WEEK 1: POLITICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE, GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE

WHAT IS POLITICS?
ü The term `politics‟, is derived from the Greek word `Polis‟, which means the city/state.
ü According to Greek Philosophers, politics was a subject that dealt with all the activities and affairs of the
city/state.
ü Their City States were known as `Polis‟. The city/state was an all-inclusive term, as the ancient Greeks made
no distinction between the state and the Government on one hand, and State and Society on the other. They
never differentiated between personal life and social life. Hence according to them, Politics was a total
study of man, society, state, morality, and so on.

POLIS – CITY/STATE POLITES – CITIZENS POLITIKOS – GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

ü According to Robert Dahl “Politics is the existence of rules on authority within the state.”
ü According to Plato “Politics is the study of the affairs of polis (city/state) which he defined as the most
sovereign and inclusive association.”
ü According to Lazo (2009) “The exercise of power, the science of government, the making of collective
decisions, the allocation of scarce resources, and the practice of deception and manipulation.”
ü POLITICS is the exercise of power, making political decisions, the practice of deception and manipulation,
the exercise of authority, and the allocation of limited resources. Use force to affect the behavior of another
person or group.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS

1. Politics always involves the making of collective decisions for a group of people.
2. Those decisions are made by some members of the group exercising power over other members of the group.

POLITICS VS. POLITICAL SCIENCE

POLITICS POLITICAL SCIENCE

ü is the actual process of how humans interact
in groups.
ü Constitute man’s activities in the real world.
ü The practices of the elective and non-elective
political system
ü The process by which people try to influence
the government.
ü Issues, problems, and activities taking place
in society.
ü The process by which the government
decides which policies will be enacted day by
day.
ü Relative
ü Everyone is involved
ü Politics is about human relationships it is
how humans behave differently when dealing
with others when there is cooperation,
competition and conflict and other social
interactions.
ü Etymologically, Jean Bodin (1530-1596) a
French Philosopher of the 16th Century
coined the term “SCIENCE POLITIQUE” that
gave the discipline a name.
ü It is the scientific study of Politics.
ü It is the empirical/ objective approach that
places little emphasis on abstract and
normative questions and concentrates on a
dispassionate and objective of the realities of
politics.
ü Focuses on the theory and practice of the
government.
ü Paul Janette defined it as a branch of Social
Science which deals with the foundation of
the state and the principles of Government.
ü Seek to study the origin, nature, functions of
the state, government, and its all organs.
ü Universal
ü Studied by few.
GOVERNMENT vs. GOVERNANCE

GOVERNMENT GOVERNANCE

ü A group of people who rule or run the
administration of a country,
ü Is the body, of representatives that governs
and controls the state at a given time.
ü The medium through which the power of the
state is employed
ü The Act of governing or ruling
ü The set of rules and laws framed by the
government that are to be implemented
through the representatives of the state.
ü Simply put, governance is what governments
do

WEEK 2-3: POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

ü Definition: As defined by Cambridge Dictionary, is a set of beliefs or principles especially one on which a
political system, party, or organization is based.
ü It is also a set of shared beliefs within a group, such as nation or class. This body of beliefs influences the way
individuals think, act and view the world.
ü Ideology, according to Destutt de Tracy. It is the analysis of ideas into the sensory elements of which he
believed them to be composed. It is the training, in this new science that would replace classical logic, and he
maintained, that if a man learned how to analyze his ideas, he would then discover which of them were
founded in experience and which were groundless.
ü Ideology is a concept of beliefs that greatly affects a person’s behavior in society.
ü Serves as a target/ guide to reach your goals as an individual.
ü Ideology is ‘an interrelated set of ideas that in some way guides or inspires political action’ (Heywood, 2002)
ü ‘An ideology is a reasonably coherent structure of thought shared by a group of people. It is a means of
explaining how society works and explaining how it ought to work.’ (Dobson, 1992)
ü Some uses of the term see ideology as something negative, implying a distorted view of reality example,
capitalist ideology, and patriarchal ideology.
ü POLITICAL IDEOLOGY- a set of ethical ideas that explains how society should work that offers a political
and cultural blueprint for social order focusing on the type of government and economy. Boundless.coM
ü It is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a recurring pattern. It provides plans of action for
public policy making in an attempt to justify, explain, contest or change the social and political arrangements
and process of a political community.
ü A political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals that explains how society should work and offers some
political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. It focuses on the type of government and economy

