Week 4:

TISSUES,
MEMBRANES,
INFLAMMATION and
TISSUE REPAIR
MC102 nur – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
March 7 - 12, 2022
School of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences
COLLEGE of NURSING
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of 3 hours, the students will be able to:

• describe the general makeup of a tissue;

• describe the general types of tissue (epithelial,
connective, muscle, and nervous);
• discuss how each of the types of tissue work;
• describe the four tissue membranes (cutaneous,
mucous, serous, and synovial);
 Learning Outcomes

• discuss the main events in tissue inflammation

and repair;

• describe how the inflammatory process protects

the human body
 Tissue
➢group of specialized cells and the
extracellular matrix

➢provides an understanding how cells are

organized

➢has a structure that relates to the

function of the organ where it is found
 Types of Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
– mostly composed of cells, with very little
matrix connections
– covers body surfaces
– has distinct basement membrane and cell
surfaces:
• free (apical) surface
• lateral surface
• basal surface
 Types of Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
 Types of Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
- cell and cell matrix connection

-nonvascular, but gases and nutrients

reach the tissue through diffusion

-capable of regeneration
 Types of Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
– works by:
• protecting underlying structures
• acting as barrier
• permitting passage of substances
• secreting substances
• absorbing substances
 Types of Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
– classified in terms of number of layers,
cell shape, and presence of special
features:
• simple epithelium ~ squamous,
cuboidal, columnar
• stratified epithelium ~ squamous,
cuboidal, transitional
• pseudo stratified epithelium ~
columnar
 Types of Tissue
Free cell surfaces
*smooth- reduce friction
*folded
Microvilli- extensions of the cell that greatly
increase free surface area.
- occur in cells that absorb or secrete, such
as serous membranes and the lining of the small
intestine
 Types of Tissue
Free cell surfaces
Stereocilia - elongated form of microvilli found in
sensory structures, such as the inner ear
-sound detection
Cilia-move mucus containing foreign particles out
of the respiratory airways
-also found on the uterus and uterine tubes, where
it help move mucus and oocytes.
 Types of Tissue
Cell connections
Desmosomes - consist of adhesive glycoproteins
that bind cells together and intracellular proteins
Hemidesmosomes- similar to one-half of a
desmosome, attach epithelial cells to the basement
membrane.
Tight junctions - hold cells together and form a
permeability barrier
Adhesion belt-found just below the tight junction
Gap junction- small, specialized contact region
between cells containing protein channels
 Types of Tissue
Epithelium: Glandular
Types:
*Endocrine- ductless glands that produce
hormones
*Exocrine- secrete their products into body
surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
 Types of Tissue
• Connective Tissue
– diverse primary tissue that makes up part of
every organ

– differs from other three tissue types as it

consists of cells separated each other by
extracellular matrix (ECM) which is composed
of:
• protein fiber ~ collagen, reticular, elastin
• ground substance
• fluid
 Types of Tissue
• Connective Tissue
– works by:
• enclosing and separating other tissues
• connecting tissues to one another
• supporting and moving parts of the body
• storing compounds
• cushioning and insulating
• transporting
• protecting
 Types of Tissue
• Connective Tissue
– has specialized cells that produce the ECM
using the suffixes:
• -blast ~ creates ECM
• -cyte ~ maintains ECM
• -clast ~ breaks ECM down for remodeling

e.g. osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

fibroblast, fibrocyte, fibroclast
chondroblast, chondrocyte, chondroclast
 Types of Tissue
• Connective Tissue
– classified as:
• connective tissue proper
- loose CT (fewer protein fibers, more ground
substance)
1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular
 Types of Tissue
• Connective Tissue
- dense CT (more protein fibers, less ground
substance)
(a) Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

(b) Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

 Types of Tissue
• Connective Tissue
- dense CT (more protein fibers, less ground
substance)
(c) Dense irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

(d) Dense irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

 Types of Tissue
• Connective Tissue
- Supporting connective tissue -cartilage
- Bone (hard connective tissue)
There are three types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage
 Types of Tissue
• Connective Tissue
-Fluid Connective Tissue
a. Blood
-Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones,
nutrients, waste products, and other substances;
protects the body from infections and is involved in
temperature regulation
b. Bone Marrow
-Produces new blood cells (red marrow); stores lipids
(yellow marrow)
 Types of Tissue
• Muscle Tissue

–makes movement possible through

contraction that results from
contractile proteins located within
the muscle cells (muscle fibers)
 Types of Tissue
• Nervous Tissue forms the brain, spinal
cord, and nerves activities

– controls, regulates and coordinates body

 Types of Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
– consists of
• neuron (nerve cell ~
spinal and cranial)
–generate and conducts
action potentials
–composed of three parts:
»cell body
»dendrite
»axon
Types of Tissue
Types of Tissue
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane
–thin layer of tissue that covers a
structure or lines a cavity

–mostly made up of epithelium and

connective tissues on which the
epithelium rests
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane classified as:
• external tissue membrane (skin)

–composed of stratified squamous

epithelium and dense connective
tissue
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane classified as:
• internal tissue membrane
– mucous ~ lines cavities that open
to the outside of the body, and
works through:
»protection
»absorption
»secretion
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane classified as:
• internal tissue membrane

– serous ~ lines cavities that do not open to the

outside of the body, and works by:
» protecting the internal organs from friction
through secretion of serous fluid (lubrication)
» holding the internal organs in place
» acting as selectively permeable barrier to
prevent large amounts of fluid from
accumulating within the cavity
 Tissue Membrane
• Tissue Membrane
– classified as:
• internal tissue membrane
–synovial ~ lines cavities of freely
movable joints, and works by:
»reducing friction through secretion
of synovial fluid (lubrication)
»allowing smooth movement at
joints
 Tissue Inflammation and Repair

• Tissue Inflammation
– normal process of the body to respond in
times of local injury, irritation, and microbial
invasion through complex series of events:
 Tissue Inflammation and Repair
• Tissue Inflammation
– produces five symptoms
• redness (rubor)
• heat (calor)
• swelling (tumor)
• pain (dolor)

• disturbance/loss of function (functio

laesa)
 Tissue Inflammation and Repair

• Tissue Inflammation
– has symptoms that are adaptive as they
collectively warn the person to protect the
injured area from further damage

– mobilizes the body’s defenses and isolates

and destroys microorganisms, foreign
materials and damaged cells to allow repair to
begin
Tissue Inflammation and Repair
• Tissue Repair
– substitution of viable cells for dead cells

– occurs either by:

• regeneration
– new cells are the same type as those that were
destroyed, and normal function is usually
restored
• replacement (fibrosis)
– new type of tissue develops that eventually
causes scar production and loss of some tissue
function
Tissue Repair
References
• VanPutte, C.L., Regan, J.L, & Russo, A. F.
(2019). Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and
Physiology, 10th Ed. New York, McGraw-Hill
Education.

• Engelkirk, P. G. & Engelkirk, J. D. (2011).

Burton’s Microbiology For The Health
Sciences. (9th. Ed.). Philadelphia, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.