EXCRETION AND

OSMOREGULATION
• EXCRETION IS A PROCESS OF SEPARATION, COLLECTION AND ELIMINATION
OF METABOLIC WASTE ESPECIALLY NITROGENOUS WASTE FROM THE BODY.

• OSMOREGULATION IS A PROCESS OF MAINTAINANCE OF SALT AND WATER

BALANCE OF THE BODY

• METABOLISM IS A PROCESS IN WHICH COMPLEX ORGANIC SUBSTANCES ARE

BROKEN DOWN IN TO SIMPLER INORGANIC SUBSTANCES WITH RELEASE OF
ENERGY..
energy
COS SIS
• NITROGENOUS WASTE IS OF DIFFERENT TYPES LIKE
1. AMMONIA
2. UREA
3. URIC ACID
4. GUANINE
5. ETC

BASED ON THE REMOVAL OF WASTES, EXCRETION IS CLASSIFIED AS:

• AMMONIA- PROCESS OF EXCRETION IS CALLED AMMONOTELISM
• UREA- PROCESS OF EXCRETION IS CALLED UREOTELISM
• URIC ACID- PROCESS OF EXCRETION IS CALLED URICOTELISM
• GUANINE- PROCESS OF EXCRETION IS CALLED GUANOTELISM

• HUMAN BEING IS A UREOTELIC ORGANISM

AMMONOTELISM:
• THE PROCESS OF REMOVAL OF NITROGENOUS WASTES IN THE FORM OF
AMMONIA IS CALLED AMMONOTELISM
• AMMONIA IS THE MOST TOXIC NITROGENOUS WASTE
• THEREFORE IT CANNOT BE RETAINED IN THE BODY EVEN FOR A SHORT TIME
• IT HAS TO BE EXCRETED IMMEDIATELY AS IT IS FORMED
• HIGHLY SOLUBLE IN WATER
• REQUIRES LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER FOR EXCRETION(1 GM REQUIRES 300-
500 ML OF WATER)
• IT IS FORMED BY DE-AMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS IN LIVER
• REQUIRES LEAST AMOUNT OF ENERGY
• IT IS SEEN IN ORGANISMS HAVING LARGE ACCESS TO WATER

• E.G. 1. AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

2. LARVAE OF AMPHIBIANS
3. BONY FISHES
4. FRESH WATER FISH
UREOTELISM:
• THE PROCESS OF REMOVAL OF NITROGENOUS WASTES IN THE FORM OF UREA
IS CALLED UREOTELISM
• UREA IS LESS TOXIC NITROGENOUS WASTE
• THEREFORE IT CAN BE RETAINED IN THE BODY FOR A SHORT TIME
• LESS SOLUBLE IN WATER
• REQUIRES LESS AMOUNT OF WATER FOR EXCRETION(1 GM REQUIRES 30-50 ML
OF WATER)
• IT IS FORMED FROM AMMONIA BY ORNITHINE CYCLE IN LIVER
• REQUIRES MORE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
• IT IS SEEN IN ORGANISMS HAVING LESS ACCESS TO WATER

• E.G. 1. TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS

2. ADULT AMPHIBIANS
3. CARTILAGENOUS FISHES
4. MARINE FISH
URICOTELISM:
• THE PROCESS OF REMOVAL OF NITROGENOUS WASTES IN THE FORM OF URIC
ACID IS CALLED URICOTELISM
• URIC ACID IS THE LEAST TOXIC NITROGENOUS WASTE
• THEREFORE IT CAN BE RETAINED IN THE BODY FOR A LONG TIME
• INSOLUBLE IN WATER
• REQUIRES LEAST AMOUNT OF WATER FOR EXCRETION (1 GM REQUIRES 10 ML
OF WATER)
• IT IS FORMED FROM AMMONIA BY INOSINIC ACID PATHWAY IN LIVER
• REQUIRES MORE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
• IT IS SEEN IN ORGANISMS WHICH NEED TO CONSERVE WATER

