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    CH5

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    CH5

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    8 views73 pages

    CH5

    Uploaded by

    sumatrut0930925069

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 73
    unis wysnarailuiny fhahiawqusiandeiiino wd igludmmatiansawalthusaas Wiluawoy vin moMunsndy uasseineamutou huawsunwuoniinimgatiqndio ome Hii sumvamudaswlhtthunags ununeluiidanswdy (pressured) ‘Wlumyusilars lolinrwnemudousaduliih agetu olu fhe sre Wumabituntoulns Withunwon Jusyuy GIS uaz Tavf SF, fiquenniiduorin Aa So lditluewluvesfiansiney otha lofiasanrinrauaususostiatannsate duty dleidansoluina iad srh dawdelutentumsofinedsingmssins Mavosnseuallauinity Tavorto matndouttuosoymimlsyg fo SAnasowuastooow fiMacituMiqananssu ums lee lus HudwPlatiuile looohuviuesaduldesdosinnallih duilseltoynniinds uae indouttidéinIasalé uaziiudite nscunlualutha wisoufeendiadamaiiatasrye wiomhinusnernftutaindu Models aasiiew ansuiaqudnuazsssun vests dugauriow maemsiadaadonTomsnaratufiweetivatostuluaga nrwuduts quniad mandoudl maswvosTuinge tinenaschomndsery thud 5.1 anvaeiisssuvivesiny Arafinuysaflsenoudawoymansanawhdanduld (elastic) Swauwin fo Taga (molecules) Sinaindoufluuuuninsswedraoiios uazwumuies Wowumteneus Mamita Aimualuaowusin’ Tuagassiinnaunsinninnitimua Tuagativnardin doteuty ee ae ode 8 a piece eamrecstaat < Par ssosindouttreshativundindasungadalhl dersoetandrotuegiuqungs anuauis uzithrtanungassunavostiatinaaianndnalutid sat agithivesihia agifosduvostrafinandnduduuaniite FomsAgruvos Avogadro dah fa doumuluansituaiy fe qungil unsanumudeaty oviiiuowTaaqadonteniae Vinasubiu (1) Faeesaaltteunsondidug heaiuta ld agdoliifivamufia fifo Gay Lussac’s law Saumaatanriudiniusvesaudy afinas uazqunaiicuysel CK) Ahavieuysel nedounnadutusleh [1] pv = RT (5.1) hl v =v wild Pp = RTNo uae umutin = NoVo ala op = RaT/Ny st auf p = KT (6.2) Taeti p fo nawauine V_ fo iinasvesiia R flo siastavosiraihl = 83143/K mole T flo qunngiimuysal'k Vo flo Ufinasnfuluavesiis No fo Avogadro number = dau luaqatunitansuTsia N_ flo duawluagalut cm? whtiy No/Vo k — ff0 Boltzman’s gas constant WWi11V1) R/No = 1.3804 x 10° J/'K 5.1.2 nquijomiiosduvesitie nvsiintusnarathudhe oofuwilasaunqufinalnvoenatieud wfona'lnusn arnlunucetuued Sana'lnvanosorienquioay (kinetic theory) Hudugi fiduaMuseer Base mschuneandaen masinlseysaseTaumsloooluady wiomaldoulsey nrnity wigaworoymnsey frhludmafiatandousnanad 5.1.2.1 seexBaseinae fhaasenoudauTuaga wfooznon SoguTomaoutiAawndanrusouodre laity seiflou Safiamssumuoslé desoerrasewhafloymnandoutsundinity sundae Tuvaefifinaaida v Gont seuederre (free path). Hara v uns 2 voroymnvenunrttu afasse Saflatfumsnsvowil seudntadnuazouniavoumae ty seezdaseimavanniodae onan [2] 1 x = — 5.3) Nala ] a “ a : Tau N flo SuauTuagavosaioniianianliinas (nnunwuniy), 1 lay ry flo Snilvsroseymin thoymaituiuagavostintenty 1 =n = r oe Assuzdaseinduilu 2] 1 5.4) 4Nar ae oe | 4 Bee a ag : JumnubihddnasouindoudisasutemTuage ducifouogis Zaitvosd@nnsow nH x ae . a eee wnatdn Mouusuvne huaqaiti ny (ny << 1) TelAdnsevsaszinduvosiinasouily 1 4Nme ey tunsétiinnadavoroynin unevosTungaiiiiindifuatu flo vy une v; endiay anuiradiiusesiiu sa. Cee a AuiuseueSasemduvostimostititu 7, aed : = io = seuvSarvinavves'leoeu x 1 i, = 5.6) * 4)2Nar; 68) Ae A eee usar, = 5.662, tufediinasoudalunménesiieevdassiteennh Pe ie . . A mrervosseordarunAviuegsugangl T ussanuéy p ssa rwMuniuves ae ef oat ae . oe Tuiaga N Guogivuvnimedtiedest fe N rihudadaulavasaiy p uasiiludadsundudy gang T tue ea ee a = kT zit = kT avihy : = ee 61) wiotouoglug! dee = r9he z (68) a deat antate . ade oe . «, Apulia 2 dmnudiiianneduves p uaz T dodiseeviaseunaine ainaq, uiaas Mluaisisfi 5-1 3] Pe eee eo fs ae MSNA 5-1 sverdaszinduvesihadi uaennudande V Avawsnnguioat uosthaf 25°C (1 = 298'K) tae p = 760 Tor [3] they shuvfotauaga i, 10%m ¥ msec |idhurhaqudinans Ae H 2.016 11.77 1,740 2.74 He 4.002 18.62 1,230 218 H,O 18.000 4.18 580 4.60 Ne 20.180 13.22 550 2.59 Nz 28.020 6.28 467 3.75 Op 32.000 6.79 437 3.61 A 39.040 6.66 391 3.64 co, 44,000 4.19 372 4.59 Kr 82.900 5.12 271 4.16 Xe 130.200 3.76 217 4.85 SF, 146.060 25 53 5.1.2.2 wdanuazanuiaueslooeu ery os eae . vloudoutvoymnndoutalgurassunis oymramdniussiindeauoglugl nésnwon! uagesifianisauiu oymaivumuiussdwnon wiouismdaonuiiy uaeil frmansedanszow Auannvauqa oymarisnuadeiindsanuoariinay flo [2] vo Ser 69) ite ko shhasdavesTuandity winty 1.37 x 107 WsiK T flo quuqiimysel m_ fo waavesoymn ¥ flo sundovesranitamtectos ndtenenrtvoroymeornnrmadsna ver tuto 1 3 pmvip = Skt (5.10) anuFaveroymalumouvosqangisatiow lah [2] . = [ser Met = m ¥ 7 [ser =m vy = ‘Tuaisrsfi 5-1 uaestaanudanaerhunarsfigangd 25°C uazenudy 760 Torr Gadunags aes Pi 7 a eg tie Hi ldh oymamaounluussuimmagangivesdawanudaludi 1 mm/s lui ag ae oe °. de Siinasow unviinrmdanseswisuAvatut mfsemsatveroymnfiiuaads m, m, ... 2a ere Minmaindoufidaonrmsouszdosieniiy fo 1 2 3m Vier 2 Lave = 7 ym Vin = on aer oe 5 4 af Auiudinasoudeturaiovtatianudaqandoyna woluagaiihiwninnandh aziy ot da amuFauniovesluagalalasiuniuaavesTuaga H; = 2-m, = VINIB4O x 1.74 - 105.6 mm/ys 4 a ag tio om, fo wiaveséifinasou m, fo wiavesTisasou ~ 1840m, 5 5.1.2.3 msmeneandanhivessy shoymaruruuudangu ssiinschonoandasneariviiiu vinguuumsanawil danguiiia m, uneiindssuoad Wo mmssnauiidanguiiiaa m, owutwluuvahe qudnarsesfimschonoandonulifunsanaufignnii aw 4mm) Ww (m,+m,)? Junsdifi my = mal dW/W = 1 aif osfimsshononndammnianwavinnssnaaundout ‘iftunssnanfiogiis dim, << m, wo m)>>m wumssusewhsdnasoutuevaey nie fiulunqannnsitoe® ‘ x i : Simrmahehioguwadudngudnmassdinsshonoandasnafionnedourtiiy (2) _. _2mymy_ WwW (m,+m,) ad a 7 eee ‘d Aunsdifinswuihuuuy laidardu (inelastic) naanuearidauntassioymaghe ae 7 a Findus (excitation) una (dissociations) wFeifiauand ave séifinas eu (ionization) mamncbunraidirimguénmaun idan ndésentishunonvzithe aw me WwW m)+m oe wo. 3 fhm =m welt ww 4 wih my << m, wel oe ustashédinasou (m) aunsodwnoandsauemitianualiiueraoy wo luagaiiaauda uunda uiouandaBiinasou leooumuriocwndasusarlagaqa (m, = m) situs 50% 5.1.3 oymelseqluiny (charge carrier in gas) finsantailsrncwhmwuen woiudrownn 5.1.3.1 maifineymadszquazmsininsz018 (diffusion) ufratinesalsenoudwoynrnitiivssy (looouurn, looouay uavéidnnsou) 3 athuifosindsdnoniiniuussemma SFonmstiniuamn Mavinuadaan difinasow nqaointuaqavostaiosinndiamnzou usdiinasouteogdhudase usaeszusrmdN au unzeshimzeguueymadhunan