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These data suggest that the left hemisphere is predisposed biologically for language, independent of
language modality. We can call this 'contextual symbolism' as opposed to the 'inherent symbolism'
discussed. Indian Sign Language (ISL) Interpretation system is a good way to help the Indian
hearing impaired people to interact with normal people with the help of computer. It encourages
readers to approach sign languages from the perspective of diversity rather than disability and is the
first volume to bring together work focusing on methodology from both hearing and deaf researchers
in sign language studies. This target of difficulty, literacy learning by deaf populations, was brought
to light by a comment made by Meier during the question and answer portion of his presentation
(November 9, 2005). Marked impairment in sign language after left hemisphere lesions was found in
the majority of the left hemisphere damaged (LHD) signers, but not in any of the right hemisphere
damaged (RHD) signers, whose language pro?les were much like matched controls. There are
intensive studies of large groups of deaf signers with left or right hemisphere focal lesions in one
program (Salk); all are highly skilled ASL signers, and all used sign as a primary form of
communication throughout their lives. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The
major steps involved in designing such a system are: gesture acquisition, tracking and segmentation,
feature extraction and gesture recognition. Pre-processing, Segmentation, Feature extraction,
Classification these four are the main steps to recognize hand gesture. You can download the paper
by clicking the button above. Some of the papers used one unified architecture by combining
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network in order to
recognise dynamic hand gestures for Indian Sign Language (ISL). Therefore, considering these
points, it seems necessary to study the speech recognition. Finally recognition part recognizes the
words and then converting word recognized to facial animation. Grammatically complex forms can
be nested spatially, one inside the other, with di?erent orderings producing di?erent hierarchically
organized meanings. She taught sign language linguistics and literature at the University of Bristol
and to professionals working with sign language within the British Deaf community for many years.
Thus, gesture recognition system would be an ideal approach for improving human-machine
interaction. Benefits of early sign language acquisition can be seen in deaf children of deaf parents
not only in better social adaptation skills, but also in their better academic achievement compared
with other deaf children. Major areas, each focusing on a special property of the visual-gestural
modality as it bears on the investigation of brain organization for language, are investigated. The aim
of this study was to inquire about the different musculoskeletal disorders and diseases present in a
group of sign language interpreters, and to examine its relationship with the work-related quality of
life. Considering earlier reported work, various techniques available for hand tracking, segmentation,
feature extraction and classification are listed. Pronominal signs directed toward such previously
established points or loci clearly function to refer back to nominals, even with many signs intervening
(see Fig. 2). This spatial organization underlying syntax is a unique property of visual-gestural
systems (Bellugi et al. 1989). This study used those previously identified variables and combined
them with newly identified variables for this population in order to ascertain unique variance. In the
present study, we tested 32 deaf children between third and sixth grade to assess their capacity to
use ASL or English-like signing in nine different languages and reading tasks. To browse
Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade
your browser. The book is innovative and contemporary in tone and ideology. Findings through the
topic of Self-Care provide workload management and awareness to interpreters across the globe.
Sign language interpreters may benefit as members of the fitness industry to alleviate stress, improve
brain function, and add pleasure to daily life. Since sign language involves an interplay between
visuospatial and linguistic relations, studies of sign language breakdown in deaf signers may, in the
long run, bring us closer to the fundamental principles underlying hemispheric specialization.
In fact, the answer to this question is dependent on the answer to another, deeper, question
concerning the basis of the left hemisphere specialization for language. Pre-processing,
Segmentation, Feature extraction, Classification these four are the main steps to recognize hand
gesture. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few
seconds to upgrade your browser. This literature review elaborates findings, suggestions, and
possible approaches through evidence-based practices. Then the result of this process sends to
segmentation part. Mayberry 16 Research Methods in Studying Reading and Literacy Development
in Deaf Children Who Sign 300 Fiona E. The topic of Self-Care provides education about brain
cognition to students and sign language interpreters around the world. Results from only one test,
the d2 Test of Attention, were significantly correlated with interpreter level. This kind of human
machine interfaces will allow a human to control a wide variety of devices remotely through hand
gestures. On the other hand, the spatial medium so central to the linguistic structure of sign language
clearly suggests right hemisphere or bilateral mediation. Nominal signs may be associated with
abstract points in a plane of signing space, and it is the direction of movement of verb signs between
such endpoints that marks grammatical relations. The study investigated if there was a relationship
between burnout and previously identified variables for this population of sign language interpreters.
