comparados com aqueles obtidos nas duas
aplicações iniciais da metodologia, evidenciam maior qualidade em alguns aspectos, mas
um resultado geral também insustentável.
Em relação à qualidade urbana e arquitetônica obtida no PMCMV, fica claro na literatura
(Cardoso et. Al apud Amore, 2015), e é confirmado pelos resultados obtidos na análise do
empreendimento Parque do Riacho, a forma como o PMCMV é visto como um abrigo
intermediário entre a situação precária ou necessidade de reassentamento e a moradia
definitiva que o usuário irá buscar quando tiver melhores condições financeiras.
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CONFLITOS ENTRE AS FORMA URBANA - Gera impacto no modo de vida das pessoas e no meio
QUESTÕES URBANAS E AS ambiente (F. Holanda).
QUESTÕES AMBIENTAIS
Agenda Marrom e Agenda Verde
Diferenças de prioridades entre PRINCÍPIOS DE DESEMPENHO MORFOLÓGICO DOS LUGARES
os países desenvolvidos e em SUSTENTABILIDADE EXPECTATIVAS SOCIAIS - Bioclimática,
desenvolvimento. Associados à morfologia funcional, econômica, copresencial,
Regularização Fundiária. urbana (Andrade, 2005). topoceptiva, expressiva-simbólica (Grupo
DIMPU: M. E. Kohlsdorf; G. Kohlsdorf; F.
Holanda).
Avaliação de impactos
sócioambientais (não DIMENSÕES DA SUSTENTABILIDADE E DIMENSÕES MORFOLÓGICAS
considera os efeitos da Sustentabilidade, Urbanidade e Habitabilidade. Fonte: Pesquisas acadêmicas
forma urbana). EIA- realizadas pela Profª. Liza Andrade e outros pesquisadores no âmbito da
RIMA disciplina de Projeto de Habitação de Interesse Social e de Urbanismo I.
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Os princípios de sustentabilidade
São aqueles que podem orientar diretamente a implantação e a recuperação de
comunidades urbanas, trazendo impactos significativos e de longo alcance no seu
desenvolvimento econômico e na saúde social e ambiental. (ANDRADE, 2014) Eles foram
adaptados de Dauncey e Peck (2002), que investigam atributos ou princípios associados à
morfologia urbana. São 12 Princípios de Sustentabilidade, a partir dos quais foram
elaborados indicadores para a análise de empreendimentos do PMCMV: proteção ecológica
(biodiversidade); adensamento urbano; revitalização urbana; implantação de centros de
bairro; desenvolvimento da economia local; implementação de transporte sustentável;
moradias economicamente viáveis; comunidades com sentido de vizinhança (habitáveis);
tratamento de esgoto alternativo e drenagem natural; gestão integrada da água; energias
alternativas; e políticas baseadas nos 3R’s (Reduzir, Reusar, Reciclar).
Figura 2 O Programa Morar Bem no DF abrange RAs mais distantes de Brasília. Fonte: Elaborado pela autora a
partir de Sedhab/CODHAB, 2013 e Figura 3 Localização do empreendimento Parque do Riacho na RA Riacho
Fundo II. Fonte: Elaborado pela autora a partir de Mapa 12 ECOTECH - RIAC, 2012.
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Figura 4 Configuração urbana linear do Parque do Riacho. Fonte: foto da autora, 2015.
Figura 5 imagem do projeto para o Parque do Riacho - 2 condomínios e área pública. Fonte: Mais
Engenharia,2014
Para resposta objetiva aos verificadores propostos pela metodologia, foram consultados
documentos referentes ao projeto urbanístico e estudos ambientais para a área, dentre os
quais o Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (RIMA), de 1992, e consecutivos Relatórios de
Impacto Ambiental Complementar (RIAC) de 2000 e 2012. Foram utilizados também
imagens aéreas, o projeto urbanístico e feitas visitas ao local. As quatro tabelas a seguir,
elaboradas a partir da análise dos verificadores propostos pela metodologia utilizada,
sintetizam os resultados obtidos na pesquisa.
Tabela 1 Sustentabilidade e Qualidade Da Forma Urbana - Avaliação da Sustentabilidade Ambiental
Avaliação
Principios Critérios
Não N/A Sim N/R
A.1 Cumprimento da legislação ambiental
A.2 Compatibilização dos zoneamentos (urbano,
A. Proteção ecológica e ambiental e balanço hídrico)
agricultura urbana A.3 Proposição e respeito à corredores ecológicos
A.4 Provimento de áreas para agricultura urbana
e paisagismo produtivo
B.1 Desempenho eficiente do ciclo da água no solo
urbano
B. Infraestrutura verde: gestão B.2 Equilíbrio entre vazões de cheias, altas e
d’água, drenagem natural e vazões de seca
tratamento de esgoto alternativo
B.3 Desenho urbano adequado ao terreno natural
B.4 Provimento da ecoeficiência e biodiversidade
C. Conforto ambiental C.1 Conforto térmico, luminoso e acústico
D.1 Redução do uso de energia
D.2 Aplicação de sistemas alternativos
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Avaliação
Principios Critérios
Não N/A Sim N/R
D. Promoção dos sistemas
D.3 Integração da água e energia: sistemas
alternativos de energia e
integrados para distribuição da energia e água
diminuição da pegada ecológica
E. Saúde E.1 Vulnerabilidade ambiental
F.1 Promoção da redução da pegada ecológica
F. Redução, reutilização e relacionada ao tratamento de resíduos
reciclagem de resíduos F.2 Destinação adequada e reaproveitamento de
resíduos
Não se
aplica
Não
respondido
Figura 6 Gráfico da Avaliação de Sustentabilidade Ambiental para o Parque do Riacho e Figura 5 Risco à
Contaminação de aquíferos. Fonte: Elaborado a partir de ECOTECH – RIAC, Mapa 11.
Tabela 2 Sustentabilidade e Qualidade da Forma Urbna - Avaliação da Sustentabilidade Social
Avaliação
Principios Critérios
Não N/A Sim N/R
A.1 Interação social
A.2 Acessibilidade
A. Urbanidade A.3 Centralidade
A.4 Vigilância: olhos para ruas
A.5 Operacionalidade
B.1 Promoção do sentimento de pertencimento
B. Comunidade com sentido de
vizinhança B.2 Inserção da comunidade no processo de
planejamento do empreendimento
C.1 Variedade de moradias com adequabilidade
C. Moradias adequadas
ao padrão das faixas socioeconômicas
D.1 Sistema de transporte público eficiente
D.2 Sistema Viário
D. Mobilidade e transporte D.3 Existência de estruturas propícias aos
sustentáveis diferentes modais de mobilidade (pedestres,
ciclistas e automobilistas)
D.4 Existência de estruturas inibidoras do uso
de combustíveis fósseis
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Não
Parque do Riacho
Sustentabilidade Social
Sim
Não se
aplica
Não
respondido
Figura 7 Gráfico da Avaliação de Sustentabilidade Social para o Parque do Riacho e Figura 8 Equipamentos
Públicos Implantados e previstos na RA. Fonte: Elaborado pela autora a partir de CODEPLAN, 2015.
O Parque do Riacho também não pode ser considerado sustentável no aspecto social, uma
vez que, de seus 25 indicadores, 17 deles tiveram avaliação negativa e somente 8
indicadores foram positivos, mostrando que, para tal sustentabilidade, o empreendimento
não corresponde ao mínimo esperado (50% +1 = 13 indicadores com avaliação “sim”).
Contribuíram para este entendimento o verificadores com resultado negativo, como o não
atendimento dos raios estipulados para equipamentos educacionais ou de saúde.
Tabela 3 Sustentabilidade e Qualidade Da Forma Urbana - Avaliação da Sustentabilidade Econômica
Avaliação
Principios Critérios
Não N/A Sim N/R
A.1 Respeito aos gradientes de densidade
A. Adensamento urbano crescente em direção ao centro de bairro
A.2 Existência de adensamento responsável
B.1 Provimento de infraestruturas diversificadas
B.2 Especificação de mobiliário urbano adequado
B.3 Sistema de Iluminação pública eficiente
B.4 Sistema viário compatível com os materiais
B. Dinâmica urbana empregados
B.5 Eficiência da rede de água, esgoto e drenagem
B.6 Projeto adequado para a rede de
abastecimento de energia elétrica
B.7 Projeto adequado para a rede de gás
C. Desenvolvimento da
C.1 Centralidades com mescla de funções e
econômica local em centros de
atividades em distâncias caminháveis
bairros
Não se aplica
Não
respondido
Figura 9 Gráfico da Avaliação de Sustentabilidade Econômica para o Parque do Riacho e Figura 10 Obras de
infraestrutura em andamento no Parque do Riacho. Fonte: Foto da autora, 2015.
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Não se
aplica
Não
respondido
Figura 11 Gráfico da Avaliação da Macrodimensão Cultural e Emocional para o Parque do Riacho e Figura 12
Padronização do espaço construído no Parque do Riacho. Fonte: Foto da autora, 2015.
Mesmo que nessa pesquisa tenha sido verificada a insustentabilidade do Parque do Riacho,
ao compararmos aos resultados dos primeiros dois casos analisados pelas autoras da
metodologia, Residencial Bethel e Jardins Mangueiral, percebem-se percentuais um pouco
mais altos de atendimento aos verificadores e que obteve-se um resultado positivo - a
Sustentabilidade Econômica foi atendida.
Essa variação pode resultar da a diferença de localização e implantação entre estes
empreendimentos. Enquanto o Parque do Riacho é situado junto à periferia razoavelmente
consolidada, os outros dois casos foram produzidos em terrenos na borda da mancha
urbana, e, portanto, que a área onde se insere esse caso estudado é provida de infraestrutura
urbana, equipamentos públicos e comércio que atendem parte as demandas do novo
empreendimento.
Além disso, o Parque do Riacho se destina às faixas 2 e 3 do PMCMV, enquanto os dois
empreendimentos previamente analisados são destinados à faixa 1 do PMCMV. A diferença
entre é que, neste caso, a construtora também atua como incorporadora da operação,
comercializando as unidades. Evidencia-se, com o aumento da faixa, uma maior
preocupação em aproximar os condomínios do Parque do Riacho com aqueles produzidos
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no mercado imobiliário comum, com a introdução de variação nas plantas das unidades (2
ou 3 quartos com suíte), condomínio fechado com vagas privativas e guarita, área de lazer
com churrasqueira e parquinho infantil em cada um dos condomínios.
Parque do Riacho
Parque do Riacho Parque do Riacho Parque do Riacho
Sustentabilidade
Sustentabilidade Sustentabilidade Sustentabilidade
Cultural e
Ambiental Social Econômica
Emocional
Figura 13 Comparação dos resultado da análise para os empreendimentos Bethel, Jardins Mangueiral e Parque
do Riacho. Fonte: ANDRADE; LEMOS, 2015; autora
Por fim, cabe observar que os resultados obtidos não são absolutos, mas um registro deste
empreendimento em determinado momento. A cidade é constantemente modificada pelos
usuários. Nos condomínios que já foram entregues a mais tempo, os moradores fazem
modificações de acordo com suas necessidades e prioridades. As intervenções precisam ser
acompanhadas, para evitar intervenções ilegais ou prejudicial. Entretanto, essas ações que
reforçam o sentimento de pertencimento e de comunidade entre os novos moradores. Se
por um lado o sistema viário e tipologias construtivas são mais difíceis de modificar num
curto prazo, outras medidas podem ser adotadas para melhoria da qualidade e promoção
da sustentabilidade.
Para o empreendimento estudado são exemplos de medidas que podem ser adotadas após
a ocupação, em conjunto com a comunidade: horta comunitária, separação do lixo e
compostagem, calçadas acessíveis também em percursos externos ao perímetro do
condomínio, principalmente nos percursos de maior fluxo como ligações ao comércio,
equipamentos públicos, terminais e paradas de transporte coletivo.
Ainda, existem projetos não construídos para ciclovias e ciclofaixas na Região
Administrativa do Riacho Fundo II, que trariam melhorarias relacionadas à mobilidade se
executados. Além disso, é essencial a implementação de equipamentos comunitários. A este
respeito, a Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional do Distrito Federal (Codhab)
realizou concurso de projeto para centro de ensino infantil, centro de ensino fundamental e
unidade básica de saúde em 2016, os quais estão em fase de desenvolvimento.
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4 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
A avaliação dos resultados obtidos com o PMCMV é necessária para seu acompanhamento
e melhoria. A metodologia “Sustentabilidade e Qualidade da Forma Urbana”, utilizada na
análise do empreendimento parque do Riacho pode ser aplicada ao projeto urbano, e
verifica a sustentabilidade ambiental, econômica, social e a macrodimensao cultural e
afetiva.
A sua aplicação sistêmica possibilita a formação de um banco de dados com as avaliações
dos empreendimentos, e assim identificar aspectos sustentáveis ou não, úteis na elaboração
de projetos urbanos de habitação social subsequentes. Os dados sistematizados por meio
desta metodologia são subsídios para melhora na gestão do programa inclusive em escala
nacional. No âmbito local, é um instrumento que pode ser utilizado na gestão do
empreendimento analisado, já que alguns dos fatores de insustentabilidade são reversíveis
e são oportunidades de melhoria imediata na qualidade do habitar.
Ao comparar os resultados obtidos com essa metodologia e a outros estudos sobre o
PMCMV, elaborados a partir de outras metodologias, observam-se pontos de convergência.
O tema da inserção urbana também foi abordado em outras pesquisas, com o mesmo
entendimento que há relação entre o protagonismo das construtoras na proposição de
projetos e na seleção de terrenos e o padrão periférico e mesmo a segregação dos espaços
resultantes.
REFERÊNCIAS
AMORE, C. S.; SHIMBO, L. Z.; RUFINO, M. B. C.(org.). 2015. Minha Casa... E a Cidade? Avaliação do
Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida em seis estados brasileiros. Rio de Janeiro: Letra Capital.
ANDRADE, L. M. S. 2005. Agenda verde X Agenda marrom: inexistência de princípios ecológicos para o
desenho de assentamentos urbanos. Brasília: Unb.
ANDRADE, L. M. S., LEMOS, N.; GUINANCIO, C. e PEIXOTO, E. 2015. Avaliação da Sustentabilidade e
Qualidade da Forma Urbana dos Empreendimentos do PMCMV: Empreendimentos Jardins Mangueiral
no DF e Residencial Bethel em Goiás. XVI ENAMPUR. Belo Horizonte.
BLUMENSCHEIN, R. N.; GUINANCIO, C. e PEIXOTO, E.(org.) 2015. Avaliação da qualidade da habitação
de interesse social: projetos urbanístico e arquitetônico e qualidade construtiva Brasília. UnB.
Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional do Distrito Federal – CODHAB/ GDF. 2013. Programa
Morar Bem - Categoria do projeto: Grande Impacto Regional. Brasília. Non pub.
DAUNCEY, G. e PECK, S. 12 features of sustainable community development: social, economic and
environmental benefits and two case studies in susteinable community development in Canada.
Ecotech Tecnologia Ambiental e Consultoria. 2012. Plano de Ocupação para implementação do
parcelamento de solo urbano denominado 5ª Etapa do Riacho Fundo II. Brasília.
Governo do Distrito Federal/ GDF. 2015. Plano de Gerenciamento Integrado de Recursos Hídricos do
Distrito Federal – PGIRH/DF. Brasília: FAHMA.
Governo do Distrito Federal/ Sedhab/CODHAB – GDF. 2013. Programa Morar Bem Categoria do
projeto: Grande Impacto Regional. Brasília. Non pub.
TERRACAP. 1992. Estudo de Impacto Ambiental - EIA Setor Habitacional Recanto das Emas, Catetinho
e Ipê. Brasília: ENGEA.
TERRACAP. 2012. Relatório De Impacto Ambiental Complementar – RIAC para o parcelamento do solo
denominado 5ª Etapa do Riacho Fundo II (Antiga Faixa de Domínio do Metrô, DF-001). Brasília: Ecotech
Tecnologia Ambiental e Consultoria.
TERRACAP. 2000. Relatório De Impacto Ambiental Complementar – RIAC para o Riacho Fundo II – 3ª
Etapa. Brasília: Technum Consultoria.
Villa, S. B.; Saramago, R. C. P.; Garcia, L. C. 2015. Avaliação Pós-Ocupação no Programa Minha Casa
Minha Vida: Uma Experiência Metodológica. Uberlândia: UFU.
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Sustentabilidade em foco: Benefícios da implantação de
uma obra de arte como alternativa de acesso
RESUMO: A execução de uma obra de arte que busque a sustentabilidade através da sua
implantação, é o tema de estudo deste artigo. Onde é proposto a criação de uma rota
alternativa para o acesso da Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), cujo acesso atual
encontra-se super utilizado e consequentemente gerando problemas de transito como o
congestionamento e riscos associados. Partindo destas informações, foi realizado uma
quantificação do fluxo de veículos no trevo de acesso da UPF para que em conjunto do
software de simulação de trafego Aimsun, seja determinada a mudança na fluidez do
acesso pela obra de arte proposta. Desta maneira, os resultados da simulação no software
são indexados em uma formula de emissões atmosférica para que a construção da obra de
arte possa ser justificada nos quesitos da sustentabilidade, na redução de emissão de CO2
no meio ambiente, bem como nas consequências de sua implantação para o paisagismo
urbano minimizando a poluição visual através do uso de uma passagem subterranêa.
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
O constante aumento de veículos é um dos fatores que contribuem para o aquecimento
global, visto que a grande gama dos modelos existentes são movidos a combustíveis
fosseis. Então, por mais que os veículos nestas ultimas décadas procurarão desenvolver
filtros e tecnologias mais eficientes para os veículos, os níveis de engarrafamento não
estão colaborando para que a redução ocorra. Desta forma é visto que um dos problemas,
a emissão veicular, já esta sendo visada através dos últimos anos. Porem, por mais que os
veículos menos poluentes sejam desenvolvidos dia, após dia, é necessário trocar toda a
frota de veículos, ação esta que não é pontual, ela é uma ação global e que tende a demorar.
Assim, com a implantação de uma mudança pontual é possível considera-la a curto prazo,
sabendo que após a sua intervenção ou construção, os resultados quando analisados
deverão demonstrar a variação prevista e que é impactante para justificar o seu
investimento. Lembrando que a melhor solução possível a longo prazo, são as
intervenções como incentivos para substituição da frota antiga e poluidora por novos,
mais eficientes e ecologicamente sustentáveis, em conjunto com a obra de arte proposta
neste artigo.
Portanto é idealizado uma intervenção pontual no trevo de acesso da Universidade de
Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo - RS, para reduzir o congestionamento como analisado no
trabalho de Melo(2015) e que obtenha resultados atrativos para poder justificar a sua
implantação.
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Na sequencia com a introdução das informações no software para que este pudesse
realizar a simulação do traçado atual, onde foi simulado e registrado os dados para a
situação atual. Continuando as amostragens, foi modificado o trajeto para que o acesso
fosse realizado pela obra de arte, Figura 2, e novamente introduzida os mesmos valores de
veículos e usos das vias para realizar a simulação com a obra de arte e registro dos
resultados.
Figura 2. trajeto antigo + trajeto Novo - Passagem Subterranêa. Fonte: Autor, 2014
Após o calculo das quantificações através das simulações no software Aimsun, é realizado
a adaptação na formula de emissões da agencia de proteção ambiental dos Estados Unidos
(EPA, 2014), para poder enquadrar nos dados utilizados neste estudo.
E = A x EF x (1 − ER/100) (1)
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emissões no lugar dos índices que foram definidos, utilizado a media dos valores de
emissões dos carros encontrado no trabalho de Mazutti(2014).
E = A x MedM (2)
Figura 3. Equação 3 - Simplistic Equation for Estimation of Emissions. Source: Guidelines for
quantifying vehicle emissions within the ministry’s multiple account evaluation framework
Portanto para melhor compreender a formula, foi definido os itens a serem considerados
por cada um do fatores da formula neste estudo.
Activity Data: "Time of travel plus stopped time" x "Distance" x "Nº vehicle";
Emission Factor: The medium of the values found by Mazzuti(2014).
3. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO
O primeiro resultado obtido foi referente as quantificações dos veículos que trafegam pela
região do trevo, totalizando um acesso total de aproximadamente 800 veículos em trinta
minutos. Portanto, uma vez que o trabalho consistiu na analise da simulação de um novo
traçado para o acesso à UPF com o intuito de quantificar a redução proporcionada pela
alternativa que já estaria justificada de sua implantação por evitar os riscos associados aos
cruzamentos do acesso pelo trevo em frente a instituição, reduzir o engarrafamento e
proporcionar maior fluidez aos veículos. Desta forma, dando ênfase neste trabalho
somente à questão da sustentabilidade e das emissões oriundas dos veículos que por ali
trafegam, foi obtido os dados para completar a Equação 3 utilizada na quantificação dos
valores de emissões totais.
Assim, obteve-se os resultados para substituir no índice do "Fator de Atividade" pela
execução da simulação no software Aimsun em ambas as simulações, a situação atual e
com a obra de arte.
Lembrando que no "Fator de Atividade" definido a quantidade introduzida foi o somatória
dos valores médios do tempo de viagem com o tempo parado obtidos na simulação.
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Figura 4. Indicador para fator de atividade tempo parado na situação atual. Fonte: Autor, 2014.
Figura 5. Indicador para fator de atividade tempo de transito na situação atual. Fonte: Autor, 2014.
Figura 6. Indicador para fator de atividade tempo de parado na situação com obra de arte. Fonte:
Autor, 2014.
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Figura 7. Indicador para fator de atividade tempo de transito na situação com obra de arte. Fonte:
Autor, 2014.
Os dados analisados dos gráficos obtidos pela simulação no software, são transcritos na
Tabela 1, contendo os resultados da simulação com a situação atual e com a obra de arte
proposta.
Tabela 01Tabela 1. Tempos das analises.
Tabela 1 a qual, verifica-se uma variação no tempo total de viagem, sendo uma redução
media de 183,5 segundos. Dados que já implicam diretamente no quantitativo de emissões
geradas. Enquanto que o trevo de acesso possui três opções de uso, foi realizado uma
verificação média das distancias percorridas para adicionar ao calculo. Onde a medição
realizada foi in-loco e totalizou uma distancia média de 300 metros entre ponto de acesso
ao sistema do trevo e ponto de entrada da UPF.
Após a identificação dos valor do "Fator de Atividade", foi obtido a media dos valores de
emissão de carros no estudo de Mazutti(2014), assim obtendo o ultimo dos valores a
serem introduzidos na formula.
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Figura 8. Índices dos valores de emissões por vários tipos de carros. Fonte: Mazzuti(2014).
Sabendo que os valores das emissões atmosféricas são diversos entre tipos de veículos, foi
utilizado o valor da média para verificar os índices de redução proporcionados pela
proposta de obra de arte. Lembrando que para considerar os valores de emissões de cada
veiculo, seria necessário considerar demais fatores listados por Delcan Corporation (2007)
e Environmental Protection Agency(2016):
Engine/vehicle technology;
Base fuel;
Light versus heavy-duty;
Highway versus nonroad;
travel speed;
vehicle operating mode (e.g. idle, acceleration, deceleration);
Regulatory Characteristics: e.g., inspection/maintenance programs;
Driver Characteristics: e.g., aggressive driving style; use of air-conditioning.
Sendo todos estes itens, passiveis de analise para obter um resultado preciso, perante aos
índices de emissões. Assim, ao analisar um trevo que trafegam veículos de origens
variadas, acaba impossibilitando a aquisição de todos os itens citados devido às
características do local de analise e justificando a necessidade do uso do valor médio para
quantificação dos índices de redução nas emissões.
Desta forma, foi possível obtermos os resultados ao aplicarmos todas as informações na
Equação 3.
Tabela 2. Resultados da Equação 3.
Analise com veículos e distancia
ug/m³ kg/m³ Porcentagem Redução
A- Situação atual 332.127.621.705,60 332,1276217 100%
71%
B - Obra de Arte 95.905.069.058,40 95,90506906 29%
Totalizando uma redução na emissão de 236kg/m³ por dia e aproximando de 50 t/m³ ao
ano.
Aproveitando que foi obtido um índice de redução de emissões de 71%, foi calculado no
site https://co2.myclimate.org/de/car_calculators/new a emissão gerada pelo trafego
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atual, o equivalente a mais de 20.000 Toneladas ao ano de CO², volume que quando
reduzido em 71% chega a uma redução de quase 15.000 toneladas de CO². Desta forma
enfatizando a necessidade da implantação.
4. CONCLUSÃO
Portanto ao analisar os efeitos da contribuição gerados pela implantação de uma obra de
arte neste trevo de acesso à UPF, pode-se verificar que ações pontuais permitem que
sejam obtidos resultados após sua implantação e propiciam o incentivo a melhoria nas
ações globais, as quais são as trocas dos combustíveis fosseis e carros mais eficientes.
Assim, concluindo que a implantação de uma obra de arte é uma solução pontual, tanto
para o congestionamento como para reduzir as emissões atmosféricas, sendo provado
pelos dados de reduções obtidos, 71% de redução nas emissões atmosféricas e redução de
aproximadamente 3 minutos do tempo necessário para realizar o acesso.
REFERÊNCIAS
Cars and air pollution Disponivel em <http://www.dft.gov.uk/vca/fcb/cars-and-air-pollution.asp>.
Acessado em 28 de maio de 2016
Car Emissions & Global Warming. Disponivel em <http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/car-
emissions-and-global-warming>. Acessado em 28 de maio de 2016
DELCAN CORPORATION (Org.). Guidelines for quantifying vehicle emissions within the ministry’s
multiple account evaluation framework. British Columbia: Ministry Of Transportation, 2007.
Departamento Nacional De Infra-Estrutura De Transportes (DNIT). MANUAL DE ESTUDOS DE
TRÁFEGO. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério dos Transportes, 2006
Environmental Protection Agency. Epa (Org.). Biodiesel Emissions Analysis Program. Disponible on:
<https://www3.epa.gov/otaq/models/biodsl.htm>. Access in: 28 may 2016.
Kompensieren Sie Ihre Auto-Emissionen. Disponivel em
<https://co2.myclimate.org/de/car_calculators/new>. Acessado em 28 de maio de 2016
MAZUTTI, João Vitor. Avaliação da utilização de amostrador automático para análise de emissões
de Monóxido de Carbono (CO) em escapamentos de veículos na UPF. 2014. 36 f. TCC (Graduação) -
Curso de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, 2014.
Melo, Ricardo Henryque Reginato Quevedo; Melo, Rodrigo Henryque Reginato Quevedo; Melo, José
Humberto Quevedo, II ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA URBANA, 2015, Passo Fundo.OBRA
DE ARTE: UMA ALTERNATIVA NO ACESSO À UNIVERSIDADE DE PASSO FUNDO. Passo Fundo: UPF,
2015.
1452
Fischer River catchment urban flooding - mitigation
and participatory management
Teresa Lindoso
Rio de Janeiro State University, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
teresalindoso@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The numerous interventions in watercourses are one of the main factors that
increase the occurrence of flooding in urban areas. Using a system of gutters, pipes and
channels, these works were originally intended to facilitate and speed up runoff flows. For
a long time, municipal governments have overlooked the occupation of wetlands, riparian
areas and the excessive canalization of urban streams. As a result, floods are more
frequent and their impacts worsen with urban expansion and population increase.
Recently, more effective LID drainage measures, still seen as a novelty in Brazil, have been
proposed to address the causes of the problem, seeking to retard and lower flow peaks,
and to reduce drained volumes, thereby working towards more resilient and
environmentally sustainable cities. However, non-acceptance and non-commitment by
public agencies and the communities involved is still an obstacle to the application of these
measures. The overall objective of this work is to present a case study involving the
implementation of LID techniques in a catchment area of approximately 7.78 km² in
southeastern Brazil. The techniques involved exposing conflicts that arose in the
relationship between the Office of the State Public Prosecutor and the property owners
and using participatory management to obtain proposals for mitigating recurrent flooding.
The results include the local arrangements involving landowner participation in the works
and/or actions proposed.
Keywords flood, community engagement, urban areas
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1. INTRODUCTION
Populations and, consequently, urban areas, grew significantly during the twentieth
century, especially in developing countries like Brazil (IBGE, 2003). However, cultural and
socio-economic problems contributed to prevent the urban infrastructure from
adequately accompanying that growth. At the same time, the strategy for urban
occupation and human development, and increasing greenhouse gas emissions, were
catalysts that contributed towards the forming of heat islands and global warming. It has
been noted that in Brazil and many other parts of the world, the increased frequency of
heavy rainfall, especially in urban centers, along with stormwater drainage systems that
were not designed to handle events of such magnitude, have exposed the urban
infrastructure, buildings and the population to greater risk. Several studies have shown
that the poorest are the most vulnerable and the ones who are least able to recover from
natural disasters (Marengo, 2008).
Adequate drainage systems can contribute to sustainable development and improve the
quality of urban life, by helping to balance the different issues that influence the growth of
municipalities. Interference in the natural hydrological processes should be reversed,
minimized or compensated. It is important to promote these changes in public policies on
land use and occupation, as well as the conservation of natural environments and their
dynamics. It is necessary, and has already occurred in other countries, to revise the notion
that rainwater is undesirable and must be removed downstream as quickly as possible,
and to seek solutions that appreciate rainwater as a natural resource that is to be
preserved (Van Roon & Van Roon, 2005; Fletcher et al., 2015).
This new vision implies that the management of rainwater considers the factors related to
rainfall quantity and excess (flooding), water quality (pollution control) and society’s
needs, which can be discussed on a collective basis, in order to consolidate drainage
systems and stormwater management, aimed at municipal sustainability. Only by
improving these indicators will it be possible to ensure a better quality of life for all the
people, as well as the conservation of rainwater. Often, in the search for solutions to the
recurrent problem of flooding, tangible results have been obtained by developing
awareness of the issues among those who live and work within the areas where they
occur, since they have local knowledge and are directly affected by the consequences.
In this paper, it was casted a spotlight on the community that has been located for more
than 40 years on the banks of the River Fischer, a 3rd order tributary off the right bank of
the River Paquequer, in the urban area of the 1st district of the municipality of Teresópolis,
in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Within that area, flooding has been frequent during the rainy
season and in recent years it has been noted that the frequency and intensity of these
events has been increasing.
The solution for the reduction of flooding in this area is time consuming and costly,
because it also involves complex social issues. Seeking the help of the Public Authorities,
the local residents presented a formal request to the Office of the State Prosecutor for the
implementation of measures to minimize flooding in the neighborhood. Faced with this
situation, a meeting took place between the Municipal Secretary of Environment and the
Office of the Attorney for Public Stewardship to seek solutions to the recurrent flooding. At
this meeting, the need was identified to conduct a preliminary study of the land use and
cover and a study of the environmental conditions in the whole catchment area.
A preliminary technical study was presented to the State Prosecutor, setting out the action
that could possibly be having a negative impact on the natural drainage system of the
River Fischer. It was concluded that the hydrological response in that area was the result
of the human occupation upstream, calling attention to the process of urbanization
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without proper planning and highlighting the need to consider the entire catchment area
in the planning of land occupation and use. Based on that report, the Attorney decided that
suitable measures to minimize the flooding would be taken up with all the social bodies
and interested parties involved in finding a solution to the problem.
In this context, it is seen that, in developed countries, the identification of negative impacts
on ecosystems and society caused by the inappopriate management of rainwater leads to
the development of a new management proposal based on the reduction of impermeable
areas, increased rainwater infiltration (Roy et al., 2008) and the effective participation of
the community (CIRIA, 2015). This approach, known in the USA as LID (Low Impact
Development), has been adopted in several cities around the world and endorsed by
various government agencies (Roy et al., 2008).
The aim of this paper is to report the partial results of the LID application in the River
Fischer catchment area (7.78 km²), especially regarding the action by all the social bodies
involved, aimed at clarification, study and reflection, during the participatory development
of flood control proposals.
