Physics 1007A Summer 2023 Formula Sheet

Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁. 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 ; 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚. 𝑠 −2 ; 𝑁𝐴 = 6.02 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ; 𝑐 = 3.00 × 108 𝑚. 𝑠 −1 ;

𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 9.31 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔; 𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 1.67 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔; 𝑅𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 6.370 × 106 𝑚; 𝑀𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 5.98 × 1024 𝑘𝑔

1 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒 = 4.185 𝐽 ; 𝑘𝐵 = 1.38 × 10−23 𝐽. 𝐾 −1 ; 𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽. (𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾)−1

𝐼0 = 1.0 × 10−12 𝑊. 𝑚−2 ; 𝑣𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 = 343 𝑚. 𝑠 −1 𝑎𝑡 20°𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚; 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.013 × 105 𝑁. 𝑚−2 = 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎;

𝑆𝑇𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑎𝑡 273𝐾; 𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273; 𝑁𝐴 = 6.02 × 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ;

𝜎 = 5.67 × 10=8 𝑊. 𝑚−2 . 𝐾 −4 ; 1 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 (𝑎𝑚𝑢) = 1𝑢 = 1.66 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔

Mathematics and Geometry

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐼𝑓 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = ; 𝒂. 𝒃 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑧 = |𝑎||𝑏| cos 𝜃 ; |𝒂 × 𝒃| = |𝑎||𝑏| sin 𝜃
2𝑎
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑝𝑝
sin 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ; cos 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ; tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 ; 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 360° = 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; sin 𝜃 ≈ tan 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠

4
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ; 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑟; 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3 ; 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
3

Kinematics and Force

Δ𝒙 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒗𝑖 ∆𝒗 1
𝒗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = ; 𝒂= ; 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂∆𝑡; ∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝒊 ∆𝑡 + 𝒂(∆𝑡)2 ; 𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑖2 + 2𝑎∆𝑥;
Δ𝑡 2 ∆𝑡 2
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑚𝒂; 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔 (𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ); |𝐹𝑔 | = ; 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 |𝐹𝑁 |; 𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 |𝐹𝑁 | ;
𝑟2
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑣2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝑟
= 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 ; 𝑎𝑅 = 𝑟
= 𝑟𝜔2

Angular Motion
Δ𝜃 𝜔𝑖 +𝜔𝑓 1
∆𝜃 = 𝜃𝑓 − 𝜃𝑖 𝜔 = Δ𝑡
𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝛼∆𝑡; ∆𝜃 = 2
∆𝑡; ∆𝜃 = 𝜔𝑖 ∆𝑡 + 2 𝛼(∆𝑡)2 ; 𝜔𝑓2 = 𝜔𝑖2 + 2𝛼∆𝜃

1 1
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃; 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔; 𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼; 𝑓 = 𝑇
; 𝜔 = 2 𝜋𝑓; 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼 ; 𝜏 = |𝐹||𝑟| sin 𝜃; 𝑊 = 𝜏∆𝜃; 𝐾𝑟 = 2 𝐼𝜔2 ; 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔;

𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2

Work, Energy and Power

1
𝑊 = 𝑭. ∆𝒓 = |𝐹||∆𝑟| cos 𝜃; 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 ; 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 ; 𝑊𝑁𝐶 = ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈; 𝑭 = −𝑘∆𝒙;
2
1 𝑊 ∆𝐸
𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔∆𝑦 (𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ); 𝑈𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝑘(∆𝑥)2 ; 𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝑈; 𝑃 = =
2 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

Momentum and Impulse

Δ𝒑
𝒑 = 𝑚𝒗; 𝑱 = 𝑭∆𝑡 = ∆𝒑 ; 𝑭 =
Δ𝑡
Pressure and Fluids
𝑀 𝐹 𝐹1 𝐹2 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗 𝑉𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 Δ𝑉
𝜌= ; 𝑃= ; = ; 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑑 ; = ;𝑄= = 𝐴𝑣
𝑉 𝐴 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗 Δ𝑡

1 1 Δ𝑉 𝜋𝑅 4 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 ; 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2 ; 𝑄 = =
2 2 Δ𝑡 8𝜂𝐿

Oscillators
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑), 𝑣(𝑡) = −𝜔𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) , 𝑎(𝑡) = −𝜔2 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

1 1 𝑘 𝑘
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 ; 𝑇 = ; Mass/Spring 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘𝐴2 , 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (√ ) 𝐴, 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = √
𝑓 2 𝑚 𝑚

𝑔 𝑚𝑔𝑑
Simple Pendulum 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = √ 𝑙 ; Physical Pendulum 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = √ 𝐼

Waves
𝐹 𝜔 2𝜋 𝑃
Waves on a string 𝑣 = √𝑚𝑇 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴; cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑); 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆; 𝑣 = 𝑘
; 𝑘= 𝜆
; 𝐼 = 𝐴;
⁄𝐿

𝑃 𝐼
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐼 = 4𝜋𝑟2 ; Sound intensity level 𝛽 = (10 𝑑𝐵) log10 (𝐼 );
0

𝑣±𝑣
Doppler Effect 𝑓𝑜 = ( 𝑣±𝑣𝑜 ) 𝑓𝑠 (𝑣0 : 𝑢𝑠𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒, −𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦; 𝑣𝑠 : 𝑢𝑠𝑒 +
𝑠
𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦, −𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)
2𝐿 𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑣
Standing waves 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛𝑓1 ; 𝜆𝑛 = 𝑛
; 𝑓𝑛 = 2𝐿
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3 ⋯ Pipe open one end 𝑓𝑛 = 4𝐿
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1, 3, 5 ⋯

Heat and Thermodynamics

3 3
𝑈 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇; 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇; 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿; 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ; 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 ; ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
2 2
Δ𝑄 ∆𝑇
𝑃= = 𝜅𝐴 ; 𝑃 = 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑇 4 ; 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 = 2.898 × 10−3 𝑚. 𝐾
Δ𝑡 ∆𝑥