ibidiadhuoymmlseqaudy wos muvlooow wn Juussoinrs wow looowhiiogesulfowlauaaqwl seflninfiseduqey unset Hovnsiise@iniinsia oitshuan wlosimuen énavlonoussiinndy uavoziinntiqaito WRangehuthiazwos [2] fiszauniiorinzindl Ni = 600. do cm? Nes 500 ia om? fiszAu 5000 mwasnifonsin Nt = 2350 dam? Np 2000 acm? FishunmSothavondaw audi thazues NR 15,000 ria cm* Nes 12,000 sia cm* uddiuauéiinasourzivioy Nex 10 doom? ms rwéiGnasoutinosins@ uu Tuagalaho masumatulnisentuoyme dhinssuumsiihiindmaeauga eymmlsey saufadhdautunaredlussagadanatumungvesgaoan! uasmsuninszewuesTuaga ifosornndsemaravow wnAiéualosewuanuae'loooumuring fu oe oo oo Unaidobifimnwith mandoutivoroymnecithulodehisiseiion indowill ee a oa anuuoinssa adiafo avthisimauudsoymmlsey ureesimsuninszew sdifosnenean fa 7 Piet oe od ae Linhuavemalulinasvesihy why qamaiidaiu nseutmandoufivesfeiiards shay udu msuninssoworsunas lAdawnaduiius [3] D - (5.11) a Ther ee | ucavhehadamsuninszew D iivodunruduvestie soa uaeqangi vuto 7 D = —> (5.12) pa | wb ad es A Sree O Aniuddnnsoudsiatounh looow vefinuninszew'lAnnh ooo 5.13.2 maindouiivesoymn &hiimnavlla oymadssundoutiodwhitzeioy G@anndsauarsou) soit muah e vsthtifnusansetmuoymmdseg fo QE oyninlsequithilesindouil ateiissiioy maindowhvonlseyfito finseumluaruos anwmnuniuvesnseuniite J 7 [Nt-Qt-v*]4[N7-Q7-v-] (5.13) the oN*, No @o oymmilssqunanuasaumudnay Qt, Q fio ssquesoymna vi, vw fle armianFuhf (drift velocity) aunslthuasa nn andoutttaaddadiia 2 Usemsio D qyanmege dinasoussindoutidaunderns Ish TAFuto = fu) (5.14) 56 2) ufrasannudu soudsemnssuesiishaudoioutunaudatiewinanuzou anumsinfoufivosoymatersansinmsyuty anus avesnisindowfyosoyn~dy dadauTaunsafunaungoamsa' lath v = bE (5.15) ob fo ammmainaoutl (mobility) voroymn amminhfhvesfhaurazwiiaerediin eimmisznoudae N, 75% saz 0; 21% fas tiou (Ar, Ne, He) 1% Hav CO;, SO:, HO uaduq iloveinluusseimeiifedurinszewly seduqe uavifosminiiisdornersiuhuan mde faloymmlseyogiaue dumneiishoine flanwnt hithdiiiia Taodniianneusseime Iuoimmreiinnudumudumeaodseaia 4x 10 Gem (nau uMuiuMsvoMM|MAMMY 1.6 x 10° Q-om sagas hina @rumudaresy 2.2 x 10" Q-em) srunqformedian ni ltihogihs aztiuidodouusemud hia hiinaeun nat shiiadunits cnu@touussmunsentasodrhlsenhaudusewuvestasulssy foie ‘duanow fesiinssunlua dufhudaat vostaansfalutia 52 tmmaetaniohuie Arawonernee 4ilse Tomludmumsewauids deldhlselomfonmaiiadansednan siumaoailussyiiy Maoadosums wnoniostuussmumu naeatalon nao lnsrasou thudu dcangelufavingloadtogaiuazeos (mansosdawlwila) aeafolufrasinseud ang fo orgnifteriusnszur (GnArhowos) uasnmmniind dhudu luiieendrada ma awaudrofiy Taunizodidadlotwesniaoumnwllganmmnilbhhuiedulaodils 5.2.1 aTdNiuivesnssuaiuusauAawIO mfiadamrsuthugaduduvosmldounlasannenauauhiganmiritih ty Anwazmbdnusnaraiisoon inasfanverisaos (anmawruazemmnirih) saa Arunnuduviudsswhanssuc 1 Aus U won uMuUniuvosnseue J HumruAdea swith 6 anumbiae dandelutaoriatuludantvosnnudutia unefinszuer ‘nadauisaiiony iu 10" A ounsevathsluTasuowt) (wa) nSouthuuoud (A) Aadaodiana mamanovanszuamansoluunldidnTasqudussumuawrandudnugudnars 2 em sseesun! 50cm Iuiaioowfarwde | Torr fimmaznseuc-usedu daucaalugue 5-1 [3] wot —— Tupi 5-1 uananaatintudsenie Ww pssuaflualufieiuussdundoulity rrr Sida Tasafitifiaiuod sidawacifundanrs AMeusiwsulA Taeunisvoontil 4 dasiio Pe 4 1: famnieuvumaliaud Pavey assuaunaatihidnasifansnaraivues nm muie TH: AaanfoFoaucsuna dadavinusn anni I: RarwiaFomuas'hilnA IV: Aawvouuuerin ozifieunatreiné onin at Pee) « eee qi 5-1 Modwanudniusnseumusmuunvaawniemeioow [3] dal Aevvouvynivnd Aamaauvumaiienud dhodaidunh daardoitlseiiadaioslail€ (non-self sustained discharge) runvordraiifimuadiussmuituau (threshold voltage) oarwuastaada lit azlon (du FadumadansitaTonn wFo Gawd) nssucresiiiatumuseduiitoulussos udu udanssunezduita Gru B) ufoverndidnnsoustoonsinns ton wioimndu luis ao ia ow a waht Satlactons dt ManuaAs litre: uanua ludasiinseucsz hifwmnuseMuiiiiy vunsevadaedmils nse seduiaAUEnIudnvaxiony iantoa Gund onsounmareud swnnviy usdudollén nszucziitunnnduonatinndea oudeqaniausadunsomunissnada uaenszuaInanittuannsny dria@aereesmowonniniu gaiiunduusnaral (breakdown) tloiamsnaraiuda Aasndoaunsarlseviadaoeld (self sustained discharge) Aovefinazuat Tnadohlla fautisreziewudauiianunessa lldanzlonooniian $3911 dawrsorsoaueranii (normal glow discharge) wdaorndinnsnaratuds daddoulinssueniiaturoly Taudanradrunmuvor ees muuonoon usamuniouunlamnyevequaveumiodiga di F une G Gonhdwamns Gosunaln’ Aanrfetoumshutorwtinsnamoglé Tavinnseiiatianautied hu oimefiinnumuvsseimonaiia luau lsh bie ueregaiati 58 VIA Gay sarFoauarslaivna (abnormal glow discharge) Sea are oe ee ei naanindaduAawfeFowuesinauds dinszucituiude honihwens wwe Gunh AcmsoFosuee bhlA aloes huviusnnnuouluauaehfalane aaa IV dawdouvuerin drildoul¥nseumfiude hlén Iviqasziausingmsaivestavelmidend ovin danife oeilénasounqaoines Tongaunnatou unesunadieindiorsn 52.2 winnnfawsonsnarniuind oimlsingmsaitcanieluund yalawvosdaT uazdusaauaudu (U; wF0U) fi anuchiqdomaiiamsaua omethuneatinidamadoanmanunmuvosmsaway Hana dove ndratisswaziduathiditudude ll Aawfousnariluund orurisoonla 2 usvinn fo wusnarluvucaysel way wanaraliiesnneda 1) wsnaravalszinnawysal (complete breakdown) vais NisifimtusnATaiAaoA und doulossenhsdidnlasa dufatulunwauudausstuseindovoourn sinszuelna anmanumuunrfiifiausnara nssumusnaraviiessriadaunnwdumumwluvestadie usa douawfiusnaraiaduaxithuaaeatuivorinduia Aoangousnaraflseinnesysel daoreuisersdnsmetiinaily 2 uuu (4) Ao = suinarnflavass (direct breakdown) ifiatisluuniitinums lihaiuaue wfoli thumuodnioy fove' bidllalsw nfodamrdouradauindudouusnarnl dolAdouly tusnaral Aoeifiausnanaiul i = winararfiuuuTaTayn (corona breakdown) fiat uundiiginsaut bieiuawo qa dow TalswinJodandouredauindurouusnaral susadwlalnnduia mana fnnwlé ussdunsnaraluuylalsusihqenhehusadula lista uaetwaw hile Snuasteangosnarathieroauuy oreueasdavnmeiialuglt 5.2 2) wsnmrnviifisauredau (partial breakdown) wTowsnaraflieuysel Madulu seuumaaUausiene Wh biniumogs (uvlninogerua Tela af Sishich fo 1° < 30% [2] ) husnaratifivaunaday fo snarl higoulessenhvdidnlasa hunrstia loo luaiulu uunikituaunadau uiefiAGundamnsouredau (partial discharge = PD) w30 WIAawIID IL Aamfounulalsnn Aawfomuia udu 59 maw ih aunty dawaztuund | mr lyheuave Ore sy ee ‘aieniuawerdinties ‘nethuctuogs ‘hifltaanfauas L © 4 aesndorusn ces | | ee) | dino wuanarni mnnpt = ! tusnarailavnss tusnarnilavass = | tusnaraiuuulalsin fusamuusa . os : Uj = Bixdxy arninfolals Up = Egxd Up = Eyxdxy aon U> U; anguifia qi s2 