2. METHODOLOGY
This study began in July 2010, upon the presentation of the preliminary technical study to
the State Prosecutor, reporting the possible action that could be having a negative impact
on the River Fischer natural drainage system. Based on that report, the Attorney decided
that the application of suitable measures to minimize flooding would be handled by sub-
basin, since the study area is downstream from 4 sub-basins and the hydrological
response in that area is the result of the land occupation upstream.
In this paper, emphasis is given to the situation of the main basin and the two
neighborhoods (Fonte Santa and Quinta Lebrão) situated on the banks of the River
Fischer, and a joint solution is proposed that involves the participation of all the
stakeholders: municipal government, local residents and traders, and mediated by the
State Prosecutor.
Among the strategies adopted in the LID is keeping the hydrological cycle as the focus for
reducing the surface runoff resulting from the urbanization process. Among the most
commonly used techniques are establishing retention basins, increasing the permeable
areas, re-naturalization of rivers or areas of natural flooding and the reutilization of
rainwater. Simultaneously, it is necessary to look to the needs of the population, a process
in which their participation is essential, not only to develop environmental awareness, but
to ensure that their knowledge and concerns are taken into account in designing the
project that is to be implemented in their neighborhood.
On these lines, the methodology of action research proposed by Michel Thiollent
(Thiollent, 2002) was adopted. That methodology recommends working together with the
stakeholders on clarification, study and reflection for guiding the efforts to minimize the
problems and, as appropriate, any social and environmental conflicts. It is a form of
research based on the knowledge acquired by experiencing the reality of a situation, in
contact with the social agents involved, which determines the order of priority of the
problems to be investigated, as well as the solutions to be presented in the form of
concrete action. Whether it is to assist in resolving a collective problem or at least
clarifying the observed problems presented by the situation, thereby providing the
researchers and their subjects the means to respond with the maximum efficiency to such
problems. Application of the methodology involved two phases: exploratory phase and
structured meetings..
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The River Fischer catchment area was unoccupied until it was cut longitudinally for the
construction of the BR-116/RJ highway, in 1959. Currently, the land occupied by the
Quinta Lebrão district and part of Fonte Santa belong to the INSS (National Social Security
Institute), although it is almost entirely occupied by illicit construction. The IBGE Census
data for the year 2000 revealed that all of the Quinta Lebrão district comprised an
informal settlement, while in the Fonte Santa district, 68.6% of the housing is in the same
situation. And since the municipal authorities have never proposed a ownership
legalization program, it is to be expected that the current situation is the same or worse.
Nowadays, the area is densely populated, with unregulated occupation in areas of risk,
such as on hillsides and riverbanks, the predominance of low construction standards and
little basic service infrastructure.
The local residents pointed out 9 places that are considered to be critical, due to practices
and (bad) river interventions carried out on different occasions. According to the
assessment of the hydraulic capacity of these sections of the River Fischer in the Quinta
Lebrão district, it was noted that there is retention caused by obstruction of the channel,
such as by buildings that cover or traverse the river. Such retention along the course of the
River Fischer exacerbates the frequent flooding of the neighborhood, almost every year,
according to information obtained from the local residents, causing them considerable
inconvenience. On the other hand, this storage reduces the water level in neighborhoods
located at lower altitudes downstream. So simply unblocking these stretches could lead to
flooding further downstream. This situation confirms the need for a systemic approach to
river basin management.
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Figure 1: Responses to Surveys carried out in the districts of Quinta Lebrão and Fonte
Santa
It was also found that every year the residents of the Quinta Lebrão and Fonte Santa
districts suffer from some kind of trouble caused by heavy rains, ranging from difficulty in
returning home, due to flooding in the streets, to the loss of property from up to 2 meters
of water inside the home (Fig. 2), as noted in the event of April 6, 2012 (this work did not
study the damage caused by the major regional natural disaster in January 2011). In the
opinion of the local residents and tradespeople surveyed, the solution to the problems
caused by the flooding lies mainly in carrying out works to widen and channel the river, as
shown in Figure 3. On the other hand, they assign all the responsibility for solutions to
minimize the flooding to the Public Authorities, without taking into account their own
action as a causal factor in the occurrence of flooding, such as throwing rubbish directly
into the water course or provoking changes in sections of the channel (Figs. 3, 4).
On the negative side, difficulties were confirmed in seeking dialogue with the Public
Authorities, which, despite frequently promoting social participation, do not commit to
implementing the programs required by the local community. This may help to explain the
second negative - social participation was marked by a proportionately low number of
local residents. And, at least in the beginning, the distrust between the participants and
those who were trying to promote it.
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Figure 2: Responses to Surveys carried out in the districts of Quinta Lebrão and Fonte Santa
Figure 3: Responses to Surveys carried out in the districts of Quinta Lebrão and Fonte Santa
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Figure 4: Responses to Surveys carried out in the districts of Quinta Lebrão and Fonte Santa
4. CONCLUSIONS
The unregulated occupation of urban areas causes negative impacts and its effects can be
seen in places that are far apart, especially those relating to changes in the hydrological
cycle, thus requiring an urban planning approach that takes in the entire catchment area.
Implementing the LID application strategy with regard to the engagement of the whole
community has proven to be effective for clarification, study and reflection on the part of
all the social protagonists involved in the participatory development of proposals for flood
control.
Along these lines, the study methodology developed by Thiollent in the action research
method is inspirational and involves elements that fit the objectives and assumptions of
environmental education that are critical to the development of participatory
environmental management, in an active manner that satisfies collective and citizenship
needs. As such, the social protagonists participate collaboratively in identifying the causes,
consequences and possible solutions of the social and environmental problems they face.
Thus, one seeks to stimulate and ratify local community involvement in order to reinforce
the action of the public environmental management and to preserve the local ecosystems.
The community living on the banks of the River Fischer is yearning for solutions to
minimize the damage caused by repeated flooding, including indirect damage, which is
usually overlooked in the assessment of damages. Participation in the Sunday morning
meetings confirmed the feeling of being ignored by the Public Authorities, because on the
one hand, they are assigned full responsibility for carrying out the public works and
inspection, while on the other there is no prospect of such action occurring. Moreover, the
local community wants to participate in the decisions concerning the future of the
neighborhood and make its opinion known, in a democratic process of exercising
citizenship. Furthermore, the community does not want to leave its homes and move to
other technically safer places. That is because they believe in "engineering solutions" and
the obligation of the Public Authorities to carry them out. This position strengthens the
need for educational programs, in the form of debates, campaigns and lectures that can
help to raise the level of awareness, as well as encourage involvement in environmental
issues and, especially, sharpen the perception of risk.
The impact of participation in the development of initiatives was much greater, in terms of
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increasing self-esteem and recognition of a citizen participating in the system, with the
right to be heard in relation to the variables that directly interfere in their lives, than in
terms of tangible improvements in their living conditions. That is mainly due to the fact
that the improvements depend on action by the Public Authorities.
REFERENCES
Ciria 2015. Community Engagement. The Suds Manual. London, p. 715
Fletcher, T.; Shuster, W.; Hunt, W.F.; Ashley, R.; Butler, D.; Arthur, S.; Trowsdale, S.; Barraud, S.;
Semadeni-Davies, A.; Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L.; Mikkelsenj, P. S.; Rivardk, G.; Uhll, M.; Dagenaism, D.;
Viklandern, M., 2015. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more–The evolution and application of
terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water J., 12(7), pp. 1-18.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia E Estatística (IBGE). 2003. Statistics of the twentieth century
(Estatísticas do Século XX). Available at
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/29092003estatisticassecxxhtml.shtm.
Accessed on 2014/07/13
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia E Estatística (IBGE). Censo Demográfico 2010. Características da
população e dos domicílios. Available at:
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010
Marengo, J.A. 2008. Water and Climate Change (Água e Mudanças Climáticas). Estudos Avançados,
22(63).
Roy, A.H. Impediments and Solutions to Sustainable, Watershed-Scale Urban Stormwater
Management: lessons from Australia and United States. Environmental Management, v. 42, pp. 344-
359, 2008.
Soares, M.T.S.; Lima, M.H.P. The occurrence of slums in small and medium-sized cities in Rio de Janeiro
: the Teresópolis case (A ocorrência de favelas em pequenas e médias cidades do estado do Rio de
Janeiro: o caso de Teresópolis. Anuário Instituto Geociências). v. 5, pp. 42-55, Rio de Janeiro, 1981.
Available at <www.anuario.igeo.ufrj.br/anuario_1981/ vol_05_42_55.pdf>. Accessed on June 9, 2016,
8:24pm.
Thiollent, M. Action research methodology (Metodologia da pesquisa-ação). 11ed. São Paulo: Cortez,
2002. 107 p.
Van Roon, M., Van Roon, H., 2005. Low Impact Urban Design and Development Principles for
Assessment of Planning, Policy and Development Outcomes. Working Paper 051. Auckland: Centre for
Urban Ecosystem Sustainability and Department of Planning, University of Auckland, pp. 1-9.
Vieira, V. T.; Cunha, S. B. Modifications of urban drainage system in Teresópolis (Mudanças na Rede de
Drenagem Urbana em Teresópolis) – Rio de Janeiro. In: Impactos Ambientais no Brasil. Guerra, A. J.
T.; Cunha, S. B. (orgs.). Rio de Janeiro: Editora Bertrand, 2001. pp. 111-145.
1462
New urban and neighborhoods: From theory of practice in
Brazilian reality
ABSTRACT: In Brazil, in 1950, 36% of the 54 million people occupied the cities. In 2014, its
urban population reached 85% of 202 million, demonstrating the rapid urbanization of
the country. This process, however, was not accompanied by planning, resulting in
negative impacts on social, environmental and economic spheres. In an attempt to solve
the existing problems, some initiatives associated with movements "Smart Growth" and
"New Urbanism" have been implemented to make cities more sustainable, such as the
creation of smart neighborhoods. However, given the specificity of national socio-spatial
formation, it is necessary to evaluate the real consequences of these developments, since
their lack of articulation with the urban structure that surrounds belied the very principles
on which they are based. This study aimed to identify the socio-spatial impacts, in
particular the problems of property speculation, gentrification and mobility caused in the
neighborhood Pedra Branca, located in Palhoça / SC-Brazil. Therefore, research is
explanatory and adopts technical literature procedures, document reviews, interviews and
case studies. The results show that the project analyzed favored real estate speculation,
with the increase in land value and the number of real estate developments in their
surroundings. They also show that the Whitestone contributed to the emergence of urban
mobility problems, which especially affect the proportion of the population working in the
neighborhood, but whose purchasing power only allows them to live outside its walls.
Keywords New urbanism, Smart Neighborhoods, Pedra Branca.
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1. INTRODUCTION
According to United Nations (2015), in 2014, 54% of the world population lived in cities.
In 1950, this portion of the population accounted for 30% and, according to projections,
will reach 66% in 2050. However, the urban transition did not proceed evenly among the
various countries of the globe.
Thus, as occurred in other countries of the South, the Brazilian urbanization process was
characterized by rapid development and poor planning, which resulted in the
uncontrolled growth of cities (SANTOS, 2014).
Until the 1940s, the Brazilian urban population was 26.35%, through 68.86% in 1980
(SANTOS, 2005) and reaching 84.36% in 2010 (IBGE, 2010). Thereby the share of the
population living in cities grew more than 320% in a period of only 70 years.
This rapid increase in the population density of cities has been accompanied by a lack of
planning, which resulted in the uncontrolled growth of the same, encouraging real estate
speculation and the most varied forms of socio-spatial segregation.
The expulsion of large disadvantaged mass of the population of the central areas, which
concentrate most of the services opportunities, employment and leisure, for peripheral
areas, dominated by the lack of infrastructure and opportunities, coupled with the
targeted territory organization for favoring road transport and individual deepens
segregation and creates serious problems of mobility.
In an attempt to solve the existing problems, some initiatives associated with movements
"Smart Growth" and "New Urbanism" have been implemented to make cities more
sustainable, with the creation of smart neighborhoods.
According Tachieva (2003), the New Urbanism did not invent ideas, but noted previous
examples and was based on the empirical. Thus, these movements are grounded in the
study of pre-industrial cities where cities have pedestrian priority.
The planning and interventions following the rhetoric of the New Urbanism and Smart
Growth are present mainly in the rehabilitation of North American neighborhoods and
interventions in Europe, and now they have been studied in academia as a possible
solution of the Brazilian metropolises problems, especially in context of urban mobility, as
it seeks to discourage car use and encourage the use of the neighborhood for everyday
activities.
Among the existing projects in Brazil, we highlight the City Park in São Paulo / SP in the
design phase and the Pedra Branca neighborhood located in Palhoça / SC (Romanini,
2014). Given its design of such projects be based on models developed from external and
distinct socio-spatial realities of Brazil, besides being in relatively recent movement in the
country, it is necessary to further studies aimed at better understanding positive and
negative impacts thereof.
So, in an attempt to contribute to this, as well as studies aimed at proposing solutions to
the currently existing urban problems, this article aimed to identify socio-spatial impacts,
in particular the problems of property speculation, gentrification and mobility caused in
the neighborhood Pedra Branca, located in the municipality of Palhoça / SCBrasil.
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2. THEORETICAL
According to Sposito (1988), despite the phenomenon of urbanization that this is a
process that dates back to antiquity, the city never received such great importance, as well
as the very urbanization never dealt with such an expressive process worldwide, as from
capitalism.
In view of the urban character of industrial production, cities become the territorial basis
of industrial capitalism process and the identity between these two phenomena,
industrialization and urbanization, is strengthened.
Thus, the intensification of industrial production, thanks to the accumulation of capital and
the technical and scientific development, recognized as the Industrial Revolution allowed
the accelerated pace of urbanization (SPOSITO, 1988).
As a result of such acceleration may be cited figures of this process. Thus, according to
United Nations (2015), in 2014, 54% of the world population lived in cities. In 1950, this
portion of the population accounted for 30% and, according to projections, will reach 66%
in 2050. However, the urban transition did not proceed evenly among the various
countries of the globe.
The large influx of people from rural to urban areas, and the exhaustion of opportunities in
the face of high demand, resulted in the emergence of dramatic paintings, characterized by
socio-spatial segregation, the various forms of environmental pollution and increased
viscosity of urban flows, affecting the proper development of the economic system that
generated it.
So, in an attempt to better understand the process of urbanization, and to contribute
towards overcoming their problems generated, there are theoretical approaches, which,
according Choay, F. (2015) resulted in a critique of urban dichotomy, according to which
opposed the progressive models and culturalist.
Progressive urban planners advocate urbanization that favors industrial development
must overcome natural factors such as existing topography and vegetation, cultural factors
such as historical districts in favoring the economic and industrial development. This
model divides the city into sectors that are interconnected by wide avenues. Seek as an
example Hausman avenues plan in Paris and influence the modernist model that will
primarily propagator the Swiss franc architect Le Corbusier, who organized the
International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM), which drew up the Charter of
Athens, main document that justified the intervention in cities (CHOAY, 2015).
The antithesis of this will be developed by a critique of industrialization and artifacts by
those executed. Thus, the culturalist model's main precursors architect William Morris and
John Ruskin, who, under the influence of the Pre-Raphaelite group, propose the rescue of
the medieval urbanization, preserving the cultural and historical heritage, natural
conditions, the morphology of the courts and topography. It should be noted that this
model influences Ebenezer Howard creator of the movement "Garden Cities".
The industrial and financial globalization was instrumental in socio-organization, and thus
the progressive model overlaps the culturalist model in the context of urban planning,
contributing to the current problems of mobility and segregation of the poorest segments
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3. METHODOLOGY
This research can be classified as qualitative and adopts technical procedures of literature
review, document analysis, interviews and case studies.
For case study purposes, we adopted the neighborhood Pedra Branca, located in the
municipality of Palhoça - SC / Brazil. Palhoça is a city of Florianopolis, its territory covers
an area of 395 square kilometers, and according to the last census of 2010 its total
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population is estimated at 137,000 inhabitants of which 135,000 live in urban areas with a
total population density of 347 inhabitants by Km². The Pedra Branca district this was a
family farm that with the establishment of a private university, has changed the dynamic
spatial partner site, attracting people and becoming a new center in the region.
This potential has attracted the interest of entrepreneurs, from the late 90s, began the
transformation of the site with the subdivision registered as University City Pedra Branca
(Figure 1).
Figure 1 – Aerial photo of the region and photomontages of the proposed venture.
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However, observing the quality of the central sector and its typology, stand out in the
perimeter area to neighborhood types that do not match the proposed plan presented,
which, being closer to the proposals of the progressive plans of compartmentalization,
showed a discontinuity proposal of the regional plan.
This observation was also performed by Ribeiro (2004), which criticizes the proposal of
Pedra Branca, indicating that there was a conflict between the goal of the entrepreneur
and the goal of the movement, noting that the discourse of sustainable marketing and new
urbanism, was used as a tool to enter value and distinction to other ventures.
The analysis evolution data of the values of the Whitestone neighborhood of properties
compared to other districts in the municipality of Palhoça for the period March 2015 to
May 2016, said that while there was depreciation of real estate because of the crisis
financial and real estate, real estate Bairro Pedra Branca suffered appreciation, keeping
higher values on the Brejaru neighborhoods, Passa Vinte, Jardim Eldorado, New Way, Rio
Grande, San Sebastian and center (Figure 2).
Figure 2 - Change Real Estate Market, from March 2015 - May 2016.
Figure 2 also shows that the Madrid neighborhood had higher values than the values of the
square meter of the Whitestone neighborhood, but it turns out that it suffered the biggest
depreciation of real estate, among the analyzed neighborhoods.
In general, the observed elements indicated that the urban quality of Pedra Branca and its
central features have created an attraction pole of investments that instigate the interest
of people who are seeking a better quality than that offered in large urban centers, this
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quality also attracts real estate speculators who take advantage of the conditions of
infrastructure and land supply to launch their ventures in the surrounding neighborhood.
This trend favors real estate speculation and segregation of the poor population to more
distant areas of the enterprise, which lack infrastructure and accessibility conditions.
Thus, such an occurrence will the mismatch of the principles of movement as they make
the paths of large portion of the population that works in the neighborhood, but that
resides in increasingly remote and peripheral areas, increasingly long.
These indicators potentiate the interest of entrepreneurs and investors in the local
favoring economic development, but the urban discontinuity and social distinction
undermine the territorial dynamics, causing mobility problems as people living in
peripheral areas end up needing to use more modal toward center where their jobs are
located, disadvantaging the flow on foot.
The discontinuity of the urban layout of blocks from the central sector and the
surrounding area was also observed. You can identify the location of the mixed zone
described in the map of the blue color in this context was possible deployment following
the principles based on the new urbanism Decalogue.
So, watching the map of the master plan (Figure 3), identifies the central sector of the
project highlighted on the map with red dashed line.
Figure 3 - Map of Use and Land Use / caption and land use indexes .
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This area established for the mixed zone enables the diversity of use and occupation,
enhancing the project in motion templates. However the plan at the level of the region
does not extend this context determining the area only for residential purposes, which
does not allow the same urban quality for the rest of the city.
It is surprising the fact that the master plan of the municipality peripheral area is for the
less favored social interest for the population, which provides segregation. This area is
identified in pink map of Figure 3.
5. CONCLUSION
In this study, we sought to identify the socio-spatial impacts, in particular the problems of
property speculation, gentrification and mobility caused in the neighborhood Pedra
Branca, located in Palhoça / SCBrasil.
It was found that the project's features are in line with the principles established by the
"Congress of the New Urbanism." However, preliminary analysis highlighted problems
caused mainly by indirect real estate valuation of the areas surrounding the same, which
has promoted the installation of real estate projects of higher socio-economic status,
which implies the exclusion of much of the local population.
This process of ennoblement, characterized by the expulsion of the low-income population
to more peripheral areas may result in further escalation of existing urban problems,
especially those related to mobility, given that a large portion of the population that works
in the neighborhood does not reside in the same . Thus, there is the need for greater
attention by the municipal government, especially in the regulation of land use and
occupation, so that the positive initiatives of the district, are not expected to turn into
urban problems that reproduce historical error planning.
Finally, there is the need for further work to enable the lifting of quantitative data about
the problems now treated.
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REFERENCES
ANDRADE, G. M.; DOMENEGHINI, J.; MORANDO, J. P. S. K.; ROMANINI, A. 2013. Princípios do Novo
Urbanismo no desenvolvimento de bairros Sustentáveis brasileiros. Revista de Arquitetura da IMED,
1(2), pp. 90-96., São Paulo, 2013.
ADINYIRA, E,; OTENG-SEIFAH, S.; ADJEIKUMI, T. 2007 . A Review of Urban Sustainability Assessment
Methodologies. International Conference on Whole Life Urban Sustainability and its Assessment M.
Horner, C. Hardcastle, A. Price, J. Bebbington (Eds) Glasgow, 2007.
ATKINSON, R.; BRIDGE, G. 2005. Gentrification in a global context: the new urban colonialism.
(Housing and society series). London: Routledge.
CHOAY, F. O Urbanismo. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2015.
GOITIA, F.C. Uma Breve História do Urbanismo. Lisboa: Presença, 1982.
JACOBS, J. Morte e Vida das Grandes Cidades. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2000.
MACEDO, A.C. A Carta do Novo Urbanismo Norte Americano. São Paulo: Integração, ano XIII, Num.
48, p.11-21, 2007.
RIBEIRO, F.P. O New Urbanism e a sua Influência no Brasil: O Caso da Cidade Universitária Pedra
Branca e Palhoça, SC. Porto Alegre, 2004.
SANTOS, Milton. A urbanização brasileira. São Paulo: Edusp, 2005.
SPOSITO, Maria Encarnação Beltrão. Capitalismo e urbanização. Contexto, 1988.
UNITED NATIONS (2015), Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World
Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, (ST/ESA/SER.A/366).
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A Inserção da Qualidade Ambiental Urbana no Conjunto
Habitacional de Interesse Social Zorilda
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
No Brasil, a intensificação da urbanização deu-se de forma mais acentuada, a partir da
década de 1950, principalmente com o advento da indústria, que serviu como atrativo
para o estabelecimento, de um grande contingente populacional nas cidades, em busca de
trabalho e melhores condições de vida. A ocupação do território não é homogênea, sendo
fortemente caracterizada pela segregação sócio-espacial (Villaça, 2001) e a formação de
expressiva área de periferia, ocupada em sua maioria, de modo ilegal (Maricato, 1979). Na
Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), a população de baixa renda, durante o
processo de expansão, se concentrou na periferia; apropriando-se de uma parcela a Leste
e a Nordeste, em direção a Área de Preservação Ambiental do Alto Tietê,a Sudeste na
região dos mananciais Guarapiranga e Billings e a Norte em direção a Serra da Cantareira;
enquanto que a de maior renda, se distribuiu ao longo do setor Sudoeste (Villaça, 2001).
A ação antrópica, fortemente concentrada nos centros urbanos, gerou grande impacto no
ambiente construído e no meio físico. O aumento da população associado à diminuição de
recursos naturais conduz as cidades a uma situação de esgotamento dos recursos não
renováveis e degradação do solo, água e ar, pois o ser humano retira do ambiente natural,
os recursos necessários para sua sobrevivência e age como se estes fossem infinitos.
Acrescente-se a isto que os dejetos produzidos não voltam para o ambiente natural de
maneira produtiva. A população, cada vez maior, foi se acumulando nas bordas do
território, muitas vezes ocupando áreas ambientalmente sensíveis, em loteamentos
irregulares e assentamentos informais, sem acesso adequado às infraestruturas básicas
urbanas e com uma perda significativa da qualidade de vida, além do crescimento
frenético, o acesso restrito ao solo urbano, principalmente das áreas centrais de São Paulo,
não deixava escolha aos que não podiam pagar por moradia, a não ser assentar-se em
condições ilegais e precárias (Maricato, 1979; Bonduki, 2004).
Assim, como a habitação foi fruto da urbanização desenfreada, a problemática ambiental
se agrava e a partir desse cenário pode-se compreender a importância que assume a
qualidade ambiental urbana, vista como elemento fundamental e estruturador para o
alcance da melhoria da qualidade de vida do ser humano e da preservação do ambiente
natural.
De acordo com Lombardo (1985) a qualidade da vida humana está diretamente
relacionada com a interferência da obra do ser humano no ambiente construído. A
natureza humanizada, através das modificações no ambiente, alcança maior expressão nos
espaços ocupados pelas cidades.
As áreas urbanas precisam ser repensadas de forma a minimizar os impactos negativos e
os crescentes processos de degradação. É fundamental a consciência ecológica intrínseca
ao pensamento arquitetônico, na busca de soluções que visam harmonia entre as ações do
homem e o ambiente natural dada à fragilidade dos territórios ocupados pelos
assentamentos humanos informais.
Os projetos urbanos precisam cumprir um rigoroso planejamento no processo de busca de
uma cidade com menor impacto humano e ambiental. Podemos citar três importantes
focos de estudo na construção de um projeto urbano sustentável, que devem ser
elaborados desde a concepção inicial do projeto: a análise do terreno; passando a existir
maior preocupação com a correta utilização dos recursos naturais e a redução dos
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2. METODOLOGIA
O Selo Casa Azul possui 6 indicadores: qualidade urbana, projeto e conforto, eficiência
energetica, conservação de recursos materiais, gestão da água e práticas sociais; e possui
três níveis de gradação: bronze (19 critérios obrigatórios), prata (19 critérios obrigatórios
e mais 6 critérios de livre escolha e ouro (19 critérios obrigatórios e mais 12 critérios de
livre escolha), totalizando 31 critérios.
Temcomo objetivos: incentivar o uso racional de recursos naturais na construção e
operação dos empreendimentos habitacionais, reduzir o custo de manutenção dos
edifícios e as despesas mensais de seus usuários e promover a conscientização de
empreendedores e moradores sobre as vantagens das construções sustentáveis.
1Habitat I. O evento resultou na “Declaração de Vancouver sobre Assentamentos Humanos”. Esta declaração
também apresenta um plano de ação aprovado no Habitat I, com 64 recomendações de ações nacionais para
promover políticas adequadas nos âmbitos locais e regionais, urbanos e rurais.
2 LEI nº 10.257, de 10 de julho de 2001 – Estatuto da Cidade (EC), que regulamentou o capítulo da Política
Urbana da Constituição, criando instrumentos para a ordenação do uso da terra urbana.
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3. ESTUDO DE CASO
A área de estudo localiza-se em Suzano, município pertencente ao quadrante Noroeste da
RMSP, com Área de Proteção Ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do Alto Tietê. É um dos
municípios de menor conurbanção urbana com a RMSP e seu acesso se dá por uma via
secundária que liga São Paulo ao Vale do Paraíba e Rio de Janeiro (CAIO 2011).
O Zorilda Maria dos Santos (Figura 1) é um projeto de Habitação de Interesse Social,
financiado pelo PMCMV- Entidades, em execução em regime de construção de auto-gestão
com mutirão, atendendo a oitenta moradias em uma área de 24.287 m2. O terreno
localiza-se na Macrozona Urbana em Consolidação, à Rua Guilherme Garijo, 371 (Figura 2),
no município de Suzano e caracteriza-se por ser uma área ZEIS 1comÁrea de Preservação
Permanente (APP) do Córrego Ribeirão Jaguary e uma mata nativa em estágio inicial de
regeneração.
3“.....porém
com previsão de obras em etapas futuras do (PDT) Projeto de Despoluição do Tietê após 2014”
(Diretriz Sabesp, 2010).
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o empreendedor privado, no caso uma Entidade sem fins lucrativos, a destinação dos
resíduos sólidos, que gerou a necessidade de construção de uma Estação de Tratamento de
Esgotos (ETE).
A Entidade Organizadora (EO) responsável pelo empreendimento é a Central Pró Moradia
Suzanense (CEMOS), uma associação ligada aos movimentos nacionais de luta por moradia,
quedurante a gestão municipal de 2008 a 2012, na cidade de Suzano,obteve apoio
institucional para acessar ao crédito via PMCMV-E e atender as famílias com renda
familiar de até R$1.600,00/mês, além da EO, participaram deste processo a Assessoria
Técnica (AT)- Brasil Habitat, desenvolvendo o trabalho interdisciplinar de projetos
técnicos das áreas de urbanismo e arquitetura e complementares e a Assessoria Ambiente
na construção da obra, que está sendo feito com auto-gestão e mutirão.
O projeto foi desenvolvido de forma participativa com o acompanhamento, discussão e
aprovação das famílias. O apelo ambiental do terreno conduziu as decisões de projeto e
também, o trabalho técnico social, na direção de garantir uma moradia com qualidade que
atendesse critérios sustentáveis.
Sob o aspecto da unidade habitacional, ficou estabelecida a construção de unidades
isoladas, com conforto térmico, eficiência energética, com energia solar e que fossem
unidades evolutivas, que pudessem receber ampliação. Do ponto de vista do traçado
urbanístico foi decidido que além da preservação da mata existente, seria feita a
recomposição da mata ciliar do córrego de divisa de fundos. O apelo ambiental do projeto
possibilitou a discussão de mecanismos de geração de emprego e renda a partir do uso
sustentável das áreas verdes.
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Na faixa de APP de 30 metros e foi proposta uma recomposição vegetal com espécies
nativas do bioma Mata Atlântica (Ombrófila Densa) na proporção de 2.000/ha com
sementes procedentes da região.A área considerada de Mata em estágio inicial de
regeneração foi proposto a preservação com ações educativas que garantiam sua
permanência durante a obra e posterior a ela.4
Para o tratamento de esgoto doméstico, foi construída uma ETE - Estação de Tratamento
de Esgoto com capacidade para atender à vazão média de 61,00 m3/dia, planejada a partir
do sistema alternativo baseado na tecnologia “Wetland”; um sistema natural com zona de
raízes, que reproduz os processos físicos, químicos e biológicos dos ecossistemas.
Formado por um biofiltro, que intercala brita e areia, como meio de suporte por sua
capacidade de fixação de colônia de bactérias e formação do biofilme. São cultivadas
plantas macrófitas5 que interagem com as bactérias, e se utilizam da matéria orgânica,
nitrogênio e fósforo como nutriente. Sua capacidade de remoção é de 99 a 99,9% dos
coliformes fecais, bem como de outros agentes patogênicos6.
As unidades habitacionais são unifamiliares e térreas com 49,63m2 de área coberta e
42,03m2 de área útil. Foram projetadas com dois dormitórios, sala, cozinha, banheiro e
área de serviço externa, em áreas privativas, de 150m2 de terreno.Estão organizadas de
forma a garantir a privacidade das famílias, com agrupamentos, que buscam a diversidade
no conjunto, intercalando e deslocando as geminações. O projeto foi concebido para
possibilitar a ampliação das unidades e garantir a integridade arquitetônica do conjunto. O
traçado urbanístico priorizou o pedestre deixando para os veículos um único acesso com
vagas coletivas em bolsões de estacionamento.
A preocupação com o conforto térmico e eficiência energética se deu nos elementos
construtivos. O município de Suzano encontra-se na Zona Bioclimática Z37, caracterizado
como região de clima tropical de altitude, com médias anuais em torno de 22OC. Para
atender as especificações técnicas adequadas e obter uma boa performance da edificação
no quesito de desempenho térmico, a alvenaria de vedação especificada foi de bloco de
concreto nas dimensões de 14x19x39 com 2,5 cm de argamassa externa e revestimento
interno de gesso, que atende a condição para a Z3de transmitância térmica de U= 2,7
(necessário U < 3,7 uma vez que o caráter de absortância < 0,6 com as paredes pintadas de
branco), conforme indica Figura 3.
Para as coberturas, o material especificado em projeto foi a telha cerâmica sobre laje que
chegaria em U= 1,92 com caráter de absortância > 0,6, pois a telha é escura. No entanto
por questões de custo, foi utilizada na obra (Figura3) a telha de fibro cimento com laje pré-
moldada chegando a U= 1,93 e o caráter de absortância < 0,6 com a telha é clara. Na
segunda situação, embora a telha de fibro cimento oferece a obra um caráter de
durabilidade questionável, porém no quesito de desempenho térmico, atendeu a
4 Projeto de manejo das espécies foi elaborado pela Meta Ambiental Consultoria e Projetos Ambientais.
5junco, taboa, papirus, helicônias, arroz, etc...
