Lecture Notes – MATHS 102

Week 6
By Prof. Sami Omar

1
7.2 Trigonometric Integrals
Introduction

I In this section we use trigonometric identities to integrate certain combinations of

trigonometric functions.
I We first list guidelines to follow when evaluating integrals of the form
sinm x cosn xdx, where m ≥ 0 and n ≥ 0 are integers.
I We then demonstrate strategies for evaluating integrals of the form
tanm x secn xdx for two cases.
Powers of sine and cosine
sinm x cosn xdx
R
Strategy for evaluating
(a) If the power of cosine is odd, save one cosine factor and use cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to
express the remaining factors in terms of sine. Then substitute u = sin x.
(b) If the power of sine is odd, save one sine factor and use sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x to
express the remaining factors in terms of cosine. Then substitute u = cos x.1
(c) If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the half-angle identities

1 1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x) cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2
It is sometimes helpful to use the identity
1
sin x cos x = sin 2x
2

1
If the powers of both sine and cosine are odd, either (a) or (b) can be used.
Example 1, p.479
Example
cos3 xdx.
R
Evaluate
Example 1, p.479

Example
cos3 xdx.
R
Evaluate
Solution. The power of cosine is odd, so we follow (a). First we rewrite the function:
Z Z Z
cos xdx = cos x cos xdx = (1 − sin2 x) cos xdx
3 2

Then we substitute u = sin x, du = cos xdx:

Z Z
1
(1 − sin x) cos xdx = (1 − u 2 )du = u − u 3 + C
2
3
1 3
= sin x − sin x + C
3
Example 2, p.479
Example
sin5 x cos2 xdx.
R
Find
Example 2, p.479
Example
sin5 x cos2 xdx.
R
Find
Solution. The power of sine is odd, so we follow (b). We first rewrite the function:
Z Z Z
sin x cos xdx = sin x cos x sin xdx = (1 − cos2 x)2 cos2 x sin xdx
5 2 4 2

Then we substitute u = cos x, −du = sin xdx:

Z Z Z
(1 − cos2 x)2 cos2 x sin xdx = − (1 − u 2 )2 u 2 du = − (1 − 2u 2 + u 4 )u 2 du
Z
1 2 1
= − (u 2 − 2u 4 + u 6 )du = − u 3 + u 5 − u 7 + C
3 5 7
1 2 1
= − cos3 x + cos5 x − cos7 x + C
3 5 7
Example 3, p.480
Example
Rπ
Evaluate 0 sin2 xdx.
Example 3, p.480

Example
Rπ
Evaluate 0 sin2 xdx.
Solution. Notice that the integral does not get any simpler if we use
sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x. Instead, we use the half-angle formula for sin2 x:
Z π Z π
2 1
sin xdx = (1 − cos 2x)dx
0 2
0 π
1 1
= (x − sin 2x)
2 2 0
1 1 1 1
= (π − sin 2π) − (0 − sin 0)
2 2 2 2
1
= π
2
Powers of tangent and secant

R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn xdx
(a) If the power of secant is even, save a factor of sec2 x and use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
to express the remaining factors in terms of tan x. Then substitute u = tan x.
(b) If the power of tangent is odd, save a factor of sec x tan x and use
tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 to express the remaining factors in terms of sec x. Then
substitute u = sec x.
Example 5, p.481
Example
tan6 x sec4 xdx.
R
Evaluate
Example 5, p.481

Example
tan6 x sec4 xdx.
R
Evaluate
Solution. We first separate one sec2 x factor. Then we express the remaining sec2 x
factor in terms of tangent using the identity sec2 = 1 + tan2 x. We can then evaluate
the resulting integral by substituting u = tan x so that du = sec2 xdx:
Z Z Z
tan x sec xdx = tan x sec x sec xdx = tan6 x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 xdx
6 4 6 2 2