LIBERAL AND CONSERVATIVE DISTINCTIONS OF IDEOLOGIES

Different Ideologies and their Perspective on the State

Political Ideologies Perspective on the State

ü Rejects the state outright, believing it to be an unnecessary evil.
ü As the state in inherently evil and oppressive, all states have the same
essential character.
ü Endorses direct democracy and call for continuous popular
ANARCHISM
participation and radical decentralization.
ü Anarchism seems to be the least significant among political ideologies
as no society or nation has been modeled according to anarchism
principles (ibid.).
 ü Has contrasting views of the state
ü Traditionally endorses a form of radical democracy based on popular
participation and the desire to bring economic life under public control,
dismissing liberal democracy as simply capitalist democracy.
ü There are two competing tendencies within socialism, namely the
o fundamentalist socialism represented by the communist
SOCIALISM o revisionist socialism - social democratic traditions.
ü On the one hand, Marxists and communists believe in absolute social
equality by abolishing private property and collectivizing productive
wealth.
ü Social democrats, on the other hand, believe in relative social equality is
to be achieved by redistributing wealth through the welfare state and by
applying a system of progressive taxation (Ibid.).
ü Liberals favor openness, debate, and self-determination
ü Sees the state as a neutral arbiter among competing interests and
groups in society, a vital guarantee of social order.
ü Understands democracy in individual terms as consent expressed
LIBERALISM through the ballot box, democracy being equated with regular and
competitive elections.
ü Liberals are strongly inclined to believe in progress and equality.
ü Modern liberals- the ability of the individual to be his/her own master,
to be autonomous (Ibid).
ü Conservatives emphasize tradition, hierarchy, and authority.
ü They defend tradition, values, practices, and institutions that have
survived the test of history as the accumulated wisdom of the past and
as a source of a sense of identity for both the society and the individual.
ü They have known to be resistant or opposed to change.
ü Strong emphasis on authority which is necessary to provide guidance,
support, and security to the society (Heywood 2003, Ch 3)
CONSERVATISM
ü Links the state to the need to provide authority and discipline and to
protect society from chaos and disorder, hence, their traditional
preference for a strong state.
ü However, whereas traditional conservatives support a pragmatic
balance between the state and civil society, neoliberals have called for
the state to be “rolled back” as it threatens economic prosperity and is
driven, essentially, by bureaucratic self-interest.
ü Fascists are “anti-rational, anti-liberal, anti-conservative and anti-
capitalist, anti-bourgeois, anti-communist and so on. (Heywood 2003).
ü Fascists are deeply elitist and fiercely patriarchal. They believe that
absolute leadership and elite rule are natural and desirable.
FASCISM ü The leader principle was widely accepted as a guiding principle of the
fascist state, in Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler or in Fascist Italy under
Benito Mussolini (Heywood 2003, ch7)
ü Dictatorial Power
ü Power is only held by one person.

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

ü Liberal and conservative political positions also found their way into the political system, and into the heart
of politics.
o Primacy of Family loyalties
o Resilience of political dynasties have resulted to individual conservatism in economic decision
o Preserving family wealthy and status
o Strong influence of the Roman catholic church
Week 3: POWER AND THE THREE FACES OF POWER