6 Proposta elaborada e aprovada nos órgãos responsáveis pela BionConstrução Sustentabilidade.
7NBR 15.220-3 Baseado em: ABNT (2005c), parte 2. Informações obtidas na publicação Selo Casa Azul, 2010,
pg 58.
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necessidade.
Figura 3. Dados das Tabelas 4 e 5 do Selo Casa Azul- Caixa Fonte: Selo Casa Azul, 2010, pg.98 e 99.
3. APLICAÇÃO DO SELO
A tabela abaixo demonstra a aplicação do Selo no Conjunto Hab. Zorilda Maria dos Santos.
Tabela 1. Quadro da Certificação Selo Casa Azul
CATEGORIAS/CRITÉRIOS ZORILDA / CLASSIFICAÇÃO
BRONZE PRATA OURO
Critérios obrigatórios obrigatórios
PONTUAÇÃO DAS CATEGORIAS
obrigatórios mais 6 de mais 12de
livre escolha livre escolha
1. QUALIDADE URBANA
1.1 Qualidade do Entorno - Infraestrutura atende obrigatório
1.2 Qualidade do Entorno - Impactos atende obrigatório
1.3 Melhorias no Entorno
1.4 Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas atende
1.5 Reabilitação de Imóveis
2. PROJETO E CONFORTO
2.1 Paisagismo atende obrigatório
2.2 Flexibilidade de Projeto atende
2.3 Relação com a Vizinhança
2.4 Solução Alternativa de Transporte
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4. CONCLUSÃO
Com a análise qualitativa do Zorilda, dentro dos critérios do Selo Casa Azul, concluímos
que o projeto cumpre, na sua grande maioria, com os quesitos obrigatórios referente à
qualidade urbana, projeto e conforto, eficiência energética, gestão da água e práticas
sociais, pontuando para além da categoria Bronze, com 13 critérios suplementares.8.
Exceção feita no quesito Conservação de Recursos Naturais, por se tratar de um
empreendimento em fase de obras, impossibilitando uma avaliação final.
A pontuação extra (13), em maior número, se dá no ítem práticas sociais. Isso ocorre por
tratar-se de um empreendimento em construção com a participação dos beneficiários,
envolvidos em um projeto em condições ambientalmente favoráveis, valorizadas e
preservadas pelo grupo alvo, diante de outros conjuntos habitacionais construídos pelo
PMCMV.
Pode-se dizer que a projeção deste empreendimento é de adquirir o Selo Ouro, se forem
confirmados os itens: 4.2 Qualidade de Materiais e Componentes, 4.4 Formas e Escoras
Reutilizáveis e 4.5 Gestão de Resíduos de Construção e Demolição. É importante observar
que por tratar-se de um programa habitacional que não pratica o reajuste contratual, o
quesito “qualidade de materiais e componentes” pode sofrer impactos e consumir, pelo
tempo de obra, a reserva para o uso de materiais termicamente adequados, especificados
em projetos que atendiam ao Selo. Como foi o caso da substituição da telha cerâmica pela
de fibro cimento.
A produção habitacional, do PMCMV, apesar da sua magnitude, possui poucos exemplos de
adesão aos critérios de sustentabilidade socioambiental urbana e ao conforto e eficiência
das edificações. Foram 109 os empreendimentos qualificados a nível nacional com o Selo
Casa Azul da CAIXA, isso demonstra a pouca aderência do Selo, seja pelo impacto sobre o
custo e/ou por falta de interesse dos construtores.
Os parâmetros sugeridos, da forma como vem sendo colocado, não tem contribuído para
uma produção habitacional sustentável, com qualidade urbana e ambiental. O Selo
contribui com este debate, porém tem muitas limitações voltados ao ambiente urbano,
está longe de alterar a realidade do ambiente construído.
É necessário a inserção de novos indicadores ambientais voltados para o contexto urbano,
como as relações com o entorno, a configuração urbana, as dinâmicas urbanas, as
conexões do sistema viário, os acessos ao transporte público, a drenagem urbana
8
Os critérios suplementares foram anotados em negrito itálico no Quadro 1.
9
http://www.caixa.gov.br/sustentabilidade/produtos-servicos/selo-casa-azul/Paginas/default.aspx. Acesso:
26/03/2016.
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REFERÊNCIAS
AMORE, Caio Santo. Entre o Nó e o Fato Consumado, o Lugar dos Pobres na Cidade: um Estudo sobre
as Zeis e os Impasses da Reforma Urbana na Atualidade. Tese de doutorado- 2003- FAUUSP- 2003.
CAIXA: http://www1.caixa.gov.br/download/asp/download.asp. Selo Casa Azul, 2010.
COOK, Jeffrey. Millennium Measures of Sustainability: Beyond Bioclimat Architecture In:
Proceedings of PLEA 2001 Conference – The 18 th International Conference on Passive and Low
Energy Architecture – Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Development of Built Environment,
2001.
FERREIRA, João S.W. Produzir casas ou construir cidades. Desafios para um novo Brasil urbano.
Parâmetros de qualidade para a implantação de projetos habitacionais e urbanos. Fupam, 2012.
LUENGO, Gerardo. Elementos para la definición y evaluación de la calidad ambiental urbana. Una
propuesta teórico-metodológica.Anais do IV Seminário Latinoamericano de Calidad de Vida Urbana.
Tandil(Argentina), 8 a 11 de setembro de 1998
MARICATO, E. Autoconstrução, a Arquitetura Possível. in: a Produção Capitalista da Casa (e da
cidade) no Brasil Industrial. São Paulo: Alfa-omega, 1979
__________. Brasil, Cidades, Alternativas para a Crise Urbana. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2001.
ROMERO, Marta Adriana Bustos. A Arquitetura Bioclimática do Espaço Público. Brasília, Editora
Universidade de Brasília, 2007.
VILLAÇA, Flávio. Espaço Intra-Urbano (sic) no Brasil. São Paulo: Editora Nobel, 2001, 2ª. edição.
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Design recommendations for residential neighborhoods
of socio-environmental value
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1. INTRODUCTION
Urban socio-environmental quality is influenced by a wide range of aspects that compose
its physical-spatial dimensions and activity systems that interact with the population by
means of experiences, perceptions and everyday actions (Del Rio & Siembieda, 2013).
Therefore, such quality is related to urban spaces that remain attractive for use and life in
the community (Coelho, 2005). The main characteristic of areas identified as displaying a
high socio-environmental quality is the liveability of their urban spaces. It is important to
highlight that, although the term liveability could give the exclusive idea of urban
dynamism, its concept is associated to different gradients of intensity of social life,
abundant possibilities of identity (Norberg-Schulz, 1975) and the diversification of the
notion of quality of life. Also, the attribution of liveability to the urban environment can be
related to different activities, needs and desires (Qawasmeh, 2014).
On the other hand, people attribute value to the urban environment by means of
subjective criteria, based on socio-cultural standards and personal references. Also, the
perception of the urban environmental value is multidimensional because it is influenced
by the social characteristics, the physical space, and the environmental perception. And,
although the perception of value is personal to the individual, the value is also attributed
by the community from common points of view. Therefore, the urban socio-environmental
quality is related to the value that is attributed to the urban space by the community by
means of the relationships that are established between individuals and between these
and the urban environment, i.e. it is limited to the socio-environmental value rather than
the economic value (Carmona et al., 2002). Therefore, it is assumed that the urban socio-
environmental quality is developed by means of the urban dimensions, which include the
social aspects, the aspects of the urban form, and perceptive aspects, in addition to the
perception of the urban environmental value of a community and the identification of the
existence of aspects that attribute value in a certain residential neighborhood by those
who live there.
This article presents a study regarding how the urban socio-environmental quality of the
public spaces in residential neighborhoods can be influenced by the urban dimensions. To
achieve this, a case study was performed in the city of Vitória, the capital of the State of
Espírito Santo / Brazil, in a residential area composed of two neighborhoods – Jardim da
Penha and Mata da Praia, identified as being of high socio-environmental quality by the
liveability presented in their urban spaces over the years.
The study was performed from the perspective of socio-environmental value, and
investigated the urban dimensions through the quality of urban open spaces. The analysis
focused on the social aspects, the elements of urban form, the semantic perception
regarding the urban environment, and the perception of the socio-environmental value by
the residents. As a result, sets of urban elements were identified, including the urban
dimensions and their correlations with the perception of the socio-environmental value by
the users of the residential area, which allowed and encouraged the permanence of the
liveability in the residential neighborhoods. Design recommendations were proposed
based on the urban elements present in the residential area under examination that
contributed to the perception of the urban socio-environmental value.
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Figure 1. Residential area under examination. To the left is the Mata da Praia neighborhood and to
the right is the neighborhood of Jardim da Penha.
Source: http://www.leonelalbuquerque.com.br/leonelalbuquerque_new/cgi-bin/principal.asp.
Accessed July 2014.
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the movement in the public spaces, influenced by the diversity of trade, services and
facilities and by the availability of leisure areas. The urban layout that differentiates the
Jardim da Penha neighborhood from other locations in the city, combined with the
diversity of uses, configures an urban space that remains attractive for use and life in the
community.
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have a uniform type and characteristics that are unique to the urbanization plan, being
different from each other and distinct from other parts of the city. Area 3 accompanies the
morphological aspects of the nearby neighborhoods not only with respect to the type of
buildings but also regarding the occupation of the land, being, therefore, similar to the
Jardim da Penha neighborhood in that the land is almost entirely occupied by the buildings
and also similar to the surrounding residences of the Morada de Camburi neighborhood, to
the north. In Area 3, in addition to the presence of trade on the ground floor of the
buildings, there is a municipal park of 100,000 m², which attracts visitors from all the city
of Vitória and tourists.
Figure 3. Limits of the Mata da Praia neighborhood. Distribution of the different types of
occupation.
Source: adapted from the map of the neighborhood of Mata da Praia taken from the intranet of the
Municipal Government of Vitória, 2012.
The layout of the streets was designed so as to impede traffic parallel to the beach and the
diversion of the passage of vehicles from the shoreline avenue to the internal streets in
case the municipal authorities closed off the shoreline for the use of leisure activities,
festivities or other events. On the other hand, exclusive streets for pedestrians were
designed to provide access to the neighborhood on foot so that the residents could get
around without contact with traffic. The main streets of the neighborhood, perpendicular
to the shoreline, provide access to the local streets that end in a cul-de-sac, forming dozens
of small squares distributed throughout the neighborhood. A set of five large squares was
planned for the central region of the neighborhood, with an area exceeding 44,000 m². In
approximately half of this area, the restinga forest was preserved, with paths where the
native vegetation could be crossed. The other half of the area has leisure equipment and
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gardens. In Area 1, the superblocks are subdivided into lots, where each building occupies
30% of the lot, located in the center of the land, guaranteed by a lateral spacing of 8
meters, which results in the buildings having 16 meters of spacing from each other. In the
interior of the superblocks, private clubs are located that are exclusive to the residents of
the block. In 2010, the population of the Mata da Praia neighborhood was approximately
10,594 residents, occupying an area of about 1,352 km², with a gross density of 7.83
res/km² (IJSN, 2011).
3. THE SURVEY
The case study was performed in two stages. In the preliminary stage, maximum variation
sampling was used in interviews with open questions. The preliminary stage had the
objective of collecting qualitative information. To achieve this, a sample of twelve
residents from the residential area under examination was selected, with six residents
from each neighborhood. In the final stage of the survey, in order to assess quantitative
data regarding categorical variables, or qualitative variables, the calculation of simple
random sampling was used to obtain the minimum size of the sample. The sample was
composed of 176 interviewees. Because the quantities of interviewed residents and non-
residents were different, as was the population of each neighborhood, weighted averages
were calculated so that the residents and non-residents had the same representation and
the proportions referring to the population densities of each neighborhood were
maintained.
The identification of the social dimension, i.e. of the socio-cultural characteristics of the
residents and/or users of the neighborhoods under examination, was prepared by means
of the census data and by news reported in the main newspapers of the State of Espírito
Santo, in issues from the 1980s to the present. For this survey, news reports were selected
with information about the urban environment, excluding those reports identified as being
for promotional purposes. The neighborhood of Jardim da Penha has a population density
that is approximately three times greater than that of the Mata da Praia neighborhood,
20.85 res/km² and 7.83 res/km² respectively. The average number of residents per
household in the Jardim da Penha neighborhood is predominantly from 1.84 to 2.83,
whereas in the neighborhood of Mata da Praia, it is from 2.84 to 5.59. The population
density and the average number of residents per household indicate the different manners
of use of the public space. In the Jardim da Penha neighborhood, a larger movement of
people in the streets and a larger social interaction is noted, accentuated by the wide
option of trade, services and local facilities, which also attract non-residents to the
neighborhood. In the Mata da Praia neighborhood, the use of the public space is less
intense and is predominantly used for leisure, such as the practice of sports and meetings
of neighbors.
The survey of the characteristics of the urban form in the residential area under study was
developed with an analysis of the following elements: urban layout, use of land, building
type, density, transport connections, and infrastructure. For this purpose, in loco non-
structured observations and an analysis of documents were made. An interview with
Dirceu Carneiro, the architect who planned the Mata da Praia neighborhood, was
conducted to complement the analysis regarding the urbanistic references of the plan of
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the neighborhood. The dimensional analysis of the urban form included the completing of
questionnaires by the users of the neighborhoods about “how do you move around the
neighborhood”, “what are the spaces that you most frequent and experience” and “what do
you think is lacking in the neighborhood”. In both the neighborhoods, the form of use and
occupation of the lots shaped the relationships with the public space. In the Jardim da
Penha neighborhood, the street becomes an extension of the space of interaction and is the
leisure option for the residents in the neighborhood, as well as providing space for other
daily activities. In the Mata da Praia neighborhood, there are three significantly distinct
areas of use and occupation that establish different relationships with the urban space: the
superblocks with the 14-storey buildings, not only provide neighborly relationships
between the residents of the block, but also reinforce a distinction and distancing from the
public space; in the area of single-family households, the exclusive alleyways for
pedestrians, the small squares and the streets with a cul-de-sac encourage the coexistence
between residents and establish intermediary environments between the private space
and the public space with a greater movement of people, whereas in the area of 4-storey
buildings, the relationships resemble those of the neighborhood of Jardim da Penha.
For the identification of the perception of the users with respect to the urban space in the
neighborhoods under examination, investigation instruments were used in two stages of
the survey. In the preliminary stage, in a maximum variation sampling, through open
questions about perceptions of the quality of the urban environment in the
neighborhoods, semantic qualities were selected from the urban elements and general
impressions of the neighborhoods as they were mentioned on a recurring basis. With this
information, in the subsequent stage a questionnaire was prepared to evaluate the
perceptive dimension in the neighborhoods under analysis, where the interviewees
evaluated the semantic qualities related to the general impression of the neighborhood, to
the quality of the neighborhood for housing, to the elements of the urban form defined by
Dempsey et al. (2010), and to the structural and morphological categories of analysis of
the architecture of places established by Kohlsdorf (1995). Figure 4 presents a summary
of the semantic perception in the neighborhoods under examination.
For the identification of the desired socio-environmental value in the neighborhoods, i.e.
what would be an ideal neighborhood to live in as perceived by the users from pre-
selected value attributes (Conde, 2015), users were asked about the importance of each
attribute in an ideal neighborhood. The recurrence of affirmative answers for each
attribute made possible the identification of a hierarchy of desired value attributes (Tab.
1).
The identification of the received socio-environmental value, i.e. the judgment of value
about the experience in a certain neighborhood, was assessed by questionnaire. The
following question was asked: “Do you perceive this attribute in the neighborhood of
Jardim da Penha/Mata da Praia? (On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is not perceived and 5 is
fully perceived)”. A data collection form was used to record the answers about received
value. The recurrence of the answers was recorded for each attribute (aspect). This value
was multiplied by the equivalent weighting factor (1 to 5), divided by the number of
respondents, thereby obtaining an average for each attribute. There is a summary of the
results of the perceptions of socio-environmental value in the residential area under
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Figure 4. Summary of the results of semantic perception in the neighborhoods under examination.
The design recommendations for residential neighborhoods were prepared based on the
sets of urban elements identified in the area under study. In the presentation of the design
recommendations for residential neighborhoods of urban socio-environmental value, the
attributes of value are listed in hierarchical order. This indicates the design
recommendations of greatest potential in achieving based on the values which are
considered most appreciated by the community (Conde, 2015). Based on the theoretical
foundation, the repositioning of the attribute “Accessibility – Urban design that allows
inclusion” to the 8th position was considered relevant. Such attribute followed the
attribute “Pleasant-to-use sidewalks” due to the close relationship between these
attributes and the very meaning of community as the integration and sharing of space by
the residents.
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The proposed design recommendations highlight three aspects for the improvement of the
urban environmental quality: (i) the need to achieve diverse scales simultaneously; (ii) the
combination of several urban elements which attribute value to the residential urban
environment; and (iii) the need of complementation by non-physical initiatives that can
add value through actions of the municipal administration or initiatives from the
community, either by developing and improving local management systems or by
implementing specific programs or both.
Table 1. Summary of the perception of socio-environmental value in the residential area under
examination.
PERCEPTION PERCEPTION OF RECEIVED
VALUE ATTRIBUTE
OF DESIRED VALUE
(in hierarchical order)
VALUE J. PENHA M. PRAIA
1º Services of infrastructure: water, energy, gas
100.0% 4.4 4.5
and sewage
2º Meeting and leisure places 97.7% 3.9 3.4
3º Facility to locate and to move around 97.7% 2.7 3.3
4º Feeling of safety 97.7% 2.5 3.1
5º Variety of trade, services and facilities 97.2% 4.2 2.8* 3.8**
6º Feeling of tranquility 96.0% 2.9 3.5
7º Pleasant-to-use sidewalks 95.5% 3.0 3.4
8º Pollution-free environment 95.5% 2.6 2.7
9º Green areas and gardens 94.9% 3.0 3.5
10º Privacy 94.9% 3.0 3.3
11º Squares and leisure equipment for different
92.6% 3.5 3.2
ages
12º Accessibility – Design that allows inclusion 92.6% 2.8 3.1
13º Access to other parts of the city 90.3% 3.7 3.3
14º Preservation of the natural landscape 89.8% 2.7 3.2
15º Quiet streets and traffic 89.2% 2.8 4.3* 3.3**
16º More transport options 88.6% 3.1 2.6
17º Possibility of different routes 86.9% 3.7 3.4
18º Real estate with appreciation and easy to re-sell 85.8% 3.9 3.8
19º To feel part of the neighborhood 74.4% 2.9 3.0
20º Preservation of historical/cultural buildings 71.0% 1.9 2.3
21º Diversity of building types 54.0% 2.9 2.8
22º Streets with a large movement of people 44.3% 3.7 2.7
KEY
PERCEPTION OF DESIRED VALUE: Percentage of respondents that considered this value attribute
important in an ideal neighborhood.
PERCEPTION OF RECEIVED VALUE: 1 – Not perceived 2 – Rarely perceived
3 – Partially perceived 4 – Very perceived 5 – Fully perceived
(*) Areas 1 and 2: predominantly residential use
(**) Area 3: residential and commercial use
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4. CONCLUSIONS
In the residential area under investigation, the public spaces have been kept attractive for
use and social interaction for decades, where the community has established its identity
and lifestyle. It was also observed that the urban layout remained unaltered, absorbing the
population increase resulting from its occupation. Over the years, the urban layout has
supported the modifications taking place in the urban environment, and also contributed
to the liveability of the urban spaces. That was possible due to the characteristics of
permeability and, most of all, by the existence of transition spaces, from the private space
to the public space, where interpersonal relationships are promoted.
The recognition of the attributes of desired socio-environmental value consolidates the
concept of perception of urban environmental value, such as the balance between what
the community desires and what it is willing to forego. Therefore, a balance is sought
between the characteristics of the place, the expectations of the community, and the
concessions that it is prepared to make. In order to achieve that, it is interesting that
residential neighborhoods have distinct hierarchies of activities in the public space, where
the busiest sections coexist with quieter ones.
The compositions of the urban dimensions contribute to the environmental quality in
residential neighborhoods, the value of which is perceived by the community. The
attributes of value organized in hierarchical order allow for the indication of design
recommendations of greater potential in achieving based on the values which are
considered most appreciated by the community. The design recommendations for
residential neighborhoods were prepared based on the sets of urban elements identified
in the area under investigation. Therefore, they apply to the identified context. Hopefully,
these recommendations can contribute to a greater socio-environmental value in new
residential neighborhoods, as well as maintain and improve the urban environmental
quality in the existing neighborhoods.
REFERENCES
Carmona, M., Magalhães, C., Edward, M. 2002. What value urban design? Urban Design International.
7, 63-81, London.
Coelho, A.B. 2005. Humanização e vitalização do espaço público, revista infohabitar, Lisboa.
Conde, K.M. 2015. Dimensões urbanas e percepção de valor socioambiental em bairros
habitacionais: o caso de Vitória - ES. Tese (Doutorado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura,
Tecnologia e Cidade. Unicamp. Campinas, SP.
Del Rio, V. & Siembieda, W. (org.) 2013. Desenho urbano contemporâneo no Brasil. 1. ed. Rio de
Janeiro: LTC.
Dempsey, et al. 2010. Elements of urban form, in Jenks; Jones. Dimensions of the sustainable city.
Future city. 2, 21-51. United Kingdom.
IJSN. 2011. Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves. Vescovi, A.P.V. Censo demográfico 2010 – Indicadores
dos bairros do município de Vitória. IJSN. Ano IV. No. 45.
Kohlsdorf, M.E. 1995. Condições ambientais de leitura visual. Série Saúde & Tecnologia – Textos de
apoio à programação física dos estabelecimentos assistenciais de saúde. Ministério da Saúde. Brasília.
Norberg-Schulz, C. 1975. Existencia, Espacio y Arquitectura, Barcelona, Editorial Blume, trad. Adrian
Margarit.
Qawasmeh, R. 2014. Identification of the quality of urban life assessment aspects in residential
neighbourhoods in Doha. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 191, 391-402, United
Kingdom.
1492
The search for self-sustainability: The case of Campina
community
ABSTRACT: The stress experienced by most people who live in the big cities of Brazil
points to housing solutions that consider the scale of inhabitants per km2 as a major
criterion. New forms of housing, which have their projects focused on the well-being of
their occupants, must be inserted in housing systems that represent in a rational way
people’s day by day. In this context, the ecological communities’ movement represents a
new way of man-house-environment integration, with highlights on the search for self-
sustainability. The aim of this study is to present the Campina community, an ecological
housing structure integrated to a forestry recovery process, installed next to the Chapada
Diamantina National Park in Bahia – Brazil, since 1991. The development of the
community was based in experimentations of organic agriculture techiniques and
colective decision processes. The community was formed as a housing project integrating
shelters and facilities in a circular organization shape that provides the optimization of
internal displacement of its occupants, social interaction and exchange of information. In
this work, the community is associated with principles of organization and methods with
environmental guidelines, in order to show how to minimize both the impacts of
installation and existence of the communities. After the description and analysis of the
elements related to the infrastructure construction, rational use of natural resources and
self-management procedures, a model was created. This model shows some found
solutions to building environmentally adapted housing and a set of practices that are
aimed at achieving self-sustainability at various levels.
Keywords Self-sustainability, environmental recovery, bioconstruction.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The world has changed very fast in many aspects after the 19th century industrial
revolution. We watched many transformations experienced by most people in all countries,
some more than others, but the main process has reached all places, touching
communities, families and the general population. In the trail of the technological progress
of our civilization, we forgot some aspects of life that now, many years after the great
industrial boom, have showed how confused we were with our methods in the past.
Today’s modern way of life has led us to live in rushed times, ever late and stressed. Of
course, there are many different places to live in the world, each with its level of stress,
and each with its pleasures and fun. People choose where to live considering many criteria
that seem more important. When we make a deep analysis of this question, we can find
many situations that are “illusions”, created to maintain people captive and tamed. As
Aldous Huxley predicted, our society would be dominated by the things that we love. In
the path of sustainable life, we are discarding all unnecessary stuff and proceedings to get
a better energy balance.
Nowadays our social science knows that men and women together compose communities
and these groupings have some needs and conditions to remain connected. This is true
from small groups to big cities. When we talk about sustainable communities, there are
two main concepts to discuss: community and sustainability. In this work these concepts
will appear at all times, within their more general acceptance, including a specific case-
study on the Campina community experience. Some aspects of the community
infrastructure and social design are focused to obtain a simple model of a sustainable
community.
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Toward the natural life in communities, Botta (2015) brought into the discussion the
concept of slow life, which is a good way to avoid stressful situations, giving a better level
of satisfaction in many different environments. In a modern point of view of sustainable
communities, English (2015) presents the natural destination of all communities to
becoming a learning center, with a focus on community-based education for sustainable
development. The Campina community is an example of a learning center formed on
twenty five years of studies and practices of self-sustainable techniques.
Figure 1: The Campina community location related to the Chapada Diamantina National Park. Image: Google
earth and SAM (2016).
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During the period of 1987-1988, a small group of people came to live in the Capão Valley,
almost inside the Chapada Diamantina National Park. These people quickly met in joint
efforts to work, sing, have fun and discuss aspects of spirituality and ecology, making a
logistic structure that has provided good and effective results of the collective work. So, in
1991 the community land was purchased by one of these people, and the group was
invited to live in this space and to create the community.
In 1991, the community land and soil were very degraded, by many decades of extensive
crops of coffee, draining most part of the rich soil of the original forests. After that, the
coffee disappeared, but native people used many animals to work and they needed large
areas for pasture. That meant burning the fields two or three times per year. The
biodiversity was very poor and there was a thin layer of organic soil, with some dominant
plants that have provided an amount of organic matter. The kitchen area had no trees (Fig.
2 left) and all of the trees that are in this area today were planted, irrigated and protected
to make the current environment (Fig. 2 right) of the kitchen.
Figure 2: The same point of view of the Campina's kitchen, in 1991 (left) and 2016 (right). Photos: Campina
collection (left), Helder Munay (right).
Having “received” a piece of hard degraded land, the main objective of the Campina
community was established as to promote the environmental recovery of the land space,
considering: the application of less impacting engineering; adoption of natural feeding and
style; decision making by consensus; development of a new economic system; and to live
according to “the spiritual purpose of life”. The first agreements were created based on
common sense, with a continuous development process. The set of tasks was distributed
among people observing individual skills, making use of collective dedication to the heavy
jobs.
After some time we understood that there was a set of resources needed, such as water,
soil, organic matter, food, energy and tools, that we should have, in a reasonable level of
self-sustainability.
The solutions were represented by: water harvesting in the mountain; use of the richer
soil, that was near to the river, to utilize some amount of sediment deposits; organic
matter production was made with extensive use of tall grass species, with large
production of leaves; buying or exchanging food items in wholesale; developing solar and
wind energy systems; building and keeping a work place and organization for tools.
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The number of people living in Campina was been dynamic, varying from fifteen to thirty-
five. Nowadays, there are seven residents, seven candidates to resident, five visitors and
three children.
Figure 3: Main structure of central kitchen, community constructions, agroforestry systems and residential
area in Campina community.
Inside the mandala model, around the kitchen, the Campina community infrastructure has
a workplace office, kitchen garden, children´s school, compost area, visitors’ lodging and
camping, firewood cutting and storing place, herbarium and natural cosmetics small
factory, agroforestry systems and a social restroom. These components are integrated in a
simple way of life that uses natural resources with a minimal impact in the environment,
helping the recovery of the regional flora and wildlife. This structure helps to maintain a
closed life-cycle in the use of natural resources, taking advantage of all Campina’s residues,
in an integrated fertilization process.
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An important part of the sustainable structure of the community is its waste treatment
system. Seadon (2010) says that a well-planned waste system can increase the energy
balance in any place. Campina community has experienced many forms to get a solution
for the human waste in the past 25 years. Nowadays, the community uses
evapotranspiration septic tanks (Paulo et al, 2013) in residential buildings and a rotating
restroom (Fig. 4) to avail human waste in fruit crops.
Figure 4: Social restroom with human waste utilization on fruit trees fertilization. Photo: Helder Munai.
The main idea of using “circle” structures makes the difference. For example, in the
Campina kitchen, a firewood stove is used for cooking (Carvalho et al, 2013). There are
many advantages to this, because the region is cold and the stove generates an amount of
desired heat in the kitchen. At the same time, the stove has an oven attached for baking.
Also, the stove has a fruit dryer and a water heater. The wood supply is in continuous
growth because the forests are preserved. So, the community is almost self-sustainable in
renewable energy consumption.
4. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
The social organization of the group that lives in the community is based on the
stratification of the responsibilities face to the tasks, activities and decisions, day by day. A
person who wants to live in the community begins the candidate process being a “visitor”.
A visitor is a person who is in the initial stage and at this time, he needs to observe and
follow the orientation of the “residents”.
As visitors, people in Campina are oriented to work in many different jobs, to understand
at least the general way to work. This period is completed in 30 days, divided in three
sections of ten days, when the visitors are evaluated by all the people in the community. If
the visitor is well evaluated after the first thirty days, then he can be considered a
“residential candidate”.
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6. CONCLUSIONS
The main conclusion is that the sustainable community process is a long process. Since
1991 the Campina residents and visitor groups have been working, protecting, dancing,
singing, and caring for a small piece of land, with dedication, happiness, sweat and tears.
This work aimed to show the main aspects of the Campina community, in its search for
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self-sustainability. But, the knowledge inside the Campina experience is that the
community is formed by people, and modern people are made up of a very complex set of
emotions, desires, expectations, passions, happiness and sadness.
Because the community is strongly dependent on the people, it is not a linear process, with
well-defined solutions. Each case is one case. In this work, we tried to show some
ecological aspects that were used to build the “Campina’s way of life.” These aspects were
discovered, based on theoretical materials, such as books and rural magazines, but they
had a big experimentation field in the degraded land of Capão Valley, in Chapada
Diamantina, Brazil. Many people contributed to the community, in these past 25 years. Of
course, the community is a collective construction.
The environmental recovery process is our way for whole life, not only to the community,
but as a current directive to be used in this degraded world. The Campina community is
part of this post-carbon age, with simplicity and happiness.
REFERENCES
Al-Dahir, A. et al. 2009. A Holistic Approach to Sustainable Community Development in the
Developing World, Master Thesis, Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden.
Batool, U. 2014, Evolution towards Multidiscipline Sustainable Development- A Social Inclusion in
Developing Economies. International Journal of Research, 1(6): 424-432.
Botta, M. 2015. Evolution of the slow living concept within the models of sustainable communities.
Futures 80: 3-16.
Carvalho, R. L. et al. 2013. Wood-burning stoves in low-carbon dwellings. Energy and Buildings 59:
244-251.
Davies, A. 2002. Power, politics and networks: shaping partnerships for sustainable communities.
Area 34(2): 190-203.
Diegues, A. C. 2003. Sociedades e comunidades sustentáveis. NUPAUB/USP. Found in: http://www.
usp.br/nupaub/comsust1.pdf. Access in 24/02/2016.
English, L. M. 2015. Communities in action: lifelong learning for sustainable development. IACE Hall
of Fame Repository. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Kitchen, L. & Marsden, T. 2011. Constructing sustainable communities: a theoretical exploration of
the bio-economy and eco-economy paradigms. Local Environment 16(8): 753-769.
Paulo, P. L., et al. 2013. Natural systems treating greywater and blackwater on-site: Integrating
treatment, reuse and landscaping. Ecological Engineering 50: 95-100.
SAM. 2016. South American Map, available in: <http://www.cantagaloecoaventura.com/#!parque-
nacional-cd/c6sh>. Access in 10/05/2016.
Seadon J. K. 2010. Sustainable waste management systems. Journal of Cleaner Production 18(16):
1639-1651.