drwas@ewnfousnaraluund 5.2.3 Aawisouradou (partial discharge = PD) dawiennaday wiowidentange minute msdaansuthuivsneduluunviuty fy msnaraisenséiinInsadasouTushisedy ovudsoontu 3 uuuie (2) 1) Talswfervr¥s (corona discharge) 2) AerwrFonnufia (surface discharge) 3) AarwrZenwlu (internal discharge) lufiffoendinata Aaandelalan unvMansemufa dadhianieluomefidhunurn mouon davdaavenwlu tnesGududsuithlotiy fogluaumude won veléndiatuundiold 1 @aviienuulalan Aomniolucnnaltth biniuawegaoulewaidnTasaunay wFovounntiegluernet aoe Peri ede ot med a WiomwarwAuUnA Gent Tnlaw Inlaudawds oxGufiaduitonnunseamuw ih Wiushoa hliyinga B. Iueime a) lalnnuwmudstsorme anuneatua lfhqaqatialuvuiauuauds ordwaw'ldvnanuduitus aun lihveensenssuonunuday [4] oe U = aimamy | &vOm (5.16) io Fafivosawiath (cm) fi d flo seusvrasendiala (em) O ff fo usamuavoscudaifiouiuianzarihurioon kV fil B. vosernie = 30 kV fom 21.2 kVimsfom usadulaTswiauitia U; sstnwala sinauniatiuds rms 1 U; = 21.25 In(d/n) kV (6.17) qaifuaaaruAtoamu ll alswuiudumm Peek dhuyudahnaudunrnewuh anvazanasq@u fie [5 p 49] Bj = 3085] 1+- 5.18) a (42a (5.18) we 8 Aawue Ime @ 1 fermzinasgq) t= Seiiveadaniuthy om dlosiiadetureemahuarinneusseinn Wdoulunmundoamoutyihlatsun Guiiavesiin ox'lé [6] B . 30.5 mm, (5.19) dom, undoing ritafsdnuasvestamemahdeunmtoy unsidunnrtoy fim, = 0.98...0.83 m thumlnmodiniaienavosanneusseinie 1 osrmmutadna re 0.8 iefiduan b) naainlalsun 4 a watiieaninTalsuiio a aos, ‘ “ ao 1) iioalalawiusinaerdunanteruzladaudramwnu Ao oz lAdwdussaiia (fusuuasiiyy Snaulo tou (0,) Iuvnuiaainesifuucaios Pues eae ee ad 2) lnlawntaaiovinduluguiaddus dsilnuinaiunrwiqeis MHz ndunruiqs ¢ ad : . ff osunmuseuudoas Gund ndusunaung (RIV = Radio Influence Voltage) = . Oe aa. aadudehais, 3) mrsifialalsumdoumuwiis dudsugyidufiaiuogaaeaiar Failua lise ‘dint dy pane , aoe Usiow mrseniuussuUMUdedinaniioddl WiianruAiuam WAhganhAawainga » 4 te Py ee wasauqyidutiosninlalniniuediuanuateamnn ihgaqavediadath Aung, a . 2 dod vw Mhaseuumrwdaussgatel Ferny (bundled conductors) wonvintéstuogiuanreussowm thu muon thére ozsialitfiala lsh fhastlthgnudoriossinintaw oefmoald [6] =] 24l fF rty_ty y2.10°8 Pm 3 25 fFu Uj)? 10 kWkm 2 R= 2816425) E(In@) (E-E,)?x 105 (520) Taw fo amumniniudiuiusuesimer f£ fle nami (Hz) rt flo Seivaamavh (cm) d flo szegsyntiavla (om) EB, fle avuunionmw ihTalswisufia kV/em 5.2.3.2 Aerie Juanda usasttituudadtumna tthuvuendunvo 1Solieaiueofias awudaiidauintennallihludautinlodinatad wu fenfoomeiinaunioa mawlthgstu ouihinaliiadanfeduludauiihuornn aannfenufaiaduso araunduaawa Wifhaufizawan (tangential field E) Sdrgaiiervinga (,) dediasu usu miouudsiuserhaddnlasatuuduszuw finielaonnwudah uaelawawindiouss qa aelugdiis3 a) dn nsanssnauiuse wad b) Uaonaumuaain img 4 win co) Umucnumuiiausegs piiis-3 doumwglanvvosuautiihtiiin@awfaued uma aug siudunlseqsemhadidintnsn Cy) << sifunlsequosnuauuds C, neriuusedu sewhe GilinTasmozannion Cy Moura vittaviunteamumlWihuuday Cy dings fue TA Safaninmalotansoludowiduorme udtudaufithmuauts dai pamumoussdu Ey qa Sabiorofiansnaraineg a udvstawsellanimwounda 52.3.3 fawsomelu oa aon Sout Pies Jason wlussindumolunuaudatonuauma — dsirloshvogmlu <, sae aoe dees 2 8 ammuiniuamurwesauautacniomaluiuia MuogFuarmatuamuw wes ae 4 : @ eae ae ae furlrognrwlu Samana moa abnnansal auauniaafoluduegesialiiiathaiy itenniiensanradazusn mathiosthaojmolunnuesdudumehtlgoninuanra Juiiqa Srowndaehnuaulafiifcondamalu seinhtongmsléemvesuauduay aetiu mansremouguMnVeaMiaumM Sidoumaaraaanfemolufident PD ithuidesdag 4. Pea ere rac epee ¢ absentia swazionhvrtudostivs andratuunit 6 53 Toooluavuiovmsidoudiénnson oznounTolmaqavesiiaiie l@fundarnufuamo vetiiltoanasounqaoon luis Adnarou oxmounToTuanaiu Saihlszsqidtuuan uiidunduialooolud nszvaumaf uwndiénasouoonsinnaqavositie uaviMeoouuanitudu dont looolweyu ionization) wfonrsuantavesdisnarousinTuaga daudsenounsfitsanasounga soneinvosuis Gunch maikiouBidnasou (electron emission) IwitiSi@nasousengaoonein Adntasa dautunseuaumsiisinnuddgodiads fhhbihailammhththanla fhavziinn ir th Waidiofioymmilsegdesesuauinwe Taunsevaumswiqar iivthivosdidnazow uaelooowluunihiuudsooniths 2 nssuaums (7) fe nievawnrsuan Sovoréiinasouooneintuaqavosthy Sufianinmimvesoymaiuluaga Gidansou, ‘ooow uneTdnousuiuluana) unensewunmbdovdsdnasousonsinfadidntasa isto Wssunruintuamawiathgs wielaiundamanutou f4 wfolooowiunnssnula Siintasn 53.1 ‘leeehusilaunravu (collision ionization) sdooymaiiiaa m Gidnasou, looow wFoovnouthinans indoufiaun ria’ v ae suiuezaouituia M osdimadionoandarmond drhifiaattifiansunsequ (excitation) vio loooluasy Gunmsmuivh muuangu undhwuudaozaon wFoluaqavosiiast gneulddimdanusnoymatinay ifindunsedu wioloooluartdu Goamsvuiih vu uuvhidendu dumsnonnaddenusalaldowhhthndeauind eorwndialah ed manidousnndannoend dhindarnind wfondutu GonmonabathunsiGanu ovionguesTuandy unzngoyinindanu eransod mands unenmusaves pymandimamuld dinnudowlutoumsnuiiady lug 53 ustasdsmosoyninfiaraa m tag M susuhumay lag wavoamesanusavesoymearoumatu ¥ uae V mudray Honinogermauanoonhunaums x (uvadfouTuarinyagudnms) unvunu y Gandy 4 sale, _ 2 aay 22 tints x) Tumauini y a vy une V, o2‘hinldonlaadiefinaey asiudeht vy, dhurnutaiu 4 i avhwvesu7e m; (uuuauny x) lewis M efile (V = 0) . m vi wow’ (6.21) c M(V=0) nous nO) os whew mw) MW, qi 5.3 oymamuin 4 = ~ 53.1.1 Rovlunimufidlooelurti. ove uwsufiavindidnasoutoswTuaga nivozaouvesity Taviiéiinasewlaiy 7 de aes xe x ‘ waanuncath E luvasiiadnezlua wésouibianarowlAsussitundsuent SivdseuisdnasowlAfueinmaw hi mandnds love hussuvos luagavostiy eee ee oe os Wiastuodiueiavediay ducarluarsiwf 5-2 fevifialooo lwatuay oe ae gee . mua hiinasousuduadound rans whiuqué lifirmavoscui lth Eo) ussezmaniwuszezdase 2. 9:lASundenueinmonltih (2) 1 Ww = efEGQdx = eu (5.22) j szifia ooo luesuito wew (Emily thufto a = i Shammueoneunalyth & asi eB 2 wi = Ui the U, flo ussdloooluariu Vv eU, fo ndarutihMiifalooe ui ev Sind ernest hifivane Hosta hiiin'looo lula forsee Taga fignwu (uu hidangyy tuogluanmdunssduld waseruthintTuaqatunssdulaned Gondndarnaunsedu We rmuuuuhidangu wienuqeqaiioznon nfoluaqavostiy daogdavasriougnsy Wty wRornnguosluaudy uavoyrnindasumal (2) mv+MV = my, +MY, usa M ogiistala my = my; + MV; sua msn s.2 waren ooo hueriu unendarnufunseduvos tuaga (3) fay W. (eV) wi(eV) Hp 7 15.40 H 10.16 13.59 Np 63 | 15.60 N 10.33 14.54 Or am 12.50 oO 9.15 13.61 Hg 49 10.40 He 19.8 24.50 N,O ae 11.00 NO. 54 9.50 H,O 16 12.59 CO; 10 14.40 SFe ce 19.30 fhaviiow = 10.24 uinngoysnvndarnufindiach wisnusuriounendaemmdemssudounaty aviueelt dmv? = J inv?