It has even been argued that hearing and the development of speech are necessary precursors to this
cerebral specialization for language. Currently many researchers have mainly focused on gesture
recognition that has been recorded under static hand gesture. Vision based hand gesture recognition
system have been discussed as hand plays vital communication mode. The language which is used in
India is called as “Indian Sign Language (ISL)”. For example, a test of the equivalent of rhyming in
ASL provides a probe of phonological processing. This paper introduces a hand gesture recognition
system to recognize 'dynamic gestures' of which a single gesture is performed in complex
background. It includes 81 responses by interpreters using an online survey that collected data on
individual interpreter background and demographics, role strain components, burnout, self-care, and
job satisfaction. In my paper I will present a study of their reading proficiency, as shown by their
retellings and translations of texts into Swedish Sign language, in comparison to reading abilities
found among other deaf children within the same age-group but with a less consistent bilingual
education, mainly a Total Communication approach. To tap this aspect of phonological processing,
subjects are presented with an array of pictured objects and asked to pick out the two objects whose
signs rhyme (Fig. 5). The ASL signs for key and apple share the same hand-shape and movement,
and di?er only in location, and thus are like rhymed pairs. Indian sign language is used by deaf or
vocally impaired for communication purpose in India. We administered a vocabulary task and a story
comprehension task in Sign Language of the Netherlands and in written Dutch to a group of 87 deaf
children from bilingual education programs. We found a strong and positive correlation between the
scores obtained in the sign vocabulary task and the reading vocabulary task when age, short-term
memory scores, and nonverbal intelligence scores were controlled for. This system makes use of data
collected from standards of Indian Sign Languages (ISL). The system is built using machine learning
tools, TensorFlow library. What would language be like if its transmission were not based on the
vocal tract and the ear. See Full PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job
Board We're Hiring. The aim of this study was to inquire about the different musculoskeletal
disorders and diseases present in a group of sign language interpreters, and to examine its
relationship with the work-related quality of life. Despite the dramatic surface di?erences between
spoken and signed languages—simultaneity and nesting sign stems in complex co-occurring spatial
patterns—the acquisition of sign language by deaf children of deaf parents shows a remarkable
similarity to that of hearing children learning a spoken language. The major steps involved in
designing such a system are: gesture acquisition, tracking and segmentation, feature extraction and
gesture recognition.
We can call this 'contextual symbolism' as opposed to the 'inherent symbolism' discussed. To browse
Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade
your browser. Eight interpreters held Level II and nine held Level III Virginia Quality Assurance
Screenings (VQAS); the other 11 held Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) certification. The
authors assume no prior knowledge of sign language or literary studies, introducing readers to a
world of visual language creativity in deaf communities. Sign language brings hearing and hearing
disabled people together. Results: Three factors were shown to have limited support as increasing the
risk for MSD pathology in SLI: increased mechanical exposure, stress, and speaker’s pace (a
contributor to movement rate). In the present study, we tested 32 deaf children between third and
sixth grade to assess their capacity to use ASL or English-like signing in nine different languages
and reading tasks. This study also further investigated previously researched variables to gauge
reliability. Please upgrade to Microsoft Edge, Safari, Chrome or Firefox Please enable JavaScript.
Reading was also strongly related to fingerspelling. Education Policy Analysis Archives Educational
policy in the United States is increasingly focused on the need for individuals to be academically
ready for postsecondary education experiences. In: Boller F, Grafman J (eds.) Handbook of
Neuropsychology, 2nd edn. Second, Voice is converted into text and then gesture, so physically
impaired people can understand it.In this vision based approach used with the dynamic gesture. We
conclude with considerations for future investigation and an expansion of the dialog around
readiness and postsecondary education. The article first summarizes research on students who are
DHH and their readiness across core domains of academic preparation, language and
communication, and soft skills. Although it was thought originally that signed languages were
universal pantomime, or broken forms of spoken language on the hands, or loose collections of
vague gestures, now scientists around the world have found that there are signed languages that
spring up wherever there are communities and generations of deaf people (Klima and Bellugi 1988).
