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Seasonal pattern of root growth in relation to shoot phenology and soil temperature in sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium): A
preliminary study in central Chile

April 2012 · Ciencia e Investigación Agraria 39(1):127-136

DOI:10.4067/S0718-16202012000100010
License · CC BY-NC 4.0
Authors:

Claudia Bonomelli Carlos Edouard Acuña Pamela Ar

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Bonilla Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Pontificia U

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Citations (10) References (40) Figures (1)

Abstract and Figures

The period between flowering and harvest in the sweet cherry (Prunus Discover the world's
avium L.) is shorter than most fruit trees; thus, competition for assimilate research
and nutrients occurs early in the season. To properly supply water and
nutrients during this critical period, optimal growth and root development 25+ million
are necessary. To characterize the root growth pattern of cherry trees in members
relation to shoot growth and phenology, a study was conducted on a 160+ million
‘Bing’ cherry orchard on Gisela 6 rootstock at fourth leaf, located in publication
central Chile (34º70’ S, 70º43’ W). During the 2009-2010 season, the pages
shoot length and fruit diameter were measured on eight trees, and the
root length was quantified by installing rhizotrons on two trees. 2.3+ billion
Join for free
Additionally, a two-tone (black/white) plastic cover was placed in the row citations
over one tree with a rhizotron to analyze the effects of the plastic cover
on soil temperature and root growth. The results showed three peaks of
root growth during the season. The first peak occurred 43 days after full
bloom (DAFB), corresponding to the phenological stages of the fruit
turning from green to straw color. This peak occurred at 326
accumulated degree days (ADD) in the soil and 212 ADD in the air. The
second peak was observed after harvest at 97 DAFB, when the shoot
growth had stopped, and the soil and air had accumulated 932 and 692
degree days, respectively. The third and last peak occurred at 167
DAFB, with 1887 ADD in the soil and 1361 ADD in the air. The plastic
cover increased the average soil temperature by approximately 1 °C,
thereby increasing the ADD by 105.2 units during the study period.
However, this increase was not enough to affect the root growth pattern.

Root (0-90 cm
soil depth),…

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Cien. Inv. Agr. 39(1):127-136. 2012

www.rcia.uc.cl
crop production

research paper

Seasonal pattern of root growth in relation to shoot phenology and

soil temperature in sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium): A preliminary
study in central Chile

Claudia Bonomelli1, Carlos Bonilla2, Edouard Acuña1, and Pamela Artacho3

1
Facultad de Ag ronomía e Ingenie ría Forestal, De parta mento de Fruticu ltura y Enología, Pont icia
Universidad Ca tólica de Chile. Vicuña M ackenna 4860, Macu l, Santiago, Chi le.
2
Facultad de Inge niería, De parta mento de Ingenie ría Hidráu lica y Ambiental, Pont icia Universidad
Católica de Chi le. Vicuña Mackenn a 4860, Macul, Santi ago, Chile.
3
Facultad de Agr onomía e Ingenier ía Forestal, Prog rama de Postg rado en Ciencias de la Ag ricultu ra,
Ponticia Universid ad Católica de Chi le. Vicuña Mackenna 486 0, Macul, Santia go, Chile.

Abstract

C. Bonomelli, C. Bonilla, E. Acuña, and P. Artacho. 2012. Seasonal pattern of root growth
in relation to shoot phenology and soil temperature in sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium): A
preliminary study in central Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 39(1): 127-13 6. The period between owering
and harvest in the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is shorter than most fruit trees; thus, competition
for assimilate and nutrients occurs early in the season. To properly supply water and nutrients during
this critical period, optimal growth and root development are necessary. To characterize the root
growth pattern of cherry trees in relation to shoot growth and phenology, a study was conducted on
a ‘Bing’ cherry orchard on Gisela 6 rootstock at fourth leaf, located in central Chile (34º70’ S, 70º43’
W). During the 2009-2010 season, the shoot length and fruit diameter were measured on eight trees,
and the root length was quantied by installing rhizotrons on two trees. Additionally, a two-tone
(black/white) plastic cover was placed in the row over one tree with a rhizotron to analyze the effects
of the plastic cover on soil temperature and root growth. The results showed three peaks of root
growth during the season. The rst peak occurred 43 days after full bloom (DAFB), corresponding
to the phenological stages of the fruit turning from green to straw color. This peak occurred at 326
accumulated degree days (ADD) in the soil and 212 ADD in the air. The second peak was observed
after harvest at 97 DAFB, when the shoot growth had stopped, and the soil and air had accumulated
932 and 692 degree days, respectively. The third and last peak occurred at 167 DAFB, with 1887
ADD in the soil and 1361 ADD in the air. The plastic cover increased the average soil temperature by
approximately 1 °C, thereby increasing the ADD by 105.2 units during the study period. However,
this increase was not enough to affect the root growth pattern.