+tMve+W, el 2 2 ilo W, fo néaerufndfioymea M (egiiay IASu sinerinius vi = BOW) rmushael ee Poe ime mv ZIV Ow +, 6.23) a ee oe nso’ w, eeiiehqaga umndanuvarivoroymadsansuiisina’ Saiivolosy Fionfowduv) uot =0 021% Wem (* 0) uaetavi mcm wld v= By IV) ndsorushonaagaqel@arnmaumush v, oymafogiiea asundssrusindgeqata M_ mv? : mM 2 62) aztiu Snasowdsewhuaqavedwnoandsvanhituluagavanua dionruiandeuves Wome = ad ; . Ae » apa ae War 4 Ainasow v, =0 dav'leoownin (m= M) asfinscwnoandsauaminganiathundanutind uaesrunoandaanusaritiina 25% (v, = v2) HuMoshonoandasiuifivs 75% veondanuGuay matfin'loooluefulavddnaroutim didnasousedosiindeuemininiy vio innndmgaan tooo luariuvosTbuaga woormouthinans auto 53.1.2 Mnlsinimsloedhuviiluins vazioymmszyndoutthbznhsdianlasa orvuunciia looe huaswlanawasa fae wownuroufiesiadiantasa anrliaud (Townsend) TE Hint oumssudia loo uatutonimiawssesh oymmlssgndoui hiv dmuadauurlniaos fiend diulszdndmaialoooluwsuves mmrinud Tnsoymelseyieutuaqaluind wisthdulssant a, p Tavfia itu finbsedindmsmuandadavadnasowien lage dau p udulss@niveslooowseu Tunga dinlssdnimsnuandaiecoshdtanndedl a: tinhednimsyvlooeluvtutiniiwomrnioud ihudunduvesnssy loool wetuvosdiinasou | findouth/luumbtusves 1 erudans Hvauilu om 8: fo daumameveslooounan Aulauaqadhunars Wlkndiinnsoudass une ‘ooouandontlansiauscoemetuumianancntyth wilooouiirauin nexium laiundaruomfornennatihiartos unsmschumon nisonuionutioday fo p < 2 iio W, = nesnilattuveslanzazlon 2) Tuunqailogluamndunsedulwosnianafesadoundesn Tuaouoonn tuum psnouturdagaamuenindugin (ground state) TandiénasoundudreasTnesiaay wavered mounnawuunslamiitaidnasounqasonnivinaylon uazorertiiines na uslA nnd nvldovdiinasoufienh msidevdtinasoudaunds Tao (photo emission) 3) Intagafieg uaa musanim itis (metastable) orauninssawndyliwins Tor en 4 wa dom Wtifndidnasounqaoonantd ito Tanaganfuts hinsemuneTon ad. dn . cers ra eerie cae eee a? ianasoutiialwin native wi dadhunaduiies FGenhnsswumamdin thunseuaunisdues (secondary process) nssrnumsienunatiamuadaedinlsedng y deiiow th dusmaudidnavou indo oinnszuaunisiucos fiindutine Toadoduaudiinazounitamasifiad lun on nseuounrsauitosdu (primary collisional process) Hufomsyulooe lus luuniniands : Bae Yt Yon + Ym y fo dinlsdnt ooo uauitmosveanratirud (Townsend ionization coefficient) Toul tthuvaoinmrmuvostooownan eee Ym ures namuarties $20 53.4.2 msudevdtdnasoweonsinazlonlagndauera Sdnasouorsidovoonnsinfalans la dolaFundauesnnno Ii 1887 ‘lata sav Heinrich Hertz) Mnanoufuatunduuimanlth wud susaduadrinsenie Sdn Tnsnveiidhdias dofluasoamsmbsahowiansemnuuAasianlasa uae laucastt ih Ss@danstialomaltaaludmmnst didnasousinqnoonsinfansToaiie lésuTlnow arviinfamundomlo uaculavwthundsomvariadime: Tuald fauithee hifi hs mm arufatiun oinnnudantus dm? = hv-W, tho W, fo nointladiu wFonuillguundidnasountiadaTaulsilnouiindaen hy 4 Pt sag = aay 2 AnmuTaAAuvosucatl#umsildoudidinasousonsinialanzezdouthy hlaitouly fio (2) aw, s he (5.28) wie aU, s 1.245 x 10% Vim Taofi h = Piinséaves Planck = 415x10% — eV-see ce = amuiiauns = 3 x 10° m/sec Sodreehirosfladsuvosnrgenes usta Suarsraf 54 mame 5-4 Maosnilesuvessrasre (2) nefnilariu ev oq — Vndaucn' nth wasariviou Ag 474 3.08 - 3.56 Al =| 2.98 4.43, : Au 39-492 40-458 Ba | __19-2.49 2.1 € 4381 439 Ca 242-321 2.24 Cs 138-19 181 cu 407-48 3.85 4.38 Fe 3.91-4.7 4.04 —4.77 Ni 4.06 - 5.2 4.61 —5.24 Ta 4.05 - 4.16 407-419 WwW 435-46 452 5.3.4.3 mavdendsinasouainlarizdsun71030Uu (thermionic emission) Taungufudafiqangilag unsdénasouviogtunaurinletth (conduction band) vos Jauseedindammannmofiacionsus wlodrudhumafind (potential barrier) fifavesTane‘llé figamgiifos nseumoindidnasoumdhiliid nous nnd liiesian dalse Toailag ue aseundostitudummgangivedialane minqnoonmvosdifnazousinlans'lda qyqnmalaulisundandssmlageianwuon Gunt msldoodidnasousinialansdae aandou Fathdnmsvoanaonqygmmuaznacann (CRT) eines Tu tauniine’ nrmmnunivwosnseumoresawaaWornenunts (2) W, ti Ar exo(-H) Tau A tihusiaadam'ilfie ie hfe sina Planck k fio sanaiauos Boltzmann mettharaunealssqvosdiinarou 5.3.4.4 maildevdiinasoweenoinazioalauawntlylih Siinasoworikiovoonwieinfialane'ld dioloumuw lihaiinasenannne tuto muailolthesdounnndieh fidoslsdiiudsdidnasoumldovoonnmaundanausou doftersantunindiuwadosew he lavsiuqgaimeiisanneay llhmeuen EB dndlihosithuquéfisessdnavinfialanzanng Aelugilii 5-7 dnvasvosdunsil findlolthanansom aaa ggg immed Xa x ae Tow narmuindlytthev unanthtaih quiis.7 shunsinddraaifoa nen hithmwuon (2) 0/1 6e9x. eEx t:ndomudelhifimmtimwuen We 2: wdanufowine than 3: WagsnuMeMA 5.4 nainmisifintusnavail (breakdown mechanisms) matfiamsnarniiuiie mnie msuldoucmmmsawalildanwnithlih ao hu daao (transition) seuhacmunmifinseua'Marlseitataoe laid (nonself-sustained) lq rimunwuiinszualunseiadaoa ld (elfsustained) — davdodandra avifindulAidoundt Snoudidnarou 1oloooulue: namstsnnnoonhttumiiammniahgs uae Tengu] udanssuatiuaithushortud do nssucaeqnéatadaon dufiududvorasesmouonniniy une seu valuunudes nado hl asauitsreedadusudassddosneTaaoon (iu Fadana 11 Toran) iloeta No une ly wF0 ndradintiontiaAfio usadufivha Mifiansnararinariu lait No vido, oxdnadudon Malug 5-8 b) Faumaatonnuduvtudvesnszualnaluundsuussausi Hou soar vorgll s-1 eeiifwl@irssdunazueduda ty be Saeturraity duogiunruty uosieddosneTon AszMunseuabuia fe drmits wnmusamuittowbifiradodinszuah late uni! oudadaussdunitonssuniiatiathiongliadea owussdudedaniiadunt cus witad duccdudterata Mat ‘ cm, ara Mintufusaduderiy lin fp tthe uaznssuclualuumhisenerae la Self-sustaining nizuelnauaeitomiola ‘Wonself sustaining | nrzunlmadsefietacoolils urea ka 1 Townsen: . ot ' atacharde 1 ee o 4 a) ») . quiis-8 a) fan TasaurivsenuneMAUAUlueInA b) AnuaENsInsZuM —usaAU [5] Snaudidnasouttiintoinhinseualalsevietaosoglétiu mavinnseu uns Findraudatheau Seiinsevaunrsfichiey Mush 1) Bnasoudusieros (secondary electron) ifhudidinasoulsousinns loalaunisdewu vorlesouan 2) love uvduluarniossinndelvnou 3) Udovdiinasowoondina: laa laulWaowlylih (photoelectric emission) up li ss flussdudn anueiuamuaildih e dag vediitusuredautiia AdnasoudasemwsssusA Snasowsad mo: Tua uavTooouurndadinslaa ms ndouiivosoummlsequiul SeiinscuaIuanunguorloris: J=oE [7] fo nszuetthidaciou Tauasatunmuntuamin lthegludt 1 5.23 Judw2 oymnrlseySarefiogifanvlon wZooonvinayTonve Ishin: Tuanwa idheriauseaubiqaty udnsgures biivan oswbdinasougnéehhuauda fin uduussoime aM AMMUUNiNvOMNsEUATIAGD fdnaseuIE 10° Alem? farmungonmuaaialth 10 Vim Suituusstultiqadichlin nsvudee bitsuounserts