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Residence, the mother’s educational level, having regular pocket money from parents, and being able
to openly discuss menstrual issues with friends and family were independent predictors of the
practice of menstrual hygiene management. Menstrual health management in east and southern
Africa: a review paper. It is better to be informed as to how to start tracking your menstrual cycle
and check if there are any irregularities. Socio-Demographic Characteristics Out of 1,280 female
students approached, 1,021 completed the questionnaires (response rate of 79.8%) and 1,010 were
included (11 were minors, and informed consent from their parents or legal guardians could not be
obtained). Issues of access to facilities and attitudes go hand in hand in causing exclusion, stigma,
and disadvantage ( 22 ). The failure to fully acknowledge the physical reality of women has a range
of serious impacts alongside with experiences of shame ( 22 ). This may indicate that beliefs do not
change with an increase in educational level, although our study did not find the association between
the two. However, improving the knowledge about menstruation even before menarche can improve
menstrual hygiene. The differences in knowledge and practices between first and final year students
were assessed using the chi-square test. In our society, menstruations as well as females during
menstruation are considered as tainted and impure, resulting in unhygienic menstrual practices and
consequential varied infections and diseases. Limitations of the study Because of the cross-sectional
study design utilized in this study, it is impossible to identify temporal relationships, and hard to
confirm the causal-effect link between the dependent and predictor variables. The main objective of
this review was to summarize the concern and possible methods of menstrual waste management in
low-income countries. Practice of menstrual hygiene management The menstrual hygiene
management practice score was derived from ten practice-specific questions. The participants were
categorized as having “comprehensive knowledge” if they knew correct answers to all the five
questions under the knowledge domain. “Attitudes” were assessed using a rating scale from strongly
agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree for questions on social and cultural beliefs. A committee
of teachers including both male and females should be made in the schools to collect funds for
providing sanitary napkins, soaps, water, and toilet facilities in schools so that girls manage their
menstruation with ease and safety. Further, administrative clearances were obtained from the RUB
and KGUMSB college administrations. This can be justified by the fact that educated mothers might
be more cognizant of menstrual hygiene practices; they may be capable of engaging in a dialogue
with their daughters concerning menstruation and providing proper sanitary supplies to ensure that
they maintain their menstrual hygiene. Corresponding author Correspondence to Yohannes Mekuria
Negussie. Divya Kanojiya Seminario BioMol- Aura Cristina Pena Santos Seminario BioMol- Aura
Cristina Pena Santos AuraCristinaPeaSanto pediatrics. Conclusions: Age at menarche and the onset
of regular menstrual cycles are directly and indirectly influenced by several. Report Back from San
Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS) 2023: Spotlight. The Creative Commons Public
Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise
stated in a credit line to the data. Data Availability All data and materials are available from the
corresponding author without undue reservation. The average menstrual cycle will repeat itself about
every 28 days, but normal menstrual cycles can range from 21 to 40 days. Implementation of
modern techniques like incineration can help to reduce the waste. During the survey, a total of 100
females were selected randomly with age groups ranging from 14 to 57 years and were queries about
their menstrual cycle normality and regularity with personal experiences. Visit for discounted
bundles, and a huge range of FREE science resources! Adolescent girls are a particularly vulnerable
population, especially in India, where the needs of female children have a history of ignorance. In the
ovary, the follicular phase matures the ovum in preparation for ovulation. Conclusions This study of
KAP related to MHM found significant knowledge and belief gaps but some encouraging practices
among female students in government colleges of Bhutan.
Likewise, healthcare facilities, the media, and other stakeholders should develop suitable health
education and awareness-raising programs for girls and the general public on menstrual hygiene
management practices, as well as encourage discussion of menstrual hygiene management issues,
particularly in rural areas. The questionnaire includes questions on socio-demographic information,
knowledge about menstrual hygiene management, and the practice of menstrual hygiene
management. We aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP. We are grateful to
the Ministry of Education, faculties, and students from the RIM, RUB, and KGUMSB for
cooperation and support during data collection. The behavior of women regarding disposal is
different when being at home and away from home. The proportion of the female college students
agreeing with socio-cultural beliefs, such as not entering a shrine or menstruation being dirty, is
small but similar to a study among school girls in Bhutan ( 11 ). If you are already suffering from a
health disorder like depression, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine, or asthma, your symptoms may
get worse right before your period begins. In Bhutan, research studies with school-going adolescent
girls and rural women ( 9, 11, 17 ) have identified gaps in knowledge, inadequate facilities, and
socio-cultural barriers for practicing hygienic MHM. Of the participants, 496 (78.9%) indicated
menstruation is a physiological process. If not, it might be time to start paying attention. Incinerators
used to dispose of menstrual waste in rural areas of India: (a) clay incinerator ( ); (b) mud incinerator
( ); (c) cement incinerator ( ). 9.6. Better Disposal Techniques Special covered bins should be
installed to handle menstrual waste. Hacker Moore’s Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 5th
ed. Philadelphia. Review of orthopaedic services: Prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland.