If, however, the left hemisphere is specialized for processing fast temporal contrasts in general, one
would expect sign language processing to be mediated by the right hemisphere. It mainly deals with
making services of the hand gestures to be easily accessible and understandable to by the people
using sign languages. This paper presents a survey on various hand gesture recognition approaches
for ISL. Instead of relying on linear order for grammatical morphology, as in English (act, acting,
acted, acts), ASL grammatical processes nest sign stems in spatial patterns of considerable
complexity (see Fig. 1), marking grammatical functions such as number, aspect, and person spatially.
Download Free PDF View PDF Schley NSF IUSE Jan 2016 Summary Narrative References Sara
Schley Download Free PDF View PDF American Annals of the Deaf Are Deaf Students. In 20
chapters, it examines a broad range of topics, including ethical and political issues, key
methodologies, and the collection of linguistic, cognitive, neuroscientific, and neuropsychological
data. The major steps involved in designing such a system are: gesture acquisition, tracking and
segmentation, feature extraction and gesture recognition. This review paper discuss various
approaches used to recognise dynamic hand gestures for Indian Sign Language. This study used
those previously identified variables and combined them with newly identified variables for this
population in order to ascertain unique variance. This paper introduces a hand gesture recognition
system to recognize 'dynamic gestures' of which a single gesture is performed in complex
background. They were also analyzed in a bivariate correlation to identify potential relationships
among the 60 variables. She taught sign language linguistics and literature at the University of
Bristol and to professionals working with sign language within the British Deaf community for many
years. Most respondents identified the neck, upper back, and right upper limb as being the location
of the pain. As compared to other sign languages, ISL interpretation has got less attention by the
researcher.
ASL, for example, exhibits formal structuring at the same levels as spoken languages (the internal
structure of lexical units and the grammatical sca?olding underlying sentences) as well as the same
kinds of organizational principles as spoken languages. To browse Academia.edu and the wider
internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. In this paper,
some historical background, need, scope and concern of ISL are given. To tap this aspect of
phonological processing, subjects are presented with an array of pictured objects and asked to pick
out the two objects whose signs rhyme (Fig. 5). The ASL signs for key and apple share the same
hand-shape and movement, and di?er only in location, and thus are like rhymed pairs. On the other
hand, the spatial medium so central to the linguistic structure of sign language clearly suggests right
hemisphere or bilateral mediation. Finally recognition part recognizes the words and then converting
word recognized to facial animation. The purpose of this work is to provide a real-time system that
can convert Indian Sign Language (ISL) to text. This paper presents a survey on various hand
gesture recognition approaches for ISL. Download Free PDF View PDF Schley NSF IUSE Jan 2016
Summary Narrative References Sara Schley Download Free PDF View PDF American Annals of the
Deaf Are Deaf Students. Also helps communicate with one who has communication disability and
the world. Sign language interpreters may benefit as members of the fitness industry to alleviate
stress, improve brain function, and add pleasure to daily life. The topic of Self-Care provides
education about brain cognition to students and sign language interpreters around the world. Results:
Three factors were shown to have limited support as increasing the risk for MSD pathology in SLI:
increased mechanical exposure, stress, and speaker’s pace (a contributor to movement rate). In my
paper I will present a study of their reading proficiency, as shown by their retellings and translations
of texts into Swedish Sign language, in comparison to reading abilities found among other deaf
children within the same age-group but with a less consistent bilingual education, mainly a Total
Communication approach. In this paper, we propose design and initial implementation of a robust
system which can automatically translates voice into text and text to sign language animations. There
are intensive studies of large groups of deaf signers with left or right hemisphere focal lesions in one
program (Salk); all are highly skilled ASL signers, and all used sign as a primary form of
communication throughout their lives. Hill Part IV Collecting Cognitive Data on Sign Languages
207 13 Research Methods in Psycholinguistic Investigations of Sign Language Processing 209 Jill P.