Venugopal, J. 2012. Vastu Purusha Mandala: A human ecological framework for designing living
environments. Advances in Architecture and Civil Engineering 2(1): 870-877.
1500
Elaboração de um mapa acústico na área central do
Município de Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brasil
Alessandro Alves
URI, Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Frederico Westphalen (RS), Brasil
alessandro@uri.edu.br
Gabriela Sturzbecher
URI, Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Frederico Westphalen (RS), Brasil
gabysturz@hotmail.com
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1. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA
Os elementos básicos, explanados nos itens ditos pelo autor supracitado, apenas salientam
que a composição urbana é feita com elementos pontuais modificadores e condicionadores
do espaço, bem como elementos comumente encontrados e que caracterizam de forma geral
o conceito de cidade. Tem-se assim, por exemplo, as questões geofísicas e fauno-florísticas
que condicionam a conjuntura urbana, e trazem identidade a determinado município e/ou
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região, bem como os as questões sociais e construídas, que ainda que caracterizem o
conjunto, podem ser modificadas e são genericamente encontradas em diversas cidades.
A malha urbana, constituída pelo conjunto de construções, variando dentre prédios e
residências podem ter características induzidas pelos elementos regionais e culturais, que
também são alterados conforme a sociedade, num fluxo constante. Todavia, o que mantém
a vitalidade deste conjunto de ações são os elementos diferenciados existentes no conjunto
e que proporcionam à população melhor qualidade de vida.
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do Meio Ambiente, no seu art. 3º, vê-se que a poluição sonora se enquadra no item e pelo
fato de o som se propagar e transportar energia através do meio (Gerges, 2000).
Em suma, através do atendimento integral do problema de ruído, como uma ferramenta
constituinte do planejamento de cidades, constitui-se a chave que abrirá a porta para o
caminho do equilíbrio ambiental.
Figura 2. Marcação das vias da área de estudo. Fonte: Adaptado do Plano Diretor de
Desenvolvimento Integrado de Frederico Westphalen (Ferrari, 2010).
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A duração das medições adotada foi de 5 minutos, tempo suficiente indicado para obtenção
dos NPS (Nível de Pressão Sonora) e do desnível médio em cada ponto, possibilitando desta
forma uma análise completa dos dados. Os dias escolhidos visaram mostrar a realidade
urbana da cidade, sendo assim, foram feitas as medições em dias típicos, sendo estes: 23, 24
e 25 de maio de 2016.
Ainda, a fim de esclarecer a metodologia utilizada e elucidar a marcação dos pontos nas vias
de estudo, na figura 3 são apresentados os pontos onde foram realizadas as medições, sendo
estes identificados como, por exemplos, P1 ou P25, e também é apresentado a distância
entre os pontos, como pode-se verificar nas cotas, buscou-se distâncias equivalentes entre
os pontos de uma mesma quadra.
Figura 3. Marcação dos pontos nas vias de estudo. Fonte: Adaptado do Plano Diretor de
Desenvolvimento Integrado de Frederico Westphalen (Ferrari, 2010).
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foram obtidas as médias nos três períodos, sendo respectivamente, matutino, vespertino e
noturno: 66,7dB (A), 61,4dB (A) e 59dB (A).
Além das médias, cabe destacar os níveis máximos de pressão sonora obtidos no ponto, que
ficaram entre 83dB (A) e 77dB (A), estes estão relacionados diretamente à freadas e
acelerações bruscas, bem como buzinas decorrentes do fluxo viário. Cabe ressaltar também,
a existência de uma escola nas proximidades, e sendo esta de educação infantil, é notável
que o fluxo se intensifique nos horários de entrada e saída dos alunos.
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Cabendo ressaltar que o desconforto acústico se torna menor e que este influencia também
nas edificações locais, observou-se que é contemplado um maior número de residências e
estas se situam mais próximas da via.
4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Através do levantamento inicial, foi possível conhecer as características básicas da via
principal do centro, a Rua do Comercio, que em relação ao nível de pressão sonora, se
encontrava em desacordo com a norma. Para melhor compreensão das causas, e da
influencia dos fluxos na região, optou-se por realizar a medição em todo o centro urbano.
Adotou-se assim a realização de medições em duas vias paralelas a esta, a Rua Monsenhor
Vitor Batistela e a Rua Miguel Couto, para que desta forma houvesse a caracterização fiel da
área central do município. Visando que as conclusões acerca dos níveis de pressão sonora
auxiliaram a verificar questões como a relação existente entre o fluxo e o sentido das vias e
até mesmo a relação com as edificações existentes. Foram obtidas as médias de cada via nos
três períodos, sendo estas:
Tabela 1. Nível de pressão sonora média obtida nas medições.
Via Manhã Tarde Noite
Rua Monsenhor V. 63,1dB (A) 60,8dB (A) 57,1dB (A)
Rua do Comercio 64,6dB (A) 61,8dB (A) 64,8dB (A)
Rua Miguel Couto 61,3dB (A) 58dB (A) 55dB (A)
A tabela 2 apresenta os níveis indicados pela norma ABNT – NBR 10.151, e na tabela 3 é
possível verificar os níveis indicados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Em ambas
as normas o nível de pressão sonora recomendada é inferior ao verificado na área de estudo,
sendo possível constatar a irregularidade local, o que caracteriza o fluxo como inapropriado
para questões tangentes a saúde urbana.
Tabela 2: Nível de critério de avaliação NCA para ambientes externos, em dB (A), segundo a NBR 10151:2000.
Tipos de áreas Diurno Noturno
Áreas de sítios e fazendas. 40 35
Área estritamente residencial urbana ou de hospitais ou de escolas. 50 45
Área mista, predominantemente residencial. 55 50
Área mista, com vocação comercial e administrativa. 60 55
Área mista, com vocação recreacional. 65 55
Área predominantemente industrial. 70 60
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a obrigatoriedade só é tida a partir de 20.000 habitantes, onde nesta etapa o centro urbano
já se encontra com problemas, cuja resolução muitas vezes não é mais possível, a
necessidade de planejamento desde o inicio da urbanização reduziria os impactos
ambientais e diminuiria os danos com relação a conforto urbano.
Visando que o planejamento de uma cidade não é feito somente para o presente, mas sim
visando o futuro almejado para a dispersão da malha e as condições de conforto que dever-
se-ão ser mantidas no espaço, traz-se à tona o planejamento urbano de Frederico
Westphalen. Este se mostra ineficiente com relação ao fluxo viário, pois apesar da cidade
ser de pequeno porte, apresenta já grandes níveis de pressão sonora em função do transito
local, conforme visto nas medições realizadas.
É com este intuito que o mapa acústico para o município vem como ferramenta de
planejamento e gestão urbana, pois através deste é possível fazer a verificação dos pontos
de conflito e dispersão e propor novas diretrizes urbanísticas que melhorem as questões de
conforto ambiental.
REFERÊNCIAS
ALLPE, Médio Ambiente. Mapas acústicos. Disponível em
<http://www.allpe.com/seccion_detalle.php?idseccion=371>. Acessado em: 22/03/2014.
ALVES, Alessandro. 2013. Desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta para análise do estudo de impacto
de vizinhança na área de emissões sonoras. Dissertação de mestrado. Santa Maria: UFSM.
AMADORA. Agencia Portuguesa do Ambiente. Ministério da Agricultura, do Mar, do Ambiente e do
Ordenamento do Território, 2011. Diretrizes para elaboração de mapas de ruído. Versão 3. Amadora,
Grande Lisboa.
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 10.151: Avaliação do nível do ruído em áreas
habitadas visando o conforto da comunidade. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT, 2000.
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 15575: Edificações Habitacionais –
Desempenho. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT, 2013.
BRASIL. Lei Federal nº 6.938, de 31 de agosto de 1981. Dispõe sobre a política Nacional do Meio
Ambiente, seus fins e mecanismos de formulação e aplicação, e das outras providencias. Diário Oficial
da União, Brasília, DF, 02 de setembro de 1981. Disponível
em:<http://www.presidencia.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L6938.htm>. Acessado em 20/03/2014.
GERGES, S. N.Y. Ruído: Fundamentos e Controle. 2. ed. Florianópolis: UFSC, NR Editora, 2000. 600 e
676p.
LIMA, Simone de Nazaré Dias Pena, 2011. Análise de danos subjetivos do ruído urbano na população
de Belém – PA. Dissertação de Mestrado. Belém: UNAMA.
NAGEM, Miriam Pompeu, 2004. Mapeamento e análise do ruído ambiental: diretrizes e metodologia.
Dissertação de Mestrado. Campinas: UNICAMPI.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Night Noise Guidelines for Europe. Copenhagen: s. n.,
2009.
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Analysis of sustainability in the Brazilian housing
production: The case of AP4 - Rio de Janeiro
ABSTRACT: The study presents a brief analysis of the sustainability conditions related to
housing production in Brazil having as study area the region of the West Zone of Rio de
Janeiro City administratively known as Planning Area 4 - AP4, where the neighborhoods of
greatest population growth in the first decade of this century are situated. For the analysis
in question social, economic, energy and environmental indicators were established, which
identified disparate socioeconomic results in the region as opposed to the exponential
growth of the real estate market intended for middle and high income classes in the region.
The result points to the urgent transformation in the construction industry mode of
production in Brazil and aims at achieving greater energy and environmental efficiency with
positive impacts on the socioeconomic factors.
Keyword Sustainability , housing, energy efficiency.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The City of Rio de Janeiro concentrates a population of approximately 6.4 million people, of
which 1.4 million people live in 763 slums in Rio, i.e. over 20% of city dwellers live in slums
according to IBGE data - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Much of this
population living in slums live in subnormal situation without access to urban
infrastructure, mobility, health and safety, and a significant portion is located in the
Planning Area 4 - AP4 in the metropolitan area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, which will be
the focus of the study carried out.
The AP4 region is one that suffers greatest pressure from the housing market for the
expansion of housing supply and commercial centers boasting a population growth of
around 70% in the last decade. Moreover, the construction environment in that region is
represented by the traditional building industry, characterized by low innovation and by
repetition techniques as well as high-energy consumption and low environmental quality
materials, contrary to the triad of sustainability which calls for environmental, social and
economic balance.
In this scenario the focus in question analyzes the concept of human environment - scenario
of social relations and the main stage of the interventions resulting from its transformation,
where the Construction Industry plays a major role in the reproduction of the built
environment featuring strong contribution both in energy consumption and the equivalent
CO2 emissions, and on the other hand, accentuating the strong social inequality and the
meager access to quality urban infrastructure resulting from urban sprawl.
To achieve the proposed analysis we established socioeconomic and energy-environmental
indicators represented respectively by demographic profile, subnormal occupations and
Social Development Index (SDI) of the study area, and by the energy intensity and CO2
equivalent emissions in the residential construction sector in order to evaluate the urban
development and environmental conditions of the region according to global sustainability
criteria.
2. PROBLEM BACKGROUND
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Figure 1. Brazilian population and population projections: 1900-2100 . ( Source : IBGE . In: Alves s /
d)
On the other hand, urban policies in Brazil support the National Housing Policy - PNH,
especially through the Federal Law No. 10.257 / 2001, known as the City Statute, which
establishes general guidelines on the Brazilian urban policy. According to this instrument
the full development of the social functions of the city and of urban property is highlighted
and sustainability (environmental, social and economic) stands out with a view to adopting
production guidelines and consumption patterns of goods and services and urban
expansion compatible with the limits of environmental, social and economic sustainability
of the municipality and the territory under its area of influence (Brazil 2001).
Specifically in relation to sustainability, the PNH actions refer to the Brazilian Program of
Quality and Productivity of Habitat (PBQP-H), which despite involving quality improvement
actions of products and services through company certification, opposing technical non-
compliance in the use of building materials and stimulating the production of more
sustainable materials and innovative construction systems, do not represent a systematic
change in the construction industry to indicate a significant reduction in the use of
environmental resources, especially energy, which is still inconsistent in meeting
socioeconomic and environmental requirements as they cannot reduce the strong anomaly
related to substandard settlements and lack of adequate infrastructure and urban mobility.
In reference to the subnormal agglomerates comprising a wide diversity of irregular
settlements in Brazil known as favelas, invasions, grottoes, lowlands, communities, villages,
undertow areas, hovels, stilt houses, among others (Ibge 2010), it is important to highlight
that the more developed regions of the country, such as the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Sao
Paulo, are those with the highest percentage of occurrence as shown in Figure 2. This
indicates a distortion in the application of resources affecting the social development and
consequently having negative impacts on the environment.
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Figure 2. Population distribution in subnormal agglomerates, and the total proportion to the total
population in subnormal settlements , according to the metropolitan areas - 2010 ( Source : IBGE
2010) .
2.3 Methodology
Aiming at the development of the analysis according to the indicators presented in Section
2.2 the main elements involved in the production of the built environment were initially
identified: socio-spatial organization (item 1) and materials used in construction (item 2).
Item 1, which refers to socioeconomics, considers the socio-spatial organization of both the
architectural object individually and the built environment, and includes the social,
economic and development characteristics of the studied region. In order to obtain the
results, census data from IBGE between the years 2000 and 2010 as well as socioeconomic
information on the AP4 obtained from the Pereira Passos Institute (IPP, 2015) were used.
Data were analyzed according to the allocation of public funds versus the situation of
informality and access to urban infrastructure.
Item 2, concerning energy and environment, refers to the use of construction materials as
the main consumption factor in the construction industry, the most used materials and
higher energy content for the production of cement, red ceramics, steel and aggregates .
The figures used for the calculation of energy indicators were taken from the National
Energy Balance (EPE, 2010) and included the energy inputs for the production process of
each material. As for the calculation of environmental indicators IPCC (Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, 2010) carbon emissions indexes were considered.
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The calculations were made from the identification of each energy source used in the
production sub-sector of the material, and accounting of consumption for each ton of the
produced material in 2010. From the result of energy consumption per input, the
corresponding emission of CO2eq according to data provided by the IPCC in 2010 was
calculated. The results allow us to observe the total energy consumption and emissions of
CO2e per ton of material, and therefore, per square meter (m2) built with a view to standard
conventional construction.
Figure 3. Subnormal occupations and slums at AP4 (Source: Modified LPP 2015b).
In Rio de Janeiro City the majority of the population with income ranging between 0 and 3
minimum wages is concentrated in neighborhoods located in the north and west of the city
such as Jacarepagua and Vargem Grande, both located in AP4. According to data presented
by Plácido & Ambrosio (2013) the AP4 registered a growth of 72.7 per cent in the 20 years
between 1991 and 2010, consolidating the region as the most representative to the housing
growth in Rio de Janeiro. To get an idea of the importance of the city of Rio de Janeiro and
Planning Area 4, respectively, it is estimated that in 2020, the resident population will be,
respectively, 6,661,359 inhabitants and 1,077,930 inhabitants (IPP 2015a).
Figure 4. Population in Rio de Janeiro City. (Source: Placido & Ambrósio 2013).
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Figure 4 shows the density per district in the city of Rio de Janeiro (darker areas with higher
density) indicating that the AP4 region is among the most populated with over 100,000
inhabitants. To meet this growth all the housing production in the last decades in AP4 was
based mostly on the traditional field of construction, which can be translated into the use of
traditional materials such as ceramic and / or concrete sealing blocks and reinforced
concrete structures. In Brazil the construction industry shows low modernization
initiatives, perpetuating the use of materials and techniques in intensive energy use (Table
5) and, consequently, large emitters of C02. This mindset of low flexibility and high
concentration of energy is characteristic of traditional building of low sustainability.
As shown in Table 1 in 2014 occupancy permit was obtained for 1,012,994m2 intended for
residential use in the Planning Area 4, which is an energy intensity over 28,000 toe for
housing construction. In the year 2010 the energy intensity of construction in AP4 reached
figures close to 40,000 toe. That is, the energy present in residential construction in AP4 in
2010 was equivalent to 169,235.89MWh, which would be enough to supply a city of 400,000
inhabitants for one year.
Table 1. Housing production and overall energy intensity between 2010 and 2014 - Planning Area 4.
AP4 - Rio de Janeiro
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Regarding the formation of slums (subnormal census tract), it is observed that there is a
greater demand for allocation of public resources in infrastructure due to the substantial
and unplanned increase of the resident population. Moreover, in Rio de Janeiro at AP4
(studied planning area), there is a substantial loss of forests (tree and shrub cover), field
(grassy-woody cover), areas subject to flooding and unbuilt areas. It should be noted that a
great part of the forest and field that subtracted in the period 2008-2010 is located in the
Planning Areas 4 and 5, which is explained by the strong presence of this use in these areas.
Still, with respect to AP4, there is a significant loss of forest to favela (this is an area
surrounded by Tijuca and Pedra Branca Massif, which has a large number of forests within
its urban area). To get an idea, in this period the AP4 lost 9.7 hectares of forest (tree and
shrub cover) and 5.3 hectares to the slums (IPP, 2012).
At Table 3 we can see the area occupied by slums registered in Rio de Janeiro and AP4,
between 2008 and 2010. In 2010 15% of such slums were located in AP4.
Table 3. Area occupied by slums registered in Rio de Janeiro and AP4
Municipality (RJ) and AP4 Area (m²)
Finally, as to the SDI (Social Development Index), there is an improvement (Table 4). The
major real estate projects in Barra da Tijuca, especially residential ones geared towards
classes with higher income levels (this region is classified as medium-high socio-economic
development), were responsible for the improvement of the SDI, but even so, many aspects
were not resolved, among which are sanitation and transport (Cruz et al. 2014).
Table 4. Social Development Index (SDI) in Rio de Janeiro, at AP 4, Planning Area, Administrative Region,
Neighbourhoods and City - 2000 e 2010.
City (RJ), AP4, Planning Areas, Administrative Regions IDS (2000) IDS (2010)
and Neighbourhoods
Rio de Janeiro City 0.58 0.61
Planning Area 4 0.58 0.62
Administrative Region 4.1 - Jacarepaguá 0.56 0.59
XVI Jacarepaguá 0.57 0.60
XXXIV Cidade de Deus 0.53 0.56
Planning Area 4.2 - Barra da Tijuca 0.61 0.67
XXIV Barra da Tijuca 0.61 0.67
Barra da Tijuca 076 0.76
Source: Modified IPP by Census IBGE.
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Table 6. Intensity Energy (tEP) by subsector of the building industry / m2 and a total in AP4 - 2010.
Subsector
tEP/m2 tEP AP4
2010 2010
Cement 0.0110309637 14,695.42
Iron/Steel 0.0023644938 3,149.97
Ceramic 0.0037132353 4,946.76
Aggregates 0.0065321077 8,702.05
Roofing 0.0494666700 5,737.69
Total 37,231.90
Source: Development from Cruz et al. 2004.
Table 7 presents a result of C02eq emissions above 170 thousand tons in 2010, which is
0.26% of the cumulative emissions that year in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro State,
including all productive sectors according Inventory of GHG emissions in Rio de Janeiro
state, published by the Climate Center (2013).
Table 7. CO2eq emissions by sub-sector of the building industry in Brazil and in full AP4 in 2010.
Sector
ton CO2eq / m2 ton CO2eq AP4
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In financial resources the value could be estimated at approximately EUR $ 26.00 per CO2eq
ton avoided, representing EUR $ 4.5 million, or equivalent to the cost of production of 200
standard 46m2 MCMV affordable housing (Cruz et all, 2014), which would serve a
population of approximately 1,000 people with income between 0 and 3 minimum wages,
which is the poorest group of the population.
4. CONCLUSION
Analysed sectors show the importance of housing construction in Brazil, particularly given
the population growth scenario expected by the middle of XXI century in the higher growth
areas such as Planning Area 4 - AP4 in Rio de Janeiro. As seen above this scenario indicates
a power consumption estimate of 1.77TWh every decade, i.e. in five decades 8.5TWh would
be needed only to supply the market of housing construction in AP4. As for the greenhouse
gas emissions (GGE) in the housing construction sector in AP4 it could represent the
equivalent of EUR $ 45 million in each decade, enough to build more than 10,000 affordable
housing by 2050.
O contexto estudado indica a necessidade de alterações subtanciais no modo de produção
da indústria de contrução civil no Brasil buscando a redução significativa dos recursos
energéticos e ambientiais com a adoção de tecnologias e materiais de menor intensidade
energética e consequente redução de emissões de GEE o que pode proporcionar a redução
dos impactos negativos sobre o meio socioeconômico e ambiental com a melhoria no
cenário de sustentabilidade no Brasil.
The studied context indicates the need for substantial changes in the production mode of
building industry in Brazil seeking a significant reduction of energy and environmental
resources, with the adoption of less energy-intensive technologies and materials and
consequent reduction of GHG emissions which may provide the reduction of negative
impacts on the socio-economic and environmental aspects, as well as the improvement in
the sustainability scenario in Brazil.
REFERENCES
Alves, J.E.D. S/d. Crescimento populacional zero no Brasil no século XXI. Available in:
<http://www.ie.ufrj.br/aparte/pdfs/crescimento_populacional_zero_no_brasil_no_seculo_xxi.pdf>.
Access: 22/04/2015.
Anicer [Associação Nacional da Indústria Cerâmica]. Produção cerâmica no Brasil. Available in:
<http://portal.anicer.com.br/setor>. Access: 22/04/2015.
Brasil. Lei nº 10,257/2001. Regulates the art. 182 e 183 da Constituição Federal, establishes general
guidelines for urban policy and other measures. Brasilia : Dou.
Carvalho Rosken. 2015. Construção do Condomínio Ilha Pura - Vila dos Atletas 2016. Available in:
<http://www.carvalhohosken.com.br/ilha-pura-0>. Access: 23/04/2015.
Cruz, A.B.S. et al. 2004. Metodologia para cálculo da sustentabilidade ambiental e energética no
ambiente construído. In X Congresso Brasileiro de Energia. Rio de Janeiro: Cbe.
Cruz, A.B.S., Campos, A.F. & Baylac, N.S.C. 2014. As qualidades do morar: uma abordagem sobre a
sustentabilidade na arquitetura habitacional brasileira. In Habitar 2014. Belo Horizonte: Habitar.
Epe [Empresa de Pesquisa Energética]. 2011. Balanço energético nacional: ano base 2010. Rio de
Janeiro: Epe.
Epe [Empresa de Pesquisa Energética]. 2014. Balanço energético nacional: ano base 2013. Rio de
Janeiro: Epe.
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Galdo, R. 2011. Rio é a cidade com maior população em favelas do Brasil. Políticas habitacionais estão
longe de atender à demanda por moradias na cidade. In O Globo. Available in:
<http://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/rio-a-cidade-com-maior-populacao-em-favelas-do-brasil-
3489272#ixzz3YXQ6dVE8>. Access: 27/04/2015.
Ibge [Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística]. 2010. Censo Demográfico. Brasília: Ibge.
Available in:
<http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/93/cd_2010_caracteristicas_populacao_do
micilios.pdf>. Access: 27/04/2015.
Ipp [Instituto Pereira Passos]. 2012. Variação da área de favela em relação ao uso do solo no período
2004-2009. Notas Técnicas IPP-Rio 7. Rio de Janeiro: Ipp.
Ipp [Instituto Pereira Passos]. 2015a. Armazém de dados. Rio de Janeiro: Ipp. Available in:
<http://www.armazemdedados.rio.rj.gov.br/>. Access: 22/04/2015.
Ipp [Instituto Pereira Passos]. 2015b. Mapas. Rio de Janeiro: Ipp. Available in:
http://portalgeo.rio.rj.gov.br/mapa_digital_rio/?config=config/ipp/usosolo.xml. Access:
22/04/2015.
Mme [Ministério de Minas e Energia]. 2011a. Anuário estatístico do setor metalúrgico: ano base 2010.
Brasília: Sgm.
Mme [Ministério de Minas e Energia]. 2011b. Anuário estatístico de transformação de não metálicos:
ano base 2010. Brasília: Sgm.
Placido, D.T. & Ambrósio, L.L. 2013. Sensoriamento remoto infravermelho termal: contribuições para
o estudo do clima urbano. In XIII Simpósio Nacional de Geografia Urbana. Rio de Janeiro: Uerj.
Rovere, E.L.L. 2013. Inventário de emissões de GEE do estado do Rio de Janeiro – 2010 e análise da
evolução das emissões de 2005 a 2010. Rio de Janeiro: Centro Clima/Coppe/Ufrj.
Silva, G. 2006. Processo de ocupação urbana da Barra da Tijuca (RJ): problemas ambientais, conflitos
sócio-econômicos, impactos ambientais urbanos. Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção. Campinas:
Unicamp.
Smu-RJ [Secretaria Municipal de Urbanismo]. 2010. Número de certidões, licenças, edificações,
unidades e áreas licenciadas, segundo as áreas de Planejamento, regiões administrativas e bairros –
2º semestre 2010. Rio de Janeiro: Smu-RJ. Available in: <http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/web/smu>. Access:
22/04/2015.
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Planejamento sustentável aplicado ao eixo do rio Tietê
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
As discussões sobre as relações do homem e o meio ambiente estão cada vez mais
presentes em nosso cotidiano, visto que, estas são resultado de uma melhor percepção dos
impactos negativos que as atividades humanas têm provocado na biosfera. As fragilidades
e contradições destas relações estão evidenciadas na produção do espaço urbano, onde a
sociedade se apropria da natureza e a transforma, vinculando as questões ambientais
também às relações entre seres humanos (RODRIGUES, 1998).
Assim, o entendimento do espaço como uma produção social nos leva à compreensão de
que os problemas ambientais também se referem às formas pelas quais a coletividade se
relaciona com os recursos naturais disponíveis.
Sabe-se que as características espaciais produzidas dentro da visão capitalista são reflexos
das desigualdades geradas por essa lógica, uma vez que os elementos da cidade são
convertidos em mercadoria comercializada, e as contínuas transformações da paisagem
urbana são consequentes à busca pelo lucro (LEFEBVRE, 1983; HARVEY, 1999; CASTELLS,
1999; GOTTDIENER, 1997).
Neste sentido, Mueller (1997) afirma: “criou-se um tipo especial de degradação ambiental
de difícil erradicação - aquela que resulta da provisão inadequada de assistência e de
serviços públicos básicos às populações pobres em expansão nas aglomerações urbanas. ”
Por sua vez, Herculano (1992) complementa: “a pobreza e a deterioração ambiental
formam um círculo vicioso, no qual cada termo é causa do outro”.
“Hoje temos plena consciência de que todo desenvolvimento que vise uma economia de
curto, médio e longo prazo deverá partir de fatores de equilíbrio ambiental, uma vez que a
grande maioria dos desastres da natureza, provocados pelo homem, ocorrem em
decorrência da práxis econômica do lucro rápido e fácil, fruto de uma sociedade oposta à
natureza, construída por muitas gerações, resultado de uma política urbana, que vem de
muitos anos, baseada na construção de pontes, viadutos e piscinões. ” (FRANCO, 1997)
Nota-se ainda que há um enfraquecimento das políticas de proteção e preservação do
patrimônio histórico, cultural e ambiental - fato que se apresenta como um forte agravante
nas condições atuais das cidades brasileiras.
“... o conceito de patrimônio ambiental adquire dimensões sociais, cujo significado aponta
a materialização dos sentidos atribuídos no decorrer do processo histórico e lhe imprime
uma perspectiva dinâmica, uma conotação que fomenta a consciência do uso comum do
meio e, principalmente, a responsabilidade coletiva pelo espaço. As demandas da
modernização imputam às elites políticas e intelectuais latino-americanas a necessidade
de normatizar as formas de apropriação dos territórios. ” (PELEGRINI,2006)
Arruda (2005) ainda nos lembra que a natureza não só nos referendou representações de
memórias coletivas, mas também disponibilizou elementos fundamentais nas construções
identitárias de distintas sociedades, inclusive da brasileira.
Desta maneira, entende-se que a melhoria deste cenário crítico se encontra na
implantação de instrumentos e projetos que ajustem e corrijam o processo de produção do
espaço urbano, assim, tratando as causas da degradação socioambiental.
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2. METODOLOGIA
Visando a obtenção de indicadores de qualidade socioambiental, foram analisados e
comparados três projetos urbanos bem-sucedidos na prática do planejamento sustentável.
Suas características semelhantes ao estudo de caso viabilizaram a aplicação destes
parâmetros no eixo estruturador do Rio Tietê, auxiliando no estudo crítico da área e na
formulação de diretrizes para um Plano de Estruturação Regional (PER).
Nascente: Serra de Urbião Foz: Oceano Atlântico (Portugal) Bacia Hidrográfica: do Rio Douro
(Espanha)
Comprimento: 850 km Vazão média: 710 m³/s Área da Bacia: 97.603 km²
Particularidades: No início do seu curso é largo e pouco abundante. De Zamora à sua foz, corre entre canais
profundos - com forte declive, curvas apertadas, rochas salientes e caudais violentos. Altitude média - 700
metros.
Abrangidos pela Bacia Hidrográfica: províncias espanholas de Soria, Burgos, Valladolid, Zamora e Salamanca
e os distritos portugueses de Bragança, Guarda, Vila Real, Viseu, Porto e Aveiro.
Principais acontecimentos históricos: 1961 - Construção de barragens, o que gerou grandes albufeiras de
águas tranquilas. / 1990 - Inauguração de toda a via navegável do Rio Douro. / 2001 - Inclusão da Região
Vinhateira do Alto Douro na lista dos locais que são Patrimônio da Humanidade - categoria paisagem
cultural. (UNESCO)
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Nascente: Junção dos Rios Atibaia e Jaguari Foz: Rio Tietê Bacia Hidrográfica: do Rio Piracicaba
Comprimento: 115 km Vazão média: 144 m³/s Área da Bacia: 12.531 km²
Particularidades: Possui diversos meandros que tornam as águas de seu leito tranquilas e aptas para a
navegação de embarcações de pequeno porte.
Municípios Abrangidos pela Bacia Hidrográfica: Bragança Paulista, Campinas, Limeira, Americana, Atibaia,
Rio Claro, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste e Piracicaba.
1
“A paisagem natural refere-se aos elementos combinados de terreno, vegetação, solo, rios e lagos, enquanto a
paisagem cultural, humanizada, inclui todas as modificações feitas pelo homem, como nos espaços urbanos e
rurais. ”(SCHIER,2003)
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Principais acontecimentos históricos: Até o séc. XX - Utilização do Rio como rota de acesso. Abastecimento
de engenhos e fazendas. / 1960 - Criação do Sistema Cantareira (construção de represas nas nascentes da
bacia hidrográfica) / 1980 - Industrialização e Metropolização da Região de Campinas (contaminação das
águas).
Fonte: Dicionário Geográfico da Província de São Paulo, 1902 \ Plano de Ação Estruturador (PAE), 2004.
Orçamento: R$ 1 bilhão por ano (governo americano) Visitas: 12.88 milhões (em 2013)
Particularidades: 275 pontos de paradas para observação, 26 túneis, 270 acessos (entre públicos e
privados) e 151 pontes. Mantém 9 campings, 1 museu, 12 centros de visitantes e várias outras áreas de
interesse histórico e recreacional.
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Desta maneira, entende-se que a primeira “Estrada Parque” do mundo é um parque linear
que viabiliza a integração socioambiental, a experimentação da qualidade cênica e a
valorização da paisagem, utilizando-se de pontos de observação, espaços para
caminhadas, áreas para piquenique e pousadas.
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PLANOS E SITUAÇÃO
INDICADORES DE QUALIDADE SOCIOAMBIENTAL
PROJETOS PRÉ-EXISTENTE
3. ÁREA DE ESTUDO
Localiza-se entre a Região Metropolitana de Sorocaba, a Região Metropolitana de São
Paulo e a aglomeração urbana de Jundiaí, na região sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, no
sudeste do Brasil. Abrange os municípios de Barueri, Santana de Parnaíba, Pirapora do
Bom Jesus, Cabreúva e Itú, sendo definida por dois eixos paralelos que configuram todo o
processo de urbanização regional: O Rio Tietê e a Estrada dos Romeiros (Figura 2).