Key words: Accumulated degree days, root growth, root length, soil temperature, sweet cherry.

Introduction absorptive por tion of the root system is associ-

ated with the ne lateral roots, which may be

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8/17/23, 2:48 PM (PDF) Seasonal pattern of root growth in relation to shoot phenology and soil temperature in sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium): A…
The root system ser ves diverse fun ctions, includ-
ing anchorage and wat er and nutrient upt ake. The
Received July 12, 2010. Accepted May 6, 2011.
Corresponding author: cbonomel@uc.cl
128 ciencia e investigación agraria
cherr y trees (Prun us avium L.). This inform a-
tion is impor tant for the optim ization of soil and
nutrient ma nagement. However, studies on ro ot
systems are s carce because most of the met hods
used are ext remely time- consuming, t edious, and
destr uctive, particu larly in large peren nial plants
such as fru it trees. In general terms, there are ve
approaches for root grow th studies, i ncluding
whole tree excavation, root sampling met hods,
observation w indows (rhizotrons), root activity
measure ments, and indi rect methods (Black et
al., 2010). The observation w indow technique
studies t he roots through la rge reinforced glass
or plastic windows in stalled against a ver tical
soil prole in a trench. This method was r st
used by Sachs in 1873 and later evolved into
root laborator ies or simple underground boxes
known as rh izotrons (Böh m, 1979). Rhizotron s
are among the com mon methods of observ ing
roots (Futsaet her and Oxaal, 20 02), and most cur-
rent knowledge of roots and the rh izosphere still
come from exper iments with plant s growing
in rhizotrons and modied rhizotrons (Neuman
et al., 2009). The main advantage of th is type of
system is that it allows a conti nuous study of the
roots of the plants dur ing a complete life cycle.
Root growth a nd development are controlled
by genetic and environ mental factors , such
as temperature, water availability, nutrients,
oxygen and the physical proper ties of the soi l
(Ang et al., 2009). Additionally, root growth is
related to the gr owth of shoots and fr uit during
the season and to t he interaction bet ween the
rootstock and t he scion (Sitarek et al., 20 05).
For example, in peach trees (Pr unus persica L.),
low rates of fru it growth have been obser ved to
coincide with the h ighest rates of root growt h,
while a rapid increa se in the rate of fr uit growth
duri ng stage III is asso ciated with a low rate
of root growth (Abrisquet a et al., 2008). Other
authors have repor ted that the prese nce of fruit
reduces the shoot leng th and the dr y weight of
the shoots and leaves in pe ach trees (Grossman
and Dejong, 1995). This is extremely impor tant
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256845889_Seasonal_pattern_of_root_growth_in_relation_to_shoot_phenology_and_soil_temperature_in_…
replaced several t imes per year and re present the
most dynam ic portion of the root system (Comas
et al., 2002). There is no infor mation about root
growth pat terns for ma ny woody plants, including
because in Pr unus species, t he formation of
fr uit has priority over othe r organ sinks ( Flore
and Layne, 1999). Additionally, Honorato et al.
(1990) demonstrated t hat the equilibr ium between
above- and below-ground components was f un-
damenta l to the productivit y of vineyards. The
most productive vineya rds had the largest r oot
volume and thus, the large st organic reserves a nd
shoot growth. T he least productive vineya rds
showed a restricte d root and shoot growth a nd
a lower level of organic reser ves.
Among the soil factors that inuence root growth,
temperat ure is one of the most impor tant due
to its strong effect on nut rient uptake and plant
growt h (Baghour et al., 2003). In this context ,
one of the main benets associated with the use
of plastic mulches is a higher root zone temp era-
ture ( Lamont, 2005), which has been effec tive
in incre asing the dr y matter of roots in br oc-
coli plants (Brassica olera cea L.) (Díaz-Pérez,
2009) and root growth a nd the accumulat ed dry
matter of the shoot s in black curr ants (Ribes ni-
grum L.) (Larsson and Jen sen, 1996). However,
this prac tice would be more useful in reg ions
where low soil temperat ure is a limit ing factor.
Additionally, other cultur al practices, such a s
graf ting, also affect above- and b elow-ground
plant relationships. Cherry rootstocks inuence
the perfor mance of the scion, including f ruit
quality (Jiméne z et al., 2004), tree growth a nd
yield (Moreno et al., 2001), and oral and foliar
nutrition ( Neilsen and Kappel, 1996; Jiménez
et al., 2007). Newly planted ch err y orcha rds in
Chile and worldwide have been mai nly estab-
lished in hig h densities, in which are nec essary
dwar ng rootstocks to red uce tree vigor. In
these rootsto ck types, the c ritical stage when
the fr uits and shoots compete w ith the roots has
not been establishe d. Therefore, the objectives
of this study were t o quantify t he relationship
between the a erial and root gr owth of trees in
a high-de nsity cherr y orchard and to dete rmine
the effects of grou nd cover on soil temperatu re
and root growt h rate.
3/11
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VOLUME 39 Nº1 JANUARY - APRIL 2012 129