Hacker and Moore’s Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices
Regarding Menstrual Hygiene. There are two universities that provide modern education in Bhutan:
the Royal University of Bhutan (RUB) and the Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of
Bhutan (KGUMSB). The participants also reported that in 33.7% of hostel toilets, the door locks
were missing. Clearly, level of education, media exposure, and economic background largely
determine the level of menstrual hygiene management level rather than any specific social,
demographic, and religious determinant. According to a landscape analysis report published in May
2016 and sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, there are more than 355 million
menstruating girls and women in India. Data Analysis Frequencies and percentages of the socio-
demographic characteristics of the study population and their KAP were reported. By this it should
also be safe for rag pickers as it does not expose them to any disease-causing pathogens. 10.
Conclusions Menstrual hygiene should be promoted by implementing a course on menstruation and
menstrual hygiene management. Poor genital hygiene negatively affects adolescents' health. As the
main source of menstrual information seems to be mothers in Bhutan, not checking the true
knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of college women could have far-reaching implications if
they continue to transmit incorrect information and stigma to their daughters ( 10, 19 ). Teachers
should be educated and trained to impart knowledge about menstruation and menstrual hygiene
management among students. Socio-Demographic Characteristics Out of 1,280 female students
approached, 1,021 completed the questionnaires (response rate of 79.8%) and 1,010 were included
(11 were minors, and informed consent from their parents or legal guardians could not be obtained).
Promoting menstrual health among persian adolescent girls from low socioeconomic backgrounds: a
quasi-experimental study. Nowadays, there is some openness toward menstruation, but differences in
attitude still continue between different populations. It is recognized as a special period in a girl's life
cycle which requires special attention. In the ovary, the follicular phase matures the ovum in
preparation for ovulation. Keeping a tab on your menstrual cycle helps you understand what the
normal pattern for your body is and helps you notice important changes such as a missed period or
bleeding in-between periods.
Knowledge and Information about menstrual hygiene management In this study, 472 (75% of girls)
got information about menstruation before reaching menarche: 204 (43.2%) from their mothers, 158
(33.3%) from their schools, and 84 (17.8%) from health professionals. The average menstrual cycle
will repeat itself about every 28 days, but normal menstrual cycles can range from 21 to 40 days.
Tamiru S, Mamo K, Acidria P, Mushi R, Ali CS, Ndebele L. Appropriate policy and legal framework
is necessary for the management of menstrual wastes. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and
consent to participate. Assessment of Menstrual Hygiene Practices and its Associated Factors among
Adolescent Students in Batu High School in Batu Town, East Shewa, Ethiopia: A Descriptive
School-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Due to cultural expectations and restrictions many girls were
not adequately informed about the realities of menstruation. Conclusions This study of KAP related
to MHM found significant knowledge and belief gaps but some encouraging practices among female
students in government colleges of Bhutan. Finally, although we observed WASH facilities in each
of the colleges, we could not include the associations between the MHM facilities and the practices
of the participants in our analyses, as the observations of MHM facilities were not sufficiently
representative. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. At a 95% confidence level
with a 5% acceptable margin of error in estimating the percentage of absenteeism during
menstruation and a 90% response rate, estimates were calculated for three subgroups (first year,
second year, and final year students). B. Stratum spongiosum. ( cells surrounding the uterine glands.