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Para melhor leitura e interpretação do espaço, a área de estudo foi dividia em sub-
unidades2: Unidade A: área de várzea urbanizada e adensada, caracterizada por cobertura
vegetal escassa e por presença de morretes. Abrange o início da Estrada dos Romeiros
(Barueri) e seu acesso pela Rodovia Castelo Branco: sem cenários de contemplação, mas
com sinalizações do Roteiro dos Bandeirantes. Possui equipamentos que podem ser
valorizados em uma proposta de infraestrutura para o ecoturismo. / Unidade B: área de
várzea urbanizada, caracterizada por maior cobertura vegetal e pela presença da Usina
Hidrelétrica Edgard de Sousa (Santana de Parnaíba). A Estrada dos Romeiros assume um
desenho bem sinuoso, de onde há visão panorâmica das serras e dos morros acidentais.
Destaca-se a vista da Serra do Voturuna - grande mancha de Mata Atlântica, tombada pelo
CONDEPHAAT3. / Unidade C: área de várzea densamente vegetada, onde o Rio Tietê se
apresenta muito poluído e com forte movimentação de águas (gerada por barragem).
Abrange o centro de Pirapora do Bom Jesus, município que recebe anualmente um grande
número de romeiros. Ao longo da Estrada dos Romeiros, destacam-se alguns pontos
precários de descanso e apreciação; bem como a vista da Serra do Japi4, que representa
uma das últimas grandes áreas de florestas continuas do Estado. / Unidade D: Região
caracterizada pelo turismo ecológico e de aventura, pois possui muitas cachoeiras, grutas e
trilhas. Corresponde à Estrada Parque e a APA Rio Tietê-Cabreúva, por isto, possui rico
valor cênico e diversos equipamentos turísticos, tais como: o SPA Serra do Japi, o camping
Cascata, a Gruta da Glória e a Fazenda do Chocolate (patrimônio tombado). As corredeiras
do rio Tietê contribuem na oxigenação e na melhoria de qualidade das águas que correm
para o interior.
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prejudicada pela falta de acostamento nos trechos de declive e pela manutenção precária
das áreas de descanso. A paisagem (natural e construída) é resultado abstraído de um
planejamento que não prevê a preservação e/ou recuperação dos cenários territoriais.
A legislação existente (municipal, estadual e federal) não contempla adequadamente a
escala da metrópole e explicita a inexistência de uma visão holística sobre a estruturação
da região. O processo participativo acontece de forma contida em alguns municípios,
porém não está inserido como uma política pública regional.
Percebe-se ainda que há falta de incentivo e infraestrutura para o ecoturismo, a educação
ambiental, o lazer e a valorização de bens tombados. Elementos que reforçam a falta de
articulação intermunicipal para a reaproximação homem à natureza, o fortalecimento de
uma infraestrutura ecológica e a proteção do patrimônio histórico-cultural.
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4. RESULTADOS ESPERADOS
Espera-se que o instrumento legal em questão estabeleça mecanismos e regras gerais para
a coordenação intermunicipal do planejamento e da administração das cidades analisadas,
vinculando e articulando os planos municipais, estaduais e nacionais.
5. REFERÊNCIAS
ALMEIDA, João Mendes de. Diccionario Geographico da Provincia de São Paulo. São Paulo: Typ. a
vap. Espindola, Siqueira &Comp, 1902.
ARRUDA,G. Natureza, fronteiras e territórios: imagens e narrativas. Londrina [PR]: Eduel, 2005.
BELLEN, Hans Michael van. Indicadores de sustentabilidade: uma análise comparativa. Rio de Janeiro:
FGV, 2005.
CASTELLS, M. A sociedade em rede. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1999.
FRANCO, Maria Assunção Ribeiro. Desenho ambiental - Uma Introdução à Arquitetura da Paisagem
com o Paradigma Ecológico. São Paulo: Annablume/Fapesp, 1997.
FRANCO, Maria de A. R. Plano de Ação Estruturador (PAE) do Projeto Beira Rio, Piracicaba, São
Paulo, 2004.
GOTTDIENER, M. A produção social do espaço urbano. São Paulo: Edusp, 1997.
HARVEY, D. A condição pós-moderna. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1999.
HERCULANO, S. C. Do desenvolvimento (in)suportável à sociedade feliz. In: GOLDEMBERG, M.(Org.).
Ecologia, ciência e política: participação social, interesses em jogo e luta de idéias no movimento
ecológico. Rio de Janeiro: Revan, 1992.
KRUSCH, A.V.; CARVALHO, F.P.; MORAES, J.M.; CAMARGO, F.P.; BALLESTER, M.V.; MARTINELLI, L.A.
& VICTORIA, R.L. Spatialand temporal waterqualityvariability in the Piracicaba River Basin, Brazil. J.
American WaterResources Assoc., 33 (5): 1.117-1.123, 1997.
LEFEBVRE, H. La revolución urbana. Madri: Alianza, 1983; LEFEBVRE, H. The production of space.
Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2000.
MORAES, J.M.; GENOVEZ, A.M.; MORTATTI, J.; BALLESTER, M.V.; KRUSCH, A.V., MARTINELLI, L.A. &
VICTORIA, R.L. Análise de intervenção das séries temporais de vazão dos principais rios da bacia do
Rio Piracicaba. RevistaBrasileira de RecursosHídricos, 2 (2): 65-79, 1997.
MORAES, J.M.; PELLEGRINO, G.Q.; BALLESTER, M.V.; MARTINELLI, L.A.; VICTORIA, R.L. & KRUSCH,
A.V. Trends in hydrological parameters of a southern Brazilian waterdhed and its relation to human
induced changes. WaterResources Management, pp. 295-311, 1998.
MOURA, Robert Manners. A importância do Vale do Rio Douro na conservação da paisagem e os
problemas de gestão decorrentes. População e Sociedade, v. 13, p. 107-123, 2007.
MUELLER, C. C. Problemas ambientais de um estilo de desenvolvimento: a degradação da pobreza
no Brasil. Revista Ambiente & Sociedade, Campinas, ano 1, n. 1, p. 82, 2.o sem. 1997.
NAREDO, José Manuel. Sobre elorigen, el uso y elcontenidodel término sostenible. In: Ciudades para
unfuturo mas sostenible. Madrid: UPM jun. 1997. Disponível em:
<http://habitat.aq.upm.es/cs/p2/a004.html>. Acesso em 22/04/2016.
PELEGRINI, Sandra C. A.. Cultura e natureza: os desafios das práticas preservacionistas na esfera do
patrimônio cultural e ambiental. Rev. Bras. Hist., São Paulo, v. 26, n. 51, p. 115-140, June 2006.
Available from <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-
01882006000100007&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em 06/08/2016.
REBELO, João et al. CaracterizaçãoSócio-Económica. Plano Intermunicipal de Ordenamento do
Território - Alto Douro Vinhateiro, Relatório, v. 1, p. 99-116, 2001.
RODRIGUES, A. M. Produção e consumo do e no espaço: problemática ambiental urbana. São Paulo:
Hucitec, 1998.
SCHIER, Raul Alfredo. Trajetórias do conceito de paisagem na geografia. Revista Ra’e Ga, v. 7, p. 79-
85, 2003.
SORIANO, Afranio José Soares. Estrada-parque: proposta para uma definição. 2006.
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Outdoor ventilation and urban planning: comparative
study between climatic measurements and CFD
simulation
ABSTRACT: Natural ventilation is essential to air quality and is one of the main strategies
to achieve thermal comfort in urban areas in humid tropical regions, such as the study
area in Vitória (Espírito Santo, Brazil). However, the wind is one of the most modified
variables with the urbanization process, which makes it essential to understand the
impact of urban settings in the ventilation natural flow. This phenomenon can be analyzed
through simulations or controlled measurements. The measurements provide valuable aid
in the understanding of the situation, but do not allow the prediction of other scenarios.
However, in urban planning, it is important to consider the long-term phenomenon, so the
computer simulation is an important tool for the prediction of future scenarios. Thus, the
aim of this research was to conduct a comparative study between two method of study
flow field in urban areas: field microclimate measurements and computational fluid
dynamics (CFD). To this end, we selected a region in Vitória where the data were
comparative analyzed. The similarity between the two methodologies predicting the
measured value and especially the flow field behavior validate the CFD as a model capable
of obtaining representative data of the existing situation. The results also point the
software as a valuable tool for urban planning, able to predict different scenarios.
Keywords Natural ventilation; Urban planning; Climatic measurements; CFD simulation
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1. INTRODUCTION
The changes in urban settings interfere in climatic variables changing their magnitudes,
forming a mosaic of microclimates, which makes the urban climate. The urban
microclimate is receiving more attention in urban planning, because it directly affects
people. It is related to a wide range of issues, such as external activities (Ahmed, 2003;
Zacharias et al., 2001), comfort (NIKOLOPOULOU & Lykoudis 2006), air pollution (Yuan et
al, 2014;. Taha 2015), energy (Dorer et al., 2013) and health (Harlan et al., 2006).
Natural ventilation is essential to the air quality and is one of the main passive strategies
to achieve thermal comfort in urban areas in humid tropical regions, such as the study
area in Vitória (Espírito Santo, Brazil). However, the wind is one of the most changed
climate variables with the urbanization process. The effectiveness of urban ventilation
depends on the wind interaction at different scales and cities natural and artificial
features, whose urban planning should act to create conditions to ventilation promotion.
Different urban settings influence of various forms in ventilation natural flow, making it
essential to understand how this occurs, whose analysis can be done by simulation or
controlled measurements aiming to measure the impact of a given set of urban settings in
wind speed. Measurements provides valuable aid in phenomenon understanding, but is
limited to the existing situation. In urban planning, it is important to consider the long-
term phenomenon, so computer simulation is an important tool for predict future
scenarios.
Computer simulation can be made to a wide range of scenarios, which can represent the
current situation, future prognosis and study of various urban settings proposals. Models
of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), simulates actual physical processes that defines in
set the wind behavior (Broekhuizen, 2016). CFD provides a complete picture of the
behavior of the wind throughout the model and is well established in a variety of fields
(Blocken, 2015).
Thus, the aim of this project was to conduct a comparative study between two
methodologies of investigation of flow field in urban areas: the microclimate on-site
measurements and the dynamic fluid software. For this, we selected an urban area in
Victoria to conduct the measurements and posterior CFD simulation.
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Shi et al. (2015) identify at least three aspects of cities that affect wind on pedestrian level,
mechanical comfort, thermal comfort of the passer, and urban ventilation. For this study
we analyzed the urban ventilation, specifically wind behavior in relation to a selected
urban setting.
In urban climate studies, one of the aspects that have been approached more often is the
relationship of urban form with the microclimates formation. The setback areas, layout,
height, width and depth of the built mass, associated with morphological features
characteristics, such as topography, represent spatial urban configuration. The buildings
arrangement, their shape and the presence of external obstacles play an important role in
wind profile modification.
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4. METHOD
To achieve the research main objective we defined methodological procedures, indicated
in Figure 1.
The first stage was carried out a literature review about ventilation and urban planning,
seeking to understand how this climatic variable is impacted by urban settings. In
sequence, we conducted studies on ventilation analysis methods, to define the research
methods. In second stage was defined a study area in Vitória city, for the application of
measurement methods selected in the previous step, on-site measurements and CFD
simulation, later the data of both methods were compared.
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Point 1 is located in front of 14 floors buildings, facing the sea, with large setback areas
between then. In point 2, on one side are 14 floors buildings, with large front and side
clearances; the other side are buildings up to two floors, with little or no clearance front
and side. Point 3 is between buildings up to 2 floors, with little or no side clearance.
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application in this subject’s research (Shi et al., 2015, Yuan et al., 2014). There are six steps
to complete the computer simulation: geometry modeling (Figure 3); mesh definition;
setup of method and analysis conditions; software resolution; and results.
The computational domain was a simplified version of the existing geometry because it is
commonly used in urban ventilation’s studies (Cheng et al., 2007, Carpentieri & Robins,
2015). The buildings were represented by simple polygons (squares and rectangles).
Three-dimensional modeling was carried out in Autocad 3d and later imported on
Workbench DesignModeler package, which FLUENT is part of it. Autocad was chosen for
3D due to be a well-known platform of urban planners and in that way could serve as a
contributing factor to increase the use of software for these professionals.
The next step was make the mesh, which consists in the buildings and surrounding areas.
We used a triangular mesh with approximately 1,300,000 knots and mesh refinement in
the buildings. The turbulence was treated using the K – ε model, commonly used and
recommended in pedestrian level wind analysis (Franke et al 2007; Tominaga et al 2008).
Finally, we plot the results for the on-site measurements sampling points.
5. RESULTS
The data used for the comparison between the methods of analysis of ventilation, are
exclusively the wind speed. For the analysis of this work it was used measurement data for
the winter period, which registered the predominance of the southwest wind direction,
incident perpendicular to the buildings in the study area.
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Point 1 (seafront) registered the maximum wind speed, due to the .lack of urban typology
barriers in point’s front. From point 1 to point 2, there was a 11% reduction of wind speed;
already in point 2 to 3 had a reduction in wind velocity value about 31%. The lower
reduction between points 1 and 2, was due to the superblock, which despite having tall
buildings, have large distances between them which allows the wind flow between blocks.
In subsequent blocks there is a difference of building typology, houses are two-story with
little or no spacing between them, which creates a barrier to the wind flow.
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The image indicates that the flow is not uniform and different types of buildings affect it.
The plan in question (1.1m), little or no setback areas between buildings with two floors
(behind the superblock) shows a greater reduction in wind speed.
For posterior comparison between simulation data and field measurements, 3 points
where measurements were recorded, was plotted in simulation model. The wind data
indicate that the higher speed of 3.7m / s was recorded in 1 (facing the sea); the next point
was reduced to 3 m / s and, in point 3, the speed was 1.2m / s. This shows there was a
reduction in wind speed as it enters the neighborhood blocks.
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measurements are important to obtain a situation climate sampling, once the results are
influenced by several variables in the urban environment. Therefore, it is essential to
establish the study purpose to choose the most appropriate method.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Different urban settings influences wind speed and direction. There is a growing search
for quantifying the parameters that influence the wind pattern in urban areas.
In situ measurements are costly in time, manpower and money to purchase equipment. It
is subject to climatic variations and the accuracy of the data recorded by professionals.
The use of computational fluid dynamics software shows promise in helping the decisions
that urban planners need to take, increasing the number of possibilities for studies that
can be performed.
Although CFD are not widely used by city planners the possibility of use in conjunction
with AutoCAD may make it an inviting tool for these professionals.
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Ahmed, K.S. 2003. Comfort in urban spaces: Defining the boundaries of outdoor thermal comfort for
the tropical urban environments. Energy and Buildings, 35(1), pp.103–110.
Ayo, S.A. & Mohd-Ghazali, N. & Mansor, S. 2015. Outdoor ventilation performance of various
configurations of a layout of two adjacent buildings under isothermal conditions. Building
Simulation, 8: 81-98.
Blocken, B. 2015. Computational Fluid Dynamics for Urban Physics: Importance, scales,
possibilities, limitations and ten tips and tricks towards accurate and reliable simulations. Building
and Environment. 91: 219-245.
Broekhuizen, I. 2016. Integrating Outdoor Wind Simulation in Urban Design: A comparative study of
simulation tools and their benefits for the design of the LTU campus in Luleå. Master thesis. Master
of Science in Climate Sensitive. Luleå University of Technology.
Carmona, M. & Heath, T. & Oc T. & Tiesdell, S. 2010. Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of
Urban Design. Routledge.
Carpentieri, M. & Robins, AG. 2015. Influence of urban morphology on air flow over building arrays.
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Cheng, H. & Hayden, P. & Robins, A.G. & Castro, I.P. 2007. Flow over cube arrays of different packing
densities. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 95: 715–740.
Chung, J,D. & Choo, M.-L. 2011. Computational Fluid Dynamics for Urban Design: The Prospects for
Greater Integration. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 9(1), pp.33–54.
COCEAL, O. & BELCHER, S. A. 2004. Canopy model of mean winds through urban areas. Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc., 130: 1349–1372.
Dorer, V. et al. 2013. Modelling the urban microclimate and its impact on the energy demand of
buildings and building clusters. 13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation
Association, Chambéry, France, August 26-28: 3483–3489.
Franke, J. & Hellsten, A. & Schlunzen, H. & Carissimo, B. 2007. Best practice guideline for the CFD
simulation of flows in the urban Environment. Germany: University of Hamburg.
Gehl, J. 2010. Cities for people. USA: Island Press.
Harlan, S.L. et al. 2006. Neighborhood microclimates and vulnerability to heat stress. Social science
& medicine, 63(11), pp.2847–63.
International Organization for Standardization 1998. ISO 7726-ergonomics of the thermal
environment: instruments for measuring physical quantities.
Nikolopoulou, M. & Lykoudis, S., 2006. Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: Analysis across
different European countries. Building and Environment, 41(11), pp.1455–1470.
Shi, X. et al. 2015. Assessment of pedestrian wind environment in urban planning design. Landscape
and Urban Planning, 140: 17–28.
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ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
Taha, H. 2015. Meteorological, air-quality, and emission-equivalence impacts of urban heat island
control in California. Sustainable Cities and Society. 19: 207-221.
Tominaga, Y. et al. 2008. AIJ guidelines for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind
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11), pp.1749–1761.
Yuan, C. & NG E. & NORFORD, L.K. 2014. Improving air quality in high-density cities by
understanding the relationship between air pollutant dispersion and urban morphologies. Building
and Environment, 71: 245-258.
Zacharias, J. & Stathopoulos, T. & Wu, H. 2001. Microclimate and Downtown Open Space Activity.
Environment & Behavior, 33(2), pp.296–315.
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urbana com a dinâmica social em países em
desenvolvimento
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1 Conjunto de ações de natureza urbanística praticadas pelo Município por meio de obras públicas e
desapropriações, sendo que o custo delas inclui todas as despesas necessárias à sua realização, inclusive os
gastos incorridos com projetos (São Paulo, 2010).
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Compacidade Mensuraveis
Fortalecimeto da Compostos e
Economia Local Associados
2 Critérios, ou indicadores podem ser definidos como a análise quantitativa de fenômenos concretos, baseados
no desenvolvimento simultâneo de teoria e observação relacionadas por métodos de inferência adequados
(Gujarati & Porter, 2011).
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3
Traduzido do inglês, “Transit-Oriented Development” ou TOD.
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4
Pagdadis S.2013. The need for developing smart cities, In Vibrant Gujarat Summit, seminar on
developing integrated, smart & sustainable cities; with a focus on DMIC & SIRs: seminar proceedings
& way forward. 11–13 January.
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comunidade de pesca, além outros grupos sociais, ainda ligados ao sistema de Castas. Nessa
região, 47% da terra é agrícola, com 62 % dos moradores ocupados na agricultura.
Sua criação visa liderar o crescimento econômico na região, gerando 0,8 milhões de postos
de trabalho, com uma população de 2 milhões de habitantes até o ano de 2040 (Dholera
SIR,2014). A construção da infraestrutura partirá do zero, haverão investimentos em
sistemas de serviços urbanos tecnológicos, saneamento, entre outros, os quais estima-se
que custarão cerca de US $ 9-10 bilhões (Dattas, 2015). Irá incluir 12% de terras agrícolas
e será construída em três fases, com finalização prevista para 2040 (Dholera SIR,2014;
Dattas, 2015). O projeto recebeu críticas internacionais, pois será implantada em uma área
sujeita a inundações e exigirá a desapropriação de terras de pequenos produtores rurais
(Dattas, 2015).
Dholera promete ser uma nova cidade sem os ‘incômodos‘ da vida urbana cotidiana, de
modo a integrar componentes de infraestrutura, como smart grid, edifícios verdes, redes
multimodais de transporte e assim por diante. Dholera é parte de uma mudança em
intervenções urbanas incentivadas em países em desenvolvimento, tais como China,
Malásia, Coreia, Brasil, na direção de fabricação “novas cidades”, em parceria do Estado com
o setor privado (Moser, 2010; Percival & Waley, 2012; Watson, 2014).
Alguns autores pontuam que Dholera será mais um exemplo de cidade "privada", em uma
escala gigantesca (Graham, 2000; Atkinson e Bridge, 2005; Choe et al., 2008), onde o
planejamento urbano servirá aos interesses e aspirações da elite política e das classes
dominantes. Inicialmente, há a perspectiva de que estas novas cidades sejam construídas
em "terra vazia", escapando, assim, do debate público e democrático sobre expulsões em
massa de cidadãos marginalizados de suas terras e meios de subsistência. A aquisição de
terras para grandes infraestruturas ou desenvolvimento de projetos urbanos, na Índia, tem
consistentemente enfrentado protestos locais e desafios judiciais (Goldman, 2011).
Cerca de 70% da população da Índia ainda prospera sobre relações econômicas rurais,
desenvolvidas nas então descritas “terras vazias”. Assim, a realidade aponta que Dholera,
como cidade inteligente, configurou-se como um novo "regime de expropriação“ (Levien,
2013), no qual camponeses são conduzidos às fronteiras finais da cidade, por meio de
mecanismos diretos e indiretos, representando um novo modelo de grilagem de terras.
Contudo, o controle do Estado, nas esferas de decisão e de participação, evidencia,
gradualmente, que as questões importantes das comunidades locais e marginalizadas não
são respondidas, ou são desconsideradas na aprovação final dos projetos implantados
(Rajvanshi,2003; Narain, 2009; Paliwal, 2006; Datta, 2015).
Com base no caso de Dholera, é possível verificar como o processo de construção de novas
cidades na Índia, cuja proposta se baseia em modelos de cidades sustentáveis e inteligentes,
é bifurcado por demandas conflitantes de economia, crescimento e justiça social. Por um
lado, Dholera se mostra como uma oportunidade de atração do capital global e de
crescimento econômico. Mas por outro, mostra como estratégias de planejamento urbano
podem favorecer, principalmente, interesses privados que potencializam prejuízos à
equidade social e ao fortalecimento da economia local.
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principalmente, por nove princípios: São eles: 1. Prioridade ao pedestre; 2. Uso misto e
complementares; 3. Espaços Públicos; 4. Diversidade de moradores; 5. Senso de
comunidade; 6. Densidade equilibrada; 7. Sustentabilidade e alta performance do ambiente
construído; 8. Harmonia entre natureza e amenidades urbanas; e 9. Conectividade e
integração regional.
Cidade Pedra Branca traz melhorias técnicas no que tange à implantação de passeios
públicos e sistemas viários, com tratamento (pavimentos) e dimensionamento mais
adequado em passeios públicos e vias para bicicleta, quando comparado aos padrões
encontrados em espaços públicos no Brasil. No entanto, a solução é aplicada somente na
área de intervenção, portanto, visa ao incentivo desses modos no transporte dentro do
bairro. A rede de transporte público abrange apenas algumas linhas que conectam o local
com o centro de Palhoça, não havendo desincentivos ao transporte individual (Marins,
2014).
Contudo, segundo Ribeiro (2011), há correntes que apontam que, na realidade, o bairro
configura um setor específico de um grande loteamento voltado para habitantes de média e
alta renda, estão projetados e em processo de edificação 20 quadras que abrigarão prédios
certificados pelos USGBC (United States Green Building Council), o conselho norte-
americano de prédios verdes.
Também há de se verificar que, no início do projeto, nas áreas mistas, foram oferecidas
unidades habitacionais a R$ 180.000,00 e que, atualmente, estas unidades não são vendidas
por menos R$ 300.000,00. Já os lotes eram vendidos a R$12.000,00 em 2010 e, em 2014,
passaram a ser comercializados por imobiliárias locais a R$ 190.000,00. Não foram
incluídas habitações de interesse social, em função dos custos da infraestrutura e da
transformação do território em uma nova centralidade5. Ainda se observa em alguns pontos
segregação sócio espacial com a implantação de muros vazados no perímetro do
empreendimento. (Oliveira,2014).
5 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES
Os desafios do acesso à infraestrutura e serviços, aliados a redução de desigualdades sociais,
ainda são fatores relevantes em países em desenvolvimento, cujas cidades ainda contam
com baixas densidades populacionais em áreas centrais e crescente adensamento
periférico, exigindo custos maiores para expandir o transporte, por exemplo, em áreas
marginalizadas.
Cidades e comunidades são socialmente produzidas e o planejamento das intervenções tem
seu papel na criação de diferentes graus de inclusão e exclusão urbana.
Neste contexto, com vistas ao referencial teórico e às experiências desenvolvidas nos
estudos de caso, e considerando as prioridades elencadas pelo relatório da ONU-Habitat, a
construção de comunidades objetivando a sustentabilidade urbana dá-se em um cenário
multicriterial, no qual os princípios (Diversidade, Compacidade, Espaços públicos abertos e
coletivos, e fortalecimento da economia local) orientam a definição de estratégias,
relativamente ao planejamento integrado e governança, dinâmica e equidade social,
inclusão e participação, serviços e tecnologia urbana e forma urbana, uso e ocupação do
solo, dentre outros aspectos principais. O diagrama de causa e efeito relacionado na Figura
2 sintetiza essas relações.
5
Fenômeno decorrente da dispersão, quando uma área tem densidade demográfica e econômica
importante, criam-se centros secundários para a distribuição de mercadorias ou de serviços. (Santos,
1989).
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Principals:
Strategies:
Figura 2. Relação de Causa e Efeito entre Princípios (linhas horizontais) e Estratégias (linhas
inclinadas) para Sustentabilidade Urbana. Fonte: Os autores, 2016. Baseado em United Nations,
2016; Wheeler (2000); Braga et.al.(2004) Ferreira et. al. (2012); Datta (2015); Weiland, (2006) e
Nahas (2015).
A articulação proposta, em nível preliminar, pode ser fortalecida pela associação de
critérios, ou indicadores, de avaliação para cada estratégia e para cada princípio, assim
como aprimorada a partir de outras referências teóricas e da análise de outras situações
urbanas.
6 CONCLUSÃO
Cidades e comunidades são socialmente produzidas. O planejamento das intervenções tem
seu papel na inclusão e exclusão urbana, tal proposição é verificada a partir da alteração de
indicadores ligados à forma urbana e seu impacto na dinâmica social, inclusive em
intervenções urbanas específicas oriundas da aplicação de modelos urbanísticos
No caso indiano, Dholera, nota-se a dificuldade em atender objetivos ligados à diversidade,
equidade social, e fortalecimento da economia local. O baixo nível de urbanização e as
atividades, ligadas principalmente ao meio rural, corroboram para a marginalização da
população no acesso às intervenções propostas no empreendimento, assim como para a
exclusão nas decisões e na ocupação do espaço público. Demandas por questões agrárias e
fundiárias são conflitantes com questões de acesso a serviços urbanos, tais como
eletricidade, comunicações, abastecimento de água e saneamento, exigindo inovação em
instrumentos de planejamento urbano, além da ausência de empreendimentos voltados
para as habitações de interesse social.
Para o caso brasileiro de Cidade Pedra Branca, os conflitos pelo uso da terra não são uma
demanda significativa e o empreendimento pode significar um novo vetor na oferta de
empregos. Existem demandas de conectividade e integração regional, o bairro de isola da
cidade e a valorização imobiliária propicia uma segregação sócio espacial desfavorecendo
os princípios de equidade social e de fortalecimento da economia local. Assim, coloca-se a
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necessidade de promover uma visão mais inclusiva na definição do uso e ocupação do solo.
Para isso, deve-se ampliar a ação conjunta da iniciativa privada e do poder público,
fortalecendo a diversidade social e o senso de comunidade.
Estes empreendimentos, sem dúvidas, têm grandes aportes financeiros e agregam soluções
aprimoradas, e até mesmo inovadoras, em termos de arquitetura e engenharia. Em ambos
os casos, entretanto, ainda é latente a dificuldade de envolvimento das comunidades
lindeiras no processo de desenvolvimento dos bairros. Assim, além da necessidade de
fortalecimento da economia local, ainda se coloca o desafio envolvimento da população
original da área no processo de desenvolvimento e assentamento urbano, demandando a
ampliação de abordagens multicriteriais e participativas dos processos de tomada de
decisão.
REFERÊNCIAS
Adinyira, E.; Oteng-Seifah, S. & Adjeikumi, T. 2007. A Review of Urban Sustainability Assessment
Methodologies. International Conference on Whole Life Urban Sustainability and its Assessment M.
Horner, C. Hardcastle, A. Price, J. Bebbington (Eds) Glasgow, 2007.
Atkinson, R. & Bridge, G. 2005.Gentrification in a global context: the new urban colonialism. (Housing
and society series). London: Routledge.
Baxamusa, M. 2008. The Third E: Equity as a Condition of Sustainability. Projections. Justice, Equity +
Sustainability. MIT- Department of Urban Studies + Planning. Volume 8: 17-31.
Braga, T. M.; Brito, F.; Freitas, A. P. & MARQUES, D. H. F. 2004. Sustentabilidade e condições de vida em
áreas urbanas: medidas e determinantes nas Regiões Metropolitanas de São Paulo e Belo Horizonte.
Trabalho apresentado no XIV Encontro Nacional de Estudos Populacionais, ABEP. Caxambu - MG –
Brasil, 20- 24 de Setembro de 2004: 20p
Choe, K.; Laquian, A.; & KIM, L. 2008. Urban development experience and visions: Índia and the people’s
republic of china. Adb urban development series, manila, Asian development bank. Available at:
http://citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/files/ADB_Urban-Visions.pdf (Acessado em: 13
Maio 2016).
Choay, F. 2015. O Urbanismo. São Paulo: Perspectiva.
Datta, A. 2015. New urban utopias of postcolonial Índia: ‘Entrepreneurial urbanization’ in Dholera
smart city, Gujarat. Dialogues in Human Geography 2015, Vol. 5(1) 3–22.
DHOLERA SIR. 2014. A New Gujarat Within Gujarat: Dholera Special Investment Region. Disponivel
em: http://dholerasir.com/dholerasir_main.aspx (Acessado em 13 de Maio de 2016).
Duany, A.; Plater-Zyberk, E. & Speck, J. 2000a.Suburban Nation, the Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of
the American Dream. Nova York: North Point Press, 2000.
Duany, A. 2000b. A New Theory of Urbanism. Scientific American, v.283, n°6, dez/2000.
Ferreira, V. C. & Monte- Mór, R.L. M. 2012. Desenvolvimento Metropolitano e Sustentabilidade:
Construção deIndicadores de Sustentabilidade para uma análise da RMBH. XV Seminário Sobre
Economia Mineira. Diamantina, 29-31 de agosto de 2012: 25p
Fincher, R. 1982. Urban redevelopment in Boston: Rhetoric and reality. In Conflict, Politics and the
Urban Scene. Edited by Kevin R. Cox, and Ronald John Johnston. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Gallagher, L. 2013. The End of the Suburbs: Where the American Dream Is Moving. New York: The
Penguin Group, Inc.
Goldman, M. 2011. Speculative urbanism and the making of the next world city. International Journal
of Urban and Regional Research 35(3): 555 -581.
Graham, S. (2000) Constructing Premium Networked Spaces: reflections on infrastructure network and
contemporary urban development. International Journal for Urban and Regional Research, vol 24(1),
183-200.
Gujarati, D. & Porter, D. 2011. Econometria Básica - 5.Ed. 920p. AMGH.
Jacobs, J. 2000. Morte e Vida das Grandes Cidades. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
Leite, C. & Awad, J. C. M. 2012. Cidades Sustentáveis Cidades Inteligentes: desenvolvimento sustentável
num planeta urbano. Porto Alegre: Ed. Bookman.
Levien, M. 2013. Regimes of dispossession: from steel towns to special economic zones. Development
and Change 44(2): 381–407.
Lynch, K.1960. The image of the city. Cambridge: The M.I.T. Press, 1960.