WHAT IS POWER?
ü The ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people
ü Power can be seen as evil or unjust, but the exercise of power is accepted as endemic to humans as social
beings.
ü Power as a means to make social actions possible as much as it may contain or prevent them.
ü Power is the ability to get someone to do something he/she wants to accomplish, thus making things
happen in the way he/ she wants.
ü Influence is the process by which a person affects the behavior and feeling of another person.
ü Authority which is the right to change another person.
NATURE OF POWER (3 KINDS)
POWER OVER
ü The ability to dominate another person or a group.
ü Usually comes from force and threat
POWER TO
ü The ability to do something on one’s own sources: intellect, resources, knowledge, stamina
POWER WITH
ü Is similar also to “Power to” in that it reflects the ability
ü The ability to work with others to get something done through cooperation
DIMENSIONS OF POWER
1. DECISION MAKING POWER
ü Open face to Power
ü Refers to the end of the person seeking for power, where he has to have influence over others because they
are vital to whatever decisions he would be making inherent to his status or position.
ü The ability to control or influence in an open and direct way
ü In the classical idea of political power, meaning the government has the power to make decisions on behalf
of the people.
2. AGENDA SETTING POWER
ü This refers to the motive of the person who wants to have power or the reason why one wants to paced
under the influence of another person.
ü Power is exercised behind closed doors
ü This is because you can decide or limit what will be discussed and more importantly what cannot be
discussed, effectively controlling the situation.
ü Power is not just about decision making, it is about preventing decisions being made or reducing the
choices which can be made.
3. IDEOLOGICAL POWER
ü Power to shape desires
ü It seeks to identify “The means through which power influences, shapes, and determines conceptions of
necessities, possibilities, and strategies of challenge in situation of conflict.
Manipulation- This is from the means of who holds the power and it refers to the controlling factor over the other
person and which means that the former can make the latter do whatever he wishes, whether in legitimate or
illegitimate means.
TYPES OF POWER
ü Power has been an important aspect of human civilization since time immemorial
ü Power might be physical, political or social. In the context of business as well, power dynamics tend to
influence decisions and people transactions heavily.
1. COERCIVE POWER
ü Denotes negativity
ü Involves the usage of threat to make people do what one desires.
ü In the organization set up, it translates into threatening someone to transfer, firing, demotions, etc.
ü It basically forces people to submit one’s demands for the fear of losing something.
2. REWARD POWER
ü Uses rewards, perks, new projects or training opportunities, better roles and monetary benefits to
influence people.
 ü However, an interesting aspect of this type of power is that it is not powerful enough in itself, as decisions
related to rewards do not solely with the person promising them, because in the organization a lot of
people come into play like a senior manager and board.
3. LEGITIMATE POWER
ü Emanates from an official position held by someone, like an organization, bureaucracy, or government.
ü The duration of this power is short-lived as a person can use it only till the time he/she holds the position.
ü The scope of the power is small as it is strictly defined by the position held.
4. EXPERT POWER
ü Personal kind of power owes it genesis to the skills and expertise passed by an individual, which is of
higher quality and not easily available.
ü Expert in your field.
5. REFERENT POWER
ü Wielded by celebrities and film stars as they have a huge following among the masses who like them,
identify with them, and follow them
ü They exert a lasting influence on a large number of people for a large number of positions.
ü Charisma or very enterprising inherent personal characteristics is the indicative factor of referent power.

WEEK 4-6 States, Nations, and Globalization

Nation

ü Latin word natio which means “set of people”

ü Commonly defined as cultural entities.
ü Share common language, race, history, culture, religion
ü Usually occupy the same geographical area
ü Self-identification of a people, and common identity may be built upon a common language, history, race, or
culture or simply upon the fact that this group occupied the same territory.
ü A nation is a community of a person living together bounded by common traits, traditions, and values and
possessing a common goal and destiny.
ü To define a nation is PROBLEMATIC
ü Nations exist in varied contexts and have distinct histories that make the task of identifying shared
commonalities among its people applicable to almost all cases difficult if not impossible
ü The cultural unity that is central to nations lacks objective criteria
 ü Nations can only be defined “subjectively” by their members, not by any set of external factors. (Heywood
2003)

“exclusive” and “inclusive” concepts of nations

ü EXCLUSIVE
ü Stress the importance of ethnic unity and a shared history.
ü National identity “given” is unchangeable and unchanging.
ü INCLUSIVE
ü Highlights the importance of civic consciousness and patriotic loyalty.
ü Nations may be multiracial, multiethnic, multi-religious.