Integrating research on sign languages from Europe, Asia, North and South America, and Africa,
this is an essential reference for any student or researcher who requires the most comprehensive and
up-to-date information in the field. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more
securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. The cultural approach to deaf education
views sign language as the most natural linguistic form of deaf people, and a powerful means of
communication for all purposes and in all circumstances. This literature review elaborates findings,
suggestions, and possible approaches through evidence-based practices. As compared to other sign
languages, ISL interpretation has got less attention by the researcher. Importantly, ASL and other
signed languages are not derived from the spoken language of the surrounding community: rather,
they are autonomous languages with their own grammatical form and meaning. The study of sign
languages in deaf signers permits us to pit the nature of the signal (auditory-temporal vs. Signers with
damage to the right hemisphere show the reverse pattern. It is a powerful means of Non-Verbal
communication among humans. Average scores were high on most of the tests; differences across the
three groups were not statistically significant. Capek and Helen J. Neville 18 Studying Sign
Language Disorders: Considering Neuropsychological Data 336 Peter C. Education Policy Analysis
Archives Educational policy in the United States is increasingly focused on the need for individuals
to be academically ready for postsecondary education experiences. The article then discusses
considerations at the institutional level such as accommodations, direct vs.
Second, it is the left hemisphere that is dominant for sign language. Hill Part IV Collecting
Cognitive Data on Sign Languages 207 13 Research Methods in Psycholinguistic Investigations of
Sign Language Processing 209 Jill P. This literature review elaborates findings, suggestions, and
possible approaches through evidence-based practices. The article first summarizes research on
students who are DHH and their readiness across core domains of academic preparation, language
and communication, and soft skills. Vision based system have challenges over traditional hardware
based approach; by efficient use of computer vision and pattern recognition, it is possible to work on
such system which will be natural and accepted, in general. In the last few years a few changes in
tradition have been made: most importantly, educational interpreting is now available in high schools
and at the university level. Despite the dramatic surface di?erences between spoken and signed
languages—simultaneity and nesting sign stems in complex co-occurring spatial patterns—the
acquisition of sign language by deaf children of deaf parents shows a remarkable similarity to that of
hearing children learning a spoken language. Still another deaf signer with focal lesions to the left
hemisphere reveal dissociations not found in spoken language: a dissociation between sign and
gesture, with a cleavage between capacities for sign language (severely impaired) and manual
pantomime (spared). How is language organized when it is based instead on the hands moving in
space and the eyes. Additionally, we sought to measure weekly work volume (durations of exposure
to interpreting) and employment situation (salaried or freelance) to understand if work volumes or
employment situations impacted reported pain or MSD prevalence. Some of the papers used one
unified architecture by combining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a Long Short-Term
Memory (LSTM) network in order to recognise dynamic hand gestures for Indian Sign Language
(ISL). Sign Language Translation Systems could significantly improve deaf lives especially in
communications, exchange of information and employment of machine for translation conversations
from one language to another has. The project is still in progress and some new interesting methods
are described in the current report. This kind of human machine interfaces will allow a human to
control a wide variety of devices remotely through hand gestures. In: Bellugi U, Studdert-Kennedy
M (eds.) Signed and Spoken Language: Biological Constraints on Linguistic Form. Benefits of early
sign language acquisition can be seen in deaf children of deaf parents not only in better social
adaptation skills, but also in their better academic achievement compared with other deaf children.
Next extracting feature form speech using Cepstral coefficients will be done. She has long been
fascinated by sign language poetry and folklore, and has published extensively on linguistic and
educational aspects of sign language creativity, humour and metaphor. Marked impairment in sign
language after left hemisphere lesions was found in the majority of the left hemisphere damaged
(LHD) signers, but not in any of the right hemisphere damaged (RHD) signers, whose language
pro?les were much like matched controls. But what about a language that is communicated using
spatial contrasts rather than temporal contrasts. Thus, not only is there left hemisphere specialization
for language functioning, there is also complementary specialization for nonlanguage spatial
functioning. All the study participants had presented some kind of musculoskeletal pathology during
their work career, such as tendinitis, overuse syndrome, and repetitive strain injury. Second, Voice is
converted into text and then gesture, so physically impaired people can understand it.In this vision
based approach used with the dynamic gesture. This review paper discuss various approaches used to
recognise dynamic hand gestures for Indian Sign Language. The language which is used in India is
called as “Indian Sign Language (ISL)”. Only few works have been reported for recognition of
dynamic hand gesture. Cognitive processes in Sign Language Interpreting: Proceedings of the 22nd
efsli Conference Antwerp, Belgium, 12 -14 September 2014, Brussels: efsli. It summarizes all
relevant methodologies in sign language research and provides a detailed synopsis of how to do
necessary research. Results from only one test, the d2 Test of Attention, were significantly correlated
with interpreter level. See Full PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job
Board We're Hiring.