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Comparative Analysis of urban efficiency in medium-sized
cities through Hidricidade indicators
Giovana Ulian
Biossplena Projetos Ecodinâmicos, Flores da Cunha (RS), Brasil.
giovana.ulian@terra.com.br
ABSTRACT: Urban expansion and the strategies of planning policies in the urban area of
the city are in conflict, so disjointed as they occur without practical tools for decision-
making on the part of public managers. The traditional model is characterized by
expansive growth that promotes a more costly and less efficient city. The Hidricidade
indicators focused on efficiency urban are tools for assessing the growth of cities based on
their water balance. The purpose of this article is to make a comparative analysis of the
application of these indicators in some medium-sized cities in order to test the method
and conclusions on urban expansion strategies evaluated in each city. The results show
that medium-sized cities analyzed grow unsustainably, specifying revise their expansion
strategies and monitor this growth, since by its size still have reversibility conditions.
Keywords Hidricidade Indicators –Urban Efficiency –Urban Sprawl – Water –Urban form.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The economic development of recent years has been characterized by inadvertent
exploitation of natural resources occasioning environmental degradation and climate
change felt in many parts of the world. Such attitudes result in serious and irreversible
consequences for future development. Therefore, concern is increasing among public
managers where plans and initiatives must approach sustainable criteria and propose
improvements in services of the city (Berardi 2013). According to the document Panorama
of Cities and Biodiversity, the world population by 2050 will reach 9 billion, and 70% of
them live in cities. Until then, with profound changes in land use processes, water, energy
and other natural resources, the planet has suffered the largest and most rapid urban
expansion of humanity, an irreversible trend of transformation to a predominantly urban
world.
The planning of cities is a challenge increasingly vast and complex as it needs to suit the
demands of the built city and new urban expansions without losing focus on balance with
the ecosystem needs, landscape and natural processes, such as the urban water cycle.
Urban spaces can be developed in order to maximize opportunities offered by the natural
environment. That is important to focus attention to the extraordinary richness of urban
biodiversity and its role in generating environmental services which populations depend
for food, water and health. This means it is necessary to integrate the field of natural
sciences to the field of humanities and social sciences in the context of urbanism, in which
fits the connection between ecology and urban design (Andrade 2014).
However, there is still a tendency in the planning of cities to ignore the natural processes,
an inability to realize opportunities, especially in the interactions between human
activities and urban form, with natural processes. All essential chemical elements to life
tend to circulate in the atmosphere in more or less cyclical characteristic ways, ranging
model environment for the body and back to the atmosphere, known as biogeochemical
cycles, such as the water cycle (Odum & Barrett 2007). Many scientific advances have been
made on sectorial aspects of biodiversity, such as water resources, soils, biomes, etc.
However, minors were the advances of research on the processes that structure and
involving more variables, such as urban water cycles.
Similarly, there is little research that addresses usage patterns and land use in urban
settlements and building forms adapted to the processes that shape the natural resources,
such as the paths of water in the hydrological cycle, for example. When cities designs make
"visible" these processes and their temporal cycles contribute to the connection between
the past and even the future of uncertainty and in a way, for rooting people in place (Spirn
2011).
According to the report of the Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 2013 (WWI 2013)
it is necessary to establish a planetary boundary for freshwater resources to ensure that
their flows to regenerate in the form of precipitation sustaining terrestrial ecosystems and
ensure the availability of water to aquatic ecosystems.
Multidisciplinarity has been sought for the decision making regarding urban design,
driven by documents produced by international organizations, the possibility of mitigating
environmental impacts, especially from the perspective of the urban water cycle. In many
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parts of the developed world, designers and planners began to experiment these
possibilities with new urban design standards and through some of his experiments,
developed a body of knowledge about the possibilities of the cities are built and adapted to
work differently (Hill 2009). As the urban population will continue to increase and putting
more pressure on natural systems, planning and projects should be more comprehensive,
being forced to take into account the complex interactions of natural processes in urban
systems. For French (2014), when addressing the design and urban infrastructure
management in a more holistic way, that can take advantage of the synergies that exist
between the natural and the built environment creating more sustainable infrastructure
solutions. To create infrastructure systems operating within resources and assimilative
capacity that nature provides, one must consider the infrastructure systems holistically
and identify where the inputs and outputs of each system are likely to impact the other
system.
Therefore, to promote the urban development sensitive to water, it required an
understanding of hydrological processes, the use and occupation of the soil, associated
infrastructure, public management and other processes and associated variables. We must
understand the real limits and support capability related to the use of urban land. Urban
growth should adapt to the sustainability requirements in order to ensure the survival of
future generations. Thus, it is necessary to identify variables that allow understand these
processes and link them so that it is possible to obtain a diagnosis. From this, it is possible
to define strategies and intervention measures, allowing to predict future scenarios and to
guide preventive actions.
In order to assess the changes to improve urban performance indicator sets, frameworks
and assessment tools have been developed. Urban sustainability indicators are crucial to
assist in goal setting, performance evaluations and facilitate communication between
social and urban managers (Brandon & Lombardi 2011).
This article presents eight "Hidricidade" indicators, which assess issues related to urban
efficiency in medium-sized cities. The word "Hidricidade" is a Portuguese acronym created
for adjectives the variables of the research, i.e., involves aspects of water resources
(Hidro), city (cidade) and sustainability (sustentabilidade).
A comparison of the application of the methodology will be presented between the cities
of Caxias do Sul in Brazil and Cuenca in Ecuador. These cities were chosen because they
have similar characteristics both represent joint centers in their regions and in water
management to be municipal responsibility, are Latin American cities that have a strong
management evolved regarding water management. According Cimes (1999) averages
cities articulate the territory and serve as reference centers for a territory, more or less
immediately.
2. INDICATORS
Despite the apparent popularity of using sustainable development indicators, its definition
remains very general; however, the absence of a less general definition for universal
sustainable development originated various interpretations and a large number of types of
indicators (Tanguay et al. 2010).
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The city lacks indicators to transversal analysis, as well as describing the assessment of
the city in areas such as water management and its territory. Based on this, this research
was used eight indicators that aim to measure the Urban Efficiency. Overall, these
indicators seek quantify aspects concerning the operation of the city, especially in terms of
water management and urban use, as can be seen in the list presented in Table 1. From the
calculation of these indicators, using two case studies, it is to analyze how land use,
distribution of residences and people with consequent urban sprawl relate to sanitation
infrastructure, i.e., the use water in its urban cycle.
The calculation process of each indicator was developed from literature review that
allowed compiling a series of indicators that associate the proposed variables, deciding
criteria that would allow prioritizing the definition of the following indicators: population
density (Dpop) is the most frequent in the literature and its application is very common;
Residential density (Dres) aims to quantify the ratio of the number of homes and land
area, from which it is possible to analyze the efficiency of urban functions in the
attendance of the population. Water network extension by connection (Iexa), extension
water network by land area (Iextr) and extension of the sewage network by connections
(Iexe) are indicators that measure the distribution infrastructure in the territory; i.e., the
density of water and sewer pipes associated with the public service provided to the
population. The indicator numbers of economies by land area (Iecot) represent the
number - quantity - water collection accounts by land area. The indicator soil sealing
(Iimp) is a measure of the ratio between the sealed soil area and land area, allowing
analysis of the constructed space.
Table 1. “Hidricidade” Indicators – Group Urban Efficiency. Source: Own elaboration
Group Identifier Indicator Initials Unit
I-1 Population density Dpop hab/ha
I-2 Residential density Dres resid/ha
I-3 Urban spot design Iforma %
Urban I-4 Water network extension by connection* Iexa m/ligação
Efficiency I-5 Extension water network by land area Iextr m/ha
I-6 Number of economies by land area** Iecot econ/ha
I-7 Extension of the sewage network by connections Iexe m/ligação
I-8 Soil sealing Iimp %
* When it comes to water connections are referring to any link between the main water supply to the land
where the building is. A ground whose construction is a multi-family building has only one connecting water or
sewage.
**When it comes to economy it is referring to all land- use units. A residence, a commercial, an industry, each
of these is an economy.
These indicators are intuitive to use, the opposite to the design of urban sprawl (Iforma),
which was the target of a wide range of analysis and studies; the aim being to evaluate the
shape of the urban sprawl and growth trends. Restlessness that cities cannot move
indefinitely on its natural environment has been a constant during this search. To derive
the equation computation of the indicator, it was necessary real case studies that, by
observing its urban development, have created an expression for its calculation.
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The indicator population density for Caxias do Sul is equal to 46.08 inhabitants / ha, lying
much closer to the conventional practice (43 inhabitants / ha) than the best practice (135
inhabitants / ha). In Cuenca the calculated indicator is further below with conventional
practice a value of 36.01 hab / ha. The indicator for the residential density presents a
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similar result, with 22.6 resid / ha to Caxias do Sul - close to the conventional - and 9.42
resid / ha to Cuenca - below the conventional practice. Figure 4 shows the result of
applying indicators in the form of abacus. It can be concluded that urban expansion of
Caxias do Sul and Cuenca should also seek to increase their densities, before promoting
new urban expansions, which correspond to the approach of their abacuses to best
practices. To aggregate and qualify this conclusion, it is also noted the design of urban
sprawl both cases studied in comparison with the circular form of the originally proposed
model.
Figure 5. Application of Iforma Indicator in Caxias do Sul – Brasil and Cuenca – Ecuador.
Source: Own elaboration.
The indicators relating to the distribution of .basic sanitation infrastructure show minor
discrepancies with respect to the reference: The lexa shows up best in Cuenca than Caxias
do Sul, where it gets more people with less piping. The Iextr measures the density of pipes
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in the territory, where Caxias do Sul has a much better result than Cuenca, the latter with
values even below the conventional practice. The Iecot presents many economies occur in
the territory where the results for both cities are unfavorable, with Caxias do Sul just
above the conventional practice and Cuenca below this, demonstrating once again the
need to increase density. The Iexe and lexa indicators show how many people are served
per meter pipe for sewer, where both values were superior to the conventional practice,
with Caxias do Sul closer to best practice than Cuenca. These indicators together show that
the infrastructure relating to the definitions could be better planned, so that more people
could be served with clean water, with a smaller investment in sanitation infrastructure.
The Iimp has to Caxias do Sul one exactly equal to the conventional practice while Cuenca
is very close to best practice, it being understood that the increase in density brings the
effect of increasing soil sealing considering how best to practice a higher percentage than
the conventional practice, due probably to possess Cuenca impermeable spaces than
necessary, since the majority of other indicators have shown that the values for Cuenca are
far from the best practices that Caxias do Sul.
It is noticed that the shape of the abacuses of Caxias do Sul and Cuenca is very similar, but
Cuenca generally showed worse results than the first. Both cities need to review their
sanitation facilities, as well as on issues of density and distribution homes in the territory.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Indicators of "Hidricidade - Urban Efficiency" are practical and relatively simple tools that
allow for balanced growth analysis of cities. The diagnostic evaluation of Urban Efficiency
through "Hidricidade" indicators in the Caxias do Sul city compared to Cuenca, allowed to
establish some existing weaknesses with regard to the management of urban sprawl and
water management. Sought are two similar cities to make the comparison, however
further analysis is needed to draw conclusions about the two cities and it is up to the
application of other indicators proposed in the larger study. It is also suggested to propose
new indicators, focused on the specific problems of each place, in this case requiring new
benchmarks. The results suggest the need to increase the density and occupy more
territory already urbanized. It is noticed that there is still room for growing population, so
the urban sprawl should be avoided.
REFERENCES
Andrade, L. M. S. 2014. Conexões dos Padrões Espaciais dos Ecossistemas Urbanos: procedimentos
metodológicos com enfoque transdisciplinar para o processo de desenho urbano sensível à água
englobando o subsistema da comunidade e o suprassistema da paisagem. Thesis PhD in Architecture
and Urbanism. Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia - DF.
Berardi, U. 2013. Clarifying the new interpretations of the concept of sustainable building,
Sustainable Cities and Society 8: 72-78.
Brandon, P. S. & Lombardi, P. 2011. Evaluating sustainable development in the built environment,
Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford: 73-87.
CIMES (Org.). Ciudades Intermedias y Urbanización Mundial. Ajuntament de Lleida, UNESCO, UIA,
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. Lleida, Spain. 1999.
French, S. P. 2014. Designing more sustainable cities by integrating infrastructure systems. WIT
Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, V 191. In <www.witpress.com>. Access in: March
2013.
Gallopin, G. C. 2012. Five Stylized Scenarios. Global Water Futures 2050. UNESCO United Nation
World water assessment Program, WWDR4.
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Godoy, J. D. 2016. Harversting rainwater households a strategy in short term to improve the current
water metabolism in Cuenca, Equador. Resurbe II - International Conference on Urban and Regional
Resilience – Empowering Local Communities for Local Action. Cuenca, Ecuador.
Hill, K. 2009. Urban Design and Urban Water ecosystems. The Water Environment of Cities.
Springer. 141-170.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2010. Aglomerados subnormais. Censo Demográfico.
Rio de Janeiro - RJ. In
<http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/aglomerados_subnormais/ >.
Access in: March 2013.
Odum, E. P. & Barret, G. W. 2007. Fundamentos de Ecologia. Translation of the 5th American edition.
Cengage Learning. São Paulo – SP.
Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento. In <http://www.snis.gov.br/>. Access in:
March 2013.
Spirn, A. 2011. Ecological urbanism: A framework for the design of resilient cities. Massachusetts,
United States.
Tanguay, G.A. et al. 2010. Measuring the sustainability of cities: An analysis of the use of local
indicators. Journal Ecological Indicators 10: 407–418.
Ulian, G. 2015. Avaliação Diagnóstica para a Gestão Urbana através de indicadores de “Hidricidade”.
Thesis PhD in Architecture and Urbanism. Facultad de Arquitectura, Construcción y Diseño,
Universidad del Bío-Bío. Concepción, Chile.
Ulian, G. et al. 2015. Indicadores de “Hidricidade” como ferramenta de avaliação da eficiência urbana.
In: EuroElecs. 2015 Latin American and European conference on sustainable buildings and
communities, 2015, Guimarães. Connecting People and Ideas – Proceedings of EURO ELECS 2015.
(2):1181- 1190.
WWI. Worldwacth Institute. 2013. O Estado do Mundo 2013. A sustentabilidade ainda é possível?
Organização: Erik Assadourian e Tom Prugh. Editora UMA – Universidade Livre da Mata Atlântica -
Salvador, BA.
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Mapeamento temático e suas aplicações no planejamento
urbano sustentável
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1. INTRODUÇÃO
Atualmente, podemos ver dia após dia grandes empresas como a Wendy's (Mohana
Ravindranath, 2014) e a Walgreens (ESRI, 2015) fazendo uso do mapeamento temático no
planejamento estratégico de suas lojas. Então fica o questionamento dos motivos pelos
quais as cidades promovem o mapeamento temático para propor e verificar o
planejamento urbano e ainda com a análise dos dados geográficos possa implantada
levando em consideração a sustentabilidade.
Essa é uma ferramenta que está ganhando maiores potencialidades com o aumento de
estudos e técnicas, pois segundo Romero et al. (2005) a escassez dos estudos atualizados e
sistematizados e a necessidade de criação de um sistema de indicadores que respondam a
essas demandas de características mais locais, voltadas para o planejamento e para
projetos urbanos. Uma vez que uma alternativa para realizar bons estudos de
planejamento urbano e torna-los sustentáveis, é através do uso de imagens de satélite da
cidade que venham a permitir aos pesquisadores observar pontos de estudo específicos e
com a análise especifica do entorno, somado com informações locais, seja possível
justificar as razões das construções existirem nos locais em que se encontram.Portanto, o
uso do SIG, com a análise integrada das ciclovias, gera produtos finais, destacados por
mapas e gráficos que auxiliam o planejamento urbano, como uma ferramenta eficaz para
possibilitar aos gestores públicos e privados uma visão integrada e que possibilite a
analise de cenários em caráter multitemporal sobre os municípios, além de auxiliar nas
escolhas e justificativas de decisões, otimizando tempo e recursos.
Sendo o objetivo desse trabalho trazer a tona para a discussão em conjunto com a
proposição do uso do mapeamento temático, justificar as ações e intervenções propostas
por planos que abranjam o planejamento urbano sustentável.
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2. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO
Uma vez que o trabalho consistiu na aquisição de diversos dados para a realização de
mapas, a primeira etapa foi a obtenção e georeferenciamento do mapa planejado pelo
plano de mobilidade de Passo Fundo, Figura 1.
Através da realização dos mapas, tornou-se possível analisar o momento atual com as
demais etapas temporais propostas, bem como realizar uma analise do entorno para
justificar ou criticar as escolhas de planejamento urbano e ainda verificar a possibilidade
de chama-la de sustentável.
Assim, foi obtido o mapa atual da cidade de Passo Fundo - RS, com a demarcação da
localização dos locais que já existem ciclovias, Figura 2. Onde para a demarcação do
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posicionamento da ciclovia atual foi questionado a prefeitura através de uma reunião com
os representantes do planejamento urbano da cidade e posterior levantamento de dados
em campo, onde além da consulta de locais foi trafegado pelos locais demonstrados na fase
1, figura 02, a fim de verificar todos os locais previstos para o termino em 2016.
Desta forma, obtivemos o mapa inicial de como está o ano de 2016, pois as construções
começaram a ser realizadas em 2015, desta forma considerando o ano de 2014 como "Ano
0", onde a cidade não possuía nenhuma ciclovia.
Para possibilitar a analise multi-temporal, foi realizado o georeferenciamento dos dados
da figura 01 e transpostos para a Figura 3, figura a qual está demonstrando os locais que
serão implantados a ciclovia até 2024, segundo proposto no Plano de mobilidade (2014).
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Portanto, temos o mapa previsto para 2024 com toda a extensão da ciclovia em conjunto
com a ciclovia atual e a proposta para 2016. Mapa que permite questionar a motivação da
construção de etapas da 3 fase e não a construção das demais localidades previstos para
ficarem prontos no final do ano de 2016.
Desta forma, é realizada uma analise multi-temporal sem conhecer o entorno, fato que é
corrigido na Figura 4, onde apresenta-se a localização da maior densidade demográfica de
Passo Fundo, a qual justifica o posicionamento das implantações previstas para a 1º fase.
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Figura 4 - Analise da densidade demográfica de Passo Fundo com ciclovias. Fonte Autor 2016.
.
Figura 6 - Inclinação da rua Fagundes dos Reis. Fonte: Google Earth Pro.
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.
Figura 8 - Gráfico de limite de inclinações permitidos para ciclovias. Fonte: Riccardi (2010).
Assim, após realizar uma breve analise em locais com impossibilidades de execução,
segundo a Figura 8, é questionado as razões para implantação em locais que pela teoria
não podem conter as ciclovias. Bem como é enfatizado as razões para a implantação na Av.
Brasil, pois ao mesmo tempo que é uma zona de poucas alterações na elevação, é a
localidade em que esta concentrada o maior numero de pessoas da cidade e constitui o
principal eixo viário da cidade. Com isso justificando também a futura implantação por
toda a extensão da Av. Brasil.
3. CONCLUSÃO
Ao realizar o mapeamento multi-temporal e mapeamento temático de um mesmo item, no
caso a ciclovia, foi possivel realizar uma análise que justifica e ao mesmo tempo critica o
posicionamento previsto para a ciclovia. Uma vez que com as analises no mapa temático
foi possível argumentar e propiciar uma oportunidade de aprofundamento para que em
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estudos futuros seja analisada toda a cidade como um todo em relação a influencia da
ciclovia perante a cidade.
Enquanto que ao realizar a analise somente na "1º Fase" de construção da ciclovia, já
foram encontrados problemas técnicos que deveriam impedir o posicionamento das
ciclovias nestas localidades, foi determinado que para poder realizar um aprofundamento
nos estudos dos mapas das ciclovias, é necessário a multi-temporal em conjunto com
mapas temáticos, devendo realizar estudos futuros a fim de verificar a influencia das
mudanças e dos impactos das construções que estão ocorrendo.
Portanto, conclui-se que são necessários estudos da aplicabilidade das ciclovias nas
localidades onde estão sendo construídas, bem como a verificação em toda a rede
proposta da possibilidade de execução e quais os impeditivos.
REFERÊNCIAS
ESRI (Ed.). Walgreens: Learn how Walgreens uses a strategic geo-centric approach to think
locationally.. 2015. Disponible on: <http://video.esri.com/watch/4630/walgreens>. Accessed in:
30 may 2016.
Mohana Ravindranath . The Washington Post (Ed.). Wendy’s uses mapping software from Calif. firm
Esri to pick new locations. 2014. Disponible on: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/on-
it/wendys-uses-software-from-calif-firm-esri-to-pick-new-locations/2014/08/16/e9e9086e-
2235-11e4-86ca-6f03cbd15c1a_story.html>. Accessed in: 30 may 2016.
Elaboração do Plano Diretor de Mobilidade de Passo Fundo. Passo Fundo: Prefeitura Municipal de
Passo Fundo, 2014. 184 p.
RICCARDI, José Cláudio da Rosa. Ciclovias e Ciclofaixas: Critérios para localização e implantação.
2010. 81 f. TCC (Graduação) - Curso de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,
Porto Alegre, 2010.
Romero, et. al.XI ENCONTRO NACIONAL DA ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E
PESQUISA EM PLANEJAMENTO URBANO E REGIONAL, 2005, Salvador. Construindo um sistema de
indicadores de sustentabilidade intra urbana. Anpur, 2005
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Household Waste Management: a preliminary assessment
of urban planning solutions
Ricardo Tierno
University of São Paulo, Department of Civil Engineering, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
rtierno@usp.br
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1 INTRODUCTION
The intense generation of household waste is one of the great challenges in urban
management today, demanding the fulfillment of a set of steps, where the coordination of
urban public services, the supply of equipment and adequate urban infrastructure
combined shows its importance. On the other hand, the management of household waste,
regarding to storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal, have to be specific
to the characteristics of each municipality.
According to Fresca (2007), one of the main reasons for the increase in waste generation
is population growth and changes in consumer habits, which has led to levels of increased
generation. The amount of waste generated can vary depending on many factors, but
primarily due to population growth. Therefore, when there is a greater waste generation,
proportionally, there is a greater demand for public facilities and waste management
equipment, involving an entire legal and institutional framework to support the
management.
In order to adapt the urban space to the conditions of household waste generation and
management, it is important that urban planning is related to the demands of waste
management stages (SOUZA and SOARES 2014).
Therefore, this implies a general understanding of the coverage and enforceability of the
instruments that rule urban development, where these mechanisms should consider the
urban space in an integrated approach. In this sense, Beatley (2011) reports that, over
recent decades an increase in efforts to implement organic or natural models in the design
of cities has been seen and, according to this author, cities are, in many ways, "similar to
organisms, since they require input material for their survival and generators of wastes,
forming an interconnected and complex metabolism”.
Within this context, this article aims to analyze and discuss the possibilities of including in
urban policy, criteria for the management of household waste. For that, an urban area in
the municipality of São Paulo is used as a case study object, in order to assess potential
solutions related to the generation of steps, storage, collection and transportation,
processing, transshipment and disposal of Household Waste.
2 METHODOLOGY
The study was developed based on the analysis of technical characteristics described by
norms, rules and operational procedures regarding the household waste management.
The main instruments of urban planning of the city of São Paulo were also analyzed,
highlighting the guidelines of population density for the defined study area.
Then an appeal to the Urban Cleaning Municipal Authority of the City of São Paulo
(Amlurb) was performed, targeting the specific operating procedures of collection
services, transportation, treatment and disposal of household waste in the relevant field.
Lastly, the compliance of waste management stages within the study area was verified,
through visits and surveys performed on site.
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urban planning tools that support this management, especially in case of population
density, since this factor will result in an increased amount of waste.
It is an urban area with a variety of land use. On the one hand, it includes many obsolete
buildings, like old manufacturing facilities, which at present are in disuse (Figure 2).
Moreover, due to its location next to the city center, and due high capacity urban transport
availability in the region, the area in question goes through an accelerated process of real
estate development and vertical integration. Currently, multi-family buildings of high
standard as shown in Figure 3 below have already taken some blocks. Nevertheless, the
region includes a large number of single-family residential properties in use, mainly in the
area around Av. Salim Farah Maluf. The area also has road infrastructure already
consolidated, with paved roads and in good storage conditions, predominantly classified
as non-structural (SÃO PAULO, 2014, Paragraph 2.).
From the point of view of urban planning instruments, Belenzinho neighborhood is
located in the Eastern Arc of the Metropolitan Structuring Macroarea, according to the São
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Paulo Strategic Master Plan (PDE), established by the Municipal Law n° 16,050, of July 31,
2014 (SÃO PAULO, 2014). The sectors constitute territory levels for which there are
specific goals of urban development, besides having strategic role in restructuring the
municipality for having great potential for urban transformation.
The Belenzinho neighborhood also participates of the existing and planned Urban
Transformation Structuring Axes, which includes tracks of influence of the structural
system of collective transport, crossing the macro areas (SÃO PAULO, 2014). These PDE
directives lead to greater population density of the study area, evidently justifiable when
considering the current population density (Figure 4) is low, compared to the availability
of installed infrastructure and proximity to the central regions of the municipality.
Regarding the household waste management, according to Amlurb (2016), the region is
served by the concession holder Environmental Logistics (Loga), contracted by the
Municipality of São Paulo to carry out the home collection service (conventional and
selective/differential) in the northwest grouping of the municipality, which includes the
area of study. With respect to conventional collection, the study area includes two sectors
collection with daily frequency and operation at night. In the selective collection, a single
sector covers the study area and a few adjacent streets, are held every Wednesdays,
during the day (AMLURB, 2016). In addition to collecting door to door the study area has
two ecopoints, which are voluntary waste delivery sites. The first is located on Bresser
Street and occupies an area on the side of the Viaduct Bresser, the second is in Arthur
Mota Street, under the viaduct Guadalajara (SÃO PAULO, 2016b).
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In conventional collection after gathering the waste these are transported by the collection
truck to the Transshipment Ponte Pequena, located on State Avenue # 300, Bom Retiro
neighborhood, Sao Paulo city, about 9 km away from the study area where are
subsequently transferred to higher capacity equipment that will lead the residues to the
sanitary landfill “Caieiras Solid Waste Treatment Center”, located at km 33 Bandeirantes
Highway, approximately 28 km away from Transshipment Ponte Pequena (AMLURB,
2016).
In the selective collection, recyclable residues are sent directly to 21 waste pickers
cooperatives associated with the City of São Paulo (AMLURB, 2016).
4.1 Diagnosis of potential solutions in urban planning for the household waste
management in Belenzinho the district of São Paulo
The population density leads to a larger amount of generated waste, which needs to be
administered in urban space. According to the Municipal Integrated Plan of Solid Waste of
São Paulo (SAO PAULO, 2014b), in the North West group, which belongs to the study area,
the per capita generation of waste is 1.23 kg / person per day. That is, every day, 24.6 tons
of waste is generated in the study area, which must be properly conditioned during the
period that elapses between collections, according to their physical characteristics of
subsequently they are collected and transported to the correct locations of treatment and
disposal.
Assuming a larger population density, which is foreseen in urban planning instruments of
the City of São Paulo, the amount of waste to be managed in this urban area will certainly
be greater, increasing systemically the need for equipment, infrastructure and appropriate
services for the new generation standards.
In the packaging step, the enclosure for the waste conditioning is the urban equipment
assigned to the management of household waste, which must be ruled through urban
planning tools. In the conditioning step, the structure for packaging the waste is the urban
equipment assigned to the household waste management which must be ruled through
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urban planning tools. In the neighborhood of Belenzinho, there is a high number of multi-
family residential buildings, where it is observed that the enclosures for the custody of
household waste have different design characteristics, location and access. Some of these
enclosures or rooms presents interferences, such as other urban equipment installed in
the path, resulting in an obstruction to access the collection services, such as bus stops,
trees and parked cars. From the point of view of regulation, the Building Standards Code of
the City of São Paulo is the instrument responsible for regulating the design and
construction of buildings, but does not provide specific guidelines for the construction of
cover and standardization of these enclosures and rooms, according with the
characteristics of solid generation in the respective projects (SÃO PAULO, 1992). The Law
of the Sidewalks (SÃO PAULO, 2011), and the Parceling and Land Use Act (SÃO PAULO,
2016), which are the main setting instruments of urban road space also not explicit about
the conditions for adjustment facing requirements or storage conditions or collection of
household waste. In Figure 5 and Figure 6 some of these enclosures, their differences and
obstructions can be seen.
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Regarding the domestic garbage collection, the largest generation of residues will certainly
also affect the collection project. According to Carvalho (2001), "the collection project is
dynamic and should be regularly monitored aiming observe whether there is variation of
waste generation in each sector”. Lastly, considered that operating sectors are sized based
on the capacity of residues collection equipment, the population density will lead to the
reduction of the perimeter of the collection sectors in each region and consecutively to
increase the number of sectors because the region will have a greater amount of residues
to be collected, increasing possibly the operating cost of the service
5 CONCLUSION
It is noted that there is a close connection between the urban infrastructure and services
geared towards management of household waste with the planning of urban areas
because all steps that waste will experience mandatorily happen within cities.
The PDE and the Parcelling and Land Use Act of the Municipality of São Paulo, despite
being clear about the objectives of encouraging the population density near the mass
transport routes, thus improving urban mobility at the same time, fail not presenting any
strategies to the impacts of such densification in the management of household waste.
The Building Standards Code, in turn, has not been amended in accordance with the
guidelines and objectives of the PDE and the Land Use Act yet. Its current version,
however, leaves gaps to only establish the obligation of construction of these shelters in
buildings for custody of household waste in the period that elapses between collections.
This shelter must minimally have their space dimensioned according to the stage that
precedes packaging, ie the generation, but this does not happen in current scaling.
Moreover, aiming at a better use of waste regarding its different fractions, the shelter
construction features must be integrated into the collection services performed in the
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study area, requiring that they be designed and constructed to accommodate minimally
waste for conventional and selective collection.
Finally, as the urban planning instruments establish the population density of the study
area, as well as many other urban neighborhoods in São Paulo, the PDE should also
indicate guidelines regarding the number of ecopoints increase in region and / or existing
retraining, since both urban equipment for the voluntary delivery of waste to the effect of
densification, will become insufficient.
In this case, the challenge is a new redistribution of ecopoints within the study area,
following some specific criteria, since there is a cause and effect relationship between the
urban parameters and the management of household waste in the study area.
The first criterion to be followed would be the positioning of ecopoints. The urban
equipment has a maximum radius of influence, as from a distance, due to excessive
displacement, the generator will not lead over their waste to the same and, therefore, the
planning process should be considered the location of equipment, establishing a maximum
distance limit between ecopoints.
The second criterion to be observed by the urban planning instruments would be the
equipment area, which should vary as a result of population density of the area of
influence, where it is understood that the greater the number of people served by the
location, the greater the need for usable area for packaging waste.
REFERENCES
AMLURB. Municipal Authority of the City of São Paulo. Carta Resposta PCC/011/EP/02032016 -
Mapa de frequência de coleta domiciliar convencional e seletiva. 2016.
BEATLEY; T. Biophilic Cities: Integrating nature into urban design and planning. Washington (EU).
2011
BRASIL. Lei Federal nº 12.305, de 02 de agosto de 2010. Institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos
Sólidos; altera a Lei no 9.605, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998; e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial [da
União], Brasília, 03 ago. 2010, p. 2. Avaliable on: <https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-
2010/2010/lei/l12305.htm>. Acessed: Apr., 10 of 2016.
CARVALHO, L.E.X. Desenvolvimento de solução integrada de sistemas de limpeza urbana em ambiente
SIG. Dissertation (Masters Degree in Transport Engeneering), Rio de Janeiro–RJ, Federal University
of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ. 2001.
FRÉSCA, F. R. C. Estudo da Geração de Resíduos Sólidos Domiciliares no Município de São Carlos, SP, a
partir da caracterização física. 2007. 133 f. Dissertation (Masters Degree in Environmental
Engeneering), São Carlos-SP, University of São Paulo – USP. 2007.