• E.G. 1. AERIAL ANIMALS

2. TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS
3. TERRESTRIAL REPTILES
4. INSECTA
Ammonotelism:
• The Process Of Removal Of
Nitrogenous Wastes In The Form Of
Ammonia Is Called Ammonotelism
• Ammonia Is The Most Toxic
Nitrogenous Waste
• Therefore It Cannot Be Retained In
The Body Even For A Short Time
• It Has To Be Excreted Immediately As
It Is Formed
• Highly Soluble In Water
• Requires Large Amount Of Water For
Excretion(1 Gm Requires 300-500 Ml
Of Water)
• It Is Formed By De-amination Of
Amino Acids In Liver
• Requires Least Amount Of Energy
• It Is Seen In Organisms Having Large
Access To Water
• E.G. 1. Aquatic Invertebrates
2. Larvae Of Amphibians
3. Bony Fishes
4. Fresh Water Fish
Ureotelism:
• The Process Of Removal Of
Nitrogenous Wastes In The Form Of
Urea Is Called Ureotelism
• Urea Is Less Toxic Nitrogenous
Waste
• Therefore It Can Be Retained In
The Body For A Short Time
• Less Soluble In Water
• Requires Less Amount Of Water
For Excretion(1 Gm Requires 30-50
Ml Of Water)
• It Is Formed From Ammonia By
Ornithine Cycle In Liver
• Requires More Amount Of Energy
• It Is Seen In Organisms Having Less
Access To Water
• E.G. 1. Terrestrial Mammals
2. Adult Amphibians
3. Cartilagenous Fishes
4. Marine Fish
Uricotelism:
• The Process Of Removal Of
Nitrogenous Wastes In The Form
Of Uric Acid Is Called Uricotelism
• Uric Acid Is The Least Toxic
Nitrogenous Waste
• Therefore It Can Be Retained In
The Body For A Long Time
• Insoluble In Water
• Requires Least Amount Of Water
For Excretion (1 Gm Requires 10
Ml Of Water)
• It Is Formed From Ammonia By
Inosinic Acid Pathway In Liver
• Requires Most Amount Of Energy
• It Is Seen In Organisms Which
Need To Conserve Water
• E.G. 1. Aerial Animals
2. Terrestrial Arthropods
3. Terrestrial Reptiles
4. Insecta
GUANOTELISM:
• THE PROCESS OF REMOVAL OF NITROGENOUS WASTES IN THE FORM OF
GUANINE IS CALLED GUANOTELISM

• E.G. 1. PENGUINS
2. ARACHNIDS LIKE SPIDERS AND
3. SCORPIONS
HUMAN EXCRETION
HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM

HUMAN BEING IS A UREOTELIC ORGANISM

HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM IS MADE UP OF

• SKIN
• LUNGS
• URINARY SYSTEM

THE EXCRETORY WASTES ARE

• SWEAT SKIN
• CARBON DIOXIDE LUNGS
• URINE URINARY SYSTEM
Human urinary system
HUMAN URINARY
SYSTEM

1. A PAIR OF KIDNEYS

2. A PAIR OF URETERS

3. URINARY BLADDER

4. URETHRA
KIDNEYS

• A PAIR OF BEAN SHAPED ORGANS

• RETRO- PERITONEAL IN POSITION(Kidneys are covered by Peritoneum on
the VENTRAL/ ANTERIOR Surface)
• 9*6*3 CMS IN DIMENSIONS
• 150 GMS IN MALES AND 135 GMS IN FEMALES
• RIGHT KIDNEY IS LOWER THAN LEFT KIDNEY, DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF LIVER
• T12- L3 VERTEBRAE
• METANEPHRIC KIDNEYS
• LATERAL BORDER IS SMOOTH AND CONVEX,
• WHILE MEDIAL BORDER IS CONCAVE AND LOBULATED
• FROM THE MEDIAL BORDER
• A) ENTER – RENAL ARTERY AND RENAL NERVE
• B) EXITS– RENAL VEIN AND URETERS
• THIS COMMON POINT OF ENTRY AND EXIT OF STRUCTURES IS CALLED HILUM
OR HILUS RENALIS
FUNCTIONS:
• EXCRETION
• OSMOREGULATION: MAINTAINANCE OF SALT WATER BALANCE IN BODY
• HORMONE SECRETION: IT SECRETES HORMONES LIKE
• ERYTHROPOETIN– erythro– RBC, poesis– production of
• Stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBCs
• PRO-CALCIFEROL (PRECURSOR OF VITAMIN- D)
• RENIN