Z Z
= u (1 + u )du = (u 6 + u 8 )du
6 2

1 1
= u7 + u9 + C
7 9
1 1
= tan7 x + tan9 x + C
7 9
Example 6, p.482
Example
tan5 x sec7 xdx.
R
Evaluate
Example 6, p.482
Example
tan5 x sec7 xdx.
R
Evaluate
Solution. We have an odd power of tangent, so we follow (b), rewriting the integral and
substituting u = sec x, du = sec x tan xdx:
Z Z
tan x sec xdx = tan4 x sec6 x sec x tan xdx
5 7

Z
= (sec2 x − 1)2 sec6 x sec x tan xdx
Z Z
= (u 2 − 1)2 u 6 du = (u 4 − 2u 2 + 1)u 6 du
Z
= (u 10 − 2u 8 + u 6 )du
1 11 2 9 1 7
= u − u + u +C
11 9 7
1 2 1
= sec x − sec9 x + sec7 x + C
11
11 9 7
Remarks

I For the other cases, the guidelines are not as clear-cut.

I We may need to use identities, integration by parts, etc.
I We may need the formula for the integral of tan x which we obtained using the
Substitution Rule: Z
tan xdx = ln | sec x| + C

I We also note the formula for the indefinite integral of secant:

Z
sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
Exercise 1, p.484
Example
sin3 x cos2 xdx.
R
Evaluate the integral
Exercise 1, p.484
Example
sin3 x cos2 xdx.
R
Evaluate the integral
Solution. We have an odd power of sine. We first rewrite the integral:
Z Z Z
sin x cos xdx = sin x cos x sin xdx = (1 − cos2 x) cos2 x sin xdx
3 2 2 2

and then use the substitution u = cos x, −du = sin xdx:

Z Z Z
(1 − cos2 x) cos2 x sin xdx = (1 − u 2 )u 2 (−du) = (u 2 − 1)u 2 du
Z
1 1 3
= (u 4 − u 2 )du = u 5 − u +C
5 3
1 1
= cos5 x − cos3 x + C
5 3
Exercise 2, p.484
Example
sin6 x cos3 xdx.
R
Evaluate the integral
Exercise 2, p.484
Example
sin6 x cos3 xdx.
R
Evaluate the integral
Solution. We have an odd power of cosine. We first rewrite the integral:
Z Z Z
sin x cos xdx = sin x cos x cos xdx = sin6 x(1 − sin2 x) cos xdx
6 3 6 2

and then substitute u = sin x, du = cos xdx:

Z Z Z
sin x(1 − sin x) cos xdx = u (1 − u )du = (u 6 − u 8 )du
6 2 6 2

1 1
= u7 − u9 + C
7 9
1 7 1
= sin x − sin9 x + C
7 9
Exercise 7, p.484
Example
R π/2
Evaluate the integral 0 cos2 xdx.
Exercise 7, p.484

Example
R π/2
Evaluate the integral 0 cos2 xdx.
Solution. We have an even power of cosine, so we proceed as in (c):
Z π/2 Z π/2
2 1
cos xdx = (1 + cos 2x)dx
0 0 2
 π/2
1 1
= x + sin 2x
2 2 0
 
1 π 1
= + sin π − 0
2 2 2
π
=
4
Exercise 21, p.484
Example
tan x sec3 xdx.
R
Evaluate the integral
Exercise 21, p.484
Example
tan x sec3 xdx.
R
Evaluate the integral
Solution. We first rewrite the integral:
Z Z
tan x sec xdx = sec2 x sec x tan xdx
3

then we substitute u = sec x, du = sec x tan xdx:

Z Z
sec x sec x tan xdx = u 2 du
2

1
= u3 + C
3
1
= sec3 x + C
3
Exercise 22, p.484
Example
tan2 x sec4 xdx.
R
Evaluate the integral
Exercise 22, p.484
Example
Evaluate the integral tan2 x sec4 xdx.
R

Solution. We have an even power of secant. We follow (a):

Z Z Z
tan2 x sec4 xdx = tan2 x sec2 x sec2 xdx = tan2 x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 xdx

substitute u = tan x, du = sec2 dx:

Z Z
tan x(1 + tan x) sec xdx = u 2 (1 + u 2 )du
2 2 2

Z
= (u 2 + u 4 )du
1 1
= u3 + u5 + C
3 5
1 1
= tan x + tan5 x + C
3
3 5
Exercise 23, p.484
Example
tan2 xdx.
R
Evaluate the integral
Exercise 23, p.484

Example
tan2 xdx.
R
Evaluate the integral
Solution. Using the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1, we can rewrite the integral and then
integrate it as follows:
Z Z
tan xdx = (sec2 x − 1)dx = tan x − x + C
2
7.3 Trigonometric Substitution
Introduction

I In this section, we make a substitution of the form x = g (θ) by using the

Substitution Rule in reverse.
I This kind of substitution is called an inverse substitution.
I To make our calculations simpler, we assume that g has an inverse function; that
is, g is one-to-one.
Table of Trigonometric Substitutions

In the following table we list trigonometric substitutions that are effective for the given
radical expressions because of the specified trigonometric identities.

Expression Substitution Identity

√
a2 − x 2 x = asin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π
2 1 - sin2 θ = cos2 θ
√
a2 + x 2 x = atan θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π
2 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
√ π
x 2 − a2 x = asec θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 sec2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ
Example 1, p.486
Example √
9−x 2
R
Evaluate x2
dx.
Example 1, p.486

Example √
9−x 2
R
Evaluate x2
dx.
Solution. We substitute x = 3 sin θ, where −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. Then dx = 3 cos θdθ
and
p p
9 − x 2 = 9 − 9 sin2 θ

q √
= 9(1 − sin2 θ) = 9 cos2 θ

= 3 cos θ

(Continued on the next slide)

Example 1, p.486 (Continued)

Solution. The inverse substitution gives:

Z √
9 − x2
Z
3 cos θ
dx = 3 cos θdθ
x2 9 sin2 θ
cos2 θ
Z
= dθ
Z sin2 θ
= cot2 θdθ
Z
= (csc2 θ − 1)dθ

= − cot θ − θ + C

(Continued on the next slide)

Example 1, p.486 (Continued)
Solution. When we return to the original variable, we draw a right triangle where one
of the angles is equal to θ. Since sin θ = x/3, we label the opposite side and the
hypotenuse as having lengths √ x and 3. Then the Pythagorean Theorem implies the
length of the adjacent side is 9 − x 2 :

√
9−x 2
From the triangle, we see that cot θ = x and θ = sin−1 ( x3 ). Therefore we have:
Z √ √
9 − x2 9 − x2 x
2
dx = − cot θ − θ + C = − − sin−1 ( ) + C
x x 3
Example 3, p.488
Example
√1
R
Find x 2 x 2 +4
dx.
Example 3, p.488

Example
√1
R
Find x 2 x 2 +4
dx.
Solution. Let x = 2 tan θ, −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. Then dx = 2 sec2 θdθ and
p q √
x 2 + 4 = 4(tan2 θ + 1) = 4 sec2 θ = 2 sec θ

So we have
2 sec2 θdθ
Z Z Z
1 1 sec θ
√ dx = = dθ
x2 x2 + 4 4 tan2 θ · 2 sec θ 4 tan2 θ
1
Z
1 cos θ2 1
Z
cos θ
= dθ = dθ
4 cos θ sin2 θ 4 sin2 θ
(Continued on the next slide)
Example 3, p.488

Solution. We make the substitution u = sin θ to get:

Z Z
1 1 cos θ
√ dx = dθ
2
x x +42 4 sin2 θ
Z
1 du
=
4 u2
 
1 −1
= +C
4 u
1
=− +C
4 sin θ
csc θ
=− +C
4
(Continued on the next slide)
Example 3, p.488

√
Solution. We use the below triangle to find that csc θ = x 2 + 4/x and so
√
x2 + 4
Z
1
√ dx = − +C
x2 x2 + 4 4x
Example 4, p.489
Example
√ x
R
Find x 2 +4
dx.
Example 4, p.489