Cultural beliefs about menstruation such as food taboos and untouchability have negative impact on
dignity, health and education of adolescent girls. Girls need to be able to control menstrual bleeding
efficiently if they are to live productive, healthy, and comfortable lives. Factors significantly
associated with their knowledge included age, grade level, residence, learning on menstrual hygiene,
and knowledge of sanitary pads. Nowadays, there is some openness toward menstruation, but
differences in attitude still continue between different populations. Write a review Update existing
review Submit review Cancel It's good to leave some feedback. Assessment of knowledge and
practice of menstrual hygiene among high school girls in western Ethiopia. They should also make
girl students aware of how to dispose of used menstrual products at home and in schools and about
the consequences of throwing them in open or flushing them in toilets. Costs of absorbents in USD
(US dollars), means, SD, median, and interquartile range were reported for MHM practices
according to variable type such as avoiding some foods, taking a bath, and cleaning genitals.
Anonymity and privacy safeguards were adopted throughout the study process to preserve
respondents’ rights and assure confidentiality. This could be because talking about menstruation with
parents and friends can help in learning more about it, reduce psychological stress, and boosts
confidence. The college and management should take immediate action to ensure the availability of
clean running water and soaps, bins with lids for disposal of sanitary bins, and secure, lockable doors
in the toilet facilities. Most of the countries have developed techniques to manage their fecal and
urinary wastes but, because of lack of menstrual management practices in the world, most of the
women dispose of their sanitary pads or other menstrual articles into domestic solid wastes or
garbage bins that ultimately become a part of solid wastes. The study also shows successful
implementation of awareness campaigns and workshops towards the use of menstrual cups inspiring
people to adopt the new methods of menstrual hygiene management. Educating mothers and
promoting discussion about menstrual hygiene management issues, especially in rural areas, should
be priority actions. The majority rated pain as the main reason for absenteeism from college. This
study aimed to summarize the factors affecting this trajectory. Half of the participants (50.3%)
reported their mother as the source of information, and 35.1% of the participants agreed that women
should not enter a shrine during menstruation. The menstrual cycle provides important body
chemicals, called hormones, to keep you healthy.
Girls who had mothers with a secondary and above educational level had 3.4 times greater odds of
good practice in menstrual hygiene management compared to those whose mothers had no formal
education. This study received no specific funding from any funding agency. This paper highlights
the incomplete knowledge about the menstruation which is a great barrier in the pathway of
menstrual hygiene management. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to validate the normality
assumptions for continuous data. Specific sanitary dispensers to collect menstrual waste should be
installed. Residence, educational status of the mother, receiving regular pocket money from parents,
and freely discussing menstrual issues with parents and friends were significant predictors of the
practice of menstrual hygiene management. There are two universities that provide modern education
in Bhutan: the Royal University of Bhutan (RUB) and the Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical
Sciences of Bhutan (KGUMSB). The participants expressed a strong wish for platforms to talk
about menstruation in their college, and only a small proportion said they were uncomfortable in
discussing it. Menstrual hygiene management practice and its associated factors among in-school
adolescent girls in western Ethiopia. Menstrual hygiene practice and associated factors among
adolescent girls in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic searching
was undertaken in 12 databases, together with handsearching. A cycle is counted from the first day
of 1 period to the first day of the next period. Work-role of Radiation Therapists in the
Consequences of Adaptive Radiotherap. The wastes that are produced during menstruation are
commonly known as menses, periods, or monthly bleeding cycle. The proportion of the female
college students agreeing with socio-cultural beliefs, such as not entering a shrine or menstruation
being dirty, is small but similar to a study among school girls in Bhutan ( 11 ). Mapping the
knowledge and understanding of menarche, menstrual hygiene and menstrual health among
adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes,
and practices (KAP. This makes the toilets dirty, breeding place for flies and mosquitoes, and also
unhygienic for other toilet users and cleaners. Our customer service team will review your report and
will be in touch. ?0.00 3.50 2 reviews Download Save for later ?0.00 3.50 2 reviews Download Save
for later Last updated 22 February 2018 Share this Share through email Share through twitter Share
through linkedin Share through facebook Share through pinterest lillythepink21 4.00 8 reviews Not
the right resource. It’s then that you are producing very little cervical fluid. To select study
participants, a multistage sampling technique was utilized. As a hygiene practice, 78.2% females take
shower every day and 41% females are using 1-2 sanitary napkins per day during menstruation.