Some of the papers used one unified architecture by combining Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network in order to recognise dynamic hand
gestures for Indian Sign Language (ISL). Therefore, considering these points, it seems necessary to
study the speech recognition. On other tests of ASL processing at di?erent structural levels, there are
similar distinctions between left- and right-lesioned signers, with the right-lesioned signers much
like the controls, but the signers with left hemisphere lesions signi?cantly impaired in language
processing. This paper presents a survey on various hand gesture recognition approaches for ISL. The
major steps involved in designing such a system are: gesture acquisition, tracking and segmentation,
feature extraction and gesture recognition. Most respondents identified the neck, upper back, and
right upper limb as being the location of the pain. There are intensive studies of large groups of deaf
signers with left or right hemisphere focal lesions in one program (Salk); all are highly skilled ASL
signers, and all used sign as a primary form of communication throughout their lives. Trained data set
are created and classification is done by multiclass SVM which predicts the gesture fed in the web
cam. Communication provides interaction among people to exchange feelings and ideas. Since for
the common person, it is difficult to understand these language therefore often these physically
challenged has to keep the translator along with them to communicate with the world. Results from
only one test, the d2 Test of Attention, were significantly correlated with interpreter level. Padden
10 Documentary and Corpus Approaches to Sign Language Research 156 Jordan Fenlon, Adam
Schembri, Trevor Johnston, and Kearsy Cormier 11 Methods in Carrying out Language Typological
Research 173 Nick Palfreyman, Keiko Sagara, and Ulrike Zeshan 12 Data Collection in
Sociolinguistics 193 Joseph C. Many methods have been developed to recognize alphabets and
numerals of ISL. In addition, man. Download Free PDF View PDF A cross-sectional survey of
reported musculoskeletal pain, disorders, work volume and employment situation among
signlanguage interpreters Steven Fischer This research sought to determine the prevalence of pain
and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among signlanguage interpreters registered with the
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada (AVLIC). Marked impairment in sign
language after left hemisphere lesions was found in the majority of the left hemisphere damaged
(LHD) signers, but not in any of the right hemisphere damaged (RHD) signers, whose language
pro?les were much like matched controls. In the present study, we tested 32 deaf children between
third and sixth grade to assess their capacity to use ASL or English-like signing in nine different
languages and reading tasks. Instead of relying on linear order for grammatical morphology, as in
English (act, acting, acted, acts), ASL grammatical processes nest sign stems in spatial patterns of
considerable complexity (see Fig. 1), marking grammatical functions such as number, aspect, and
person spatially. Download Free PDF View PDF Schley NSF IUSE Jan 2016 Summary Narrative
References Sara Schley Download Free PDF View PDF American Annals of the Deaf Are Deaf
Students. Unlike previous gesture recognition systems, the proposed system neither uses
instrumented glove nor any markers. He stated that deaf High School graduates, on average, read at
only a third grade level. Average scores were high on most of the tests; differences across the three
groups were not statistically significant. The raw input image which is directly fed from webcam is
preprocessed and the face and hands are tracked and segmented using blob analysis, a method for
analyzing the movement of the head and hands based on the identification of skin color. She is co-
author, with Bencie Woll, of The Linguistics of British Sign Language: An Introduction (1999).
Much of the information in the book is relevant to contemporary issues such as the Visual Vernacular
and Cinematic Features. In: Bellugi U, Studdert-Kennedy M (eds.) Signed and Spoken Language:
Biological Constraints on Linguistic Form. These data suggest that the left hemisphere is predisposed
biologically for language, independent of language modality. Extracting feature form speech is an
important stage in our method. RHD signers are signi?cantly more impaired on a wide range of
spatial cognitive tasks than LHD signers, who show little impairment. To browse Academia.edu and
the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. With
the help of sign language, these physical impaired people express their emotions and thoughts to
other person.