• EVOLUTION OF KIDNEYS

• ARCHENEPHRIC KIDNEYS-- MOLLUSCA

• PROTONEPHRIC KIDNEYS-- PISCES
• MESONEPHRIC KIDNEYS-- AMPHIBIA
• METANEPHRIC KIDNEYS– REPTILIA, AVES, MAMMALIA
EVOLUTION OF EXCRETION AND EXCRETORY ORGANS

• Porifera And Coelenterata– Diffusion Through Body Surface

• Platyhelminthes– Flame Cells Or Solenocytes Or Protonephridia

• Aschelminthes– Rennett Cells

• Annelida-- Nephridia

• Arthropoda– Malpighian Tubules And Green Glands

• Mollusca– Organ Of Bojanus Or Archenephric Kidneys

• Echinodermata– Excretory Organs Absent,

• Vertebrata
• Pisces– Protonepric Kidneys

• Amphibia– Mesonephric Kidneys

• Reptilia, Aves And Mammalia– Metanephric Kidneys

URETERS:
• A PAIR OF TUBULAR DUCTS
• EXTENDING FROM HILUM TILL THE URINARY BLADDER
• 25 CMS OR 10 INCHES IN LENGTH
• INTERNALLY LINED BY TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• COLLAPSIBLE
• THE URETERIC WALL IS MADE UP OF THREE LAYERS,
• A) AN OUTER TOUGH, FIBROUS LAYER
• B) MIDDLE MUSCULAR LAYER– MADE UP OF SMOOTH MUSCLES
• C) INNER CELLULAR LAYER
• INNER LUMEN IS STAR SHAPED

• FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPORTATION OF URINE FROM KIDNEYS TO URINARY BLADDER

• **URETERS RUN DOWNWARDS AND FORWARDS TO ENTER INTO THE URINARY

BLADDER
URINARY BLADDER
• SINGLE MEDIAN SAC LIKE ORGAN
• SITUATED BEHIND THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
• MAXIMUM CAPACITY TO HOLD URINE IS 800- 1000 ML
• IT IS CHARACTERISED BY THE PRESENCE OF TRIGONE
• TRIGONE IS FORMED BY TWO DORSOLATERAL OPENINGS OF THE URETERS
AND A SINGLE VENTRAL OPENING OF THE URETHRA
• INTERNALLY IT IS LINED BY TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

• FUNCTIONS:
• TEMPORARY STORAGE OF URINE
• ?? MAY HELP IN REABSORPTION OF WATER IF REQUIRED..
URETHRA:
• TERMINAL PART OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• 20 CM LONG IN MALES
• 4 CM LONG IN FEMALES
• INTERNALLY LINED BY PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
• IN MALES, IT IS THE COMMON PASSAGE FOR URINE AND SEMEN AT DIFFERENT
TIMES, THEREFORE CALLED URINO- GENITAL DUCT
• AT THE MOUTH OF URETHRA, ARE PRESENT TWO SPHINCTERS, URETHRAL
SPHINCTERS.
• EXTERNAL SPHINCTER-- VOLUNTARY
• INTERNAL SPHINCTER– INVOLUNTARY

• FUNCTIONS:
• EXPUSION OF URINE
• EXPULSION OF SEMEN IN MALES
• MALE URETHRA IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS:
• A) PROSTATIC URETHRA: 2.5 CMS
• B) MEMBRANOUS URETHRA: 2.5 CMS
• C) PENILE OR SPONGIOSE URETHRA– 15 CMS
L. S. of Kidney
• L. S. OF KIDNEYS

• EXTERNALLY KIDNEYS ARE COVERED BY THREE PROTECTIVE COVERINGS I.E.