Materials and methods
Relationship between shoots, fruit and root
growth
The study was conducted in an experimental sweet
cherry orchard, cv. ‘Bing’ on Gisela 6 rootstock,
located in central Chile (34º07’55” S and 70º43’15”
W). The climate in the area is warm temperate with a
long dry season. The average monthly temperatures
are approximately 19.5 °C in the summer months
(January and February) and 7.5 °C in the winter
(June and July). Precipitation is concentrated in the
May-September period, and there are seven months
(October to April) with an average monthly precipita-
tion lower than 40 mm (Gastó et al. 2008). The soil
is classied as Fluventic Haploxerolls, according to
Soil Taxonomy-USDA, with a clay-loam texture,
at topography, moderate depth (75-100 cm) and
good drainage (CIREN, 1996). The main chemical
and physical characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Physical and chemic al soil proper ties in th e study
site (0-30 cm).
Property
Clay (%)
Silt (%)
Sand (%)
Organic matter (%)
N (mg kg-1)
P-Olsen (mg kg )
-1
K (mg kg-1)
Ca (meq L-1)
Electrical conductivity in suspension (mS cm-1)
pH in suspension
The orchard was e stablished in Augu st 2006,
with a plant density of 889 plants ha-1 (4.5 x 2.5
m) on raised ridges (1.5 m wide x 0.2 m high).
The tree s were approximately tra ined to the
Vogel Spindle system, and t he Black Tarta rian
cultivar was use d as polliniz er in a proport ion
of 11%. Irr igation was applied throug h a double
drip li ne system with 4 L h-1 e mitte rs locate d
every 0.9 m along the row.
To study the root growth, rhizotrons were installed
in two representative trees (R1 and R2), at 0.5 m
from the trunk. Rhizotrons are glass front observa-
tion boxes that allow root development along the
transparent walls (Böhm, 1979). In this study, the
rhizotrons were 1.2 m wide by 1.2 m long and 1.2
m deep, with a glass of 1.10 m wide, 1.15 m long
and 8 mm thick. Additionally, the soil temperature
and volumetric water content were measured every
15 min at 20 cm depth using a n EC-TM sensor
(Decagon Device s Inc., Washingt on, USA) that
was connected to an EM50 data logger (Decagon
Devices Inc., Washington, USA). The air temperature
was recorded using a sensor located 1 m above the
ground that was connected to a WatchDog 450 data
logger (Spectrum Technologies Inc., Illinois, USA).
From September 2009 to M ay 2010, the length
of the absorptive roots (white roots) was weekly
quanti ed f rom digital images captu red from
the rhizot rons, following procedu res outlined
by Sotomayor et al. (2009). Using AutoCAD®
2007 (Autodesk Inc., California , USA), the
extension of each white root in t he glass was
Value
marked with dig ital lines, and t he total length
29.5
was recorded. W hite roots (youngest) were
44.0
selected because t hey exhibit a considerably
26.5
higher nutr ient absorptive capacity a nd respira-
3.2 tion rate tha n pigmented (brown) roots (Bald i et
17 al., 2010; Volder et al., 20 05). It is known t hat
32 tre e root s tra nsit by visu ally id enti able st ages
161 duri ng their lifetime. New roots a re white and
12.5 tur n brown several weeks or month s later. This
0.15 color change has been asso ciated with marked
7.27 physiological changes resulting in d ifferences
in nutr ient uptake, respirat ion rate and anatomy
(Comas et al., 2000, Wells and Eissenst at, 2001;
2003). To characterize t he growth of shoots
and fr uits duri ng the season, eight t rees were
selected, includi ng the trees w ith the rhizotr ons.
The growt h of four apical shoots per tree were
measured week ly, each one from repr esentative
branches. At the same t ime, the fr uit growth was
assessed by meas uring the eq uatorial diame ters
in four fr uits per tr ee using a digital calip er
(Digimess , Buenos Aires, A rgentina).