usadhufiuaie Waomunduamunlltihfinds 20 kViem nszumvstiiAuBnodheszats Heit nusaeildnasouifiudusrnmsmuuanda woloooluatu wut difinasowsudyn Tnaga tthinars iiadinasoudase unelooomnndiothanmne dhuanrwAdidnasoudiuiléios (selfsustained) tfmihuez1a1¥ (avalanche) Ludi 3 nsvuciivtutinnadednauoynimlssy de didinasowuas looouiswannnd sudlerhingaiiiniinusnaral deluilygtuiinguljil Pos wwnssu uM siusnouayoa aszydariinga wFona'lamaifinusnaraiiiogoanqull fo [5 pp 22-23] — nguijna'nuinaraivornnationud = ngyfjna Innusnaravusuentuasoy 5.4.1 nalnusnaivesnmniaud mungquijna Inusnaralvesmraiisud (Townsend breakdown mechemism) «uanaval luthavhafinduornswaudidnnsoutiiinthuthdnaumodioshuumsenhvdiinlaa uncto ‘Janseraumsiitundqavessianasouiiagintooo luersunszuaunTsduau (primary or a process) av looo luvFunszurunrsiiustos (secondary process) WsenouAaw love uwt Tau'looouuansuTuaqavosie (p - process) usinsewauniail hiinaumanelumaiintiin wusnanatl asewraunrsduaoaiifinnudadgysiona lnnusnaray fo nszuaunn y (7 - process) Sutfunssuaumafiiiumagauasdidnasoulsoonqainnstan aafindraude lufidiee Janwinguijvommaiaudlumumlltheshuase advo Iuumbiinrmaadonens th whiunnga dinlse€ntimsloooluedufisineds unznavosissytre (space charge) fiiiio aun loliiiuiishttonte biti: 5.4.1.1 NazUIUATSVUAY (a -process) Snnudiinasoulues nas luuniiiszes x vinAZ Taam ueruNs (5.27) flo (2) Ny Noe" tie Ny = duauéiinasoufiudousnnsToadetwl N, = Suoudiinasoufisees x oinazlon SadiainnsowielalaaozTua (x = a) dotunit thy Na = 2 Noe’ 524 SiinasouuriaeMaftoongrnnglanssatadiinasoudulynl &* 1 Saiii ound ooounantitatuuavaandansion Meuihusinszuers 8 I = Ive" seni neauddnasowiatuthuonvhlnntea uaseedosiéanasousuduoonsrn nsloadiiaw Ny dothnd #lamnnadosksadhhiiinelon SaGundinsiawnsethlsevadaes LG onsawduerdututiatadradidnasowsumy No sonia nisuauns lee huviuies nya sedudniansevaumaiéaihiannsaniitansnaratlé movedostinssrunisd osu assnumrduraihinszuaumsdustowinnssvaumadudy neraiio Lovousani avindidnasouuandaoonaneriniuaqadidunars Tnonserumsdudueeistlsuosnou uostie niomunslon dilesounaniiindyuqenoiverir niin loo husiuluis Gon nrewaums § aiinoouuanwuneina udaihhtéinasounqneinnslan'lé Gun dinsew runs 1 SnoudidnasoutiiannseuIumsaudoss so nsowotuwArdulsedniirasvosnna wud flo B wie y 5.4.1.2 nssanumsduco sun B nrewaums B unseuaunstuces fddnasousaseifiadunnloooaran fwdam qviansuluaga thhifaloooluaduludiy udlaungiinssinuns p iTemafia Adnasoudassen nssuauMsd Whilanadigihhitiaunaraluiel® Tanne odudsludhatiinnudy aumqnaded 2] 1) looounan hiowrahiiielooe hussulutia Modwwihlse nana iin rustonnwa ‘plthiusnarad onsesifialadoelddaonumumquijdenourh udTonaiiuiiusitounn 2) dinaloms lose lustumunssusums B idhuduinhhhfiausnarad Tonsfioves av Tonos hifiuadodusadudinansnara! iddavosmsnanosuiaastiitudnod niu voslansfiviins Tnaiinaod unndodussaunsnarat 3)nalamstusnaraimunsevauns B goaldrmmaindoutivesloooudimuml annnnnaniausnarniiialé aztunsexaumsduaosiiinnadiqydon aed issidnasou ortvifiausnarniiy thuuslesounandeuasioa () Ssostihunsevaumsiaoandosdaumquata 1) sae 2) Shaduiloudransevaunn B udoshimoandostude 3) finszuumsrhiiawsnaral lt Susreazueriandudty 5.25 ru $4.13 aseuauMsduaouy ‘1 (Y- process) aseuquMs y unssuaumaiia iifianaduniguaosdnasoudase fiiavin Yesounantewun Toa [5] Mh No fo Siuaudidnasoufildouvinay Tandon Nj, fo duaudidinasoutiiannnseuaunsduiaostineloa fo x=0 dotinit Nf flo duaudidinnsousanismunioonsinns loader neti Ng = Not+ No uidinasouudaetafloonvinaglonvewulooolusihity et!—1 ada aundavos mayv love lus luunuvieauasziihy No = Np e™'-1) as ad z ovilaifinasonfiadusinnszvaumaduaosoonsions Inauily No 7 Nj ("= 1) a anlvant ee at Tao y thudinlssni Looe luwtuicowommaliud aay No = No+yNj (e*?- 1) N “oo atk I-y(e™ =I) Snuudiinasoutiie hiGaoz Tuadaths Nu = Ng et? Ny-et# Na ae (5.30) 1-y(e™ —1), Angi s-9 ‘oumsvesnseucthy (531) qi 5.9 nisifindiinasousaselaunseuauMsddte 4 muMguinraiiaud 5.26 5.4.1.4 Govluusnaniivesniiaud douluiissifansnaratiuiis fidonszucnitaniuodud do dedauluauns (531) iGuqud tuto [5] wet) = 1 (532) aseuasiunostint addinasoudaseluunlorovefinsssumsduq fetumaiianusn ainfidu Looe uaduriavinnds tnouiivdosoonsrin luaqaluaamaunsequndud, amvalnd wfosiadidnasoudasesin buagalumarneammanetiusundnsvow hidane Toa uoenserumsduaoddug dfidowlumsfiansnarnludauasiionty aiuto. dovlumsiausnarnttudnunsral stomunssvounsdumostanautanudnnosita for dowluiaitadowlah r(e*—1) = 1 (5.33) = 2 io r= Psy ttytymt 5.4.2 ngveswiaiwy (Paschen's law) a. =. fa nai 4 aguosmmauiundudiowosmsiiansnarivesalum lence A ofinulaunquijmninud 5.4.2.1 Snvawsdunsivlveswaivy (Paschen’s curve) nguosnraiyy thunnuduriudsswhausaduasnara lucy lliladesiom une quvosnnuduiha p dussocunn d sewhedidnlasn neta shusaMuusnarafeedisinet Srnagavosp Aud fidinada wiondvsmiunisie dusamwuusnarattuaw lh sihuawoduegluiladiuveanag pd ity anedindunngfidhinnadintusvorm ans Hedonsredingdandna hithefeqnnad Tnuamedsingmadiitdiunnutugas odes amu luiloyiiutidasigiion dithungoySnunn sindoulunrsifausnaravostaluenn Wiheiuesoveanraiirudeniasims (5.32) fh ret-1) = 1 od = in(4+1) manldowualaas F infouse bafinamsnlaiouutagvos (+1) tinhsanflooelusiy a K = shins (5.33) aaduvtutiumw'th & @dhueye) amen « P aetiuier pd quaceasy la od = K (534) 527 th Uy dthurhusamunsnaral emu Uy dogluilatiuves pa whi vio U, thushusatududu ozwuh U, fog uileisuves pd wiiuahuty sineums (5.25) Geunsiles'lAdalug 5-10 2 = oe vinglas la tan Ee Iunowhthaine U = Ed an A = ad neil tan 6 7 az idunsaiiinndutly tan 6 adu 2) 92, hanomfosinfoutuodiudwoausadu u A shursdudyg oz Anrfuge 6 filaouhida duldaae fusnonawhthisimsnsnarat atu uasfussmuqen ox lAgadaaoaga Bp uatashiidusaduiusnarataoss quiis-10 marwdiniusvosnamulasiinswl figa M thugatichuasaduiimdulde udnaierhusadudiqatvsiintmansnaralld A gaia L fusnarainsdiiseuzdosunintiea ip Sittdinawaundt unega Hansnaral nsdivoundunug ud E/p figs dona qaoz aidunslucmsnadurtusues U, wae pd dali sr (Pain pd Pe x gulf 5-11 dinunsiduTAsvoawnainy (Paschen’s curve) 5.28 stant wdiniue luaunis (5.26) eu lén alp 7 a = ointfou luusnaraiaums (5.32) doula 7 = Scala = 2 Bpa Reuy el = Woou = Wyld Us = (635) Tau! Auay B ithirrnadavoaudae fam umunrs (6.26) uassharuarsish 5.6 sedtruanish Uy 1Akoansurh r Safishsearhs 107 fy 107 uneoedlvarordusamurusnena siipd ivy fish pd qan nasalfvmudasss pd fnadoriludautton #1 U, Tatudadau lavas fiupd ipa dunna shudauseibiindgud hu, seritudun udavitidhusamudiqa Un Fh Usaa fro télavavioloisfionmums (5.35) Hoult pa udaviohsugudss 4 aU, B apa) 7S Aes ne + ) - thule nee = 1 wn(41) i wah : 7 uta 1. ast Aan & in( +1) UnUtD (Pa) jn 9218 Uden = 2. 