Example
√ x
R
Find x 2 +4
dx.
Solution. Although we can use the substitution x = 2 tan θ, the direct substitution
u = x 2 + 4, du = 2xdx is simpler:
√
Z Z
x 1 du p
√ dx = √ = u + C = x2 + 4 + C
x2 + 4 2 u
Exercise 6, p.491
Example
R3
Evaluate the integral √ x dx.
0 36−x 2
Exercise 6, p.491

Example
R3
Evaluate the integral √ x dx.
0 36−x 2
Solution. Let x = 6 sin θ, dx = 6 cos θdθ. To change the limits of integration, we note
that if x = 6 sin θ = 0, then θ = sin−1 0 = 0 and if x = 6 sin θ = 3 then
θ = sin−1 (1/2) = π/6. Then we have
Z 3 Z π/6 Z π/6
x 6 sin θ 6 sin θ
√ dx = q 6 cos θdθ = 6 cos θdθ
0 36 − x 2 0 36(1 − sin2 θ) 0 6 cos θ
√ !
Z π/6
π/6 3 √
=6 sin θdθ = 6 [− cos θ]0 =6 − + 1 = 6 − 3 3.
0 2

Note that we could also use the substitution u = 36 − x 2 .

Exercise 8, p.491
Example
√dt
R
Evaluate the integral t 2 t 2 −16
.
Exercise 8, p.491
Example
√dt
R
Evaluate the integral t 2 t 2 −16
.
Solution. Let t = 4 sec θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. Then dt = 4 sec θ tan θdθ. Moreover,
p p √
t 2 − 16 = 16 sec2 θ − 16 = 16 tan2 θ = 4 tan θ

So
Z Z Z
dt 4 sec θ tan θdθ 1 1
√ = 2
= dθ
t t 2 − 16
2 16 sec θ · 4 tan θ 16 sec θ

Z
1 1
= cos θdθ = sin θ + C
16 16

(Continued on the next slide)

Exercise 8, p.491 (Continued)

Solution. To change from θ back to t, we use the triangle:

so the final answer is √

1 1 t 2 − 16
sin θ + C = +C
16 16 t
Exercise 14, p.491
Example
R1 dx
Evaluate the integral 0 (x 2 +1)2 .
Exercise 14, p.491
Example
R1 dx
Evaluate the integral 0 (x 2 +1)2 .
Solution. Let x = tan θ so dx = sec2 θdθ. To change the limits of integration, we
note that if x = tan θ = 0, then θ = tan−1 0 = 0 and if x = tan θ = 1, then
θ = tan−1 1 = π/4. Then:
1 π/4 Z π/4
sec2 θdθ sec2 θdθ
Z Z
dx
= =
0 (x 2 + 1)2 0
2
(tan θ + 1) 2
0 (sec2 θ)2
Z π/4 Z π/4
dθ
= 2θ
= cos2 θdθ
0 sec 0
Z π/4  π/4
1 1 1
= (1 + cos 2θ)dθ = θ + sin 2θ
0 2 2 2 0
 
1 π 1 π 1
= ( + )−0 = +
2 4 2 8 4
Exercise 5, p.491
Example √
x 2 −1
R
Evaluate the integral x4
dx.
Exercise 5, p.491

Example √
x 2 −1
R
Evaluate the integral x4
dx.
Solution. Let x = sec θ and so dx = sec θ · tan θdθ. Then
p p √
x 2 − 1 = sec 2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ = tan θ

So we have
Z √
x2 − 1
Z Z
tan θ
dx = sec θ tan θdθ = tan2 θ cos3 θdθ
x4 sec4 θ
Z
= sin2 θ cos θdθ

Next we substitute u = sin θ, du = cos θdθ:

(Continued on the next slide)
Exercise 5, p.491 (Continued)
Solution. Z Z
2 1 1
sin θ cos θdθ = u 2 du = u 3 + C = sin3 θ + C
3 3
We can see from the triangle that
√ !3
1 3 1 x2 − 1
sin θ + C = +C
3 3 x