• A) AN EXTERNAL FIBROUS RENAL FASCIA
• B) A MIDDLE ADIPOSE CAPSULE
• C) AN INNER RENAL CAPSULE

• INTERNALLY KIDNEY IS DIVIDED INTO:

• A) AN OUTER RENAL CORTEX
• B) AN INNER RENAL MEDULLA

• CORTEX IS DARK RED AND GRANULAR

• MEDULLA IS LIGHT RED AND STRIATED.
• THE CORTEX EXTENDS INTO MEDULLA BETWEEN THE PYRAMIDS, THESE
EXTENSIONS ARE CALLED COLUMNS OF BERTINI
• MEDULLA CONTAINS 8-18 TRIANGULAR STRUCTURES CALLED RENAL
PYRAMIDS.
• EACH PYRAMID OPENS INTO A SMALL CUP SHAPED STRUCTURE CALLED
MINOR CALYX
• MINOR CALICES JOIN TO FORM LARGER CUP SHAPED STRUCTURES CALLED
MAJOR CALICES.
• ABOUT 2-3 MAJOR CALICES JOIN TO FORM RENAL PELVIS
• RENAL PELVIS OPENS INTO URETERS.
• EACH KIDNEY CONTAINS 1- 1.2 MILLION STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
UNITS CALLED NEPHRONS

BLOOD SUPPLY TO KIDNEYS

• DESCENDING AORTA DIVIDES TO FORM RENAL ARTERIES NEAR KIDNEYS.
• ONE RENAL ARTERY ENTERS EACH KIDNEY.
• INTERNALLY IT DIVIDES INTO RENAL ARTERIOLES.
• RENAL ARTERIOLES RUN FROM THE MEDULLA TO CORTEX THROUGH THE
COLUMNS OF BERTINI.
• IN THE CORTEX, RENAL ARTERIOLES DIVIDE INTO AFFERENT ARTERIOLES.
• AFFERENT ARTERIOLES ENTER BOWMANS CAPSULE TO FORM GLOMERULUS.
• GLOMERULUS EMERGE OUT OF BOWMANS CAPSULE TO FORM EFFERENT
ARTERIOLES.
• EFFERENT ARTERIOLES FURTHER COIL AROUND THE RENAL TUBULE TO FORM
SECONDARY CAPILLARY NETWORK OR PERITUBULAR NETWORK.
• PERITUBULAR NETWORK JOINS TO FORM RENAL VENULE, WHICH RUNS FROM
CORTEX TO MEDULLA THROUGH COLUMNS OF BERTINI TO EMERGE OUT OF
KIDNEYS AS RENAL VEIN.
• RENAL VEIN JOINS THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA.
STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON
• NEPHRON IS A STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF KIDNEY
• IT HELPS IN FORMATION OF URINE

• STRUCTURALLY IT IS DIVIDED INTO:

• A) MALPIGHIAN CORPUSCLE
• B) RENAL TUBULE

• A) MALPIGHIAN CORPUSCLE
• IT IS MADE UP OF:
• I) GLOMERULUS
• II) BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
B) RENAL TUBULE

1. PCT– PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

2. LOOP OF HENLE
• DESCENDING LIMB OF HENLE
• LOOP OF HENLE
• ASCENDING LIMB OF HENLE

3. DCT– DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

DCT OPENS INTO THE COLLECTING TUBULE

MALPIGHIAN CORPUSCLE:

• Glomerulus:
1. Glomerulus Is A Tuft Of About 50 Capillaries In The Bowman's
Capsule.
2. As The Afferent Arteriole Enters The Bowman's Capsule, It
Splits Into Many Capillaries To Form Glomerulus.
3. The Glomerular Capillaries Reunite To Form Efferent Arteriole.
4. The Diameter Of The Afferent Arteriole Is Much Larger Than
That Of The Efferent Arteriole.
5. The Inner Lining Of The Capillary Is Lined By Simple
Squamous Epithelium.
• Bowman’s Capsule:
• Bowman’s Capsule Is A Bilayered Cup-shaped Structure.
• It Is Made Up Of Two Layers:
• A) An Outer Parietal Layer And
• B) An Inner Visceral Layer
• Parietal Layer Is Lined By Simple Squamous Epithelium.
• Visceral Layer Is Lined By Squamous Epithelium With
Podocytes.
• Podocytes Extend Finger Like Extensions In The Capsule,
Which Increase The Surface Area For Absorption.
• The Space Between The Parietal And Visceral Layer Is Called
The Bowmans Space Or The Capsular Space Or The Urinary
Space.
 It Collects Primary Urine During Urine Formation And
Directs It To The Renal Tubule.