718-B.n( tt) (536) sianasfinsqwditiad (pd) UAE Up na Siedar Farhad alse Ten lusosmstmaatios uista naoavlgooismiau navallawan naoamhamamse amauh 5-5 AIT S-5 HI (PAain HAE Up nin VOMIT AMI sna | Air | Ne i, Or SFs | CO, | He | Ne | Na aoe 0.55 | 0.65 | 1.05 07 0.26 | 051 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.05 ‘orr.em Unsinvoit | 352. | 240 | 230 450 507 | 420 | 155 | 245 | 320 5.29 uctaadifeausadudiat Use Tusa aie hiaunsodiiiansnaraila bide: dundununtonnmdudiaaiivdla aodradulssmavuvo some lu lasiwwuay SFe Ay uoasTugulit 5-12, 5-13 tae 5-14 andra [13] —— A atte « Sie eee Le La p.8@ee-m) ‘ x 4 qui 5-12 du Ravriensu (Paschen’s curve) vosornie 7 20°C [13] ” wt y * w w ‘ 7 padloaram) quit 5-13 sduT@anranmu (Paschen’s curve) vos Ne fi 25°C [13] = Seveier (37 + George, ich [51 + koeute £61 + Dutton fois (73 1 Chater, efaré + Rowopue, Sl Ren * Oppermann 18} 4 asset wor Cee 2 eC eee 2 Cee 2 kee 2 6 eee Tew ped(beram) = __y gust 5-14 du Aamo (Paschen’s curve) voxSFs 25°C [13] 5.4.2.2 Yadrdamalyngvesmnay maléngvoanraimuiliadnia Suaunsdshlangmadd bith hlaungd oui pat shunnnfodunn dhussmuusnaraee lsiviy wdoeuls law p iiolt pd asda lusoa undngis nrstusnarafestumnuantuues flanududing asnarabinGuduern Sifnlasa wu manmratluqugrmet dudy dandniunguosmaanlstuianeutaila 543 amnuntuamnallimusnaray E 2 . ae “ . : nena shasiuawonamundona wi eldiv biifiasnaravoren ads vine usaMunssnarad Uy wiadavszusunl df Ey " sinmunis (5.35) 2214 Ey Aude aed og od ~ 2, SetuogWussozund duaoviieuvistudioszezumiunuas nadufiowos uw Adams (6.32) lumsri 5-6 uaassinnwinsuamum bbihmusnaraivos nina Wiha Gidnlasa Rogowaki profile) fiannemnasgi 760 mmHg 20°C Aadunswllugt 5-15 531 4 a “ mir 5.6 AIUATUACAN hsNAraesoIMA [2] (mm) Ey (kV/em) d (mm) B, (kV/em) On 96.0 80 321 02 B3 90 37 03 64 10.0 314 04 58.8 15.0 30.0 05 55.2 200 294 06 52.2 25.0 28.9 07 49.9 30.0 28.6 08 48.1 35.0 283 09 465 40.0 28.0 10 43.4 45.0 278 20 395 50.0 27 3.0 36.7 55.0 278 40 35.0 60.0 273 5.0 34.0 65.0 212 60 332 80.0 269 70 32.6 90.0 261 O12 3 045 ' 2 3 38 ro! 2 3 > 1a ‘seatend de) qi 5-15 avmunuamn bhwsnarallwen ih esiuesoveseime 5.4.4 nalniusnerainuvensunied (streamer mechanism) doasinnalniusnnraiammguijvosnraiaud ‘himansoetunedsingnseimsiia wsnarallaynnsdl Tauanwothadatioatunamilsunistind aves: 11014 (formative time) Ha iindamdorsevevaovog Mluiaiinrwdu shu liusseimangeunnanh (pd > 1000 Tor.em) nisifiawsnarallusoauminties Iussemevesussmudiniadg nature ansnarathaiaanthadu maduia 7, toon 0.1 ys diunarittourivllileseuuin semursaindoutldsnsTonitonhwddnasoudase A les mamnamunseuaunsves 532 minting fidazoenawsvodidnnsouTaumsmuianda (nseuauN a) uazridow Snasousonsinns Ton (nssuqUNT 7) seMUT ANAM NA AaUAAAA MNnmsnANDS afoutundaaaridiinasoundouilasasavina: Inadiudiosum! hidsoz Tua Taulaivuiy Tuaqaiay Aanmuntmngudatinaaaslé fithigaduumastiarviquomausjusnarnt sormniinud gadoxiinbsemanitevosnanarinmarfuosmastenud Whienarsoof naawonsey #18 (space charge) flogidomdavosdiinasouoenamition fi dimewunadifin {uleooundrt Jofuahbhautindowaltumoiiamuntongsdy uncon htadaasousindamnann notes loon huntudulé adumaavesna'lnnsnarniinnumatied ibtindne meng uneFeansfagian ngyijhaitneinelsingmsdionshd nquijiiiongna unsithutivoututuioyitu fo moni] aaSues Meek Uay Loeb Mictuonguijetas unos y2n (positive streamer) Ini] 1940 (9 pp 252-256] ita Turanadurti Rather fiawonquijantuneyau (negative streamer) (10] nalnasduuefeuemaitamhindesvennesnawdiier dihsey@iatiat sinoenimusion nlfousnoe nad iidumarnnantuaed snbtamnhbithgstuede soni uneienssnenaiiu lund nénmirveamstinusnarainumayfnainaadames dhunadutossinnsev ums Jewlooo uadu (nssumuns «) vomarliaud Mao nandtu nos nantaudutiios aeiims loco huatudusmaannnnndeliaow Adunh Wales lussuvestha tuaqa ddawintives ox rary nquilsey@rvoslovouiidanfavowe nudity ud: unewihiinlooo huatuiisthediann looousanndout asufousziton Woy Avil cdortuutumsindoufivoséinasou ‘ost flocsunrnagfoondesmfustoynon asegdie nrmunivanualthidanta uaendeos ia usitiugetu (Bex +E) ualwnines sentwdianasousumuonisy gars lovouuaneamniuactu WAlezaaas (Ex + E,) aopli 5-16 [5] aelua ovlua oe @Ve a Twaew aelo clon Uf 5-16 navosnmunioncu thing og . ae a = = quit 5-17 na lassnarniuuuciaiuaies (2) eeniamidonanunsuacu Wihatou[s] mstfiuqeduvosnruatuamumihaugadies Tia Talon bursa sits aoe rand lniiiduedisaadadep lA 517 nuombseytiadithuittann wkhgathuthunatiounsdhuadtusedsewhsosluatunelan uasiansnavaanmuadt Sadunnalamsnarnfinuact antunosusnarad maven wi ttthsense Siinasalauoriall ia looo buvtuativos nailer nadanhsuuas naan arartludmineantunodinnudafroandoatuna® Remnnvmnanes Rather IAswstunamisnaasanidialu Cloud chamber fanseuaunisiiinaatuney aslugl 5-18 daucaattiusautansialoooludos na mutiaer gal a) Au b) uaenliiow Tiiqanduwostugal c) Su 4) a) b) °°) 4d) qui 5-18 mwchwoenanssinasounazyoeudoveddianasouos news — aaTuey ‘Wu Cloud chamber ¥04 Rather szuziini) 3.6 cm. Twain TAU 260 mmHg [10] 5.4.41 fovlumaiaantsunedasnminl owlunraifadaiunosusnarniimundses adovoansilauumo zn Sinnson ox na uPliqantuaos FaunisoFuwoonthucoemaaamaysiueno Mo 1) manldowerndidnnsouns nantes hiqaatunoseviiadudoaum ath sdosvimbsegtilooouuaniittaoz news E, dlseanauin Sunrunivamn aha tlousinniwion Bee thudowlyvesmaifiadaguaosusnaraviene lay Meek and Loeb [9] 2) Rather ituoton lyaedumosusneraiimuadawerum lieing aiiuiy Tavhifivatoatu Meck and Loeb unesimmundntantumosesiiatiuioos nadia AnasourFo looousanatunserquMseu ooo hues e® aszanal 10° Taolsiduogistia vostia wionnudutiy wiosedunnuesi urwevosow th [10] amminguacu bi idhudowlyvoamsnlaouan men manos ranusiaellg aatumosarid ws urwves Meck Way Loeb ilonvmuniuamua hihfdauialwun asad sores nay E, fidwivivaruaseanwmhntow E fo (9) eae 4eae™ 5 PDE v (537) KE fpilvontaoenawsiinrwN x wildoindinlsedndmaunsnsese%o C v2Dt - x : ‘ v ke Jaull x fo nmwrwvosov aud lumuna lithesiueuo D flo dunlss@nduwinszew © Morlseybidinazou vy fo azmuaumnssuvoséidnasouluenna lath a Aer k flo amwundowInavoséicinasow Meck uny Loeb ‘Iunush Dik vosdidnasoutiiomr E, yess nia diifaluernne wld (9 pp 255-256] E, = viem (5.38) sinaums (5.38) seeunsndaadusaduusnaradqalé dmauszecund d thy om uavanud p TaufendrE ovata sinnswlandiuius op = 1(E/p) vunsevislaeh E abeanaunia fv E, #bsrthurharungoamum hdhvasunlininhiFausnenad Hnuouturiuandowlumsiianatunosusnarniiieruolay Rather Samii Sdnasouogdautavovos a usiianuasithinsenausuity wasi dowry eile x hinameraves ox nas luawihaiucse E aauiedonmulttutossndse gene * 5.37 4negr Co Imex nerd