Publisher's Note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and
the reviewers. The Institutional Review Board of Rift Valley University College of Health Sciences
granted ethical approval. They are inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow same as the
disposable tampons. 3.5. Menstrual Cups They may be a new technology for poor women and girls
and an alternative to sanitary pads and tampons. This is more commonly found in women who get
premenstrual symptoms. As the brain chemical, setronin drops, along with the changing glucose
levels, you may crave sugary and starchy food. They are environment-friendly and decompose within
six months after use. Available from:. Batu Hospital, Bekele F, Serbesa ML, College HHealthS, Iffa
MT, Haramaya University. Adv Prev Med. 2020;2020. Habtegiorgis Y, Sisay T, Kloos H, Malede A,
Yalew M, Arefaynie M et al. Further, administrative clearances were obtained from the RUB and
KGUMSB college administrations.
In this study, compared to girls with no regular pocket money, those who had regular pocket money
had 2.19 times the odds of having good menstrual hygiene management practices. Knowledge,
Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Menstrual Hygiene. The granulosa cell layer contains FSH
receptors and is responsible for estrogen synthesis by. We expected a higher level of education of the
participants to correspond with a higher knowledge of menstruation. Acknowledgments The authors
are highly thankful to University Grants Commission for providing financial assistance under UPE
(University with Potential for Excellence) scheme and Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, for
providing necessary infrastructure to carry out the research work. Int J Environ Res Public Health
2020 Jan 19;17(2):647. The same report states that more than 75 % of the girls were not aware about
periods when they first had it. While In contrast, those females that were between 25 to 35 years old
were showing greater regularity of their reproductive cycle. Springer Nature remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. A committee of
teachers including both male and females should be made in the schools to collect funds for
providing sanitary napkins, soaps, water, and toilet facilities in schools so that girls manage their
menstruation with ease and safety. As the decision-making power is in men's hand, making
household budgeting for sanitary materials supports and empowers women by allowing them to
move freely with lower risk of stains. Absenteeism was noted with an increase in education in our
study. About 312 (49.6%) of them knew that the uterus is the origin of the menstrual blood and 351
of them (55.8%) knew that the cause of menstruation is hormonal. Up to 80% of women report
having some symptoms during the one to two weeks prior to menstruation. Informed consent was
sought from each individual before they completed the self-administered questionnaire. One-fifth of
the participants (21.3%) reported unavailability of water in college, 80.1% of the participants
reported absence of soap for hand washing, and 24.1% described no bins for disposal. We aimed to
explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of female college students from all the 10
government colleges of Bhutan, documenting the conditions of available MHM facilities, from
August to September 2018. The study found that about 72% of girls in a rural area doesn't have any
awareness regarding menstruation before their menarche and more than three-fourth of the
respondents don't have any knowledge regarding the cause of menstruation even after menarche.
Menstrual hygiene management should be an integral part of education curriculum. This study was
done among 276 students from grade seven and eight of 11 schools. Bloody unfair: inequality
related to menstruation — considering the role of discrimination law. Creating awareness on self-
hygiene during menstruation is recommended. In order to safeguard their health over time against
numerous illnesses, women and girls of reproductive age require access to sanitary products that are
clean, supple, and absorbent. Although safe menstrual hygiene practices can help millions of women
experience these complicated and complex problems, developing countries, including Ethiopia, have
overlooked an opportunity to address the level of understanding and hygienic practices of
menstruation among girls as early as adolescence. Knowledge, practices, and restrictions related to
menstruation among young women from low socioeconomic community in Mumbai, India. The
participants also reported that in 33.7% of hostel toilets, the door locks were missing. This study is
based on a community-based survey conducted in the year 2019-20 in the rural Kaushambi district of
Uttar Pradesh. Download citation Received: 15 April 2023 Accepted: 24 May 2023 Published: 01
June 2023 DOI: Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this
content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Our customer service team
will review your report and will be in touch. ?0.00 5.00 1 review Download Save for later ?0.00 5.00
1 review Download Save for later Last updated 16 August 2019 Share this Share through email Share
through twitter Share through linkedin Share through facebook Share through pinterest EUP 4.65
793 reviews Not the right resource. In this study, about 378(60.1%) of girls used absorbent materials
during their previous menstrual period, and 504 (80.1%) used commercially made disposable sanitary
pads.