• Neck:
• Neck is a narrow tubular part which connects the
Bowmans capsule to renal tubule.
• It is lined by CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
 RENAL TUBULE:
• Renal Tubule Is Made Up Of :
• A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
• B) Loop Of Henle
• C) Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

• Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

• PCT Is A Highly Coiled Structure Found In The Proximal
Part Of Renal Tubule.
• It Is Lined By CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM WITH MICROVILLI.
• Its Length Is About 16 mm.
• Loop of Henle:
• Loop of Henle is a hairpin like loop between PCT and DCT.
• Structurally it is divided into:
• a) Descending limb of Henle
• b) Loop of Henle
• c) Ascending limb of Henle.
• Descending limb is lined by SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM.
• Ascending limb is lined by CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM with/ without
MICROVILLI.
• Descending limb is selectively permeable to WATER ONLY AND
IMPERMEABLE TO SALTS.
• Ascending limb is selectively permeable to SALTS ONLY AND
IMPERMEABLE TO WATER.
• The length of the Loop is about 32 mm.
• Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
• DCT is a less coiled structure found in the distal part of renal
tubule.
• It is lined by CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM WITHOUT MICROVILLI.
• Its length is about 16 mm.
• It continues ahead into Collecting tubule.

• Many(6-8) collecting tubules join to form the common

collecting ducts
• Many common collecting ducts(6-8) join to form the Duct of
Bellini
• The Duct of Bellini enters the renal Pyramids to open into the
minor Calyx through Renal Papilla.
 PART TISSUE

• BOWMANS CORPUSCLE
• PARIETAL LAYER SIMPLE SQUAMOUS E.
• VISCERAL LAYER SIMPLE SQ. WITH PODOCYTES

• NECK CILIATED COLUMNAR E

• RENAL TUBULE
• PCT CUBOIDAL WITH MICROVILLI
• LOOP OF HENLE
• DESC. LIMB SQUAMOUS E
• ASC. LIMB CUBOIDAL WITH/ WITHOUT MV
• DCT CUBOIDAL WITHOUT MV
PATH OF URINE
GLOMERULUS

BOWMANS SPACE

NECK

PCT

DESCENDING LIMB OF HENLE

LOOP OF HENLE

ASCENDING LIMB OF HENLE

DCT

COLLECTING TUBULE

COMMON COLLECTING DUCT

DUCT OF BELLINI
renal papilla
MINOR CALYX

MAJOR CALYX

RENAL PELVIS

URETERS
 PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE
FORMATION
 ULTRAFILTERATION

 SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

 TUBULAR SECRETION
ULTRAFILTERATION

1. Blood (Oxygenated blood loaded with excretory waste ) enters the Glomerulus through the
afferent arteriole.
2. Due to the difference in diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles, more blood enters in
Glomerulus and less blood leaves.
3. This creates a Pressure in the Glomerulus.
4. This pressure is the GLOMERULAR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE(GHP).
5. The normal GHP is 55 mm of Hg.

6. Due to the pressure, ENTIRE COMPONENT OF BLOOD except BLOOD CORPUSCLES AND PLASMA
PROTEINS gets filtered.
7. The resultant fluid collected in the Bowman’s space, is called Primary Urine or Glomerular
Filterate or Deproteinised Plasma.
8. The collection of Primary Urine in Bowman’s space leads to the a pressure within the Bowman’s
space called CAPSULAR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE(CHP).
9. The normal CHP is 10-15 mm of Hg.

10. Blood Colloids, i.e. blood corpuscles and Plasma proteins, pull some water back into glomerulus
due to BLOOD COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE(BCOP).
11.The normal BCOP is 30 mm of Hg.
 GHP= 55 mm of Hg

BCOP= 30 mm of Hg

CHP= 15 mm of Hg

Effective filteration Pressure(EFP)

EFP= GHP-(BCOP+ CHP)
= 55-(30+15)
= 10 mm of Hg
therefore, the Effective filteration Pressure(EFP)
is about 10 mm of Hg

• SINCE THE FILTERATION OF BLOOD TAKES PLACE UNDER A VERY HIGH

PRESSURE, THE PROCESS IS CALLED ULTRAFILTERATION
SELECTIVE REABSORPTION
• During Ultrafilteration, all the components of blood except Blood corpuscles and Plasma proteins
gets filtered.
• Due to this, large amount of useful substances like WATER, MINERAL IONS, NUTRIENTS, DISSOLVED
RESPIRATORY GASES gets filtered and may be lost.
• As the Glomerular Filterate passes through the Renal tubule, the renal tubule reabsorbs the
required substances from the filterate.