IBGE. Brasilian Institute os Geography and Statistics. Censo Demográfico. 2010a. Avaliable on:
<http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm>. Acessed: May,
05 of 2016.
IBGE. Brasilian Institute os Geography and Statistics. Mapas dos Setores Censitários. 2010b.
Avaliable on :
<ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/mapas_estatisticos/censo_2010/mapas_de_setores_censitarios>.
Acessed: May, 06 of 2016.
LEITE, M. F. A taxa de coleta dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares: Uma análise crítica. 2006. 106 f.
Dissertation (Masters Degree in Planning Measures and Operation of Transport Sistems), São
Carlos-SP, University of São Paulo – USP. 2006.
LOGAREZZI, A. Contribuições conceituais para o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e ações de
educação ambiental. In: LEAL, A. C. et al. Resíduos sólidos no Pontal do Paranapanema. Presidente
Prudente: Antônio Thomaz Junior, 2004. p. 221-246.
MANSUR, G. L.; MONTEIRO, J. H. R. P. IBAM. Brasilian Institute for Municipal Administration.
Cartilha de Limpeza Urbana. 1991. 81 p
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Patchwork of industrial neighborhoods around
São Paulo core area: Case study
ABSTRACT: This paper is part of a research on the urban fabric of traditional industrial
neighborhoods in the city of Sao Paulo, today in a changing process for housing and services.
It is observed that occurred in the history of its development the implementation of
urbanized sectors characterized by blocks parceled into plots of large and medium size to
industrial activities. This pattern usually is mixed with residential, commercial and services
spots. As the groups of small lots not facilitating additions, they are not so attractive to the
builders. Today is observed a scenario of low occupancy, side by side with a dense and
vertical environment. The industries are in a process of transferring giving way to
residential condominiums or large shopping centers. In these spots the use of soil appears
as predominantly residential or mixed use. The study of these significant parts of the city to
preserve them as open neighborhoods areas, where the quality of life may have a unique
character, in contrast to the large gated communities, is a subject related to sustainability
and whose study begins. The purpose is to investigate how to protect them from the point
of view of mobility, identity, the use of public services and access to social facilities,
encouraging the formation of a favorable environment for people. To the SBE2016
conference will be presented the initial part of the research, the procedures and an overview
of the site in Mooca's District, São Paulo, Brazil.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Eleven million people live in São Paulo, Brazil, within a metropolitan area of twenty million.
In spite of central county population achieve stability nowadays, increases the number of
people all around. Enormous problems with transit, infrastructure, safety and air pollution
are affecting people in the city.
Mooca (2589 acres, 85029 population) is an old industrial district, situated 2,3 miles from
downtown São Paulo. A train system and highways make transporting easier goods to the
Port of Santos, 41miles far away and a half mile altitude. This network was designed to
attend the demands before 1980, being obsolete nowadays, in consequence of the
automobile invasion and the lack of investments in urban infra-structure. The linkage
between the central city, the emergent industrial area and seaside was designed in the
Tamanduateí river flood area as a design concept from the nineties dawn. Unfortunately, it
was a decision made at that moment looking for the easy access and economy, not to
preserve nature. The consequence nowadays is a huge vehicular system, alongside, but too
close the river. This being polluted, considered by a parcel of the population as a place to
throw away unused things. This is not a nice scenario to the residential and office buildings
growing nearby.
Figure 1. Mooca’s District and the city core. Source – Author’s diagram.
Mooca, attached to the city center of São Paulo, means the starting point to the development
going East. This process of territorial occupation is fully explained by R. M. Prosperi and M.
D. Grostein in the book “A Leste do Centro”. Their diagrams brought about the idea to adapt
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the map from this region of São Paulo, in order to situate the Mooca’s District in relation to
the core area of the city, Figure 1. In this figure the numbers are representing, as follow: 1-
Central Area, 2- Tietê River, 3- Tamanduateí River, 4- Mooca’s District.
As a global city São Paulo has been converted to a business and services city moving away
the large industries. The Mooca’s district sited near downtown became one of pioneers on
city transformations, being attractive for housing and services. The district became a typical
area showing partly empty large industrial plants, historical buildings waiting to be
updating, many small size buildings changing its occupation to mixed use and new large
housing condos replacing industrial buildings. In this context what characterizes the actual
portrait is the presence of large condominiums and multi-use complexes (Macedo, 2013).
Understand the transformations on the patterns of urban tissues helps everybody in some
way, it is an important matter to study because permits a straight connection with the built
environment. The RGCA, Research Group City Architecture, University São Judas Tadeu. has
been studying the subject of urban form specially devoted to the transformations on the old
industrial areas in São Paulo. By studying the changes in the framework of cities is possible
develop a set of patterns to support urban design, motivate people to claim for better places
to live in, and achieve a way to encourage the involvement of politician’s class. The
theoretical approach can help professionals and students in their assignments in the field
of planning and urban design. Taking the city of Portland, Oregon, USA as an example of
public and private initiatives, J. Barnett and L. Beasley out: “Another area of redundant
industrial and warehouse adjacent to the Willamette River has recently been totally
redeveloped into what is now knowing as South Waterfront Neighborhood. Since the early
2000s, this predominantly high-rise area has grown to accommodate more than 5,000
people” (Barnett and Beasley, 2015).
In São Paulo there is not any so unique environment like the Willamette River area, but
through good mind inquiring will be possible explore an amount of different places with
sufficient attributes leading to good urban design. Every neighborhood of a city has a couple
of qualities to be explored in accordance to desires and people needs, not depending
exclusively from population income, but, if everyone is moving forward together. A sample
of the RGCA research on tissue transformations, so called patchwork of industrial
neighborhoods around the São Paulo core area, will be presented by the occasion of the
sustainable built environment seminar, SBE2016 Brazil& Portugal.
Figure 2 - Panoramic view: the mix of building forms and sizes. Source - Author’s image, 07.06.2016
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2 RESEARCH PROCEDURES
Figure 2 is a testimony of urban tissue transformation to higher density. In a glance on the
Mooca’s aerial image is easy identifying the general aspects of the urban tissue: large
industrial blocks contrasting with other in regular size for housing and the lack of public
green spaces. The studies of this tissue has been started by the empirical knowledge from
walking through the area, in a sense that researchers must have familiarity with the spaces.
Statement coming from to realize that urban design concepts and the study of the city
architecture enhances with the sense of the territory (Costa & Netto, 2015).
There are nine steps to do so.
Step 1 - Adjusting the neighborhood boundaries
First step is how to consider the boundaries of Mooca’s district The City has its limits to
administrative objectives, another subdivision related to the city facilities, there are the
subdivision to Census and the one adopted by the Urban Planning Department. The criteria
adopted for this study are related to the evolution of the land occupation since the middle
of last century, considering the official data, but slightly adjusted to boundaries as
considered by the ordinary citizens. The parceling resulted in eight enclaves: 1- Ana Neri;
2- Hipódromo; 3- Cassandoca; 4- Alberto Lyon; 5- Mooca ; 6- Alto da Mooca;7- Henry Ford;
8- Parque da Mooca. Figure 3A
Figure 3. Mooca: Eight enclaves and the main street system. Source - Author’s diagram. Google Earth
25.05.2016
Step 2 - Identifying the roads going through and the roads of distribution
To the matter of classifying the street network is adopted a system that is current to urban
design in North America, also recommended by N. Cherry and K. Nagle (Cherry e Nagle,
2009). To support the design diagrams, the vehicular circulation is classified as:
Road going through (primary right-of-way);
Road of distribution (secondary right-of-way);
Local road (local right-of-way);
Railroad / metro - train (right-of-way)
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To facilitate the analysis, these concepts are applied as a diagram, showed in figure 3B. The
solid lines represent the roads going through, the dotted lines, railroads or subway
Step 3 - Urban space by its parts
The roads going through and the railroads are highlighted and appointed as the main
circulation network. Working at this small scale of mapping, the distributing roads were not
considered, as far as for the present purposes the schematic approach is enough. At this
point, the overlapping of the roads map upon the enclaves’ sheet is to be done. It is the
moment to check one to another, as a way to find if boundaries are coincident with a road
going through or not. In case of no coincidence, is time to find if there is a distributing road
playing the role of the boundary. To achieve a good portrait of enclaves its boundaries lines
must be established by a road going through, a railroad or a road of distribution. There is
interest to the analysis the overlapping of the enclave’s map upon the roads one.
Step 4 - The boundary of an enclave is more than a single road
The road going through (primary right-of-way) or the road of distribution (secondary right-
of-way) in the urban landscape are intermediate spaces where people and vehicles can
move by them. As such, they attract a diversity of people activities through the pedestrian
paths or sheltered in the roll of buildings alongside the streets. Together, the streets, lots,
border blocks and buildings constitute what is named by corridor. The traditional city has
its urban design based on a network of corridors, almost all of mixed use.
Step 5 – Corridors and the space between them
In traditional cities corridors can intercept one to another creating an intermediate space
like cells. Its shape may be like a polygon, such as a rectangle, trapezoid or sector of circle,
depending on the land configuration. This space is called subarea, it is large if considered
the city ring corridor as the limit and it is small when embraces a residential neighborhood.
The previous five steps result from procedures developed by RGCA, for urban tissues
studies when they are segments of a large sector inside a city, like São Paulo. They are
concerned with a sort of analysis about urban tissues, whose basis were found in the paper
“O espaço urbano por partes” (Macedo,2002).
Step 6 – The corridors and subareas as the subject of analysis
In a chosen sector, corridors and subareas that characterize this space, are issues already
stablished, giving the basis for further analysis. In a chosen sector, corridors and subareas
that characterize this space, are issues already stablished, giving the basis for further
analysis. Figure 3B is necessary to add the track of lots that confront the existing roads and
buildings, to complete the corridor. Surely, this will be studied into a scale useful for the
analysis, but diagrams showing the plots along the corridor and a figure ground map
emphasizes the study general concept. A sample is presented considering a part of District
already detailed by GPAC. Figure 4.
At this point based on the study of the eight enclaves the researcher has enough knowledge
about the evolution of the urban structure of each enclave. It is supposed that knowledge
enhances during the contact with the local reality, understood by social-economic, cultural
and environmental issues. Process accompanied by local visits, bibliography and analysis
of the city master plan. The result from to study the enclaves must be crossed with the
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experience in each corridor and in the subarea, specially concerning the smaller portions.
In the little subareas, roads of distribution play an important role to delineate
neighborhoods of small size.
Figure 4. Corridors highlighting the plots and figure ground. Source – Author’s diagrams
Figure 5 – Partial view, enclave 2. Source – Author’s images and Google Earth 04.06.2016
Sample 2 (figure 6): an urban tissue designed for housing, giving the feeling of a quiet
neighborhood. In Mooca is easy finding interesting places like this. Back figure 3, enclave 5.
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Sample 3 (figure 7): a common situation, like a mix of small and medium low-rise buildings
with high-rise large ones, all of them in the same block. A strong influence of garden cities
concepts related to urban design. Back figure 3, enclave 5.
Figure 6 – insertion of a cul-de-sac in a regular block. Source – Author’s image and Google Earth.02.06.2016.
Figure 7- From the smaller to the big one. Source – Author’s Image and Google Earth. 08.06.2016
Sample 4 (figure 8): The traditional locations to heavy industries, occupying large tracks of
space occurs in the enclaves 4 and 7, as shown in figure 3. They are mainly industrial plots,
not many places to commerce and services, and just few locations to shelter people in charge
with the security. The landscape shows sheds that are often repeated, their roofs constitute
heat islands. The cargo trucks can only access this area at night. There are problems of
mobility and pollution because the neighborhoods around are mainly mixed use nowadays.
Interestingly, on the ground of the industrial facilities are out of this area, where there are
many industrial buildings listed by heritage, the enclaves (4 and 7) show the potential to
become an important interest point of the district of Mooca: mixing industries that can stay
with culture and recreation areas. Back figure 3, enclaves 4 and 7.
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Figure 8 – Large industries in Mooca. Source – Author’s image (2009) and Google Earth. 03.06.2016
Sample 5 (figure 9): thirty-seven and half acres’ block spilt between a plot to subsidized
housing (1948) and a plot to a medium-class condominium (2004). Back figure 3, enclave 3.
Figure 9 – From the traditional to the modern pattern. Source: Author’s image and Google Earth, 06.06.2016
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Besides the necessary inputs arising from urban planning, in particular the technical data,
there are a set of attributes coming from the cultural context, enhancing the urban design
program. If indeed they are embedded into the program, certainly the benefits should reach
people. These inputs come from the concept that the urban designer must observe
everything looking for element to add into the program to design inspired by the local spirit:
genius loci. The analysis and interpretation of urban structure, even the initial project
proposals could be complemented by an entry not strictly physical or quantitative. Aspects
of social life and the local community customs are to be considered (Norberg-Schultz,1980).
3 FINAL COMMENTS
The ten steps explained in this paper are partial results of a working in progress,
looking for to systematize the analysis process of an urban tissue. Today there is a
huge set of variables to be considered in urban planning and urban design. The start
point is the usual research to survey the basic data listing: needs, desires, the natural
landscape and human transformations. In the contemporary planning in which the
discussions with stakeholders on a given project are important and there are
proceedings to make them useful for the urban design, is possible to introduce the
thematic of taking qualitative notations on people behavior and culture related to
spatial patterns.
The steps 1 to 3, explained in this paper, are done in order to define enclaves in the
city understood by geographical, cultural and social indicators, besides official
information and urban planning guidelines. Steps 4 to 6, are to explain the concepts
of corridors and subareas, introduced as new morphological elements that overlap
the street, block, lot and building, whose studies are in the field of urban morphology.
The steps 7 to 9, point to a way of urban designer have the sense to realize physical
organizations and using ways of spaces empirically and then slowly consolidating
them as patterns (step 9). The nine steps are placed to help further research and
offer an organized basis for the development of new projects. Going forward, it is
thought that the 9 steps can help in the process of teaching urban design.
REFERENCES
Alexander, C; Ishikawa, S; Silverstein, M, 1977. A pattern language. NY: Oxford University Press.
Barnett, J; Beasley, L. 2015. Ecodesign for cities and suburbs. Washington: Island Press.
Cherry, N.; Nagle, K. 2009. Grid, street, place, essential elements of sustainable urban districts. Chicago:
Planners Press.
Costa, Stael. P; Netto, M. M.G. COSTA, Stael. P; NETTO, Maria Manoela.G. Fundamentos de morfologia
urbana. Belo Horizonte, C/Arte. 2015. Fundamentos de morfologia urbana. B. Horizonte, C/Arte. 2015
Faar, Douglas. 2008. Sustainable Urbanism. Urban design with nature. New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons.
Grostein, M; Meyer, R, 2010. A leste do centro. São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial.
Lennertz, B; Lutzenhiser, A. 2006, The charrette handbook. New York: APA Planners Press.
Macedo, A.C. 2002. O espaço urbano por partes. Revista Sinopses 38, São Paulo: 11-16.
---------------- 2013. Understanding urban design issues from changes in urban tissues: case study
Mooca, Brazil. In Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects 78/12 December: 26-29. Munbai.
Norberg-Schultz, C. 1980. Genius loci: Towards a phenomenology of architecture. Academy Editions,
London.
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Ecology and environment, an urban scale comparative
study between contemporary and vernacular city of
Nablus
Luís Bragança
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
braganca@civil.uminho.pt
Ricardo Mateus
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
ricardomateus@civil.uminho.pt
ABSTRACT: The harmony between environment and buildings is the strongest point of
vernacular architecture. In this context, the Mediterranean vernacular architecture is
harmonized with its local context, including culture and traditions. In addition, it respects
environmental and climatic factors, construction materials and morphology. In the past,
people in Palestine built their houses according to their possibilities, needs, available
materials, topography, and culture. Without any control from the government or any legal
limitations or architects, it was people architecture, simple architecture. This paper
discusses the differences between vernacular and contemporary cities of Palestine at the
urban scale. The research methodology adopts explanatory qualitative analysis and
comparative synthesis methods for both the old and the new area of the city of Nablus and
considers many parameters of the cities such as the city layout, skyline, infrastructure and
public spaces. The outcomes of this research allow understanding how the new city is far
away from the sustainability principles and how the old city is closer to it and how the
architects and stakeholders could learn from the strategies of vernacular architecture. The
paper draws a set of recommendations for more in-depth studies, based on quantitative
survey with energy efficiency measurements in the Mediterranean climate.
Keywords sustainability, urban scale, vernacular buildings, Palestine.
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1. INTRODUCTION
There is no doubt that Mediterranean countries, in general, have some common aspects
regarding vernacular architecture like climate, materials, and building technologies. As an
example and having in mind the specific characteristics of the vernacular architecture found
in Mediterranean countries, this paper is focused in Palestinian vernacular architecture.
Nowadays, vernacular architecture is considered as a model for sustainable architecture
and the strategies that are now the basis of sustainable construction are derived from
aspects and characteristics of this type of architecture (Fernandes et al. 2014).
The Palestinian vernacular architecture was studied before by other authors. For example,
(Hussein, Barlet, and Semidor 2010) highlighted the socio-environmental characteristics of
private outdoor spaces in contemporary Palestinian housing, comparing it with the
traditional outdoor spaces, with the goal of improving living quality of future housing design
in Palestine. This comparative study was carried out in two different cities located in two
different climatic zones of Palestine: Jericho and Nablus (Kottek et al. 2006). The study is
focusing on courtyard concept and in the importance of reintroducing consciously this
concept in the design of new residential buildings and in the retrofitting of existing ones.
This study is based in a survey that covers 300 dwellings of different housing typologies
such as detached houses and multi-family buildings, which are the most common typologies
of contemporary housing in Palestine. As main conclusion, this study highlights that the
private outdoor spaces are an important and main element for improving and achieving
housing sustainability and that contemporary outdoor spaces are not designed to meet the
inhabitants needs.
Another comparative study discusses high-density housing in Palestine and the lack of land,
by comparing between contemporary and traditional typologies and identifying the use of
land parameters of traditional housing to improve contemporary housing in Palestine (Itma
2014). This study anlyzes different housing, such as courtyard houses, single houses, and
attached houses, in addition, it defines the following typologies for Palestinian buildings: i)
Low-rise-low-density housing; ii) High-rise-high-density housing; and iii) Courtyard
housing.
One of the most recent studies in this field (Fernandes et al. 2014) reviews the importance
of vernacular architecture as a type of construction that should be studied from a
sustainability point of view (Fernandes et al. 2014). The study is based on a comparative
analysis between the vernacular architecture of southern Portugal and north of Egypt.
The study concluded that Mediterranean vernacular architecture was developed in many
perspectives and affected by many factors, such as climatic, environmental and cultural
aspects, and that it is possible to find similar vernacular strategies through the
Mediterranean regions even if the culture is based on Roman or Arab cultures. The study
also presents other works which highlight the good thermal performance of vernacular
buildings in Mediterranean climate context (e.g. Fathy 1986), and emphasise the benefits of
using local materials (e.g. Weber and Yannas 2013). This paper concludes that climate is an
important issue to consider in building design and that some of the cooling passive
strategies found in the Mediterranean vernacular architecture are relevant principles to
consider in the design of energy efficient buildings. Nevertheless, the current building
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design is depending majorly on fossil energy due to the role given to mechanical equipment
to control the indoor climate.
2. METHODOLOGY
The paper is applying a qualitative approach through explanatory qualitative analysis and
comparative synthesis methods for vernacular sustainable strategies used in Palestinian
vernacular architecture at the urban scale. The application of this method and the
comparison is focused on both the old city and new urban areas of Nablus. The comparative
analysis was based on a systematic comparison of different design principles used with a
focus on urban design scale strategies to understand similarities and differences. This
analysis allowed the development of a set of guidance principles to be considered in the
design of more sustainable urban areas in Palestine. From the results it was also concluded
that it is necessary to develop future in-situ qualitative surveys for more robust evaluation
of such strategies.
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the inhabitants do generally not use them and therefore such spaces are completely
neglected (Figure D).
Table 1. City layout comparison between the old city and new urban areas of Nablus (Sources – figures A and
E: “Http://www.nablus.org/” 2011; D, C and F: “DOOZ” 2016).
A D
Nablus old city map showing the compact layout Separated building in the new urban areas
B E
3D model of Nablus showing the compact layout 2D map for the new urban areas showing the
disperse layout
C F
Shaded streets and walkways as a result of Streets and walkways exposed to direct solar
compact layout radiation due to wrong city layout
3.4 Infrastructure
As presented in Table 4, the new technology is giving some positive inputs to the new urban
areas, such as an improved sewerage network (Figures D and E), in contrast with old
sewerage network created by the Romans and that is still in use in the old urban areas
(Figures I and J). Regarding the water distribution system, in the new urban areas both the
higher population density and higher buildings height turned necessary the use of solutions
higher environmental impact and not always so well integrated in the urban layout as the
traditional water distribution systems (Figure B and C compared with G and H).
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Table 2. sky line comparison between the old city and new urban areas of Nablus (Sources – figure A:
“Http://www.nablus.org/” 2011; B: “Presidentsmedals” 2016; D and H: “Tawayha, Bragança, and Mateus
2015”).
A D
Buildings height at the old city of Nablus. Buildings height at the new urban areas.
B E
Section showing composition and heights. 3D and 2D view for the new urban areas.
C F
The effect of the buildings height on the wind and The effect of the buildings height on preventing the
sunlight access. wind and sunlight access.
4. DISCUSSION
For a developing and growing country such as Palestine, it is necessary to begin and to grow
in a right way and to build on strong and clear foundations to reach suitable and sustainable
buildings for the people, especially when there is a very rich and vivid background that still
exists. The empirical experience that was apllied by our ancestrals in the design of
vernacular cities has potential to be applied in the design of new building areas.
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A D
Public spaces and gardens distributed all around the Neglected gardens at the new urban areas.
old city of Nablus.
B E
C F
Semi-private spaces for extended families Spaces between buildings caused by rebounds.
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Table 4. infrastructure networks comparison between the old city and new urban areas of Nablus (Sources –
figure F:“Google Maps” 2016; figure A: Tawayha, Bragança, and Mateus 2015; figures D, E, I, J: “The Applied
Research Institute Jerusalem - Home” 2016).
Top view picture for the transportation network the Top view picture for the transportation network the
old city of Nablus. new urban areas of Nablus.
2) Water distribution
B G
Water elements in the public buildings of Nablus. Water tanks above buildings of the new urban areas.
C H
“Sabil” public free water element. Electric pumps for water distribution.
3) Sewer network
D I
Old roman canal for water distribution. New water network at the new urban areas.
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Table 4 (cont.). Infrastructure networks comparison between the old city and new urban areas of Nablus
(Sources – figure F:“Google Maps” 2016; figure A: Tawayha, Bragança, and Mateus 2015; figures D, E, I, J: “The
Applied Research Institute Jerusalem - Home” 2016).
Old city (Nablus) New city
E J
Natural springs used for water supply. New water network plan of Nablus.
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4.4 Infrastructure
The city infrastructure is divided into hard and soft elements. In this case, hard elements
are discussed, which are roads, water distribution and supply and sewerage networks.
5. CONCLUSION
Generally, in order to develop something and to improve it, it is necessary to learn from
previous experiences, to learn from the past for future, especially when talking about a very
rich background, and a very poor reality. In this paper, some strategies were raised and
explored in urban design scale, both in old and new context, comparing the old and the
contemporary city areas of Nablus.
The study is trying to highlight these strategies in order to assess their potential to use them
in improving the design of new urban areas. This study was focused in the urban scale
strategies and since building scale strategies should also be studied, this is going to be
developed in another study complementary to this one.
Using a comparative approach, this paper showed that some vernacular Palestinian
architecture’s strategies have good potential to be used in the design of new urban areas in
Palestine. These strategies much be used together with other contemporary design
approaches and knowledge in order to satisfy inhabitant’s needs and expectations, thus
contributing for the creation of a more sustainable built environment.
As main conclusions, this study highlights that:
More intensive quantitative studies and surveys are needed to adapt vernacular
strategies to modern applications;
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REFERENCES
“DOOZ.” 2016. Accessed April 26. http://www.dooz.ps/.
Fathy, Hassan. 1986. “Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture.” Principales and Examples with
Referances to Hot and Climates. The Univercity of Chicago Press. Ed Chicago. JSTOR.
Fernandes, Jorge, Marwa Dabaieh, Ricardo Mateus, and Luís Bragança. 2014. “The Influence of the
Mediterranean Climate on Vernacular Architecture: A Comparative Analysis between the Vernacular
Responsive Architecture of Southern Portugal and North of Egypt.” In World Sustainable Buildings
SB14.
“Google Maps.” 2016. Accessed April 26. https://www.google.pt/maps/@41.5472749,-
8.4114212,13z?hl=en.
“Http://www.nablus.org/.” 2011. http://www.nablus.org/.
Hussein, Muhannad Haj, Aline Barlet, and Catherine Semidor. 2010. “Socio-Environmental
Dimensions of Private Outdoor Spaces in Contemporary Palestinian Housing.” Open House
International 35 (2). Open House International: 67–76.
Itma, M. 2014. “High-Density Housing in Palestine: Learning from Traditional Typologies.” The
Sustainable City IX: Urban Regeneration and ….
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CY2lBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA87&dq=high-
density+housing+in+Palestine:+learning+from+traditional+typologies&ots=SQOvEFu_Xj&sig=U0xp
QnsD1bsyHG_KEErm_ZrUqsE.
Kottek, Markus, Jürgen Grieser, Christoph Beck, Bruno Rudolf, and Franz Rubel. 2006. “World Map of
the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15 (3). E.
Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung: 259–63.
“Presidentsmedals.” 2016. Accessed April 26. http://www.presidentsmedals.com/Entry-31911.
Tawayha, Fajr, Luís Bragança, and Ricardo Mateus. 2015. “The Influence of the Palestinian
Sociocultural Values in Shaping the Vernacular Architecture of Nablus City.” Universidade do Minho.
Escola de Engenharia.
“The Applied Research Institute Jerusalem - Home.” 2016. Accessed March 31. http://www.arij.org/.
Weber, Willi, and Simos Yannas. 2013. Lessons from Vernacular Architecture. Routledge.
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1. INTRODUCCIÓN
Durante el siglo XX, las áreas urbanas a nivel mundial crecieron significativamente,
destacando que entre los años 1950 a 2014 la misma se multiplicó en más de 50 veces (de
746 millones a 3,9 billones), viviendo aproximadamente 54% de esta población en áreas
urbanas a la fecha y estimando para el año 2050 su incremento al 66% del total de la
población mundial (ONU-DESA, 2014). Frente a estas evidencias, ciertamente el mundo se
está volviendo cada vez más urbanizado, siendo asociado el vivir en las ciudades a un mejor
acceso a educación, salud, empleo, productos y servicios, pero pese a esta tendencia mundial
e independientemente del grado de desarrollo socio-económico y político del país en
cuestión, la mayoría de las ciudades no han podido acompañar las demandas de sus
residentes, causando el deterioro de su calidad de vida y bienestar (Gehl, 2013).
En medio de este escenario de descontento general, ha surgido el modelo de Ciudad
Inteligente (CI) que busca, a través de la integración de la tecnología con la planificación y
gestión urbana, solventar los errores del pasado y traer a la realidad la construcción de
ciudades sustentables, eficientes y resilientes. Así desde sus inicios, en la década de los
noventa, el término ha sido albo de amplios estudios por considerarle influyente en el
desarrollo urbano, en el incremento de la productividad de los sistemas y servicios, y del
bienestar general de sus ciudadanos (Chong, 2011). El mismo incentiva el uso y aplicación
de la tecnología, la adopción de nuevas estrategias de gobernanza y la participación más
activa de los diversos actores sociales en el planeamiento y la gestión urbana (Chong, 2011;
Chourabi et al, 2012; Cohen, 2012; Batty et al, 2012; Batty, 2013; Lemos, 2013).
No obstante, se han levantado críticas al respecto por quienes lo relacionan como una
manipulación por parte de las empresas fabricantes de tecnología, y por quienes también
denuncian la aparición de nuevas vulnerabilidades debido a los riesgos informáticos, la
pérdida de privacidad, la manipulación social y el surgimiento de nuevas desigualdades
socioeconómicas producidas por la brecha digital (Albino, Bernardi y Dangelico, 2015;
Marsal-Llacuna y Segal, 2016), originando incertidumbres sobre su real potencial.
Ciudades en el mundo, mayormente localizadas en países desarrollados, hoy son modelos
de CI al haber vinculado el uso de la tecnología con la gobernanza, la educación y la
participación social, la infraestructura física y los servicios urbanos (Cohen, 2012). Por otro
lado, algunas ciudades latinoamericanas (LA) que enfrentan serios problemas urbanos,
están apostando en el modelo que las CI presentan. Es así como Río de Janeiro, Buenos Aires,
Ciudad de México y Santiago de Chile, junto a otras capitales y ciudades secundarias han
sido pioneras en la adopción del término, levantándose el interés al respecto de las acciones,
experiencias y resultados alcanzados por las mismas.
A los efectos, este trabajo se caracteriza por seguir una línea de investigación exploratoria
y descriptiva, y pretende traer a reflexión como las CI emergentes de la región LA, se están
preparado en ese contexto, exponiendo primeramente una descripción sucinta el medio
urbano LA y sus problemáticas, seguidamente destacando las acciones claves encontrados
en la transformación de las ciudades inteligentes emergentes, base para el estudio de las
experiencias precursoras de ciudades como Río de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Ciudad de México
y Santiago de Chile que se revelan seguidamente. Finalmente se exponen las
consideraciones finales del estudio.
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2. ANTECEDENTES
La región latinoamericana cuenta con un basto territorio de aproximadamente 20 millones
de Km2 y una población de poco más de 525 millones de personas, de los cuales 78% viven
en áreas urbanas (Banco Mundial, 2014). La misma se caracteriza por poseer una rica
diversidad cultural por la fuerte influencia de su pasado colonizador, y sus pueblos
indígenas que suman cerca de un 9% de la población actual de la región (CEPAL, 2014).
Sus principales ciudades pasaron por una importante transformación urbana durante el
siglo XX, encabezada inicialmente por la adopción de modelos urbanos importados e
insensibles a la realidad de la región, que junto a la falta de políticas públicas inclusivas de
las clases desfavorecidas acabaron reforzando las divisiones sociales, las desigualdades
económicas, el crecimiento desorganizado y la desproporción en la distribución de
infraestructura y servicios básicos ( CAF, 2011; ONU Hábitat CAF, 2013).
Así mismo, a lo largo de las décadas, las zonas urbanas de la región han sido albo de altos
índices migratorios provenientes de las zonas rurales, acogiendo a las personas en busca de
mejores oportunidades de vida (trabajo, educación, salud, confort), que sumado a los
aumentos significativos de la tasa de natalidad y la falta de planificación, control y eficiente
gestión por parte de las autoridades, acabaron magnificando los problemas urbanos que
atraviesa la región exacerbados por el alto déficit habitacional, la ocurrencia repetida de
desastres socio-ambientales, el incremento de las pérdidas humanas y materiales, la alta
degradación ambiental y en consecuencia la pérdida significativa de la calidad de vida de
sus habitantes (López, 2014).
La región está compuesta por 33 países y cientos de ciudades de diversos portes (pequeñas,
medianas y grandes), y pese a la tendencia presenciada en las décadas pasadas de
concentración en las grandes ciudades como Ciudad de México, San Pablo, Rio de Janeiro,
Buenos Aires (CEPAL, 2012), actualmente las mayores tasas de crecimiento se concentran
en las llamadas ciudades secundarias, las cuales presentan una población variante que
puede ir de 20 mil hasta 1 millón de habitantes (Roberts, 2015).