In order to provide interaction with normal people, there is a system that can convert the sign
language to an understandable form. Second, it is the left hemisphere that is dominant for sign
language. The responses were analyzed through a multiple linear regression focusing on job
satisfaction as the dependent variable. Much of the information in the book is relevant to
contemporary issues such as the Visual Vernacular and Cinematic Features. Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI) is the study of interaction between users and computers. Those variables included
role overload, Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs), stress associated with discrepant pay, and
interpreters’ perception of misconceptions held by the hearing consumer. At the time of filling out the
survey 25% of interpreters reported feeling pain at a level greater than 3 on a 10-point visual-analog
scale. In: Boller F, Grafman J (eds.) Handbook of Neuropsychology, 2nd edn. However, English-like
signing may be a useful bridge to reading English. Additionally, language abilities in ASL and
English-like signing were strongly related to each other and to reading. Please upgrade to Microsoft
Edge, Safari, Chrome or Firefox Please enable JavaScript. You can download the paper by clicking
the button above. Introducing Sign Language Literature: Folklore and Creativity - Explains in
straightforward terms the unique features of this embodied language art form - Draws on an online
anthology of over 150 sign language stories, poems and jokes - Suggests ways of analysing and
appreciating the rich artistic heritage of deaf communities Watch a short video about the book.
Overall, the published literature was rated medium to low quality, with limited statistical methods
and power, often lacking description of how dependent variables were measured, and how risk of
biasing or confounding was minimized. Many new techniques have been developed recently in this
area. By contrast, signers with LHD showed markedly contrasting pro?les: one was agrammatic after
her stroke, producing only nouns and a few verbs with none of the grammatical apparatus of ASL,
another made frequent paraphasias at the sign internal level, and several showed many grammatical
paraphasias, including neologisms, particularly in morphology. In addition, man. Download Free PDF
View PDF A cross-sectional survey of reported musculoskeletal pain, disorders, work volume and
employment situation among signlanguage interpreters Steven Fischer This research sought to
determine the prevalence of pain and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among signlanguage
interpreters registered with the Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada (AVLIC).
Michiko Kaneko is a Lecturer and Head of the Department of South African Sign Language in the
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet
faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Download Free PDF
View PDF “The committee in my head”: Examining self-talk of American Sign Language-English
interpreters Brenda Nicodemus Download Free PDF View PDF Bown, S. Download Free PDF View
PDF Schley NSF IUSE Jan 2016 Summary Narrative References Sara Schley Download Free PDF
View PDF American Annals of the Deaf Are Deaf Students. Tyrone Part III Collecting Linguistic
Data on Sign Languages 105 7 Sign Language Fieldwork 107 Victoria Nyst 8 Research Methods for
Studying the Form of Signs 123 Rachel Channon 9 Methods of Research on Sign Language
Grammars 141 Carol A. The major steps involved in designing such a system are: gesture acquisition,
tracking and segmentation, feature extraction and gesture recognition. This study also further
investigated previously researched variables to gauge reliability. Download Free PDF View PDF
Hand Gesture Recognition for Sign Language Recognition: A Review IJSTE - International Journal
of Science Technology and Engineering For deaf and dumb people, Sign language is the only way of
communication. These examples (Sweden, Spain, Netherlands) demonstrate the processes of policy
changes and the shift to deaf education that is aimed at taking care of the needs of deaf children and
their families, as well as implementing the human rights protections for linguistic minorities. All the
study participants had presented some kind of musculoskeletal pathology during their work career,
such as tendinitis, overuse syndrome, and repetitive strain injury. These data suggest that the left
hemisphere in humans may have an innate predisposition for language, regardless of the modality.
Integrating research on sign languages from Europe, Asia, North and South America, and Africa, this
is an essential reference for any student or researcher who requires the most comprehensive and up-
to-date information in the field. Results: Three factors were shown to have limited support as
increasing the risk for MSD pathology in SLI: increased mechanical exposure, stress, and speaker’s
pace (a contributor to movement rate).