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Citations (10) References (40)

... Alternated growth between roots and shoots has been observed in numerous tree species,
including tropical and subtropical species, such as avocado (Persea americana Mill., Ploetz et
al., 1992), cacao (Theobroma cacao L., Kummerow et al., 1982, Sleigh et al., 1984, sweet
orange (Citrus x sinensis [L.] Osbeck, Bevington & Castle, 1985), and some temperate fruit
crops, such as apple (Malus x domestica "Gala," Eissenstat et al., 2006), sweet cherry (Prunus
avium, Bonomelli et al., 2012) , grape (Vitis vinífera L., Eissenstat et al., 2006), and ornamental
peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch, Tsukahara et al., 2009). ...
... The root growth estimates in the present study support the alternating growth dynamics
reported in citrus and other tree species (Figures 2 and 3; Bonomelli et al., 2012 , Eissenstat et
al., 2006, Poerwanto et al., 1989, Sleigh et al., 1984, Tsukahara et al., 2009), but offer a higher
time resolution. The water deficit treatments did impact the root:shoot growth dynamics by
reducing root growth. ...

Root:shoot balance controls flush phenology and carbohydrate translocation dynamics in

citrus (Citrus × sinensis) trunk
Article Full-text available
Nov 2021
Sheng Li · Christopher I Vincent

View Show abstract

... Root observation studies in grapevines have clearly indicated that root density (Daulta and
Chauhan, 1980;Southey and Archer, 1988), root distribution (Bassoi et al., 2002;Morano and
Kliewer, 1994;Pradubsuk and Davenport, 2011) and seasonal root growth dynamics (Bonomelli
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256845889_Seasonal_pattern_of_root_growth_in_relation_to_shoot_phenology_and_soil_temperature_in_… 6/11
8/17/23, 2:48 PM (PDF) Seasonal pattern of root growth in relation to shoot phenology and soil temperature in sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium): A…
et al., 2012; Eissenstat et al., 2006;Mullins et al., 1992) are influenced by the soil environment
(Callejas et al., 2009;Comas et al., 2010;Stevens and Douglas, 1994), genotype (Swanepoel
and Southey, 1989) and aboveground phenology (Bonomelli et al., 2012). A significant number
of studies have addressed root growth dynamics at weekly to seasonal time scales. ...
... Root observation studies in grapevines have clearly indicated that root density (Daulta and
Chauhan, 1980;Southey and Archer, 1988), root distribution (Bassoi et al., 2002;Morano and
Kliewer, 1994;Pradubsuk and Davenport, 2011) and seasonal root growth dynamics (Bonomelli
et al., 2012;Eissenstat et al., 2006;Mullins et al., 1992) are influenced by the soil environment
(Callejas et al., 2009;Comas et al., 2010;Stevens and Douglas, 1994), genotype (Swanepoel
and Southey, 1989) and aboveground phenology (Bonomelli et al., 2012) . A significant number
of studies have addressed root growth dynamics at weekly to seasonal time scales. ...