Connection to politics

ü When states and nations do not coincide, it can cause explosive political conflict.
ü Some nations have been divided into two or more states for political reasons.
ü There is a difference between the terms nation, state, and country, even though the words are often used
interchangeably.
ü Country and State are synonymous terms that both apply to self-governing political entities.
ü A Nation, however, is a group of people who share the same culture but do not have sovereignty.

STATE
ü Latin word: status which means a condition
ü Reedier and Enloe (1969, 143 cited in Oomen 1997, 18-9
ü The state is primarily a political-legal concept, whereas, the nation is primarily psycho-cultural
ü Nation and state may exist independently of one another.
ü When the two coincide, the result is the nation-state.
ü According to Oomen 1997, State legally constituted entity that provides its citizens protection both from
internal and external insecurity and aggression.
ELEMENTS OF STATE
ü People
ü Territory
ü Government
ü Sovereignty
PEOPLE
ü Refers to those whom the state is obliged to protect and provide services to.
ü They are the citizens who enjoy and exercise rights authorized by the state and mandated by the constitution.
TERRITORY
ü Well-defined physical and geographical boundaries wherein the states reign supreme
ü State’s exercise of sovereignty is recognized both inside and outside these boundaries.
GOVERNMENT
ü Refers to the formal institutions through which people are ruled.
SOVEREIGNTY
ü Absolute or supreme exercise of power expressed either as unchallengeable legal authority or
unquestionable political power.
ü Political in nature (4 Elements)
NATION STATE
Nation is not a state if it is not sovereign a state is a state because it is sovereign

Standards and emotions bind people Laws bind people together.

Elements are not definite Elements are definite.
GLOBALIZATION
ü Keninchi Ohmae, 1990, the emergence of a “borderless world”
ü Heywood, 2003, “growth of the ‘super territorial’ relationship between people” as physical geography
becomes less relevant.
ü Refers to the increasing independence of markets and productions in different countries through trade in
goods and services, cross-border flows of capital, and exchanges of technology.
ü Globalization results in an increase in the international division of labor, achieved by an international
fragmentation of production.
INTERNATIONAL GLOBALIZATION
ü Internationalization of market trades, finance, investments, privatization, integration of trade, finance, and
investments.
WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF GLOBALIZATION?
ü Increase in international trade at a faster rate that the growth in the world economy.
ü Increase in the international flow of capital including foreign direct investment.
ü Spreading multiculturalism and better individual access to cultural diversity.
ü Greater international travel and tourism
ü The increased role of international organizations like WTO that deals with international transactions.
GLOBALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
ü The country is taking part in the process of globalization ever since the country signed agreements with
WTO in 1995.
ü Globalization is effective in the Philippines, it has allowed major changes in the nation like more labor and
more Filipino Foreign companies has emerged in the nation.
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Peaceful Relations- most of countries have resorted to trade relations with each
2. Employment- led to numerous employment opportunities. Companies are moving toward developing
countries to acquire
3. Education- numerous educational institutions around the globe can move out from the home country for
the better.
4. Product Quality- it has enhanced to retain the customers, customer may comprise with the price range but
not with the quality of the product
5. Cheaper price- Globalization has brought in fierce competition in the market.
6. Communication- Internet has significantly affected the global economy, thereby providing direct access to
information and products
7. Transportation- one can conveniently deliver the products to a customer located at any part of the country.
8. GDP increase- money value of the final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of the
country during an accounting year.
9. Free Trade- Policy in which a country does not levy taxes, duties, subsidies or quota on the import/export
of goods, services from other countries.
10. Travel and tourism
11. External Borrowing
DISADVANTAGES
1. Health Issues- has give rise to more health risks and present new threats and challenges for the epidemic.
2. Loss of Culture- Because of a Large number of people moving into and out of the country, people may adopt
the culture of the resident country.
3. Uneven wealth distribution- rich are getting rich and poor are getting poor has not been able to reduce
poverty.
4. Environment degradation- industries are using natural resources by means of mining, drilling, etc. which
puts a burden on the environment.
5. Disparity- structural unemployment owes to the disparity created. Developed countries are moving their
factories to foreign countries.
6. Conflicts- the rise of terrorism causes loss of human life and huge economic.
7. Cut-throat competition- opening doors to international trade has given birth to competition.