• SUBSTANCES REABSORBED DURING SELECTIVE REABSORPTION.

• PCT- 80% WATER,
75-100% OF OTHER SUBSTANCES LIKE GLUCOSE,
AMINO ACIDS,
MINERAL IONS ETC.
• DESCENDING LIMB OF HENLE 5% WATER
• ASCENDING LIMB OF HENLE MINERAL IONS
• DCT 10% WATER,
REQUIRED AMOUNT OF OTHER SUBSTANCES
• COLLECTING TUBULE 4% WATER
•
• Finally after reabsorption, the Urine that enters the Collecting tubule contains only 1% water and
excretory waste.
• This is called SECONDARY URINE, Which is then passed on to the urinary pathway.
SUBSTANCES LOST DURING ULTRAFILTERATION(reabsorbed during selective
reabsorption) ARE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE TYPES:

• HIGH THRESHOLD SUBSTANCES– MORE REQUIRED, THEREFORE MAXIMUM

REABSORBED(NEARLY 100%)
e.g. WATER, AMINO ACIDS, GLUCOSE
Na+, Cl- etc

• LOW THRESHOLD SUBSTANCES– LESS REQUIRED THEREFORE LESS REABSORBED

e.g. UREA, URIC ACID

• NON THRESHOLD SUBSTANCES– NOT REQUIRED THEREFORE NOT ABSORBED

AT ALL
e.g. CREATININE, H+ etc
REABSORPTION CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES:
• OBLIGATORY REABSORPTION
• FACULTATIVE REABSORPTION

• OBLIGATORY REABSORPTION:
• COMPULSIVE REABSORPTION
• TAKES PLACE IN PCT ONLY
• CANNOT BE MODIFIED OR CHANGED
• 80% WATER
• 75-100% OTHER REQUIRED SUBSTANCES

• FACULTATIVE REABSORPTION
• TAKES PLACE IN ASCENDING AND DESCENDING LIMB OF HENLE, DCT AND
COLLECTING TUBULE
• ONLY REQUIRED AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCES ARE REABSORBED
• CAN BE MODIFIED AS PER NEED
• CAN BE MODIFIED WITH THE HELP OF HORMONES(ADH and aldosterone)
• Na+ AND UREA ARE HYDROPHILIC SUBSTANCES
• THEY HELP IN OSMOREGULATION

• SELECTIVE REABSORPTION TAKES PLACE FROM RENAL TUBULE TO

THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES(PERITUBULAR NETWORK)

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE REABSORPTION

• ACTIVE REABSORPTION TAKES PLACE BY THE EXPENSE OF
ENERGY, AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
• EG: Na+, GLUCOSE,AMINO ACIDS ETC

• PASSIVE REABSORPTION
• PASSIVE REABSORPTION TAKES PLACE WITHOUT THE EXPENSE OF
ENERGY, ALONG THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
• E.G. WATER AND Cl- IONS
TUBULAR SECRETION

• The Process of filteration of the wastes, which had escaped

ultrafilteration is called tubular secretion.
• This take place from PTN/ SCN TO THE RENAL TUBULE.
• It takes place in REVERSE DIRECTION OF SELECTIVE
REABSORPTION.
• Substances like H+ ions, NH4+ ions, Creatinine, Some drugs etc
are expelled through tubular secretion.
• Actually the name is a misnomer, as there is no secretion.
• HORMONAL ACTION FAVOURING REABSORPTION
• Two hormones affect reabsorption in the renal tubules. They
are:
• a) ALDOSTERONE
• A mineralocorticoid i.e. a steroid hormone which favours
the reabsorption of minerals from the renal tubule.
• It is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
• Acts on the ASCENDING LIMB OF HENLE & DCT.
• b) ADH OR VASOPRESSIN
• Secreted by Hypothalamus, stored in the Posterior
Pituitary gland.
• Favours the concentration of Urine by increasing the
reabsorption of water from the DCT AND COLLECTING
TUBULE.
COUNTER CURRENT MECHANISM
Counter – against
current- flow, movement