vetthy [9] E, 4 ee 4 ays ee tio or fe Fnilvesosna md Fehwam uvuaoaiuind ted 5.4.4.2 vinMeZnaMvIngA 4 ry de 4 dowlumsnldoudoneoinoy noms igantumadiutuegiuarmuatonnia vin 4. aes Fi ae s fia osniaiud ddiindfvstumuw inte vindowludandniamnsamsuy Py - Cer 7 “ ad AnasouluozraqFinga Aa vz Anrwwrvingavorozriawuaily x=x. Fagulh 5-19 49 Ee. E 17.7 + Inxe (5.38) midernenudanius [9] ax. 17.7 + Inx, + In 4 4g Tautou lvvos Rather ov ax, 5.35 ezlua ili sto swo%inqavos ena nséiainaseu azlon ida ds Ps < ¢ ‘ aod a i‘ aod £ Rather AFM unquivosmaiaud minor nAAdUA x,>d udarungufjeratues aed x. pa pay? (6.40) zh a . Be ASUUDINTUNNT ? Aexy E/p umuta E dau Uld 9214 ; 7 Acxp PPE unush ofp Iwaums (5.40) a2 dusamunusnaray U = U, fo _ Bpd Us (ape ape (5.41) : "TT +Inx, : einai a finsq wae p = 760 Torr vewudinr X. odlusiae 1...2 wufinas azivlweuns (6.38) ovation aX, = 18 ai one = e Jadx = 108 (5.42) é Ate daeruineds wow ltéidinasouftinweanan'lA feed ludwuAsud 0.075 eV 493.8 eV Ae Jumsisii 5-7 Pa . a ot . mah 5-7 waauinevessitinasoUUUEZAoUAT [2] ornow waasiuimzd W, (eV) H 0.75 F 2.0 CE 38 Oo 1.465 s 2.07 552 dinlsednimamedovossiinasouilvlooouan (attachment coefficient) mamedavesdidnasowmuozmounmeityloooum fivaadhanniodmuasm sti tuinaral dimuenfoot uw lAoudinlse@nimamemavosdidnasou y Fsikiionudy anudutiuévosmsaadwaudidinasow Ne iotoududnaudiinasoudomiaussueme indouithaliunarvostiiy Sinseraumainwigavsdanasowlaunseu uaeddnasouanaaiosnnmsim: Sovesdiénazou duoudiinasoufiiudueinmsvulussuenn dx thy aN, = Nadx ardoafubinasoumeluinsredidnasoumedaihy aN, - Nndx 4 a tie x flo ssuzmaninnz Toa astiu dqudidinasounsdasveg dN dn,+dn, = N(a-n) Sdustinanoin x=0 fa x Aavdidnasoududu No Haglan oe Adnaudidnarowluundh seve x (iu [2] N = Noe ™ 7 o-n a-n Sarin danlednd y Safinrdinius lavasstudinhszdnimsiialooo hues linia uae'Anseuetthy 1 au seilatinasowhimeduuuozaon srfiniseani loo lustudanaostoulaen al ® 1 3 | ca dadiuwlugunsialalto (5.43) lai 3 ae Pati ae ae sothanramevessiinarounarwihy looouay Madaoduihy SF, Fatlumaniidinrinsny ae oe dounst hqadotuutuvosorme @ : ae ‘utr SF. ma=0 intuit 7 = 87kV/em.bar ‘uerma i 0,) 0 ito 7 = 27kV/em.bar Mens luganw 5-21 [11] 50 ee Air SF, -504 0 7 F00 E kviem bar. —+ P qui 5-21 nadiwiues a-nuos SF, unzoimeion WAU TuMENvES E/p 5.39 553 Govlumsifiausnarnivostialiihay Saf AndraudsituMraoriialooounutuld Tavddnasowhuondadudaseern Tsuagadqunis looo uantu uassndanuinonniy himedaogiulaagatlunmeuestis nmutuoynrnAiusegauluguuuudiag tu thaiidiquasiAf luagaduddinasowla Gon Maltthay luftadtnnniitiybthautorualivadmtoutasdtdmvasania moelbtihvodhaiundowlloshattulaiia Tuma lmaqavostinlssinniiaunsnduaidinasoudase diiaein'looo huayu unseeifudaauduatiorna ila taurhAuthinsmnisntesstumsd ee namsies Siinasow uavtiuduanodanrssetunrafiamsnarali nina veiiansananalaitosd au'ihqendulna iofevinarondidnasoutimeodiulinqaoomn afiesnawyt ‘himunsvvaunaiMausnarad dude fherlithauseiiaauamudoussdwllthgendihs sssua1 Hhuaga'icansadudiinnsowla lumanniiniansswllihusegs Felginvoy auntie IlShithalselonfudumsauauvesginsallitih fhatlhaylaun 0;,C0:, SFe, ChE: (Arcton-12) unzermaaail 0 raueddaw fha'lvhauitiion|siuodantievae Auilogiu ‘Murtha sk, nsieiiqamtimatuauauasudauynsens matfausnaralluda hthauthhlainalamsusnaral Asfindianudalude flow aztivertonquijvemnraiiud oredoumunravesnseudtuuniiiiavin looo luau uuneifindidnasoume lunge ureters Ho fer -3] o-4 aa eee (5.44) 1s boo 1 e Ig een edu nan aut a fo dinlsz@ninraifialooo luentuiiniveamaiinua 4 a 7 flo dunlsvGnsnisudovsidinnsouoonsinns lon launiswuveslosouuan ee ee 1 fio dinlednimamedavosdidnavouniTanaqa ‘ “ ve so s wy a sirves n/p azodluilaisuves Ep siutiu Gowlumaifianseualaalssviedaog 4 law itueg funseucdura Ly domouludauvermuns (5.44) Duguid tute rb il 1 (5.45) adeasa iuinarniesifiatulaiie a > y hoioatoaumaiansnaraluialtihay ovvoFuiwéwnquijantuues ls Gee ere » whutiy SsvzndaviGunluFouvsnaralluiy SF 540 5.6 tusnarailuqaainiA (breakdown in vacuum) 4. ‘ foot oRtot odag tad oy stufinsmudahinsnaralsentadidn lasafiihanuogiiatula doavinnssvaues sulooohuahuiiumtquoymadssy wiv ddnasow ‘leoowuan sunsstiefaditah aod a =. ed we ek Inthqono nasuniiuduthuonsTwudea uasiinwmarntdudous uid udarimdts SronAnldh drmanlhii biaqavoshaltaiinasownufalooo usdudeuds oss vosdinnsoussriodaaubild wsnmaiieehidiaty Aluhfuthawuadiss annett bis Tauagaifio qyqnmeninuos AMaruauloludoramnlamelvthvosquymeiuann udzrianthlse tow! Fumsmauglnsefivthusegs iu wsosfiausnosqyqnme Afuulseylstunandigauit sndellihgqderion Tradiimeyivhada qunssidsoymn unsusnoynin suk 5.6.1 mafiausnATaluqggnnA auumqudjqaunditineetialdSunduqganminse'laidiawsnarn! udlumeliiai nuh undluqqyrmmbudiausnaralaiiuiy dailinsedidinlasatulons tf doulsenoudusituausueg SronMloriulu wfoMafigaduogo ly uasidudunglrtiin wusnarntlé wfodiotouusamudr higes avuntamnwhlargannne dou ésinasou nqnoonaindifinTasald (field-emission) ddnasouinqaoonanes As undanus nena Shaeno niu 10° ev dois lisuiue: Tuner lesouvannqaooneinesTuAld uae Joooumdhitiestintiilanssiaums 7 dufinzinn odisorneusvassiannzoulé wasifia rsnaranttututiqa ursduusnmatluqggnmaduoymuudnmosdiey warelsens wht seozuml vitalany anuasiodidnTasa uazarudumn udu 5.6.2 Haverszecunidlousamuusnaralluqgygnma ae 3 ad 5 em eaeodn San taaid. Tomaiéidnasowndoufivuluagaiimuadasvesdassinay dandvauda Iu 2 usessusdaseoraily Ey MAUIN Wu 10* Torr vei luagaviound 3 x 107 Tages tins (5) atvhufuniduluqqqnme didnazounstetum) Tevbsitimanuiieduas asd suff musnarafdon hisfindunos nansvosdidnason fifinduvinars ooo huaritituum ipa dq wiudind 10* Tore usaMurusnaraiee'hituluaungvesnres oinms nmouvos Lyman funiqyqimetfeons | fiadias usaMusnarad U, veiiludadaw Tauasefiuszuzund d fle [5] Us = kd tok iurhnaa uaz d < 1 mm. fszucumunuy wiudiarmeduamuwteliiqads 1000 kV/em Sauetasiana'lnnvsn pees ae Bi Here mnfiuogfunrsidovdidnasounnnstan Saunrmiuanwaldiauthsdoudiigy uid sal szvzumiyannnh 1 mm. amnunduamow hah ifawsnernl las hae eabuee (E, = Ur/d) vewutiidiias iu ftazoz d = 100 mm. #1 B, svin@orfing 10 kV/em Mufousamusnarnine bidludadaulavasaiuseesuny dadunswllugy 5-22 [5] Uy Ena 800, | EKV/em) | U, (kV)|_ —— 400 al 200 ~ 0 1 2 3 4 dm pil 5.22 aounfonmanolthunsusdunsnara uqgyqyimet Cranberg ‘na nudiniuevesusmuuinaral uneuvessvuzundiiinany 1 a. Tauilszana lh [5] Uy . kd? : 5.6.3 viinlanzdiinlasaginadoussmausnarni musnarafluqgygimadesorunrsdesdiinasousinnslondaweuawith esti sdiavoslonsfuludiinlasateiinaodianndodusamuusnnial wiusiuaasluarswi 5-8 a » “ fe ama 5-8 usamuusnarad lug mavuediuytalany [5] ane dni nese usaduusnanadfitszezund 