1st READING AND WRITING SKILLS 2023-2024

Organization – property of well-written text that provides the beginning, middle and end of the story,
- involves summarizing the overall argument and beginning of each paragraph with a topic sentence,
-constitutes the logical order of presentation of ideas
- refrain information, organize ideas, and to represent complex ideas in a visual manner.

Mechanics – well- written text that observes correct spelling, punctuation, capitalization, etc.
-refers to the grammatical aspects of writing
-refers to writing conventions for the words used

Coherence and cohesion – use proper transitional devices.

-refers to the degree to which sentences are connected so that flow of ideas is easy to follow.
-property of a well-written text features the textual continuity

Reading – cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive at meaning.

Exemplification - In developing a paragraph using exemplification (or illustration), the writer develops a general statement- the topic sentence,
with one or more examples.

Classification – The writer explains the main idea by giving a long example or series of examples that are very specific and vivid for the purpose
of adding more information to explain, persuade, define, or illustrate a general idea.

Narration – tells what happened or describes a chain of events that led to a conclusion or end. It tells us what happened, where it happened,
and when.

Illustration – generalization is supported by specific instances.

Cause and effect – reasons that produced a certain result or to identify the results produced by certain phenomenon.

Description – a paragraph that employs description seeks to convey to the reader the image of a person, an object, a place, or a scenario using
words. It relies significantly on sensory elements, including sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste.

Compare and contrast – This arranges of knowledge according to whether two or more items (or both are identical to or distinct from each
other). This is an effective pattern to use when one subject is described in relation to another when the reader can better understand it. If the
reader is familiar with one subject.

Definition - provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and explain special meanings for familiar words. They are often used to
explain technical words and concepts. To define always depends on the needs of the reader and the purpose of communication. It can be done
in either of the two distinct methods of definition.

Problem – Solution – is a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing one or more solutions.

Persuasion – paragraph means to convince the reader that your opinion on an issue or subject is the right one.

Graphic organizer – are visual thinking tools that make pictures of your thoughts. The pictures demonstrate relationship between facts,
concepts, or ideas, and guide your thinking as you design the map or diagram.

Venn diagram – a type of a compare or contrast organizer

Fishbone – involves investigating multiple cause-and-effect factors associated with a complex topic and how they inter-relate,

Evidence – facts or information that provide support.

Claim of policy - an argument that makes an assertion about a course of action that should be taken.
- Leads to action, claims in the argument that something should be implemented.

Claim of fact – claim that assert the truth or existence of something and can be tested by examining evidence for the claim.
- Argument that something is true.

Claim of value – argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another thing.

Claim – something that can be proven or disproven with facts.

- Argues about the definition of something.
- Argues whether something is a settled fact.
Appropriate language used - property refers to the appropriate use of language in writing.