• The flow of urine and blood in the Loop of Henle are in opposite
directions( counter current).
• This favours the reabsorption of water from the descending limb
of Henle.
• Blood first absorbs Na+ ions from the ascending limb of Henle by
active absorption and then this Na+ pulls water from the
descending limb of Henle by passive absorption.
• Na+ is a hydrophilic molecule, therefore it absorbs water. Thus
favouring the reabsorption of water.
RENIN- ANGIOTENSIN PATHWAY OR
RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE PATHWAY

• PLAYS NO ROLE IN URINE FORMATION

• IT HELPS IN INCREASING THE BLOOD PRESSURE
• WHEN BLOOD PRESSURE FALLS, GHP REDUCES, THEREBY
ULTRAFILTERATION ALSO REDUCES
• THEREFORE URINE FORMATION REDUCES
• THIS CAN AFFECT HEALTH.. AS UREA IS RETAINED IN
BODY(URAEMIA)

• ONLY WAY TO TACKLE THIS IS BY INCREASING THE BLOOD

PRESSURE
• THIS IS DONE BY RENIN ANGIOTENSIN PATHWAY
 JUXTA GLOMERULAR APPARATUS

SECRETES A HORMONE RENIN

ENTERS BLOOD

LIVER

SECRETES AN ENZYME ANGIOTENSINOGEN(INACTIVE)

RENIN
CONVERTS ANGIONTENSINOGEN TO ANGIOTENSIN-I (SLIGHTLY ACTIVE)

LUNGS

ENZYME ACE(ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME)

CONVERTS ANGIOTENSIN-I INTO ACTIVE ANGIOTENSIN-II

ADRENAL CORTEX

SECRETES ALDOSTERONE

ALOH & DCT INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE

INCREASED REABSORPTION OF Na+ BV BP

INCREASED REABSORPTION OF WATER HYPERVOLAEMIA

OLIGURIA- OLIGO + URIA- REDUCED URINE OUTPUT

OLIGO – LESS
URIA – URINE

POLYURIA- POLY- MORE

INCREASED URINE OUTPUT

HAEMATURIA- HAEM+ URIA

PRESENCE OF BLOOD IN URINE

URAEMIA- UR- URINE/ UREA, AEMIA- BLOOD

MORE UREA IN BLOOD

GLYCOSURIA- GLUCOSE IN URINE

NEPHROLITH- STONE IN KIDNEY

UROLITH- STONE IN URETER AND UB
GOUT:
• A CONDITION IN WHICH THERE IS ACCUMULATION OF URIC ACID CRYSTALS
IN THE JOINTS
• THIS LEADS TO INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS ESPECIALLY SMALL JOINTS IE
ARTHRITIS
• SYMPTOMS ARE:
• PAINFUL JOINTS
• SWELLING OF THE JOINTS
• REDNESS OF THE JOINT
KIDNEY STONES
• STONE OR INSOLUBLE MASS OF CRYSTALLISED SALTS (OXALATES, ETC.)
FORMED WITHIN THE KIDNEY.
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF STONES IN THE KIDNEYS:
• A) OXALATE STONES
• B) PHOSPHATE STONES