Diurnal root growth dynamics in mature grapevines

Article
Jun 2018
Kare Mahmud · J.P. Smith · Suzy Y Rogiers · Bruno Holzapfel
View

... The phenomenon of intensive development of new roots after the fruit harvest is explained by
the statement that in the genus Prunus the formation and ripening of the fruit requires plant
metabolites to be directed during this period towards fruit development, and to a smaller extent
towards the development of other parts, including the roots (Flore, Layne 1999;Abrisqueta et al.
2008). Similar relationships had been shown by Bonomelli et al. (2012) under the conditions of
central Chile. The authors observed a rapid increase in the number of roots formed by sweet
cherry trees immediately after harvest, with a more intense growth occurring in the soil mulched
with plastic film than in the soil not covered with it. ...

Influence of various biofertilizers on root growth dynamics in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)
cv. ‘Vanda’
Article Full-text available
Sep 2021 · HORTIC SCI
Slawomir Gluszek · Lidia Sas-Paszt · Edyta Derkowska · M. Sitarek

View Show abstract

... In a perennial crop like kiwifruit, where management practices are dependent and also
greatly affect the growth and development of the root system and the aerial part of the plant, the
knowledge of their interrelationships may be crucial for the successful cultivation of this species
(Gandar and Hughes 1988). The root system has diverse functions, like anchorage, water, and
nutrient absorption, and the production of endogenous hormones (Bonomelli et al. 2012) . Its
growth and development are controlled by genetic conditions (variety, rootstock) as well as the
action of abiotic and biotic environmental factors, among them soil and climate properties
(Hodge et al. 2009). ...

Erwerbs-Obstbau Seasonal Root, Shoot, and Fruit Growth Patterns in Kiwifruit (Actinidia
deliciosa a. Chev.) in Central Chile
Article Full-text available
Sep 2019 · ERWERBS-OBSTBAU
Eduardo von Bennewitz · Sebastian Suazo · Anna Jadwiga Keutgen · Marcos Carrasco-
Benavides

View Show abstract

... Further evidence of the effect of source-sink relationships on root phenology might be the
decoupling frequently registered between root and shoot growth in woody species ( Steinaker et
al. 2010, Abramoff andFinzi 2015). In temperate fruit trees, the major fine-root peaks are
generally registered several days or weeks after the main phase of shoot extension, e.g., in

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8/17/23, 2:48 PM (PDF) Seasonal pattern of root growth in relation to shoot phenology and soil temperature in sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium): A…
young apple trees ( Psarras et al. 2000), in mature apple trees ( Wells and Eissenstat 2001), in
young sweet cherry trees ( Bonomelli et al. 2012 ) and in young peach trees ( Abrisqueta et al.
2008). This pattern may be interpreted as a strategy to avoid shoots and fine roots, the two
major resource-acquiring tissues, becoming competitive sinks for stored and newly fixed C (
King et al. 2002, Wells andEissenstat 2003). ...

Changes in fine-root production, phenology and spatial distribution in response to N

application in irrigated sweet cherry trees
Article
Feb 2016 · TREE PHYSIOL
Pamela Artacho · Claudia Bonomelli

View Show abstract

Small-Scale Environmental Heterogeneity Enhances Tree Recruitment through Carbon

Recharge and Water Use Diversification
Article Full-text available
Dec 2022
Salamon-Albert Éva · Dénes Bartha · Ágnes Csiszár

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Analysis of soil penetration resistance in fruit orchards: An overview

Article Full-text available
Jan 2020
Tarun Adak · G. Pandey · S. Rajan

View Show abstract

Studies on water uptake and heat status of cherry root under water-saving measures
Article
Dec 2020 · AGR WATER MANAGE
li Pingfeng · Xiaoqing Cao · Huang Tan · Peiling Yang

View Show abstract

Distribution of 15N applied to the soil in the ‘Bing’/‘Gisela®6’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)
combination
Article
Oct 2016 · SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM
René Rivera · Pilar Bañados · Marlene Ayala

View Show abstract

Root phenology in a changing climate

Article
Feb 2016
Laura Radville · Michael Luke Mccormack · Eric Post · David M Eissenstat

View Show abstract

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8/17/23, 2:48 PM (PDF) Seasonal pattern of root growth in relation to shoot phenology and soil temperature in sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium): A…

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