En medio de este escenario, diversos sectores de la sociedad LA (gobiernos, academia,
ONGs, ciudadanía) han destacado la necesidad urgente de repensar las ciudades LA (CAF,
2011, Barbero, 2013), surgiendo el modelo de Ciudades Inteligentes (CI) como el punto de
partida en la solución de los problemas urbanos aquejados. El término, hoy ampliamente
utilizado y referenciado como un fenómeno urbano, se relaciona a aquellas ciudades que
vinculan el uso de la tecnología con la infraestructura existente y sus servicios, con el
propósito de mejorar el desempeño de la ciudad, el eficiente uso de sus recursos, el
desarrollo de sistemas urbanos más flexibles y adaptables a los cambios climáticos, a los
riesgos socio-ambientales, a la violencia urbana, la escases de recursos, y otras amenazas
(Belissent, 2010; Camargo et al., 2014).
En consecuencia, ciudades como Rio de Janeiro, hoy considerada la más inteligente de
Latino América, seguida de otros destaques en la región como Buenos Aires, Ciudad de
México, Santiago de Chile se han interesado en el modelo que las CI viene ofreciendo,
inspiradas en aquellas otras localizadas en países desarrollados (como Viena, Toronto,
Paris, Nueva York, Barcelona, Londres, Tokio, Berlín, Hong Kong, Copenhague) que han
mostrado experiencias exitosas al respecto (Cohen, 2012).
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5. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES
Las ciudades son buenas aliadas del desarrollo, bien planificadas, tratadas y atendidas ellas
pueden ser transformadas nuevamente en un lugar agradable donde todos puedan y
quieran vivir, disfrutar de sus espacios y tener calidad de vida. Si bien hoy en día las
ciudades LA enfrentan fuertes desafíos, es evidente que el modelo de CI está ganando
territorio dentro del contexto latinoamericano, dando la oportunidad a los líderes locales, a
través de las bondades tecnológicas, de reinventar e innovar sus espacios urbanos,
potencializar la participación de todos los actores, atender las diversas realidades y
necesidades sociales, e implementar soluciones factibles y eficientes que combatan los
graves problemas que han venido acosando sus espacios urbanos.
Si bien, la magnitud de la ciudad está directamente asociada con la complejidad de sus
problemas, dificultando en las grandes ciudades LA el proceso de cambios que el modelo de
CI demanda, las llamadas ciudades secundarias LA, caracterizadas por ser de menor
tamaño, presentan oportunidades inigualables en la adopción del modelo de CI y el trazando
temprano de estrategias de planeamiento y gestión urbana, que favorezcan el desarrollo
socioeconómico sustentable, evitando la proliferación de los problemas característicos del
medio urbano LA.
Ser una ciudad inteligente y sustentable es iniciar un camino hacia la transformación y
evolución constante, no es su destino final. Las ciudades pueden transformarse en
inteligentes de diversas maneras, la concepción de las estrategias dependerán de su
contexto social, cultural, político, económico y ambiental. Entendiendo la complejidad de las
ciudades LA.
De forma general en las ciudades estudiadas se observaron factores favorables de
promoción al modelo de CI, evidenciando el trazado de metas a corto, medio y largo plazo
en la construcción y el fortalecimiento de las fuerzas propulsoras de su desempeño
inteligente, asociando en todo momento el uso de las TICs con los sistemas urbanos, la
participación ciudadana y la gobernanza.
En este sentido, también se evidenciaron acciones comunes en la construcción de la
transparencia administrativa, a través de portales de acceso online y abertura de datos
públicos, todos ellos presentes y en operación activa en todas las ciudades.
Se percibió el interés también de construir ambientes favorables a la innovación y los
cambios tecnológicos, fomentando sociedades entre el sector público-privado, es especial
con empresas tecnológicas, así como creando incentivos fiscales que estimulen la
instalación de empresas tecnológicas y la inversión privada dentro de las ciudades.
Con respecto al marco legal y regulatorio se observaron acciones direccionadas a la
necesidad de revisiones y adaptación de los por parte de los países como de las ciudades.
No obstante, pese al impulso que la región muestra con el uso de la tecnología y los modelos
de CI, no debe olvidarse que gran parte de las áreas rurales, así como una porción
importante de la población urbana de más bajos recursos, no cuentan con acceso a las TICs,
siendo evidente y preocupante el crecimiento de la brecha digital y la aparición de nuevas
desigualdades socioeconómicas en la región. Ante lo cual se recomienda que la
administración pública y los entes responsables consideren estrategias regionales,
nacionales y locales que garanticen el acceso y el uso de las TIC’s, capaciten a la población
rural y a los más desfavorecidos socialmente para permitir su inserción gradual y sostenible
dentro del progreso tecnológico de las ciudades inteligentes emergentes.
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REFERENCIAS
Albino, V., Berardi, U., Dangelico, R. M. 2015. Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and
initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1), 3-21.
Banco Mundial, 2014. Banco de datos mundial. Indicadores del desarrollo mundial. Disponible en:
http://databank.bancomundial.org/data/reports.aspx?source=indicadores-del-desarrollo-mundial
Batty, M. Axhausen, K. W. Giannotti, F. Pozdnoukhov, A. Bazzani, A. Wachowicz, M. Ouzounis, G.
Portugali. 2012. Smart cities of the future. European Physical Journal Special Topics. 214, 481–
518.DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3.
Batty, M. 2013. Big data, smart cities and city planning. Dialogues in Human Geography 3(3) 274–
279. DOI: 10.1177/2043820613513390. University College London, London: UK
Belissent, J. 2010. Getting Clever About Smart Cities: New Opportunities Require New Business
Models. Forrester Research, Inc.: Cambridge, MA, USA.
CAF, 2011. Desarrollo urbano y movilidad en América Latina, Observatorio de Movilidad Urbana.
Infraestructura, Caracas, Venezuela.
Camargo, A.; Peñalosa, E.; Silva, A.; Finguerut, S.; Fernandes, J.; Vegara, A.; Leite, C.; Monzoni, M.; Costa,
C.A.; Junqueira, P.; Ruiz, I. 2014. Cidades Inteligentes e Mobilidade Urbana. Caderno FGV Projetos. Rio
de Janeiro, Brasil.
Campbell, T. 2013. Beyond smart cities: how cities network, learn and innovate. Routledge.
CEPAL, 2012. Población, territorio y desarrollo sostenible. Santiago de Chile, Chile.
CEPAL, 2014. Los pueblos indígenas en América Latina: avances en el último decenio y retos
pendientes para la garantía de sus derechos. Santiago de Chile, Chile.
Chong, A. 2015. Conexiones del desarrollo: Impacto de las nuevas tecnologías de la información.
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Nueva York, USA.
Chourabi, H.; Nam, T.; Walker, S.; Gil-Garcia, R.; Mellouli, S.; Nahon K.; Pardo, T.; Scholl, H. J. 2012.
Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. System Science (HICSS). 45th Hawaii
International Conference, pp. 2289-2297.
Cohen, B. 2012. The Top 10 Smart Cities on the Planet. 2012. Co. Exist.
Criado, J. I. y GIL-GARCIA, J. R. 2013. Gobierno electrónico, gestión y políticas públicas: Estado actual
y tendencias futuras en América Latina. Gest. polít. pública [online]. 2013, vol.22, pp.03-48.
De la Selva, A., Rosa A. (2015). Los nuevos rostros de la desigualdad en el siglo XXI: la brecha
digital. Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales, 60(223), 265-285
Gehl, J. 2013. Cities for people. Island Press.
ISO- IEJC JTC. 2015. Smart Cities. Preliminary Report 2014. Geneva. Switzerland.
ITU. 2016. Shaping smarter and more sustainable cities. Striving for sustainable development goals.
Technical Reports and Specifications ITU. Geneva, Switzerland.
Kitchin, R. 2014. The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. GeoJournal, v. 79, n. 1, p. 1-14. DOI
10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8. Kildare, Ireland.
Lemos, A. 2013. Cidades inteligentes. GVexecutivo, 12(2), 46-49.
Marsal-Llacuna, M. L., Segal, M. E. 2016. The Intelligenter Method (I) for making “smarter” city
projects and plans. Cities, 55, 127-138.
Meijer, A., & Bolívar, M. P. R. 2015. Governing the smart city: a review of the literature on smart urban
governance. International Review of Administrative Sciences.
López Moreno, E. (2014). Construcción de ciudades más equitativas. Políticas públicas para la
inclusión en América Latina. Bogotá: CAF. Recuperado de
http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/489
ONU, DESA – División de Población. 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision,
Highlights. ST/ESA/SER.A/352. Nueva York, USA. Disponible en:
https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf
ONU, Habitat III. 2016. Policy Paper, 8-Urban Ecology and Resilience. Unedited version.
Prado, K. C. D.; Dos Santos, E. P. 2014. Smart Cities: Conceito, Iniciativas e o Cenário Carioca. Proyecto
de graduación, Escuela Politécnica, Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Roberts B. H. 2015. Gestionando Sistemas de Ciudades Secundarias. Cities Washington D.C.:
Alliance/Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo,
Trucco, D. 2013. The digital divide in the Latin American context." In Ragnedda, M. and Glenn W.
M. The digital divide: The internet and social inequality in international perspective. Vol. 73. Routledge,
2013.The Digital Divide (2013): 253.
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The Sound of the Landscape: through downtown plazas of
the city of Vitória, ES.
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1. INTRODUCTION
In the history of humanity, the presence of sound is contemplated through science and
through the narratives of divine and mythological characters. Auditory memories begin in
the intrauterine environment and from the moment which is formed, the sense of hearing
begins to function uninterruptedly. The body's protection is done through a psychological
mechanism. Sound is an acoustic phenomenon, propagating mechanical energy in a
material medium in the form of wave motions, irradiated three-dimensionally in all
directions. While sounds have a defined frequency, noise is a physical phenomenon with
indefinite pressure and frequency characteristics (Abraham cited by Grandjean; Kroemer,
2005). Between sounds and noises, there is silence. However, for Cage (1961), silence, as
the absence of sound does not exist. A concept that can be presented is quietness, defined
through the level of sound pressure applied to an area. In Brazil, the Technical Standard
NBR 10151 (ABNT, 2000) sets the evaluation criteria for populated areas. In Europe it is
defined in the Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and Council of the
European Union (2002).
Sounds are organized in the dimension of time, and the ears discriminate the information
in time and space. The audible spectrum of the human ear ranges between 20 Hz and
20,000 Hz, but the ability to listen is also related to the frequency (Lent, 2010). When the
body is exposed to high-intensity sounds, the sensitivity to frequency ranges can be
affected, causing hearing loss and non-hearing disorders such as physical, physiological
and psychological damage.
Hearing and listening are different actions that involves hearing, but may include other
senses. For Pierre Schaeffer (1966), a form of pure listening is the acousmatic where other
senses does not interfere. According to the composer, acousmatic listening assists the
refinement of the sense of hearing. Schaeffer (2007) identifies a particular way of
listening, described as Reduced Listening, consisting of a practice of Listening and
Understanding mode.
Environments are filled with sounds and soundscape is a neologism to describe the sound
ambience or any portion of the sonic environment when seen as a field of study (Schafer,
1997). For Truax (2001), soundscapes also relates to the way that individuals and culture
perceives and responds to the sonic ambience. Senses allow humans to have feelings for
the space and sounds "dramatizes the sensory experience", widening the perception of
what the eyes do not see (Tuan, 1983, p.18). Sound helps to create a sense of place.
The soundscape is composed of different elements and one of the subprojects of the World
Soundscape Project, discussed systems to catalog it (Shafer, 1997). Sounds can be
classified according to physical characteristics, aesthetic qualities, or as referential
aspects, its function and meaning (Shafer, 1997). In one approach to categorizing sounds,
Krause (2008) proposed the term Biofonia due to the need of researchers to express
sounds of biological origin in a particular habitat, without human interference. Krause also
brings the term Geofonia for non-organic nature sounds (like sounds of the wind, water,
climate and geophysical origin) and Antropofonia, sounds produced by humans and their
creations.
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These studies of the acoustic environment enables the observation of patterns and
changes that occur over time in places and it is presented in maps with several objectives:
Music Soundmaps, Audio Guides Soundmaps, Oral History Soundmaps, Noise Maps and
Soundmaps of Soundscapes. The last type has emphasis on the study of soundscapes,
aiming to archive, analyze and share the sounds of different environments. Field
recordings are the first step for the production of information in this type of map. The
second step is to identify the Sound Events and classify them. The third step is the
cartography of the map, make it available online, may or not being collaborative, with
public contribution data and open license.
Soundscapes can go beyond listening and characterize the environment, also rearranging
and composing music with them. The practice of soundwalk was a method developed to
identify the soundscapes. Soundwalk is a meditative walk, a tour which main purpose is to
listen to the environment and educate the ears (Westerkamp, 1974). The action can be
performed individually or in groups, in a large or small geographical area, with or without
recording (Westerkamp, 1974).
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Plazas
1. Moscoso Park
2. João Clímaco Plaza
3. Oito de Setembro Plaza
4. Presidente Getúlio Vargas Plaza
5. Costa Pereira Plaza Downtown
6. Ubaldo Ramalhete Maia Plaza
Moscoso
Park
Figure 1 - Location of the neighborhoods and plazas. Source: Google Maps (2014).
The measurement was carried during three days of December 2013, in four periods
throughout the day, covering the acoustic peculiarities relating to each time: H1 (from 7 to
10 am), H2 (from 11 to 14h), H3 (15 to 18h) and H4 (from 19 to 22h). The recording time
was determined in 10 minutes, through drifting soundwalks, inspired by the "Theory of
the Dérive" (Debord, 1954 cited by Jacques, 2003).
Audio recordings and photographs were made, and also sketches of the paths, notes, and
relevant informations. A Digital Audio Recorder was used, with wind protection foam, Q3
model, Zoom, generating stereo files in MP3 format. A headphone MDR-ZX100, Sony,
allowed to monitor the recordings. Pictures and videos were taken with a digital camera
(model D3100, Nikon), generating files in JPG and MOV format.
The systematization of the records proceeded. Audio files were made available on the
internet through the platform Soundcloud (Soundcloud, 2014). To cartograph the data
collected, the platform "The Sound of the Landscape" was created using Google Maps
Engine Lite (Google Maps, 2014), and the paths were georeferenced and identified with
links to the audio files. To share the content, the page SoundwalkVix was created on the
website <http://soundwalkvix.blogspot.com.br>.
The analysis of the sound recordings were made with the software Sonic Visualiser
(2013). The characterization of the Sound Events proceeded with the counting the number
of events in each frame of one second of recording. At the end the composition of the
events was obtained, with the categories and amounts. After analyzing the Sound Events, a
spreadsheet with the number of occurrences was generated, with values in percentage
related to the total duration of the recording. The taxonomy used was developed based on
proposals of Schafer (1997) and Krause (2008), plus local references, resulting in four
main groups, Antropofonia, Biofonia, Geofonia, Stillness and Silence.
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The data were organized into individual frames containing the identification of the place,
day, time, weather conditions at the time of measurement, the traveled path, the
oscillogram, audio spectrogram, images, sound path description and the result containing
the set of sounds present in the recording and its representation in percentage. The results
were discussed, characterizing the particularities of each one, demonstrated with a chart.
Sand, Concrete Stone Mosaic Stone Mosaic Stone Mosaic, Stone Mosaic Stone Mosaic
Landscape Function Flooring
Bush, Tree, Bush, Tree, Tree, Bush, Tree, Bush, Tree, Bush, Tree,
Grass, Grass, Herbaceous Grass, Grass, Grass
Herbaceous, Herbaceous Herbaceous, Herbaceous,
Palm tree Palm tree Palm tree
Academy,Arch Garden, Grotto Garden,Bench, Bench, Garden, Academy,
Bench, Bridge Light Fixtures Light Fixtures, Vending Tent, Newsstand, Garden,Bench,
Fountain, Lake Monuments Clock Tower Newsstand, Vending Tent, Newsstand
Equipments
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Plaza Oito de Setembro (P3) contains an urban-maritime soundscape, with the presence of
continuous sounds of the harbor, sometimes masked by the sounds of traffic. This
soundscape can be described with the predominance of traffic sounds.
Plaza Presidente Getúlio Vargas (P4) is also an urban-maritime soundscape due to its
inclusion of important avenues, surrounded by commercial buildings and its proximity to
the port and its characteristical sounds, such as engines and ships.
Plaza Costa Pereira (P5) has an urban soundscape basically with a social, commercial and
contemplation ambience. The square is often used as a break in the commercial route of
the city, with the use of seat benches under the shadows of trees.
Plaza Ubaldo Ramalhete Maia (P6) is inserted in a community ambience. It is an urban
atmosphere where spatial appropriation is made by people of different age groups,
interacting with the equipment offered. Quiet moments, without the existence of traffic,
were also perceived.
The categories of sounds were listed and identified as shown in Table 2. The data collected
on different days and times, were organized into individual worksheets comparing the
variations of the soundscape. In this article we show the data Plaza Ubaldo Ramalhete
Maia with the highest diversity of sounds, as seen in Table 3. The general characterization
of the soundscape throughout the day and measurement times are shown in Figure 2. In
this figure, the horizontal axis values (1 to 44) represents the categories of sounds and the
vertical axis shows the percentages of each category.
Table 2 - Sound categories and their numerical references to the graphics in Figure 2.
Categories No.
Anthropophony Human Sounds Sounds of the body Footsteps 1
Hands clapping 2
Sounds of the voice Speaking 3
Sounds as indicators Bells 4
Whistles 5
Telephones 6
Alarms 7
Sounds and Society Trades, Professions and Street sweeper 8
Livelihoods Vending tents 9
Factories and offices Shipyard 10
Entertainments Sports events 11
Radio 12
Tv 13
Music Live music 14
Eletronic music 15
Advertisements 16
Festivals Fireworks 17
Religious event 18
Parks and gardens Fountains 19
Academies 20
Playground 21
Mechanical Sounds Aircraft Airplane 22
Helicopter 23
Transportation machines Internal Combustion Engines 24
Hoots 25
Sounders 26
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Categories No.
Anthropophony Alarms 27
Bikes 28
Manhole cover 29
Construction and demolition Drills 30
equipment Hammers 31
Saws 32
Compressors 33
Other machines 34
Ventilators and air conditioners 35
Biophony Birds 36
Insects 37
Dogs 38
Bats 39
Geophony Air Wind 40
Thunder 41
Water Rains 42
Earth Trees 43
Quiet and Silence 44
Table 3 - Soundscape of Plaza Ubaldo Ramalhete Maia in the 3 days and 4 hours of measurement.
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
D1H1 D1H2 D1H3 D1H4 D2H1 D2H2 D2H3 D2H4 D3H1 D3H2 D3H3 D3H4
1 1,0 1,2 5,0 0,3 37,8 6,7 0,5 35,3 6,3 13,2 9,6 7,2
2 2,8 1,2 1,3 0,7 0,5 0,7 1,0
3 95,2 100,0 100,0 100,0 84,4 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0
6 0,2 0,5
9 13,1
8 4,2 3,0
11 29,8 23,2 14,3 10,7
12 2,7
13 3,7 20,0 22,7 81,3 48,5
14 7,5 68,7 26,3
15 0,8 1,7 7,7 78,5 4,5 81,2 72,8 39,3 7,9 2,3
16 45,5
20 1,7 11,8 12,5 73,1 5,5 12,7 2,5 4,4
21 13,5
24 75,3 100,0 100,0 7,3 79,8 55,3 24,8 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 45,0
25 2,8 1,0 0,8 0,2 0,2 0,5 0,3 2,7 0,5
28 1,0 4,2 0,2 0,8 0,2 0,2 0,2
27 3,2
29 0,2
30 4,8
34 0,2
33 0,3 2,5 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,3 4,8 5,2 5,7
36 97,7 97,2 89,3 100,0 70,7 6,5 0,8 70,3 78,9 75,6 1,0
37 28,8
38 0,8 1,2 4,5 6,8 1,5 1,7
40 11,8 9,0 0,7 2,0
42 100,0
43 2,7 7,9
44 20,2 9,5
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1 10,34 1 3,64 1 3,74 1 0,70 1 17,41 1 10,32
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0,69
3 98,30 3 47,90 3 12,89 3 5,51 3 22,47 3 41,42
0,42 3,32
5 5 3,25 5 3,44 5 0,29 5 5 0,26
0,06 0,14 0,33
Moscoso Park
7 7 0,01 7 7 7 9,12 7 3,25
0,60 2,61 4,60 1,94 0,46
ISBN: 978-85-92631-00-0
4. CONCLUSION
In this research, some restrictions limited the spatial area, time and method of
measurement. As a suggestion for future research, it is possible to extend the data
collection period and the spaces under study. There was a big difference between the
sounds of the streets, just as during the days and researched times. It was identified that
the Plaza Oito de Setembro has the lowest diversity of sounds, while Plaza Ubaldo
Ramalhete Maia has the greatest diversity. The Sound Marks characterized are the sounds
of the Cathedral bells, presented in the recordings of Plaza João Clímaco, the fountains of
Moscoso Park. The sound of the clock tower of Plaza Oito de Setembro could be part of this
item, if it was in operation at the time.
The experience of analyzing the soundscape is distinct from the collection time and the
later analysis of the data. During the collection, the body moves and is sensitive to various
stimuli, in addition to listening, recognizing more precisely the spatial location and
identifying the sources. In the analysis phase, the attention is completely focused on the
task and the perceived complexity of soundscape increases. However, some important
information is lost in the recording process, the spatial location of the sources and the
translation of some sounds difficult to recognize. The location of the low-frequency sounds
is more difficult, and the notes taken along the data recording are essential to complement
the information.
On one hand it is fundamental to the work of an architect and urban planner to observe
the acoustic impacts of their design decisions, considering also the acoustic ecology of
environments before interference. On the other hand, the municipality should also
monitor the quality of the sound ambience, to plan, control and legislate in accordance
with population, in a participatory manner. A great tool for this assistance is the
development of skills through the practices presented in this work and the development of
studies like this, in partnership with acoustic mappings.
The soundwalk technique was effective for the general characterization of landscapes,
learning the dynamics of different ambiences in one recording, developing auditory
perception, the awareness of categories and predominance of sounds in the environment.
In a second step, based on the resulting data, you can leave for a specific characterization
of the Sound Events, with individual recordings.
Many other observations could be added once the collected material is a vast source of
information. However, it is concluded that the observations described are sufficient for the
purposes proposed in this work. The methodology developed and applied contributed to
the characterization of the soundscapes. Understanding the importance of considering the
soundscape features in acoustic studies, in addition to the intensity levels of studies, was
verified by demonstrating the richness of sound categories composing the environments.
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5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Departament of Architecture and Urban Planning of the Federal University of Espírito
Santo, Municipality of Vitória, CAPES.
REFERENCES
ABNT - Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2000. NBR 10151: Avaliação do ruído em áreas
habitadas visando o conforto da comunidade. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
Bardin, L. 2002. Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Cage, J. 1961. Silence: lectures and writings. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
Debord, G. 1997. A sociedade do espetáculo: comentários sobre a cidade do espetáculo. Rio de Janeiro:
Contraponto.
Google Maps. 2014. Google Maps.
Grandjean, E. & Kroemer, K.H.E. 2005. Manual de ergonomia: adaptando o trabalho ao homem. Porto
Alegre: Bookman.
Jacques, P.(Org.). 2003. Apologia da deriva, escritos situacionistas sobre a cidade. Rio de Janeiro: Casa
da Palavra.
Krause, B. 2008. Anatomy of the soundscape: Evolving perspectives. Journal of the Audio
Engineering Society 56.
Lent, R. 2010. Cem bilhões de neurônios? São Paulo: Atheneu.
Minayo, M.C.S. 2002. Pesquisa social: teoria, método e criatividade. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Parlamento Europeu e Conselho da União Européia. 2002. Directiva 2002/49/EC L189, de 25 de
junho de 2002. Relativa à avaliação e gestão do ruído ambiente. Jornal Oficial da União Européia.
Schaeffer, P. 2007. Solfejo do Objecto Sonoro. Paris: INA - GRM - Groupe de Recherches Musicales.
Schaeffer, P. 1966. Tratado de los objetos musicales. Madri: Alianza Editorial.
Schafer, M.R. 1997. A afinação do mundo. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
Silva, E.L.; Menezes, E.M. 2005. Metodologia de pesquisa e elaboração da pesquisa. Florianópolis:
UFSC.
Sonic Visualiser. 2013. London: Centre for Digital Music Queen Mary University of London.
Soundcloud. Plataforma para criação e compartilhamento de sons.
Truax, B. 2001. Acoustic Communication. Westport: Ablex Publishing.
Tuan, Y. 1983. Espaço e lugar: a perspectiva da experiência. São Paulo: Difel.
Westerkamp, H. 1974. Soundwalking. Sound Heritage, Victoria B.C., v.3, n.4.
1618
Urban Housing as Possibilities of Sustainable
Communities
Adriana Gelpi
University of Passo Fundo, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Graduation Program in Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Course of Architecture and Urbanism, Passo Fundo (RS), Brazil
agelpi@upf.br
ABSTRACT: The housing policies of Program Minha Casa Minha Vida have produced social
housing in Brazil, generating urban developments and housing projects in several cities.
Most of them are situated in areas of urban sprawl, generating displaced urban appendices
of the consolidated urban fabric. This paper presents a case study in Passo Fundo (RS) that
combines private construction with public investments, with the characteristic diversity of
typologies, building technology and streamlined the gradual provision of community
facilities. The analysis is based in methods and concepts of full valuation of residential
areas proposed by Montaner, Muxi & Falagan (2011). In preliminary investigation, the
new development presents a number of facilities and sustainable improvements such as:
landscape, infrastructure and urban facilities: - paving roads with walks for pedestrians; -
School child education; - Elementary school and sport center under construction; - public
transportation; - Health equipment; - Shed recycling waste; - Environmental preservation
area along the stream; Set and housing unit: - differentiated housing typologies: terraced
houses, detached houses, houses with apartments; - Sanitation in the condos themselves; -
Housing units with parking for vehicles; - Use of solar heating for water; - Balconies in the
apartments. As a result, it appears that even in private enterprises, the tools "to inhabit the
present", that consider housing as part of urban design can contribute to the resulting
urban morphology of new landscapes get better quality and sustainability, provided that
effect the corresponding public housing policies.
Keywords housing policies, typological diversity, community facilities, urban landscape.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Recent public policies for social interest housing in Brazil have created scenery of new
condominiums and lots in the Brazilian cities outskirts. The urban morphology of the
outskirts rebuilds itself and standard complexes of repetitive housing units are added to
the informal space. The urban form, intentionally produced, moves the unique and
unexpected from the self-construction, intending to standardize and meet the demands
that are suppressed on a massive and questionable reproduction of ghettos with no sense
of belonging to the cities. According to Maricato (2011), it is verified that despite the
criticism to the process of the social housing construction implemented in the country in
the late twentieth century, the dimensions, uniformity and distancing of urban facilities.
In Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, the low-income housing in study differentiates from
others by being located in a legal expansion area of the city, planned in its Master Plan of
Integrated Development (2006) and by showing varied housing typologies, constructive
system that is differentiated with relation to the standard constructions of conventional
housing programs and by hosting different social housing fractions. In a city which shows
positive population growth, these elements presuppose some differentiation when
building new landscapes, thus the lot and the low-income housing analyzed are found in
an expansion area of the city.
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first century. In a period of five years, mostly between 2006 and 2010, large construction
and developer companies that started to offer housing for low-income population
provided a fast pace towards the verticalization and spreading of the urban morphology“.
Nevertheless, more demanding of the program and Caixa Econômica Federal (Federal
Public Bank) is observed with relation to the insertion and urban quality. Meyer (2014)
points that the projects presented must contemplate the local urban issues of the business:
transportation, lighting, garbage collection, water supply and energy, sewage solution and
insertion in the urban net. Program MCMV 2 demanded to provide drainage, paved access
routes, sidewalks, curbstone and gullies, besides the “project environmental adaptation”.
As for location, it limits to demand the “location of the terrain in the urban net or in the
expansion area that meets the requirements established by the Ministry of the Cities, by
observing the Master Plan, when there is one”, and the demanding or commitment of the
local public power of installing or improving equipment and services related to education,
health, leisure and public transportation. “Anyway, when moving the population to distant
locals, this model saturates the road system, degrades the environment and segregates the
dwellers socially, making the access to job opportunities and services more difficult, which
constitutes the greatest weakness of program MCMV” (Meyer, 2014).
In Passo Fundo, a medium-sized city in the north of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in the
decades from 2000 to 2012, the social housing programs began to be carried out by the
municipal government with the support of federal resources and the local counterpart,
being accomplished by private construction companies. In program Minha Casa Minha
Vida, the most current low-income housing is receiving complete urbanization such as
road network and paved sidewalks, public lighting and community equipment nearby.
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Figure . Panoramic view of Vila Donária and condominium Jardins Nativos. Source: Elaboration of
the authors on the satellite photograph of Google Maps, 2016
Condominium Jardins Nativos has been implemented since 2012 and it is subdivided into
17 closed condominiums, where each of them will count on 24 housing units, in different
modalities (isolated, ground twin houses, story-buildings), and that it will be financed
through a partnership between the City Hall and Caixa Econômica Federal by means of
Program Minha Casa Minha Vida. It is located in an area of 40 hectares, delimited by
streets Dona Georgina Schell, Muçum and Miguelzinho Vargas, in the southwest of the
neighborhood, with preservation area to the west. The area was designed as Special Zone
of Social Interest in the legislations of 2009, 2010 and 2011.
The infrastructure of the road network has been built, part by the incorporating company,
and part by the City Hall. The electricity grid was implemented by the concessionaire and
the sanitary sewage system of each condominium makes part of the infrastructure Project
of Condominium Jardins Nativos. It has been implemented by the constructor that is
responsible for the work. Parcels of the area are donated to the City Hall for streets
arrangements, the construction of elementary schools and sports center.
In an initial assessment of the area where the low-income housing researched (2016) is,
we can list the following infrastructures and equipment existent or recently implemented:
Landscape, infrastructure and urban equipment: paving of lanes with sidewalks for
pedestrians; elementary schools; fundamental schools, work in progress; sports initiation
center in projects; public transportation; health equipment; shed for garbage recycling;
and environmental preservation area together with a stream. Unit and low-income
housing: differentiated housing typologies: twin houses, isolated houses, story-buildings;
use of typologies and varied coloring for the construction of condominium identities;
sanitation in the condominiums; housing units with parking for vehicles; use of solar
heating for water; and balconies in the apartments.
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urban plan, the main hypothesis is that there will be a fast urban fabric constitution with
different uses surrounding the mono-functional area (housing). In contrast with and as
opposed to the pre-existent city and these low-income housing with a differentiated
morphology, the low-income housing arises with a new polarity in the city. The dwellers
demand the construction of urban spaces fitted with infrastructure in the neighborhood,
like community services and equipment as well as full integration to all spaces in the city.
The work is in progress, based on Werna (2001), a methodology that combines the
evaluation of the product – in this case, the housing unit and its collective, with an
assessment of the process that includes an analysis of the institutional mechanisms used
by the municipality, that is, the programs adopted, their implementations in urban areas
and the evaluation of the social agents involved in the housing acquisition. After an overall
characterization of the low-income housing its urban insertion will be assessed, where
urban insertion is understood as a form the uni and multi-familiar housing units are linked
with and in the urban space, considering its location, adaptation to its surroundings, its
connections with infrastructures and public services.
In the analysis of the low-income housing, methods and basic concepts of full valuation of
housing areas proposed by Montaner et al. (2011) will be used, in relation to the theory of
“Inhabiting the present”, where the authors reflect on the housing unit in a
contemporaneous context of cultural, social and technological changes, grouping a series
of issues in four great areas: 1) society, 2) city, 3) technology and 4) resources.
With relation to Society (1) contemporaneous, the authors emphasize re-adaptation and
differentiation of the Family groups composition; where the position of the supportive
family chief, mother and large number of children must be reviewed, and whose structure
is no longer rigid and hierarchical; the residence begins to be a space of work and storage.
It is observed that the new social contemporaneous standards demand different housing
typologies. Thus the heterogeneity of the current society with different income levels,
multi-faceted family, diversified types of professional occupation, gender, levels of
differentiated studies, demographic structure changing, and endogenous changes in the
family structure significantly change typology and