1 mm. thi kv Steel 122 Stainless steel 120 Nickel 96 Aluminum 41 Copper 37 ug 5-23 uamarusaduusnarainszuaaaviumonvesszezuny Aéianlasayh 2 ee ee . Arulonsshesiiagy vzitw laude tusmuusnaralluqgymeduesiusiaveslaneiin dian lasa sa AY a cu vA S 0 3 x3 +0) & = & a Pa “ Ehe 75-23 usaduiusnaratluqqgimealy 3 Z Yara z | mouvoassusunituogiusiiaves 2 no) oS TanvéiainIase [5] ‘0 Oo OT ot oe 08 0 seezum d(mm) 5.6.4 qaveraTaudoussdunsnarailuqaanma doumqygnmAnunund 1 fads lusvaemniu 4 x 107 fe 14 x 10 Torr ursdunsnarafeshituegiuna én uaiumbdanntunnudussiaadortussmunsn anal ashluga 5-24 unamananositssezumd 20 nutans senhwdidinTasaradauin munninet (stainless steel) ox Tuerthunssnaandurueudnan 1.6 fiadiins neTonihussw A amududanh 5 x 10° Torr usaMtuusnarniiinada audlananudy > 5 x 104 Torr ussmueusn arnfesiitud unin ry (5) t 7 00 10% 4 | os ‘0 oo 7 Lin Lis we pes wp eas 8 oe ava (Torr) if 5-24 navosnmuduMraiiidousamuusnaralluqggimetiseessny 20 erufimas 53 5.6.5 mathaiaveamiandausnariluqganma Sasrmrthutavoamseauumlqquepmandansnariddawussuiiad 45 ys vei duulseanm 10kV/us Tusa Sustain uazanaanae 0.01 kV/us waavIN 100 ys Tunsiivos aiagqqarme mstudaesifaduludas 1-15 us wavinnszuun 3200-40004 shuld [5] 5.7 mafnodussausnernibuis AsMéndrauda matinusnarallutied 2 uve asnavaflaunse Saithudinsns mafiansnmathimnttihehine wiebimhesodntos uavSnunniiste anarnt uuvlalsn fe sei TaTsunfadusoumausnarnt dhudnvastumarniumny lbh aahucnoge datusadunsnarnifmaa bila uidwaeidussduTaTawnd uiiala Quundiifiunlninegesaa lath a = Ba/Eqae IN 20 % Huh mrsifianusnaralty pimmrvedidnuawndwundatusiiiatienntidhadhuawe (2) uaduninmosmumtladinit n'<20% Gunhenwblah'hinhumogs sethlsingarselunndistlonaunsllihesineie fo sei Tnlawifeduluninatiaruetuamoublhgs uavitedutiusstudinsusetu iusnarav Tnlsurdornsan meg @hansalachimausnarad suvasiusnaraity mw lth biniuauevesities sr fiavudu> 0.5 uid wrtlumowbihyngluuyn armuttstunnimed runs lvldhsisannnd 30% (1 2 30%) szifianusnaraiilauass [12] TumowthvosddnTasatid 1 dadiarnunduamu lathqaqa Eman) Baiidiguiiata An Tasagaiidn uaerrwunTunmuastlshevaanvodresqad fiszve vison WoIMgA Eau aru loo luaduseiiadliameviiouiabdnlase Aiimundeamaultihgarinty # seozvinvoonuarminiuamnalithauiuld fosiia loo luasy Sshioraausnartle aH TaTsuniindudutriatasidinInsahiiiaiian dowfivziiausnarnl uaedathuusnernl uuulalsw (corona breakdown) ot Talsuniindy cou thhumbetiadiow denen th ithuanstythatia wfomnwhithidnaasinfiaisviadavosund astuoaussmuusnaratuuTalswie, gavin dseinailéioshudsdintusalfouioniay hh) odtelsiimmuusadulatsundufeny enunsatmawadnsuplanwasvosmna th aun! Tides lucia sm isdneaausadu tusnanaTaunsa wousadula landuiialuormauasiie Se, Wathmaedis Iuawn lth mhumodianudintudvoussatuusnaraiiunnga pa (nquoamayuy luau . ww eae Z ae ri faeeccae ashuctue nawdintuddnuasiiverthy U, = (pr) FaGuntnguisanundwaaany uacee dao. rae 2 ee ad Paes a Shishchtumow bbb bien usatudududuedauiaussduttoultusian asa Sinauniunmu hgeqa sat 5.71 msdiaausaduisnarnilagnsa U, wieusadtwielswisuitia U, ee », 4 “ es mafrvausausatuumaralluiies werivdou luvmnaniaamguimaiiud ni0 ee as a ep eee nquijrmuses Saorendvasw lah mseeiiausnaralluield seAosisuudidnasoy afolooouvanluos na wusdarringa ox rawséiinasoulavinmsdusinan flo fadx 57.1.1 usaMunsnarailaansslunnntyihadene dhnw'thihuuvueniue fe fitwiwunaoaund a fifisinsda msbuiinm sti Atw Tavilvoumvoamsdufinsniiiuszezvosund d the 4 fadx = ad é 4 “ Paner 4 Pera aiuto luusnaraivornraianud fe 7 (ec - 1) = 1 uastowlumsifacaiuueives Rather fie dwawéinasouluexnamsingawhiy N, GatowlAh 4 fadx = ad = in(Let) Sih =k (6.46) a N, muormuoves Rather iru 108 asiiu K fidanivty 18 usiarnantusdeey K oglusaa 10 Pe? Gare Seared 4 . eee #020 Guogiunvmauiia odwelsfmunrsulasumlagvesth K lusoei haifinadaigsiouseny tusnanayl 1 K=18 Suthutivoutuuae Flumsinaduopial (2) 5.7.1.2 usaduusnarniagnsdumodbtitbioiuase Junsdivosy Wat imine fifiausnarluuylevass cransalsaunis (5.46) Annamnmdussmuusnerlveshialé ghuswumuwilihnssw Eos) vesum! nséufinn a 4 ee * wiithleunadumnubthatienuedengaqa unedlosin a seduegiunruetea maulh g fea= EQ) aziuvouvamrdufinsnsewiunruenvesdue ih A dufiqarewindiinlasa niowiiusevsvosz va MVinga X- Favuetunrs (5.46) Faith Jd = WN. = K (5.47) é uasumush @ ofluilertuves B(x) uae mnumuiy p Fatiow lah JolE@),phx = K (5.48) ° qadududutinsneeduvingatiinnunioamnallihgaga Ey Tavis lide fives oe er dinanttad a es HanTasathuos yaulmovermssuitinsnhaion a=0 Mugaiinrauaioeamuna ling’ E, slug 5-25 Eg srimeduamum latina snanvils shia nunsmusionrnnndonmins llth sii 5.45 wa Guu ingA ¥ c qiliis.25 seozoznamdingalumum ar bien ue0 5.7.13 madnnausadudalsnauita U, Jum'leldh histhunwegs Tnlauniiariowusnara! mamrrmudow'lytugit 5-25 utd BiaweussduTaTaurdauiia U; (corona inception voltage) Hiniy unenrmuinion muuthtthgaqa Ey fifo &, dauussdulnlsunusnmrathiumanas i hile onsrerlseyire nnlalsunihimanhlhhuunbiadiowllyindansiagasvindia tha damudintussunnuduis p uasowi' lh E fo ap = Ep) Strains wineeiiilassudieiy wiv uvowimeauneiy ss ow ounnudintus wp uuu Heh 2) ‘ = c (2 = J (5.49) tho Cfo shinada (Bip). aun lWivnqadonviwdy (gg 5-25) a fo tavunthrdeduogtuwiavestia isu oii n=2 Way SFy n= 1 mismamiussmuusnaralavas Uy w7léoinsiammaguamnn ihusnaral B, Tau lderums (27 Us = Edy’ (5.50) nsdlusaAwTalswusnaral arminienmunlihalnsinduiia Ey = Eee usadula sunita u = E.d.n’ Tavii do seuzumi a fio uvlnineymaw' ith 5.46 5.1.2 mafinanusamauainaraive ma oimedohiuietiianuddgiudumsawaltihusags Tana hisziiuau muuen fiinansenusinenmuAdon 5.7.2.1 ussMuusnaraivosomelvannilyihasivnse Aumunatatihathuaue 9 = 1 asthesrnetuns (6.50) ve"Ashusamuusnerat uy = Ed A By vosoimmalasrnarsri 5.6 wioidunswllugal 5-14 wFoquns (.49)1niouly tusnarnicunns (5.46) ad = K uasetums (5.49) divFueme| n= 2 old a ° Sim ao Sie " x (Ei (le ‘rhuseduusnarat ho = () va + EB -vpa Plo Il B 4 uumurinada C ves qpiini uaze E, fe (2) Ee = 24.4 kV/em & = 451 kV%em ad fo azezuni em wild Us = 24.4 pd + 6.72. pd kV (5.51) Shanmmuusseime oe 8 Ue 24.4.d+ 6.7200 ihfodinnuamuvosomea =F, = 2+ kViem (5.52) vd 5.7.2.2 usamuusnarnivereimalumnn ii taieiuene ‘ginaunis (5.48) fle folE¢x).plex = K dimmumsnsenovosmu lithe E(x) A é seransonusaduusnaradla woremnanudatus humus (5.50) Uy = Ey’ lo ms wypldavaemasvindavesdianlasafivsnim WA wazdiud E, vinnail wiugal 5-26 Uae 5.27 warns B, veroimelumow hihvesns nse ven uuENNs ay HAZHUU VEAL Juma adn Tassuuunsansevenunusay Saiiiniinsevonuonnisy wae auinnsevontuilied ny cnrwlalih a galag sewn f(y

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