• OXALATE STONES ARE SPINY, COVERED WITH POINTED SPINES

• PHOSPHATE STONES ARE SMOOTH

BRIGHTS DISEASE OR GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

• INFLAMMATION OF GLOMERULUS OR MALPIGHIAN CORPUSCLE

• THE SYMPTOMS ARE :
• HAEMATURIA
• PROTEINURIA
• FEVER
• BURNING MICTURITION(URINATION)
• ETC

HW..
• RENAL FAILURE
• DIALYSIS–
• RENAL DIALYSIS
RENAL DIALYSIS:
• MALFUNCTIONING OF KIDNEYS CAN LEAD TO ACCUMULATION OF UREA IN
BLOOD, A CONDITION CALLED UREMIA, WHICH IS HIGHLY HARMFUL AND
MAY LEAD TO KIDNEY FAILURE.
• IN SUCH PATIENTS, UREA CAN BE REMOVED BY A PROCESS CALLED
HEMODIALYSIS.
• BLOOD DRAINED FROM A CONVENIENT ARTERY IS PUMPED INTO A
DIALYSING UNIT AFTER ADDING AN ANTICOAGULANT LIKE HEPARIN.
• THE UNIT CONTAINS A COILED CELLOPHANE TUBE SURROUNDED BY A FLUID
(DIALYSING FLUID) HAVING THE SAME COMPOSITION AS THAT OF PLASMA
EXCEPT THE NITROGENOUS WASTES.
• THE POROUS CELLOPHANE MEMBRANCE OF THE TUBE ALLOWS THE
PASSAGE OF MOLECULES BASED ON CONCENTRATION GRADIENT.
• AS NITROGENOUS WASTES ARE ABSENT IN THE DIALYSING FLUID, THESE
SUBSTANCES FREELY MOVE OUT, THEREBY CLEARING THE BLOOD. THE
CLEARED BLOOD IS PUMPED BACK TO THE BODY THROUGH A VEIN AFTER
ADDING ANTI-HEPARIN TO IT.
OSMOREGULATION
• OSMOREGULATION IS A PROCESS OF MAINTAINANCE OF THE SALT AND
WATER BALANCE OF THE BODY.

1. OSMOREGULATION IN FISHES
2. OSMOREGULATION IN HUMAN BEINGS

OSMOCONFORMERS AND OSMOREGULATORS

• OSMOREGULATORS ARE THE ANIMALS WHICH CAN CHANGE INTERNAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES TO MAINTAIN THEIR INTERNAL BODY FLUID
CONCENTRATION
• ALL VERTEBRATES (EXCEPT HAGFISH) ARE OSMOREGULATORS
• HAGFISH IS THE ONLY VERTEBRATE OSMOCONFORMER

• OSMOCONFORMERS CANNOT MAINTAIN THE INTERNAL CONCENTRATION,

SO THEY HAVE TO CHANGE THE BODY FLUID CONCENTRATION
• ALL INVERTEBRATES ARE OSMOCONFORMERS
OSMOREGULATION IN FISHES

• OSMOREGULATION IN FRESH WATER FISHES

• 1.
OSMOREGULATION IN MARINE FISHES

• Since the external concentration is 1000 m. osm/ lit and internal

concentration is 300 m.osm/lit
• Water moves out from the body fluid to marine water
• To tackle this:

• OSMOREGULATION IN MARINE FISHES

• DRINK LOT OF WATER(SEA WATER/ SALTY WATER)
• IONOCYTES/ CHLORIDE CELLS pump mineral ions from body fluid to
marine water
• EXCRETE LESS AMOUNT OF CONCENTRATED URINE
OSMOREGULATION IN FRESH WATER FISHES

• Since the external concentration is 50 m. osm/ lit and internal

concentration is 300 m.osm/lit
• Water moves INTO the body fluid FROM marine water
• To tackle this:

• OSMOREGULATION IN MARINE FISHES

• DO NOT DRINK WATER
• IONOCYTES/ CHLORIDE CELLS PULL mineral ions from FRESH WATER TO
BODY FLUIDS
• EXCRETE LARGE AMOUNT OF DILUTE URINE
• SHARK MAINTAINS OSMOREGULATION BY RETAINING UREA

• UREA AND Na+ ARE HYDROPHILIC SUBSTANCES

• EXCRETORY WASTES IN BONY FISHES OR MARINE TELEOSTS IS

TMAO– TRIMETHYL AMINE OXIDE
OSMOREGULATION IN HUMAN BEINGS

• HORMONAL ACTION FAVOURING REABSORPTION

• Two hormones affect reabsorption in the renal tubules. They are:

• a) ALDOSTERONE
• A mineralocorticoid i.e. a steroid hormone which favours the
reabsorption of minerals from the renal tubule.
• It is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
• Acts on the ASCENDING LIMB OF HENLE & DCT.

• b) ADH OR VASOPRESSIN
• Secreted by Hypothalamus, stored in the Posterior Pituitary gland.
• Favours the concentration of Urine by increasing the reabsorption
of water from the DCT AND COLLECTING TUBULE.